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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Space
Cabinet approves setting up new company under Department of Space
Tags: Space
Published on: 20 February 2019
Mrinal: ISRO celebrates 50th anniversary of first solid rocket propellant
Tags: Space
Published on: 28 February 2019
ISRO, French space agency ink agreement on maritime security
Tags: Space
Published on: 07 March 2019
NASA for first time captures air-to-air images of supersonic shockwaves
Tags: Space
Published on: 09 March 2019
EMISAT: ISRO to Launch Advanced Electronic Intelligence Satellite in April 2019
Tags: Space
Published on: 25 March 2019
ISRO successfully launches electronic intelligence satellite Emisat
Tags: Space
Published on: 02 April 2019
Tianlian II-01: China launches 2nd Generation Data Relay Satellite
Tags: Space
Published on: 02 April 2019
Project Kuiper: Amazon to launch over 3,000 satellites to offer broadband internet
Tags: Space
Published on: 05 April 2019
Stratolaunch Roc: World's largest aeroplane makes maiden flight
Tags: Space
Published on: 13 April 2019
SpaceX launches its first commercial flight with Falcon Heavy Rokect
Tags: Space
Published on: 13 April 2019
Aditya L1 Mission: ISRO to launch its first mission to study sun in 2020
Tags: Space
Published on: 04 May 2019
Raavana-1: Sri Lanka’s first satellite successfully placed in orbit
Tags: Space
Published on: 20 June 2019
PUNCH mission: NASA selects Dipankar Banerjee as Co-Investigator
Tags: Space
Published on: 01 July 2019
FRB 180924: Astronomers for first time determine source of Fast Radio Bursts
Tags: Space
Published on: 01 July 2019
DEEP-CEE: AI-powered tool to identify galaxy clusters developed
Tags: Space
Published on: 07 July 2019
Russia and Cyogenic Engine technology for Indian Space mission
Tags: Space
Published on: 26 August 2019
Identifying new exoplanets with oxyegen using Webb telescope
Tags: Space
Published on: 10 January 2020
Jupiter’s atmosphere has more water than previous estimates
Tags: Space
Published on: 21 February 2020
Asteroid Ryugu sheds light on early formation of celestial objects
Tags: Space
Published on: 20 March 2020
Nitrogen containing organic molecules discovered in Martian meteorites
Tags: Space
Published on: 30 April 2020
Mysterious particles in Antarctica traced back to Supermassive black holes
Tags: Space
Published on: 20 May 2020
Mars landing missions vulnerable to interplanetary contamination
Tags: Space
Published on: 28 July 2020
Global magnetic field of Sun’s atmosphere measured for first time
Tags: Space
Published on: 09 August 2020
Using Indian Ocean earthquake to tell rate of global warming
Tags: Space
Published on: 22 September 2020
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">International team of astronomers have discovered new dwarf galaxy nicknamed Bedin 1 using NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. It is possibly most isolated small dwarf galaxy discovered to date. It was discovered while astronomers were studying white dwarf stars within globular cluster NGC 6752 to measure the age of this globular cluster.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bedin 1 </strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is modestly sized, elongated dwarf galaxy. It measures only around 3000 light-years at its greatest extent, fraction of size of our Milky Way.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is not only tiny, but it is also incredibly faint. It is located about 30 million light-years from Milky Way and 2 million light-years from nearest plausible large galaxy host, NGC 6744.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From the properties of its stars, it was found that it is around 13 billion years old -- nearly as old as the Universe itself.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because of its isolation, as result of its no interaction with other galaxies and its age, Bedin 1 is considered as astronomical equivalent of living fossil from the early Universe.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dwarf spheroidal galaxies </strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They are defined by their small size, low-luminosity, lack of dust and old stellar populations. 36 galaxies of this type are already known to exist in Local Group of Galaxies, 22 of which are satellite galaxies of the Milky Way.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hubble Space Telescope</strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is joint venture between NASA and European Space Agency (ESA).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was launched on April 24, 1990in its low earth orbit (LEO) 552 km above Earth by space shuttle Discovery.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has been named after Edwin Hubble, the discoverer of the expansion of the universe.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It looks deep into space with its cameras. It has ability to see in multiple wavelengths — near-infrared, visible light and near ultraviolet.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of its objective was to determine Hubble constant — the universe's initial rate of expansion.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has helped to prove existence of super-massive black holes and found they’re located at centre of most galaxies.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also helped to pinpoint age of universe at 13.8 billion years old.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is the only telescope so far designed to be serviced in space by astronauts. Since its launch, five subsequent Space Shuttle missions have repaired, upgraded, and replaced systems on t telescope.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is its successor scheduled to be launched in March 2021.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>GSAT-31</strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has lift-off mass of 2,535-kg. It will <em>replace dying satellite INSAT-4CR</em> and will have <em>mission life of 15 years</em>. It will be located at <em>Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO)</em>.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is India’s 40th communication satellite and derives its heritage from ISROs earlier INSAT/GSAT satellite series.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has been configured on ISRO's enhanced I-2K Bus for utilising maximum bus capabilities of this type to offer seamless services.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eleven such satellites are already in operation, serving nation in space. They together make one of the largest constellations of its class communication satellites in the world.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Applications</strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It will provide continuity to operational services on some of in-orbit satellites and augment Ku-band transponder capacity in Geostationary Orbit.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It will also provide wide beam coverage to facilitate communication over large oceanic region comprising large part of Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean using wide band transponder.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It will also provide transponder capacity for DTH television and connectivity to services like VSATs for ATMs, stock-exchanges, Digital Satellite News Gathering DSNG and e-governance applications.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It will also be used for cellular backhaul connectivity and many such applications of emerging telecommunication applications.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">This company with explore following areas for commercial exploitation of ISRO programmes</span></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Small satellite technology transfers to industry. In this case new company will take license from DoS/ISRO and issue sub-license to industries.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Manufacture of small satellite launch vehicle (SLV) in collaboration with private spector. Productionisation of Polar SLV through industry.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Productionisation and marketing of space-based products and services, including launch and applications.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Transfer of Technology (ToT) developed by ISRO Centers and constituent units of DoS.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Market some spin-off technologies and products, both in India and abroad.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Any other subject which Government of India deems fit.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE)</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Objective of AWE is study and focus on airglow, a colourful bands of light in Earth's atmosphere to determine what combination of forces drive space weather in upper atmosphere.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will first such experiment to obtain global observations of important driver of space weather in dynamic region of Earth's upper atmosphere that can cause interference with radio and GPS communications.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was selected for development based on its potential science value and the feasibility of its development plans.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was earlier Mission of Opportunity under NASA's Heliophysics Explorers Program, which conducts focused scientific research and develops instrumentation to fill scientific gap between its larger missions.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Need for this mission</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Studying space weather is significant as it can have profound impacts, affecting technology and astronauts in space, disrupting radio communications and at its most severe, overwhelming power grids. It was earlier thought that only Sun's constant outflow of ultraviolet (UV) light and particles, solar wind, could affect airglow region. However, now researchers now have learned that solar variability is not enough to drive changes observed at this region and Earth's weather also having effect on it. Hence to understand this deeper, AWE mission will investigate how waves in lower atmosphere, caused by variations in densities of different packets of air, impact upper atmosphere.</span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is celebrated 50th anniversary of its first composite solid propellant ‘Mrinal’. On February 21, 1969 this propellant was used to fly Rohini series RH-75 sounding rocket, which was designated Dynamic Test Vehicle (DTV), from Thumba.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mrinal Solid propellant</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was first totally indigenous composite propellant manufactured using locally available raw materials.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It basically contained raw materials such as polyester resin, ammonium perchlorate and aluminium powder along with nitro-glycerine (worked in static firing and improved its energy and processability). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was developed by team at Propellant Engineering Division (PED) of Space Science and Technology Centre (SSTC), a precursor to Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dr VR Gowarikar was brain behind this composite solid propellant. It was named after Mrinalini Sarabhai, noted dance and wife of Vikram Sarabhai, father of India's space programme.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was used to propel flights up to DTV-4 version and was not extensively used by ISRO in its later launches. In later developments, it did not find extensive use with ISRO due to scaling-up issues.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its success has heralded development of indigenous solid propellant technology in the country. Now, ISRO has mastered indigenous solid propellants and propulsion technology.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will be launching electronic intelligence satellite Emisat of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in March 2019. It will be launched along with 28 third party satellites on board of <strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)</strong> rocket with four strap-on motors.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Facts</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The main passenger (payload) of this PSLV rocket will be DRDO's electronic intelligence satellite 'Emisat', weighing about 420 kg. The remaining 28 satellites will cumulatively weigh about 250 kg.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">he experimental payloads include one developed by students of Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IISST), ISRO's own technology demonstrator and Hamsat.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance of this mission</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ISRO for first time will demonstrate its new technologies like three different orbits with new variant of PSLV rocket. In this case, this rocket will place satellites in three different orbits.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">After launching Emisat at altitude of 763 km, PSLV rocket will be brought down to put 28 satellites into orbit at altitude of 504 km.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Following that the rocket will be brought down further to 485 km where fourth stage will turn into payload platform carrying three experimental payloads.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">PSLV </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is 3rd generation launch vehicle designed and developed by ISRO’s Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram. It has three variants of PSLV, namely, PSLV-G, PSLV-CA, PSLV-XL.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It consists of four stages, using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. It is hailed as reliable and versatile workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its each stage is self-contained vehicle capable of functioning independently with own propulsion systems. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is capable of launching 1050 ks satellite in geo-synchronous transfer orbit and 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-synchronous polar orbit.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Emisat: ISRO to launch electronic intelligence satellite',
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'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'Scientists discovers hot Earth exoplanet',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists from Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics have discovered 'hot Earth' exoplanet orbiting its dwarf star in just 11 hours. It was discovered using data from NASA's planet-hunting satellite Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). </span></span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Exoplanets are planets beyond our own solar system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"><gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-anim ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-1" id="gwmw-15518739187586090971119">hot</gwmw> Earth <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-anim ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-1" id="gwmw-15518739187587085015226">exoplanet</gwmw></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is rocky in composition and is around 50 light-years away from Earth. It has radius of about 1.3 Earth-radii, favorable enough to host atmosphere. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its short orbital period of 11 hours shows that lies very close to its star – only about seven stellar radii. Its inferred surface temperature is about 800 kelvin, too hot to retain an atmosphere. But it may be hosting atmosphere. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance of discovery</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to Scientists, if plant is formed in roughly this close-in location, its atmosphere is likely to stripped away in star's youth stage when it was more luminous and had more intense chromospheric activity. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">hot Earth exoplanet proximity to earth offers in characterizing any atmosphere it might have using transit method and may help to shed light on the planet's formation.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its NASA’s explorer mission launched in April 2018 to discover planets smaller than Neptune that transit bright stars. It is designed to find potential planets orbiting stars close to Earth. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been placed in never-before-used elliptical orbit called P/2, high above Earth. It identifies such planets by undertaking all-sky survey using transit method.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is successor to Kepler space observatory which has detected most of the currently known exoplanets. It will focus on stars that are 30 to 100 times brighter than those Kepler examined. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => ' Space Current Affairs. Scientists from Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics have discovered 'hot Earth' exoplanet orbiting its dwarf star in just 11 hours.',
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(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => ' ISRO, French space agency ink agreement on maritime security',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and its French counterpart CNES have signed agreement to set up a joint maritime surveillance system in India in May 2019. The agreement comes year after India and France had announced broad collaboration during French President Emmanuel Macron’s visit to India in March 2018.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under this deal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Both space agencies will explore putting up constellation of low-Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These satellites will identify and track movement of ships globally and in particular those moving in Indian Ocean region (IOR) where France has its Reunion Islands.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Before that, they will initially share data from their present space systems and develop new algorithms to analyse them.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Features of agreement</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It intends to supply an operational system for detecting, identifying and tracking ships in Indian Ocean. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides for setting up maritime surveillance centre in India in May 2019.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It deals with sharing of capacity to process existing satellite data and joint development of associated algorithms.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Climate and Weather Satellites</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Both space agencies also have put up two climate and ocean weather monitoring satellites Megha-Tropiques (2011) and SARAL-AltiKa (2013) that are considered a model.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also launch Oceansat-3-Argos mission in 2020 along with a joint infrared Earth-observation satellite. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'NASA for first time captures air-to-air images of supersonic shockwaves',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NASA Scientists for first time have captured unprecedented colourised composite air-to-air images of interaction of shockwaves (sonic booms) produced from two supersonic aircrafts. These pictures will give boost to research in the aviation sector.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These images were captured during 4th phase of Air-to-Air Background Oriented Schlieren flights (AirBOS) which took place at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center in US.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They were captured using upgraded advanced, high-speed camera capable of capturing high-quality images of shockwaves (rapid pressure changes) which are produced when aircraft flies in supersonic mode (faster than speed of sound). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this case, this advanced camera had photographed two supersonic T-38 jets that had flown just 30 feet apart below another plane.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Application:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> These images will be used to capture data crucial to confirming design of NASA’s X-59 Quiet SuperSonic Technology X-plane.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Quiet Supersonic Transport (QueSST) aircraft</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is initial design stage of planned Low Boom Flight Demonstration (LBFD)experimental airplane, otherwise known as an X-plane.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the first in a series of ‘X-planes’ in NASA's New Aviation Horizons initiative. Its preliminary test was completed in June 2017.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can fly at supersonic speeds without producing disruptive sonic boom associated with supersonic flights of the present day. Instead of sonic boom it will produce soft “thump” </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Drawbacks of sonic booms</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">At present, supersonic commercial planes are not considered due to problem of sonic booms produced by them. Sonic booms can be major nuisance, capable of not just startling people on ground but also causing damage — like shattered windows. </span></span></span></p>
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(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'id' => (int) 410,
'title' => 'ChinaSat 6C: China launches new communications satellite',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">China successfully launched new communications satellite ChinaSat 6C into orbit. It was launched onboard of Long March-3B carrier rocket from Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in southwest China's Sichuan Province. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ChinaSat 6C Satellite </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been developed by China Academy of Space Technology. It will be operated by the China Satellite Communications Co, Ltd.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be placed in geostationary orbit. It will provide high-quality radio and TV transmission services.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will cover region over China, Australia, New Zealand and South Pacific island countries.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance of Launch</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It marks 300th mission of Long March carrier rocket series developed by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">China had launched its first carrier rocket Long March-1 in April 1970 to send its first satellite, Dongfanghong 1 into space. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Since then, China has built 17 types of Long March rockets with five of them being retired, according to reports. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Long March carrier rocket series has been responsible for about 96.4% of all the space launch missions in China.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It took 37 years for Long March rockets to complete first 100 launches, 7.5 years to complete second 100 launches and only about 4 years to accomplish 300th launch.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its average number of launches per year have increased from 2.7 to 13.3 and then to 23.5 in this period.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 447,
'title' => 'NGC 2808: New population of ultraviolet stars discovered',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Astronomers from Thiruvananthapuram and Mumbai have identified new population of ultraviolet stars in the globular cluster NGC 2808. These starts were identified using Indian multi-wavelength space observatory AstroSat. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Globular clusters </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They are collections of thousands to millions of stars, moving as one unit. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These stars are believed to have formed together at roughly the same time and are tightly held together by gravity of cluster itself.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Some globular clusters could be among the oldest objects in our Milky Way, which hosts over 150 of them.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It contains stars of different masses but with similar chemical composition. Its detail could reveal evolution of stars of different masses at different stages.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NGC 2808</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is one of the most massive globular clusters know to humans. It is located at a distance of 47,000 light years from Earth. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was observed for first time by the team of researchers using UltraViolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) on-board AstroSat.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">So far AstroSat has taken images of over 2,000 individual stars in NGC 2808 through various ultraviolet filters.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NGC2808 is special as optical observations have shown that it may have at least five different populations of stars. It is contrary to normal assumption that all stars in such clusters are of the same age.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ASTROSAT</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is India’s first dedicated multi wavelength space observatory. It was launched in September 2015. It orbits in low earth equatorial orbit at altitude of 650 km.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has mission life of 5 years. It observes universe in the optical, Ultraviolet (UV), low and high energy X-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is unique as compared to most other scientific satellites which are only capable of observing a narrow range of wavelength band.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It operationalisation is one of the major scientific missions of ISRO. India is among few nations like US, Japan, Russia and Europe to have its own space observatory.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'NGC 2808: New population of ultraviolet stars discovered',
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft has spotted surface water molecules moving around dayside of Moon. Earlier it was believed that Moon was arid and water existed on it mainly as pockets in permanently shaded areas near poles. This finding will help scientists learn about accessibility of water that can be used by humans in future lunar missions.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The presence of surface water was detected from measurements obtained from the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP), an instrument aboard the LRO.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was found that sparse layer of molecules temporarily stuck to surface of moon and helped to characterise lunar hydration changes over the course of a day.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Water molecules bound to the lunar soil, or regolith remain tightly bound to the regolith until surface temperatures peak near lunar noon.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The amount and locations of water vary based on time of day. It is more common at higher latitudes and tends to move around quickly as surface heats up.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Due to thermal desorption, water molecules can bounce to nearby cold location and stick to exosphere of Moon until temperatures drop and molecules return to the surface.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lunar hydration is tricky to measure from orbit due to complex way light reflects off the surface of the Moon. However, this discovery help scientists understand how water is bound to surface materials. It also revealed the amount of energy needed to remove water molecules from lunar materials. This water can potentially be used by astronauts in future to make fuel or for radiation shielding or thermal management.</span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Roorkee, Uttarakhand has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to set up an ISRO-IITR Space Technology Cell (STC) at IIT Roorkee. STC will cater to the specific needs of future technological and programmatic needs of Indian space programme.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ISRO–IIT Roorkee Space Technology Cell </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to pursue advanced research in areas of relevance to future technological and programmatic needs of the Indian Space Programme.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">IIT Roorkee will be responsible for overall management of STC by providing required infrastructure, administrative and other support.<strong> </strong>It will devote its resources including human resources to this effect.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its activities will be directed to maximise use of research potential, infrastructure, expertise and experience that already exist in ISRO and IIT Roorkee.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its research facility will consist of faculty members, visiting scientists and experts, research personnel, technical, administrative and support staff.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'EMISAT: ISRO to Launch Advanced Electronic Intelligence Satellite in April 2019',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch electronic intelligence satellite Emisat of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) on 1 April 2019. It will be launched along with 28 third party satellites on board of new variant of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket with four strap-on motors. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Payloads</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The main passenger (payload) of this PSLV rocket will be DRDO's electronic intelligence satellite 'Emisat', weighing about 420 kg. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The remaining 28 satellites will cumulatively weigh about 250 kg. These satellites include 24 from US, 2 from Lithuania and one each from Spain and Switzerland).</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance of this mission </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ISRO for first time will demonstrate its new technologies like three different orbits with this new variant of PSLV rocket. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this case, this PSLV rocket will place satellites in three different orbits. It will first place Emisat Satellite at altitude of 763 km.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Then PSLV rocket will be brought down to put 28 satellites into orbit at altitude of 504 km.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Following that the rocket will be brought down further to 485 km where fourth stage will turn into payload platform carrying three experimental payloads. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These experimental payloads will include (i) <strong>Automatic Identification System (AIS): </strong>It is from ISRO for Maritime satellite applications capturing messages transmitted from ships (ii) <strong>Automatic Packet Repeating System (APRS):</strong> It is from AMSAT (Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation), India. It will to assist amateur radio operators in tracking and monitoring position data and (iii) <strong>Advanced Retarding Potential Analyser for Ionospheric Studies (ARIS): It is</strong> from Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST). It will be used for structural and compositional studies of ionosphere.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The whole flight sequence will take around 180 minutes after rocket's lift off from </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Emisat Satellite</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been developed by DRDO. It is based on ISRO's Indian Mini Satellite-2 (IMS-2) bus platforms.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be deployed for the task of discovering enemy radars and collecting imagery and communication intelligence.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Applications: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to monitor activities of enemy radars and sensors deployed along the border. It will help to know the exact topography of enemy areas. It will provide communication intelligence to find out how many communication devices are active in an area</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'ISRO successfully launches electronic intelligence satellite Emisat',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched electronic intelligence satellite Emisat and 28 other third party foreign satellites into their designated orbits. These satellites were launched on board of PSLV-C45 from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Payloads </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The main passenger (payload) of this mission was DRDO's electronic intelligence satellite 'Emisat', weighing about 420 kg. The remaining 28 satellites cumulatively weigh about 250 kg included 24 from US, 2 from Lithuania and one each from Spain and Switzerland. Besides this, fourth and final stage of this PSLV rocket (PS4) was carrying three experimental payloads.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Unique features of this mission</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">PSLV-C45 was new variant of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket with four strap-on motors instead of six strap-on motors.. This was for first time, four strap-on motors were attached externally to main rocket to provide additional thrust, energy by firing midway during flight.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ISRO for first time demonstrated its new rocket that injected satellites in <strong>three different orbits</strong> using multiple burn technology, where engine shut down and restarted multiple times within short period of time allowing rocket to course to the next orbit with the payloads. Second, fourth and last stage of rocket will function as satellite itself for some time, instead of being junk after ejecting payloads. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Launch Sequence </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">PSLV rocket first placed Emisat Satellite at altitude of 763 km in sun synchronous orbit. Then it was brought down to put 28 satellites into orbit at altitude of 504 km. Following ejection of all satellite, the rocket was brought down further at 485 km where its fourth and final stage of rocket (PS4) was turned into payload platform carrying three experimental payloads. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Fourth stage of rocket (PS4) of PSLV C45</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">PS4 as experimental payload platform will stay alive in space for the next six months along with three scientific instruments. It will collect data and relay them to the ground station. This is for first time PS4 has been fitted with solar panels.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its experimental payloads includes (i) <strong>Automatic Identification System (AIS):</strong> It is from ISRO for Maritime satellite applications capturing messages transmitted from ships (ii) <strong>Automatic Packet Repeating System (APRS): </strong>It is from AMSAT (Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation), India. It will assist amateur radio operators in tracking and monitoring position data and (iii) <strong>Advanced Retarding Potential Analyser</strong> <strong>for Ionospheric Studies (ARIS):</strong> It is from Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST). It will be used for structural and compositional studies of ionosphere. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Note:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> This was for the second time ISRO has converted PS4 of PSLV rocket as satellite-like orbital platform. Earlier in January 2019, PSLV-C44 had carrying student satellite in its PS4 stayed alive for several hours — powered by batteries to help its payload conduct microgravity tests.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Emisat Satellite</span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is based on ISRO's Indian Mini Satellite-2 (IMS-2) bus platforms. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be deployed for the task of discovering enemy radars and collecting imagery and communication intelligence.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its objective is to detect low power radar signals, which are typically used to track by low-altitude air-borne vehicles, including aircraft and drones. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It developed under Kautilya Project, a highly secret project approved by Defence Ministry.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Applications:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It will help to monitor activities of enemy radars and sensors deployed along the border. It will help to know the exact topography of enemy areas. It will provide communication intelligence to find out how many communication devices are active in an area.</span></span></span></li>
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'metatitle' => 'ISRO launches electronic intelligence satellite Emisat',
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'title' => 'Tianlian II-01: China launches 2nd Generation Data Relay Satellite',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">China has successfully launched Tianlian II-01 data relay satellite into space. It is first satellite in series of second Generation Data Relay Satellite. It was launched on board of Long March-3B carrier rocket from Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in southwest China’s Sichuan Province. It was overall 301st mission of the Long March carrier rocket series. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Tianlian II-01</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is first in series of second-generation data relay satellite. It has been developed by China Academy of Space Technology. Other two satellites of this network- Tianlian II-02 and Tianlian II-03 are in developmental stage.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will provide data relay network, control and measurement, transmission services for manned spacecraft, satellites, carrier rockets and other non-spacecraft users. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has faster data transfer and higher multi-objective service capability as compared to first-generation network offered by Tianlian I satellites. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its network will be used in more advanced space mission planning, system management and operations than first-generation network composed of Tianlian I satellites. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will play important role in improving transmission promptness, in-orbit security and mission flexibility for medium- and low-Earth orbiting satellites and manned spacecraft.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">1st Generation Tianlian relay satellites</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">China's first-generation data relay satellite network- Tianlian I system now has four operational satellites. The first of them Tianlian I-01 was launched in April 2008. They have serviced several important Chinese space activities such. They also had played important role in dockings between Tiangong I space lab and Shenzhou spaceships.</span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Jeff Bezos led Amazon Inc has announced Project Kuiper to provide high speed internet by building network of over 3,236 satellites. In this regard, Amazon subsidiary Kuiper Systems LLC with help of US Federal Communications Commission has filed three sets of regulatory filings with International Telecommunications Union (ITU). ITU oversees global telecom satellite operations and allocates designated orbits to satellites.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Project Kuiper</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, Amazon is planning to put constellation of 3,236 satellites in LEO— including 784 satellites at an altitude of 590 kilometers, 1,296 satellites at 610 kilometers and 1,156 satellites in 630-kilometer orbits.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The constellation of these satellites will provide low-latency, high-speed broadband connectivity to people globally who lack basic access to broadband internet.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will provide data coverage for wide swath spots on Earth ranging in latitude from 56 degrees north to 56 degrees south where about 95% of world’s population lives.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Jeff Bezos’ rocket company Blue Origin also signed deal with Canada’s Telesat to launch satellites of this constellation.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Private Internet Space race </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">With this,</span> <span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Amazon joined race to provide broadband internet access around globe via thousands of satellites in LEO. Some of world’s best-known companies already are working for years on plans to provide low cost satellite based internet.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">SpaceX: Elon Musk led company has launched first two prototype satellites for its <strong>Starlink broadband data constellation</strong>. It aims to put more than 12,000 satellites in LEO to provide internet connectivity. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">OneWeb:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is Airbus-backed and SoftBank Group funded project. It has launched first six broadband satellites launched in February 2019 and plans to put hundreds more in place over the next year or two. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Telesat:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It had put its first prototype broadband satellite in LEO in 2018 and plans to have hundreds more launched to provide first-generation broadband services by early 2020s.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Other players:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Joint venture of Facebook, Boeing and Luxembourg-based LeoSat also have laid out plans for space-based internet access.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'Astronomers release first-ever image of Black Hole',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Astronomers for first time have unveiled direct image of black hole. It shows bright-orange circular image with dark central region of black hole located at the centre of the Messier 87 (M87) galaxy in the Virgo galaxy cluster. It was taken by Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration in April 2017. This first image comes more than 100 years after these super-dense extreme-gravity regions of space-time were theorised as consequence of Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Black hole</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is super-dense extreme-gravity regions of space-time from where even light is unable to escape.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is formed mainly by massive collapsing of star after it starts extinguishing or dying.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The space-time around it gets incredibly bent that nothing is able to escape from its gravity</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Black holes cannot be observed directly by any of the scientific instruments since they are completely ‘dark’ and do not emit or reflect any light, nor any other electromagnetic radiation.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Event Horizon Telescope </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comprises of eight radio telescopes — located in Hawaii and Mexico, in mountains of Arizona, in Spanish Sierra Nevada, in Atacama Desert of Chile and near South Pole in Antarctica. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Image capturing process</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The black hole, whose image was captured is at distance of 55 million light-years from earth. It has mass 6.5 billion times that of the Sun. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Astronomers had built elaborate and complex network of massive telescopes around the world and devise ingenious new techniques, to get first visual evidence of a black hole.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They had captured very high frequency microwave radiation originating from near black hole 55 million years ago<strong>. </strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Each of these Event Horizon Telescope captured only small piece of area. The data from all those were then feeded into central super-computer which, over several months, created complete picture of black hole.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The outer orange disk in image of black hole represents the radiation being emitted by gases and other objects<strong> </strong>that exist just outside the black hole.<strong> </strong>The inner dark circular area in the image is actually the black hole.</span></span></span></span></li>
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(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'Stratolaunch Roc: World's largest aeroplane makes maiden flight',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The world's largest aeroplane named Roc, owned by Stratolaunch made its maiden test flight over Mojave Desert in California, United States. It is designed to carry into space and drop rocket that will in turn, ignite to deploy satellites. It has world-record wingspan of 385 feet (117 meters).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Stratolaunch Roc</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been developed by US private company Strato Launch System owned by late Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been nicknamed Roc after giant mythical bird. It aims to make access to orbit more affordable and accessible by launching satellites into space from aircraft, rather than from ground.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is made up of two identical Boeing 747 aircraft fuselages connected by a wing center section and made of lightweight composite materials</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has length of 73 m and wingspan of 117 m (longest in the world). It is powered by six Pratt & Whitney PW4056s engines, three engines side by side on the outer wings. It requires runway length of at least 3660 m to for flight.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has carrying capacity of 549,290 pounds (249,153 kilograms) payload with mission radius of approximately 2400 km to reach rocket launch point. Besides its range for freight transport is maximum of about 15,000 kms. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Benefits</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its launch architectures differ from traditional vertically launched rockets as this plane can carry rocket above densest part of atmosphere, before being released to launch to space. The advantage of such system is that it can take off from any runway that is long enough to accommodate plane, fly around bad weather if need be and launch satellite into any orbital inclination. This lowers cost needed to escape Earth’s atmosphere by utilizing less costly jet fuel and reusable carrier aircraft. It also offers more flexibility for launch inclinations than fixed launch pads.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'CMFRI, ISRO ink MoU to protect smaller wetlands',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) has inked Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to map, validate and protect small wetlands by restoring them through coastal livelihood programmes. This is for first national instance of CMFRI is collaborating with the ISRO to develop a comprehensive climate resilient framework for fisheries and wetlands.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As per the MoU </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Both institutes will identify and demarcate wetlands, and restore the degraded wetlands through suitable livelihood options like coastal aquaculture.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will develop mobile app and centralised web portal with complete database of wetlands that are smaller than 2.25 hectares in the country</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The app will be used for real-time monitoring of the wetlands and giving advisories to stakeholders and coastal people.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The National Wetland Atlas, already developed by ISRO’s Space Applications Centre (SAC) will be updated with real-time data of physical, chemical and biological parameters of the wetlands to be provided by the CMFRI</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This collaboration is part of national framework for fisheries and wetlands recently developed by National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project of CMFRI. The NICRA project is aimed at finding ways and means to mitigate impact of climate change in marine fisheries and coastal region. The real-time data obtained through ISRO and CMFRI collaboration will greatly help developing conservation plan for degraded wetlands in the region besides utilising these resources for livelihood prospects such as shrimp and crab farming.</span></span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'CMFRI, ISRO ink MoU to protect smaller wetlands',
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister has approved continuation of ongoing Phase 4 of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) programme consisting of five GSLV flights during the period 2021-2024. GSLV Programme - Phase 4 will enable launch of <strong>two tonne class of satellites</strong> for geo-imaging, navigation, data relay communication and space sciences. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Benefits</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will meet launch requirement of satellites for providing critical satellite navigation services, data relay communication for supporting Indian Human spaceflight programme and next interplanetary mission to Mars. It will also ensure continuity of production in Indian industry.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will meet demand for launch of satellites at frequency up to two launches per year, with maximal participation by Indian industry. All the operational flights will be completed during the period 2021-24.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Major impact</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The operationalization of GSLV has made the country self-reliant in launching capability of two tonne class of satellites for communication and meteorological applications. Continuation of GSLV Phase 4 Programme will sustain and strengthen capability and self-reliance in launching of similar satellites for national requirements including next generation navigation satellites, data relay communication satellites and interplanetary missions.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">GSLV Continuation Programme was sanctioned in 2003, and two phases already have been completed and third phase is in progress and expected to be completed by Q4 of 2020-21. It has enabled ISRO independent access to space for launching two tonne class of satellites to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). It has helped in mastering of highly complex cryogenic propulsion technology, which is essential technological capability to launch communication satellites to GTO. It also has paved way for development of high thrust Cryogenic engine and stage for next generation launch vehicle i.e. GSLV Mk-lll. GSLV so far has successfully launched 10 national satellites. With its indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage, GSLV has established itself as reliable launch vehicle for communication, navigation and meteorological satellites and also to undertake future interplanetary missions.</span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"><span style="color:black">Scientists for the first time ever have detected Universe’s most ancient type of molecule- Helium hydride ion (HeH+) in space. It was discovered in the envelope of planetary nebula NGC 7027 using GREAT spectrometer aboard onboard the flying observatory SOFIA.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"><span style="color:black">Helium hydride ion (HeH+) </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"><span style="color:black">It was first molecule that formed almost 14 billion years ago, when temperatures of young universe had fallen below 4000 Kelvin. This had allowed recombination of light elements (hydrogen, helium, deuterium and traces of lithium) produced in Big Bang. At that time, ionized hydrogen and neutral helium atoms reacted to form HeH+ through process of nucleosynthesis in reverse order of their ionization potential.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"><span style="color:black">In this process, Helium first combined with free electrons to form first ever neutral atom. During this time, hydrogen was still ionized or present in form of bare protons. Helium atoms combined with these bare Hydrogen protons resulting in formation of helium hydride ion HeH+, the universe’s first molecular bond.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"><span style="color:black">As further this recombination process progressed, HeH+ reacted with then neutral hydrogen and created first path to formation of molecular hydrogen — marking beginning of modern universe.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"><span style="color:black">Significance of this discovery </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"><span style="color:black">Despite importance of HeH+ in history of the early Universe, it has so far escaped detection in astrophysical nebulae — cloud of gas and dust in outer space. The lack of definitive evidence of its very existence in interstellar space was dilemma for astronomy for long time. The discovery is demonstration of nature’s tendency to form molecules.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Vacuum Extinguish Method (VEM) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its working is completely based on "reverse" operation of widely-used fire extinguisher, namely, spraying extinguisher agents into firing point. It sucks fire flames as well as combustion product, even fire source, by vacuum into vacuum chamber to remove firing matters from space of interest. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Potential Applications:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is suitable for special environments that are highly enclosed such as space vehicles and submarines to prevent or suppress spreading harmful combustion products such as fume, toxic gas component, particulate matters across entire enclosed cabin It has special advantageous for space use, preferable in extreme vacuum environment.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'NepaliSat-1: Nepal launches its 1st satellite into space',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Nepal has successfully launched its first satellite named NepaliSat-1 into space from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility on Virginia’s East Shore in United States. The satellite was indigenously developed by Nepalese scientists. It was launched along with other BIRDS-3 satellites from Japan and Raavana-1 (Sri Lanka’s first satellite). The satellite will be stationed at International Space Station (ISS) for month and then it will be sent to orbit the earth.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NepaliSat-1 </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been developed by two scientists from Nepal Academy of Science and Technology under the BIRDS project of Japanese Kyushu Institute of Technology. It is cube satellite that weighs 1.3 kg. It be placed low orbit at 400-km distance from Earth's surface. It will revolve around the earth four times a day. It is expected to take pictures of Nepal for six to 10 minutes during each revolution. It has lifespan of at least six months. It will take photographs on regular basis to gather geographical information of Nepal.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Note:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> BIRDS project has been designed Japan in association with United Nations (UN). It aims at helping countries launch their first satellite.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Raavana-1: Sri Lanka launches its first Satellite',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sri Lanka successfully launched its first satellite named ‘Raavana-1’ into the space. It was launched on board of Northrop Grumman Antares rocket launched from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. It was launched along with other BIRDS-3 satellites from Japan and NepaliSAT-1 (Nepal’s first satellite).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Raavana-1</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is research satellite designed and built at Kyushu Institute of Technology in Japan by two Sri Lankan research engineers.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It weights around 1.05 kg and measuring 11.3 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm in dimensions. It has lifespan of the satellite is around one and a half years.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is expected to orbit 400 km away from earth and perform five missions including the capturing of pictures of Sri Lanka and its surrounding regions.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its Lora Demonstration Mission will validate module to be used to data download next satellites. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its Attitude Determination and Control Mission will involve reduction of angular velocity of the satellite using magnetic torquers.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'NASA’s TESS finds 1st Earth-size exoplanet',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered its first Earth-sized exoplanet named HD 21749c. It is the smallest world outside our solar system that has been identified by TESS so far. Moreover, it is the second planet to be identified by TESS after HD 21749b, a warm “sub-Neptune” with 36-day orbit.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">HD 21749c</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has about 89% of Earth’s diameter. It orbits HD 21749, a K-type star with about 70% of Sun’s mass. It is located 53 light years away from Earth in southern constellation Reticulum. It does not have good life-hosting potential as it circles its host star very tightly and close to it, completing one orbit every 7.8 Earth days, which probably makes it quite hot. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">TESS which was launched just about a year ago is already a game-changer in the planet-hunting business. TESS total tally is likely to end up topping that of Kepler has found about 70% of the 4,000 exoplanets discovered to date.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is space telescope launched as part of NASA's Explorers program. It was launched in April 2018 for two-year mission atop Space X’s Falcon 9 rocket.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is aimed at searching for exoplanets using transit method in an area 400 times larger than that covered by its predecessor Kepler mission.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its primary mission objective is to survey brightest stars near Earth for transiting exoplanets. It uses array of wide-field cameras to perform survey of 85% of the sky.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It finds large number of small planets around nearest stars in sky as compared to previous sky surveys with ground-based telescopes which have mainly detected giant exoplanets</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance of TESS</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">With TESS, it will be possible to study mass, size, density and orbit of large cohort of small planets, including sample of rocky planets in habitable zones (or Goldilocks zone) of their host stars.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also provides prime targets for further characterization by James Webb Space Telescope, as well as to other large ground-based and space-based telescopes of the future.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => 'NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered its first Earth-sized exoplanet named HD 21749c',
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Elon Musk led US space company SpaceX has carried out its first commercial launch of its reusable Falcon Heavy rocket. It achieved this feat by placing 13,000-pound Saudi Arabian telecommunication satellite is operated by Arabsat into its designated orbit after it was launched from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. It was also for the first time that all three reusable boosters of rocket returned safely to Earth. Saudi satellite telecom satellite will provide television, internet and mobile phone service to the Middle East, Africa and Europe.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Falcon Heavy Rocket</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is partially reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle designed and manufactured by SpaceX. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is derived from Falcon 9 vehicle and consists of strengthened Falcon 9 first stage as central core with two additional first stages as strap-on boosters. It strength equals to three Falcon 9 rockets.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can lift payload having total weight of 64 tons into the orbit, highest payload capacity of any currently operational launch vehicle.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was initially designed with an aim of sending humans to Moon or Mars, but now is being considered mainly as potential equipment carrier for deep space destinations.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">First successful launch:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It was in February 2018, when it had launched SpaceX founder Elon Musk's red Tesla roadster car into orbit as test. The electric car was outfitted with mannequin dressed in spacesuit.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NASA's robotic InSight lander has recorded a Mars Quake for the first time ever on the red planet. The quake was detected by seismometer called ‘SEIS’ placed by InSight had on Martian surface in December 2018.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Note:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is not first extra-terrestrial seismic activity detected by scientists. Five seismometers already have operated on Moon between 1969 and 1977 and measured thousands of moonquakes. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cause of </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">MarsQuake</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists still are examining data to determine exact cause of seismic activities. They believe that seismic activity on Mars is related to ongoing cooling of interior of the planet, which is causing the planet to contract. This is resulting in build-up of stress, which is released by break in crust that generates earthquake. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Similar process is expected to occur on the Moon, but like Moon, Mars does not have tectonic plates and therefore is expected to be much quieter in terms of seismic activity than Earth.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This is the first recorded trembling that appears to have come from inside Mars as opposed to being caused by forces above the surface, such as wind. Studying Mars seismology will provide important information about interior of planet and how it was formed.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NASA’s InSight Lander Mission</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) is robotic lander designed to study the deep interior of the planet Mars.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was manufactured by Lockheed Martin and is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The mission launched in May 2018 and successfully landed at Elysium Planitia on Mars on November 2018. Its primary goal is to gain insights into the interior of Mars</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">InSight's objectives </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Place seismometer, called SEIS, on the surface of Mars to measure seismic activity.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Provide accurate 3D models of Mars's interior. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Measure internal heat flow using heat probe-HP3 to study Mars' early geological evolution.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Findings of InSight mission will help in better understanding of how Solar System's terrestrial planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars – and Earth's Moon form and evolve more than 4 billion years ago, as well as rocky exoplanets.</span></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> According to NASA’s information, both Mercury and Earth have metallic cores and like Earth, Mercury’s outer core is of liquid metal. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is claimed that Mercury’s innermost core is nearly 85</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of Mercury’s volume and it is solid and it is nearly of same size as Earth’s inner core.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has announced that India's second lunar mission Chandrayaan-2 will be launched between 9 and 16 July 2019. It will be launched using India's most powerful rocket GSLV-Mark.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Chandrayaan-2 will be India's second mission to moon, and first to attempt soft landing. It is follow-up mission to Chandrayaan-1, which launched in October 2008 and helped provide first confirmation of water (in form of hydroxyl ions) on moon in 2009.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Chandrayaan-2 launch details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Chandrayaan-2 will have three modules in it, an orbiter, a lander named Vikram and a rover known as Pragyan. The lander will touch down near Moon's south pole on 6th September, 2019, two months after launch. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Orbiter and Lander have been interfaced mechanically and stacked together as an integrated module and accommodated inside the GSLV MK-III launch vehicle. Rover will be housed inside the Lander.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Once spacecraft is launched into Earth's orbit by GSLV, Chandrayaan-2 integrated module will be released. This spacecraft module has its own Orbiter propulsion module which will power vehicle's escape out of Earth's orbit and into the Moon's.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Once spacecraft reaches Moon's orbit, it will attempt to make soft landing in region 600 kilometres away from the lunar South pole. This will be the first time any mission touched down so far from equator. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vikram lander will separate from orbiter and descend to surface to make India's first ever moon landing around 6 September, 2019. It is carrying an array of scientific instruments meant to study the lunar surface. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The orbiter module of Chandrayaan-2 will circle moon and relay data and information from lander and rover about conditions on surface of moon back to earth.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The payloads will collect scientific information on lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, lunar exosphere and signatures of hydroxyl and water-ice," the statement adds.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Pragyaan rover</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It is 20-kilogram, six-wheeled semi-autonomous robot tasked to study composition of regolith, mixture of tiny moon rocks and fine dust blankets Moon's surface.</span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Space Research Oganisation (ISRO) will launch its latest radar imaging satellite <strong>RISAT 2BR1</strong> by end of May 2019. It will be launched on board PSLV-C46 from first launchpad of Sriharikota spaceport in Andhra Pradesh.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About RISAT Series</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">RISAT-2</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">ISRO had deployed first RISAT satellted in orbit on April 20, 2009. It was dubbed as <strong>RISAT-2</strong>. It mainly used X-band-synthetic aperture radars (SAR) to provide Indian armed forces with all-weather surveillance and observation to notice any potential threat or malicious activity around the nation’s borders. It had capability to take images of Earth during day and night, as well as in all weather conditions including cloudy conditions.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Following 2008 Mumbai terror attacks (26/11), ISRO had prioritized launch of RISAT-2 over RISAT- 1, as its C-band SAR radar was not ready and RISAT -2 was carrying advance Israeli-built X-band SAR.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The X-band SAR used by RISAT-2 was obtained from Israel in return for launch services for Israeli TecSAR satellite. The SAR sensor had enabled RISAT-2 to capture and send images at any time of day and in all weather conditions.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">RISAT-1</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">ISRO had launched successfully launched RSAT-1 in April 2012 for lifespan of five years (active till 2017). It was first indigenous microwave remote designed and developed by ISRO. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was not designed as a surveillance satellite, given its reliance on the C-band. But it was extensively or natural resources management, primarily agriculture planning and forestry surveys. It was also used to predict and prevent flooding. It was also used for monitoring paddy plantations and yields in the kharif season and to assist India's food security planning</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">RISAT-2BR1 satellite</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It uses the same SAR band similar to RISAT-2. It will further improve India’s imaging reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Aditya L1 Mission: ISRO to launch its first mission to study sun in 2020',
'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has announced that it will launch its first solar mission Aditya-L1 in early 2020. It will be first dedicated scientific mission of India to holistically study sun. </span></span></span></span></h2>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Aditya L1 Mission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims to put 800-kg heavy class Aditya-L1 satellite into halo orbit around Lagrangian point L1 of Sun and Earth system. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">L1 point is situated at distance of about 1.5 million km from earth. It provides major advantage of viewing the sun without any occultation/ eclipses,</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Aditya L1<strong> </strong>will be first satellite in the world to study magnetic field of the sun’s corona. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The satellite will carry seven payloads including the main payload Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VLEC).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will study dynamic nature of sun’s outer most layers, corona and chromosphere and collect data about Coronal Mass Ejections (CME).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will study about origin of solar storms and their path through interplanetary space from Sun to the Earth. It will provide information for space weather prediction.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'DART: NASA’s first Planetary Defence Technology',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NASA’s first mission to demonstrate planetary defence technique- Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) will hit small moonlet in binary asteroid system Didymos in 2022. The main objective of this mission is to test systems that will allow mankind to protect the planet from potential cosmic body impacts in the future.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">DART Planetary-Defence Mission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is planned space probe (spacecraft) that will demonstrate kinetic impactor technique of crashing an impactor spacecraft into asteroid moon for planetary defense purposes. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is intended to test whether spacecraft impact could successfully deflect asteroid on a collision course with Earth</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The DART spacecraft will be launched in June 2021 on board of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, US. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will hit into “Didymoon”, a 165 meters satellite of near-Earth asteroid Didymos in October 2022 at a speed about 6 km/s i.e. about nine times faster than a bullet.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists will observe impact using telescopes and measure change in Didymoon’s orbit around its asteroid. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">After the impact it will able to see whether the asteroid moon moves its path by just fraction of per cent, which will be enough to deflect any future asteroids that posses threat to Earth.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Asteroid Didymos</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In Greek-Didymos means twin. It is asteroid binary system that consists of two bodies: Didymos A (about 780 metres in size), and Didymos B (about 160 metres in size), smaller asteroid or moonlet orbiting Didymos A. It is located at about 4 million miles from Earth. It poses no threat to Earth, that why was chosen by NASA as test target to demonstrate kinetic impactor technique.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'RISAT-2B: ISRO successfully launches radar imaging satellite',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launched radar imaging satellite RISAT-2B. It was launched on-board Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C46) from first launch pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh. In this mission, 'Core-Alone' configuration of PSLV was flown without the use of solid strap-on motors.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">RISAT-2B </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing about 615 kg. <strong>RISAT</strong> stands for Radar Imaging Satellite. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will be replacement of RISAT-2. It will have a mission life of five years. It will be placed in Low Earth Orbit.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is fourth satellite of RISAT programme. It has advanced technology of 3.6m radial rib antenna.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It uses synthetic aperture radar like its predecessors that can take pictures known as radar images of the earth during day and night, and also under adverse weather (cloudy) conditions.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Synthetic Aperture Radar (X band radar): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It send out hundreds of large wavelength radio signals every second towards subject (in this case earth) and capture reflected signals to create a radio image, which can then be used by computers to build a real image. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">As large wavelength radio waves are not obstructed by clouds, dust or similar other obstacles in atmosphere, they produce reliable images during day and night and all seasons even in adverse weather conditions. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Unlike usual remote sensing and optical imaging satellites, a radar imaging satellite can penetrate through thick cloud cover and identify hidden objects on the ground.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Applications:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It has been developed for military reconnaissance and general surveillance purposes. It will also be used in fields of agriculture, forestry and disaster management support.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">RISAT series</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Two satellites in RISAT series already have been launched by ISRO. RISAT-2 was the first one to be launched in 2009, while RISAT-1, which had got delayed, was launched in 2012. RISAT-1 is no longer operational.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">RISAT-2:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It was placed in orbit in 2009. It was RISAT-1’s replacement, a microwave remote sensing satellite launched in 2012. It was actively used India to monitor activities in camps across border in Pakistan to thwart infiltration bids by terrorists.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Future mission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">ISRO will launch five RISAT-series satellites in coming one year. These satellites will be of different types and will be named as Risat-2BR1, Risat-2BR2, Risat-1A and thereon Risat-1B and Risat2A. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Need for radar imaging satellites with all-weather capabilities</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">With increased activities of infiltrators along Pakistan border, India needs more eye in the sky to keep an eye on terrorist launchpads and their hideouts. Moreover, surveillance satellites are also needed to monitor increasing activities of Chinese warships in Indian Ocean. </span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
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'title' => 'Starlink Internet: SpaceX launches 60 Satellites',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Elon Musk led Private rocket company SpaceX has launched first batch of 60 small satellites into low-Earth orbit (550km) as part of its new Starlink internet service project. The satellites were launched on board of reusable Falcon 9 rocket. It was SpaceX’s heaviest launch to date at about 13,620 kilograms (each of 60 satellites weigh 227 kilograms). Moreover, it was first large scale deployment of SpaceX’s Starlink constellation. To become operational, SpaceX’s starline needs six more such launches and further six for significant coverage around most of Earth. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Starlink </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is Elon Musk led-SpaceX’s ambitious project to develop low-cost, high-performance satellite bus to provide space-based Internet communication system. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is being implemented by SpaceX’s satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington. Its purpose is to provide high-speed satellite internet across Earth around the clock.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its development was started in 2015 and two prototype test-flight satellites were launched in February 2018.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under it, SpaceX is planning to deploy nearly 12,000 satellites in three orbital shells by mid-2020s: initially placing approximately 1600 in 550-kilometer altitude shell, subsequently placing ~2800 Ku- and Ka-band spectrum sateliites at 1,150 km and 7500 V-band satellites at 340 km.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 35 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) new commercial arm -NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) was officially inaugurated in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Its main objective is to scale up industry participation in Indian space programmes. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was incorporated on March 6 2019 by Department of Space (DoS) for commercially utilising research and development activities carried out by ISRO in the area of space.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is DoS’s second commercial entity in ISRO after Antrix Corporation Limited, which was set up in September 1992 to market products and services of ISRO.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Capital: It is provided an authorised share capital worth Rs.100 crore and initial paid up capital of Rs.10 crore. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will act as aggregator for all space related activities in industry and develop private entrepreneurship in space related technologies. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will be responsible for production and manufacturing of commercially successful Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) and Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) spacecraft launchers via technology transfer mechanisms. It will cater to emerging global market demand of commercial SSLV</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will also provide satellite building and satellite-based services which includes outsource assembly of small satellites and upcoming SSLV, supply of sub-systems for various domestic and international application needs. It will also enable space technology spin-offs via Indian industry interface. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'ISRO to set up Space Technology Cell at IIT Guwahati',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has signed MoU with Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati to set up a Space Technology Cell (IITG-ISRO STC) within the premise of IIT Guwahati. It will be first-of-its-kind STC in northeast region to improve research and capacity building processes in the field of space technology. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IITG-ISRO STC</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will constitute of faculty members from IIT Guwahati, visiting scientists and experts from ISRO, research students and technical staff.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will serve as platform for motivating and involving undergraduate, post graduate students and research scholars and orient them towards the realms of space-research activities.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">By setting up STC, IIT Guwahati aims to initiate collaborative research activities involving faculty members and ISRO scientists, for short term and long-term solutions to challenging space-research problems. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also aspire to partner with ISRO for performing cutting edge research not only catering to socio-economic needs of Northeast but also to contribute towards the basic research activities of various ISRO projects across India.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'ISRO to launch Indian Space Station',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has unveiled its plan to build its own space station-<strong> Indian Space Station</strong> in low earth orbit (LEO) to conduct microgravity experiments in space in 5 to 7 years. The detailed project report on setting up a space station and its modalities will be submitted to Government after the Gaganyaan mission. At present, only three countries have or had their own space stations so far viz. US, Russia, China and consortium of nations that own International Space Station (ISS).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Space Station</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">This project will be an extension of the Gangayaan mission. It will be smaller than the existing ISS and is expected to have a payload of 20 tonnes (whereas, ISS weighs 420 tonnes). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its size will be little more than two Gaganyaan crew modules. It will serve as a facility where astronauts can stay for 15-20 days and conduct microgravity experiments. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is expected to be placed altitude of 400 kilometres from earth. It will be solely India’s own project and there will be no collaboration with any other country for this project.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Comment </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to ISRO, prospects of setting up Indian space station will depend on successes Gaganyaan mission (India’s first human spaceflight programme scheduled for 2022). Under this mission, ISRO will be sending two to three Indian astronauts in space for a period of up to seven days before India celebrates its 75 anniversary of its independence. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">International Space Station</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a joint project between five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), Roscosmos (Russia) and CSA (Canada).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO) and is the largest human-made body in this orbit.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It consists of pressurised habitation modules, solar arrays, structural trusses, radiators, experiment bays, docking ports and robotic arms.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It maintains orbit with an altitude of between 330 and 435 by means of re-boost manoeuvres. It circles Earth in roughly 92 minutes and completes 15.5 orbits per day<strong>.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Purpose: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It serves as microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in human biology, biology, Astronomy, Physics, meteorology, and other fields.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sri Lanka's first ever satellite Raavana 1 was launched successfully into orbit from International Space Station along (ISS) with two other BIRDS 3 satellites. These satellites were launched in February 2019 on board of Northrop Grumman Antares rocket launched from Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. It was launched along with other BIRDS-3 satellites from Japan and NepaliSAT-1 (Nepal’s first satellite).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Raavana-1 Satellite </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is research satellite designed and built at Kyushu Institute of Technology in Japan by two Sri Lankan research engineers.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was designed and developed under BIRDS 3 Project by two Sri Lankan engineers Dulani Chamika and Tharindu Dayaratne studying space engineering at Japan’s Kyushu Institute of Technology.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is cube satellite weighing around 1.05 kg and measuring 11.3 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm in dimensions. It has lifespan of the satellite is around one and a half years. It is expected to orbit 400 km away from earth.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will perform five missions including the capturing of pictures of Sri Lanka and its surrounding regions. Its Lora Demonstration Mission will validate module to be used to data download next satellites. Its Attitude Determination and Control Mission will involve reduction of angular velocity of satellite using magnetic torquers.</span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About BIRDS 3 Project</span></span></strong> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is an acronym for ‘Joint Global Multi-Nation Birds Satellite project’. It is a cross-border interdisciplinary satellite project supported by Japan for non-space faring countries. It is led by Japan’s Kyushu Institute of Technology. It aims at creating indigenous space program of countries by designing, building, operating, testing and launching first satellite for participating nations.</span></span></p>
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'title' => 'ESA tests Lunar Evacuation System',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NASA astronauts tested Evacuation System Assembly (LESA) designed by European Space Agency (ESA) to assist in astronaut rescue missions on surface of Moon. It is claimed to be world’s first device aimed to help future incapacitated astronauts.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Testing:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It was tested recently under sea as the bottom of ocean floor which is rocky, sandy terrain and warm salty water bears much more similarity with lunar surface.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lunar Evacuation System Assembly (LESA)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been developed by the European Space Agency (ESA). It is a pyramid-like structure designed to rescue an astronaut should he or she suffer an injury on the lunar surface.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">How LESA Works?</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It enables astronaut to lift their crewmate onmobile stretcher in less than 10 minutes and carry them to safety of nearby pressurised lander.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Currently, astronauts wear heavy extravehicular activity (EVA) suit, wich makes it is impossible for fellow crewmate to carry the injured astronaut over their shoulder while wearing an EVA suit.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Benefits of LESA:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It can be operated just by single astronaut thus ensuring rapid and safe rescue of injured astronaut. It can be transported on smaller vechiles like golf caddy and placed close to fallen astronaut. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'L 98-59b: NASA’s TESS discovers new planet',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered new planet named L 98-59b. Its size is between of Mars and Earth i.e. around 80% Earth’s size. It is far tiniest finds of TESS. It orbits a bright, cool, nearby star named L 98-59. The host star is about one-third the mass of Sun and lies about 35 light-years away. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other Findings</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Apart from L 98-59b, two other planets L 98-59c and L 98-59d also orbit L 98-59. L 98-59c and L 98-59d, are around 1.4 and 1.6 times Earth’s size. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Signifcance of Discovery: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is great engineering and scientific accomplishment for TESS. Such small planets are difficult to detect as they have short orbits around bright stars. This planetary system has the potential for fascinating future studies. Further study with other telescopes of this planetary system and planets in needed to determine whether they have atmospheres and, if so, which gases are present.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is space telescope launched as part of NASA's Explorers program. It was launched in April 2018 for two-year mission atop Space X’s Falcon 9 rocket.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is aimed at searching for exoplanets using transit method in an area 400 times larger than that covered by its predecessor Kepler mission.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its primary mission objective is to survey brightest stars near Earth for transiting exoplanets. It uses array of wide-field cameras to perform survey of 85% of the sky.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It finds large number of small planets around nearest stars in sky as compared to previous sky surveys with ground-based telescopes which have mainly detected giant exoplanets</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance of TESS: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">With TESS, it is possible to study mass, size, density and orbit of large cohort of small planets, including sample of rocky planets in habitable zones (or Goldilocks zone) of their host stars. It also provides prime targets for further characterization by James Webb Space Telescope, as well as to other large ground-based and space-based telescopes of the future.</span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'PUNCH mission: NASA selects Dipankar Banerjee as Co-Investigator',
'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NASA has selected Indian solar physicist from Indian Institute of Astrophysics Dipankar Banerjee as a Co-Investigator of its PUNCH (Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere) mission which will image the Sun. It also has selected Texas-based Southwest Research Institute to lead its PUNCH mission.</span></span></span></span></h2>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About PUNCH Mission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is expected to be launched in 2022. It will consist of constellation of four suitcase-sized microsats that will orbit Earth in formation. It will study how Sun’s corona (which is the atmosphere of the Sun), connects with the interplanetary medium.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mission Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will image regions beyond the Sun’s outer corona. It will also image and track the solar wind and also coronal mass ejections.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Coronal mass ejections (CMS): It is huge masses of plasma that get thrown out of Sun’s atmosphere. It can affect and drive space weather events near Earth.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will enhance other solar mission such as NASA’s Parker Solar Probe and ESA-NASA joint project, Solar Orbiter by tracking structures of Sun’s atmosphere in real time. Since Sun’s corona is much fainter than its surface layers, it cannot be viewed by instruments directly. So PUNCH Mission will block out light from the Sun to view its corona and the structures in it.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India’s Aditya-L1 Mission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India is planning to send up its own satellite Aditya-L1, a mission to study Sun’s corona. Prof. Banerjee is the co-Chair of the Science Working Group for Aditya-L1 mission. PUNCH mission team is also plans to observe Sun using joint observations from PUNCH and Indian mission Aditya, which is underway. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">A team of international astronomers for the first time have determined the precise source of a single/ one-off fast radio bursts (FRBs) of cosmic radio waves. The signal has been named FRB 180924 after date of detection. It is believed to be originated in the outskirts of Milky Way-sized galaxy roughly 3.6 billion light-years from Earth. Pinning down exact source of this signal will help scientists to finally understand what causes these one-off FRBs.</span></span></span></span></h2>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It's only the second fast radio burst (FRB) ever to have been traced to location. The first such signal, called FRB 121102. It also special case, because it bursts repeatedly and locating exact source of one-off FRB presented a much more difficult challenge.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Fast radio bursts (FRBs)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are intense bursts of radio emission that have durations of milliseconds. They exhibit characteristic dispersion sweep of radio pulsars. Their flash is for only micro-instant but can emit as much energy in millisecond as the Sun does in 10,000 years. The first FRB was discovered in 2007 ad so far over 80 have been detected. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Reasons for FRBs:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The exact cause creating these high-energy surges of long waves at far end of the electromagnetic spectrum is subject of intense debate. However, scientists now agree that they originate in far away galaxies. Until FRBs are localised to host galaxy, or confirmed at other wavelengths, their origin will remain controversial.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">US space agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has announced that it will send a multi-rotor vehicle called Dragonfly to Saturn’s largest moon Titan. It will be launched in 2026 and will arrive at its destination in 2034. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Dragonfly mission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is part of NASA’s quest to search for building blocks of life and will aim towards collecting samples and examining sites around Titan. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mission Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Dragonfly multi-rotor vehicle will fly to dozens of promising locations on Titan looking for prebiotic chemical processes common on both Titan and Earth.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Specifications of Dragonfly:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It has eight rotors and flies like large drone. Instruments fitted on it will search for chemical evidence of past or extant life.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be for first time NASA will fly multi-rotor vehicle for science on another planet. It will also be first vehicle ever to fly its entire science payload to new places for repeatable and targeted access to surface materials.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Titan</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is Saturn’s largest moon and the second largest moon in the solar system after Jupiter's moon Ganymede. It has diameter of 5,150 km. It has no known moon, but it is possible it may have moons.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Surface composition:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is icy moon with surface of rock-hard water ice. It is also likely has a liquid water ocean beneath its surface. It is known to have liquid rivers, lakes and seas on its surface mainly contain hydrocarbons like methane and ethane and not water.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Atmosphere:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is the only moon in the solar system known to have substantial atmosphere, which is mostly nitrogen like Earth’s and is 4 times denser than Earth’s atmosphere.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Location:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Titan orbits Saturn, which orbits the Sun at a distance of about 886 million miles, about 10 times farther from the Sun than Earth orbits. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">A team of scientists from University of Colorado, US is working on making concept of artificial gravity a reality. They are examining ways to design revolving systems that might fit within a room of future space stations and even moon bases. So far this concept of artificial gravity existed only in science fiction.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Artificial gravity </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It means spacecraft generating their own gravity by spinning around in space. Under it, a short-radius centrifuge will rotate around room, gathering more and more speed. The angular velocity generated by this centrifuge will push astronauts’ feet toward base of platform, almost giving feel that he is standing under his own weight.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Application:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will help to keep astronauts healthy as they venture into space, allowing humans to travel farther from Earth than ever before and stay away longer. It will enable astronauts to crawl into these rooms for just few hours day to get their daily doses of gravity.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">US space agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) successfully carried out test of Launch-Abort System (LAS) for its Orion spacecraft designed to take US astronauts to Moon. The three-minute test was conducted at Cape Canaveral in Florida. It was aimed to test in almost real-life conditions for evacuation of astronauts from capsule in the event of explosion or rocket booster failure.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About test</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this test, unmanned Orion capsule was launched by a mini-rocket — a repurposed first stage of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Fifty-five seconds after launch, a rocket-powered tower on top of crew module ignited its engines at altitude of 9,500 m to quickly pull Orion away from hypothetical rocket experiencing problems. In just 15 seconds, capsule gained two miles of altitude. Then tower reoriented capsule to prepare it for descent and disengagement from the tower. In real-life conditions, parachutes will open to ease manned capsule's fall toward Atlantic Ocean.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Launch Abort System (LAS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is aimed at evacuation of astronauts under real-life conditions. It is designed to activate in accidental event of rocket malfunction, on pad or in flight. It consists of three different types of solid-fuel rocket motors that will work in synchrony with one another. In case of launch-pad or in-flight failure, abort tower rocket provides 400,000 pounds of thrust, pulling the crew capsule away from rocket and parachutes openning to ease manned capsule's fall.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Researchers from Lancaster University, UK have developed Artificial Intelligence-powered tool to identify galaxy clusters quickly. It has been named as Deep-CEE (Deep Learning for Galaxy Cluster Extraction and Evaluation).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Re Deep-CEE </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is novel deep learning technique to speed up the process of finding Galaxy clusters. This tool has been trained to look at colour images and identify galaxy clusters quickly.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its model is based on neural networks, which are designed to mimic way human brain learns to recognise objects by activating specific neurons when visualising distinctive patterns and colours.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Galaxy clusters </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are some of the most massive structures in the cosmos, consisting of hundreds of galaxies spread in not so vast area, usually it is limited to a few million light-years across. At their core, these clusters have big population of elliptical yet massive galaxies. These clusters are believed to be formed stars a long time ago but not making stars anymore.</span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 47 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 1707,
'title' => 'SPEKTR-RG: Russia launches space telescope',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Russia launched a space telescope named Spektr-RG from cosmodrome in Baikonur, Kazakhstan. It was launched onboard of Proton-M rocket. It is intended to map X-rays across sky and replace Spektr-R project lost in January 2019.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Spektr-RG</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a space observatory intended to observe black holes, neutron stars and magnetic fields. It has been developed by Russia with Germany. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It intends to replace Spektr-R, known as “Russian Hubble”, which Roskosmos lost control of in January 2019. Spektr-R was launched in 2011 to observe black holes, magnetic fields and neutron stars. Its successor will take up similar duties.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mission Life:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is set to last for six-and-a-half years including four-year scanning of space and the remainder spent observing objects in space. During its lifetime, it is expected to uncover around three million super-massive black holes as well as some 100,000 massive galaxy clusters strung out across the known universe.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Orbit:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Its observing position is located some 1.5 million kilometres (900,000 miles) above Earth.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 48 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 1774,
'title' => 'TIANGONG-2: Chinese space laboratory destroyed recently',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Tiangong-2, a manned Chinese space station (lab) was destroyed recently upon its controlled re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere over Pacific Ocean. The space state was retired from service after it had completed its experiments in space. During the re-entry phase, most of Tiangong-2 had burnt up in the atmosphere and its remaining debris fell near Point Nemo (spacecraft cemetery), the most remote location on Earth. It followed similar decommissioning course of its predecessor Tiangong-1, China’s first space station, which crashed into the southern Pacific Ocean in April 2018. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Tiangong-2 </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In English<strong> </strong>Tiangong means Heavenly Palace.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was space laboratory launched in September 2016 part as part of China’s ambitious space station program aimed at placing Chinese large modular space station in Low Earth orbit (LEO) by 2022.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was China’s second experimental space station module and had replaced Tiangong-1 (China’s first space station) which had ended its operational life in March 2016.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It had upgraded habitat with improved life support systems, power, communications and research equipments. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In late 2016, it hosted two Chinese astronauts for 30 days (It was China’s longest manned space mission so far). </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Point Nemo</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In Latin Nemo means "no one". It most remote place on Earth (nearest land is approximately 2,415 kilometres away). It lies in the South Pacific Ocean and is relatively lifeless. It is also known as a "spacecraft cemetery” because it used to crash-land defunct satellites, space stations, and other spacecraft upon re-entering the atmosphere. It is chosen for crash-land due to its remoteness, so as not to endanger or harm human and oceanic life. </span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 49 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 1803,
'title' => 'Assam Floods: India receives satellite data from 9 countries',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India received satellite data about Assam floods from 9 countries under <strong>International Charter, Space and Major Disasters.</strong> The data was shared based on the request activation by National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC) on behalf of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The first set of data was received from China’s Gaofen-2 satellite. Space agencies of other countries gave information as and when their satellites passed over the flood affected areas.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About International Charter, Space and Major Disasters</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is multi-lateral mechanism for sharing space-based information for countries affected by natural or man-made disasters for the benefit of disaster management.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a non-binding charter which provides for charitable and humanitarian retasked acquisition of and transmission of space satellite data to relief organizations in the event of major disasters.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims to combine Earth observation assets from different space agencies for sharing resources and expertise for rapid response to major disaster situations.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was initiated by European Space Agency (ESA) and French space agency CNES after UNISPACE III conference held in Vienna, Austria in July 1999. It officially came into operation in November 2000.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Currently there are 17 charter members and 61 contributing satellites. NRSC represents ISRO as a member of the charter.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It delivers date on ongoing basis throughout duration of Charter activation by country and provides valuable information about disaster that is not possible to obtain on the ground.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was activated for first time for floods in northeast France in December 2001. Since it has been activated for numerous floods, earthquakes, oil spills, forest fires, tsunamis, major snowfalls, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and landslides,</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">As of July 201o, it had had 614 activations, from 125 countries (including India), and had 17 members, which contributed 61 satellites. It had won the prestigious Pecora award in 2017. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Earth-observation satellites are mainly deployed in space to capture high-resolution pictures of land and ocean surfaces. Most of these satellites move at great speeds in their orbits around earth and remain over particular area for barely seconds. They return to that point only hours (sometimes days later). However, in case disaster hits in country, its satellites might not be in proper place at that time to view affected area, but satellite some other country may be present above this disaster affected area. By pooling their satellites resources, countries help out a member country that requests information for satellite pictures and data. This also helps country access satellite pictures of varying resolutions, different angles, and taken at different times.</span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 50 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 1875,
'title' => 'Hayabusa 2 Mission- Solar Exploration Mission',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Japan’s Hayabusa 2 spacecraft has made its 2<sup>nd</sup> touchdown on a distant asteroid in our solar system as reported by Japanese space agency JAXA</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Hayabusa 2</span></span></span></span></em></strong> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">is an </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">asteroid sample <span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#222222">operated by the Japanese space agency, </span><span style="color:#000000">JAXA</span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">. It follows on from the </span></span></span></span><strong><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Hayabusa</span></span></span></span></em></strong> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">mission which returned asteroid samples in 2010</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">It is in the process of surveying the asteroid for a year and a half, departing in December 2019, and returning to Earth in December 2020</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Mission details</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Hayabusa 2</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">carries multiple science payloads for remote sensing, sampling, and four small rovers that are investigating the asteroid surface to inform the environmental and geological context of the samples collected.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Hayabusa 2 specifically will explore asteroid <strong><em>Ryugu </em></strong>in our solar system. The asteroid <strong><em>Ryugu</em></strong> is one of the primitive near carboniferous object similar to our Earth and holds large secrets to the origin of our universe<em>.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Studying it is expected to provide additional knowledge on the origin and evolution of the inner planets and, in particular, the origin of water and organic compounds on Earth, all relevant to the </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">origin of life </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">on Earth</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Additional Information</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Compared to the previous </span></span></span></span><em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Hayabusa</span></span></span></em><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> <span style="color:#222222">mission, the spacecraft features improved </span>ion engines,<span style="color:#222222"> guidance and navigation technology, antennas, and </span>attitude control<span style="color:#222222"> systems.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">A kinetic penetrator was shot into the asteroid to expose pristine sample material that was later sampled for return to Earth.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
</ul>
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(int) 51 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 1921,
'title' => 'ISRO invites application for private rocket manufacturing',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">In a major push for Make-in-India initiative ISRO has invited private Indian companies to build five polar satellites Launch Vehicles (PSLV)</span></span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222"> to be supplied to ISRO.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Indian space sector is highly valued to provide boost to domestic manufacturing.</span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">By inviting private companies to take up manufacturing, ISRO is aiming to develop a strong domestic industry that boosts Make In India initiative</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">New Space India Limited (NSIL) </span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">NSIL is a fully government owned company that undertakes commercial assignments for ISRO. It replaces Antrix Corporation, the previous commercial arm of ISRO.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">NSIL was set up to meet the ever-increasing demands of Indian space programme and to commercially exploit the emerging global space market. The emergence of NSIL would spur the growth of Indian industries in the space sector and enable Indian industries to scale up manufacturing and production base.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">PSLV</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is an </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">expendable</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">medium-lift launch vehicle</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> <span style="background-color:white">designed and operated by the </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title="Indian Space Research Organisation"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Indian Space Research Organization</span></span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(ISRO).</span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Payload to Low Earth Orbit 3800 kg</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Payload to Sun Synchronous Orbit 1750 Kg</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Payload to Sub- GTO 1425 Kg</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Payload to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) 1200 Kg</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 1940,
'title' => 'NASA’s Parker solar probe',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black"> </span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">On August 12, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe completed a year in service.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">It is part of NASA’s “Living with a Star” programme that explores different aspects of the Sun-Earth system. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The probe seeks to gather information about the Sun’s atmosphere and NASA aims to revolutionize our understanding of the Sun. It is also the closest a human-made object has ever gone to the Sun.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Parker Solar Probe</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(previously Solar Probe, Solar Probe Plus, or Solar Probe+, abbreviated PSP)</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">is a NASA</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">robotic spacecraft</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">launched in 2018, with the mission of repeatedly probing and making observations of the outer corona</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> <span style="background-color:white">of the </span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sun</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The mission’s central aim is to trace how energy and heat move through the Sun’s corona and to study the source of the solar wind’s acceleration. The mission is likely to last for seven years during which it will complete 24 orbits.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Other</span></span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222"> goals of the mission are</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-left:40px">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Determine the structure and dynamics of the </span>magnetic fields</span> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">at the sources of solar wind.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Determine what mechanisms accelerate and transport energetic particles.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
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'title' => 'NASA tests new mars rover on Iceland lava fields',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">NASA has tested a prototype of new Mars rover in Icelandic volcanic fields for its preparation towards Mars mission 2020.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Mars 2020 is a Mars rover mission by NASA's Mars Exploration Program with a planned launch on 17 July 2020, and touchdown in Jezero crater on Mars on 18 February 2021.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The mission will seek signs of habitable conditions on Mars in the ancient past, and will also search for evidence called bio signatures which shows its past microbial life. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The rover is planned for launch in 2020 on an Atlas V-541, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory will manage the mission. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Objective of Mission</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A key mission requirement is that it must help prepare NASA for its long-term Mars sample-return mission and crewed mission efforts.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It will test technology to produce a small amount of pure oxygen (O2) from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The mission will also attempt to identify subsurface water, improve landing techniques, and characterize weather, dust, and other potential environmental conditions that could affect future astronauts living and working on Mars.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 1969,
'title' => 'LIGO and Black Hole Physics',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The LIGO collaboration announced a ‘super-event’ alert on its <strong>GraceDB</strong> (Gravitational Wave Candidate Event Database). The event, dubbed <strong>S190814bv</strong>, after the date of its discovery, has sent waves of excitement through the astrophysics community because it is different from previous events observed so far.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Black holes are a critical part of the formation and evolution of galaxies and new radio telescopes will be needed for us to learn how black holes interact with stars and galaxies.</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Results are important for astronomy because they potentially impact how we understand galaxy evolution.</span></span> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Analysis suggests that super event originated from the collision of a black hole or something else. </span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The ‘something else’ here could be a neutron star or a black hole of low mass.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> <span style="background-color:whitesmoke">The extreme gravity of the black hole would shred the neutron star, releasing light in the form of gamma rays, X-rays, Ultraviolet rays in addition to gravitational waves.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If it is a merger of two black holes, then the second black hole would have to have a mass smaller than allowed by current theories.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If confirmed, this will significantly advance our understanding of black hole population in the universe.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">LIGO telescope</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale </span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">physics<span style="color:#222222"> experiment and observatory to detect cosmic </span>gravitational waves<span style="color:#222222"> and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Black Hole</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">A black hole is a region of </span></span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">space-time<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#222222"> exhibiting </span></span><span style="background-color:white">gravitational<span style="color:#222222"> acceleration so strong that no </span>particles<span style="color:#222222"> or even </span>electromagnetic radiation<span style="color:#222222"> such as </span>light<span style="color:#222222"> can escape from it. The theory of </span>general relativity<span style="color:#222222"> predicts that a sufficiently compact </span>mass<span style="color:#222222"> can deform </span>space time<span style="color:#222222"> to form a black hole.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 55 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2004,
'title' => 'India- France satellite ship surveillance',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India and France have decided to launch surveillance mechanism for ships using satellites. It will continuously provide maritime surveillance and security.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Most ships are mandated to have a transponder that gives their details and also to detect ships around them. By making out the kind of ship, its location, speed and course with AIS, a country’s maritime force can make out potential threats, similar to the aviation system of IFF or ‘identify friend or foe’ for planes.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A group of 10 low earth satellites are launched for this purpose.This constellation carrying telecommunications (AIS) and radar and optical remote-sensing instruments will constitute the <strong>first space-based system in the world</strong> capable of tracking ships continuously.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> The satellites will be operated jointly by France and India to monitor ships in the Indian Ocean.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The satellite-based<strong> Automatic Identification System </strong>or<strong> AIS </strong>will detect, identify and track a range of vessels moving in the ocean region and guard against aggression, terrorism, piracy, smuggling, source of oil slicks and also be useful for rescues.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The AIS satellites will be launched by ISRO from Sriharikota. The two agencies have earlier put up two climate and ocean weather monitoring satellites <strong>Megha-Tropiques</strong> in 2011 and <strong>SARAL-AltiKa</strong> in 2013. The new AIS ring will be further supported by ISRO’s Oceansat-3 carrying the French Argos payload.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Benefits</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">AIS are designed to provide information about a ship to other ships and to coastal authorities automatically.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The satellite-based AIS will significantly boost India’s coastal surveillance mechanism and maritime security<strong><span style="background-color:white">.</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2005,
'title' => 'Russia and Cyogenic Engine technology for Indian Space mission',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Russian space agency ROSCOSMOS has offered its semi-cryogenic engine technology and critical components for India's human space capsule mission Gaganyaan.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Russia has played an important role in India’s space journey, and space remains one of the key pillars of the strategic partnership between the two countries. Over the years India’s indigenous space programme has benefited from Russian technical and scientific assistance.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Cyogenic Engines</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A <strong>cryogenic rocket engine</strong> is a rocket engine that uses a cryogenic fuel or oxidizer. The fuel or oxidizer are gases liquefied and stored at very low temperatures.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Working</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Rocket engines need high mass flow rates of both oxidizer and fuel to generate useful thrust. Oxygen, the simplest and most common oxidizer, is in the gas phase at standard temperature and pressure. The coomon fuel hydrogen is also same as oxygen.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Various cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combinations have been tried, but the combination of liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel and the liquid oxygen (LOX) oxidizer is one of the most widely used. Both components are easily and cheaply available, and when burned have one of the highest enthalpy releases in combustion. </span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details of News</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Russia is offering its semi-cryogenic rocket engine technology to India under the `Make-in-India' programme. The rocket engines could be made in India and used in our rockets.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> The two countries will also discuss cooperation in the sphere of piloted space flights, satellite navigation and engine technology. </span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The two countries are also discussing the setting up of ground stations in each other's countries to enhance the accuracy of their satellite navigation signals<span style="color:#212121">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Insomania and heart disease link',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">People suffering from insomnia may have an increased risk of coronary artery disease, heart failure and stroke, according to new research in the American Heart Association's journal <em>Circulation.</em></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">The prevalence of heart disease and stroke has increased by over 50% from 1990 to 2016 in India, with an increase observed in every state. The contribution of these diseases to total deaths and disease burden in the country has almost doubled in the past 25 years.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">Researchers have found an association between insomnia, which affects up to 30% of the general population, and an increased risk of developing heart disease and stroke.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">These observational studies were unable to determine whether insomnia is a cause, or if it is just associated with them.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">Genetic variants for insomnia were associated with significantly higher odds of coronary artery disease, heart failure and ischemic stroke , particularly large artery stroke, but not atrial fibrillation.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The fourth lunar bound orbit manoeuvre for Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft was performed successfully on August 30 using the on-board propulsion system. All spacecraft parameters are found to be normal. It was the fourth orbit manoeuvre since the orbiter-lander reached the moon’s vicinity.</span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Chandrayaan 2 is ISRO’s second moon orbiter mission. This mission aims to further expand the knowledge about the moon through a detailed study of its topography, mineralogy, surface chemical composition, thermo-physical characteristics and atmosphere, leading to a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The team of ISRO engineers further nudged the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft closer to moon in an operation lasting 20 minutes. The spacecraft will now go around the moon in an almost circular orbit, eventually getting into the desired orbit of around the moon.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In a major milestone for India's second Moon mission, the Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft had successfully entered the lunar orbit on August 20 by performing Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI) manoeuvre.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">There will be one more orbit manoeuvre on to make the spacecraft enter its final orbit, passing over the lunar pole at a distance of about 100 km from the Moon's surface.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">It will then perform a series of complex braking manoeuvres to soft land in the South polar region of the Moon on September 7, 2019.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#3e433e">Other details</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV MkIII-M1 successfully launched the 3,840-kg Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft into the earth's orbit.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">After landing, the rover 'Pragyan' will roll out from lander 'Vikram' and carry out experiments on the lunar surface for a period of one lunar day, equivalent to 14 earth days.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The orbiter carries eight scientific payloads for mapping the lunar surface and studies the exosphere (outer atmosphere) of the Moon, while the lander carries three scientific payloads to conduct surface and subsurface science experiments.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Yutu-2 moon rover',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">China's lunar rover Yutu has recently discovered a "gel-like" substance on the surface of the moon.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The </span></span></span><span style="color:black">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black"> is designed to be conducted in three phases of incremental technological advancement: the first is to reach lunar orbit, the second is to land and rover on the Moon, the third is to collect </span></span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock"><span style="color:black">lunar samples</span></a><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black"> from the near-side and send them to Earth, a task for the future </span></span></span><span style="color:black">Chang'e 5</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black"> and </span></span></span><span style="color:black">Chang'e 6</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black"> missions.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Details</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">As the researchers were preparing to power Yutu-2's usual mid-day "nap" which is important to protect the rover from the high intensity of temperature and radiations from the sun, a unique phenomenon was observed.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">A small crater was spotted that contained some substance with a "colour" and "lustre" which was clearly different from the surrounding lunar surface.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Chang'e 4 team decided to explore more about this strange substance. As per the </span></span></span><strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Yutu-2's "Drive Diary"</span></span></strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">, the team instructed the rover to point its spectrometer, a device that can help in finding the composition of the material, towards the substance.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Up till now, there are still no details about the nature of the newly discovered substance. As per the report, an outside researcher has suggested that this substance is melt grass made from meteorites that keep on striking the Moon's surface.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Chang’e Mission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Chang'e 4 is a robotic spacecraft mission, part of the second phase of the </span></span></span><span style="color:black">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">. It achieved the first </span></span></span><span style="color:black">soft landing</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black"> on the </span></span></span><span style="color:black">far side of the Moon</span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">, on 3 January 2019.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Yutu-2 rover</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Yutu-2 rover is a part of Change’4 mission to study far side of the lunar surface.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ISRO chairman K. Sivan has told that communication has been lost with the Vikram lander as it was at the altitude of about 2 km from landing on the moon.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After its launch on July 22, Chandrayaan 2 spent several weeks making its way to the moon, ultimately entering lunar orbit on Aug 20. On September 2, Vikram separated from the mission's orbiter, and the lander began a series of braking manoeuvres to lower its orbit and ready itself for landing.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is stated Only 5 per cent of the mission has been lost - Vikram, the lander, and Pragyan, the rover. The remaining 95 per cent, that is the Chandrayaan 2 orbiter, is orbiting the moon successfully.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III, or the GSLV Mk-III, the biggest and most powerful rocket in India's space garage carried with it the orbiter, lander and rover. The GSLV Mk-III successfully launched the orbiter.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Other Information</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chandrayaan-2 orbiter, going around the Moon, is capable of communicating with Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) and the mission life of the Orbiter is one year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The orbiter can take pictures of moon and send it to ISRO. The Orbiter can also take pictures of the lander to know its status.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft comprised three segments the Orbiter (weighing 2,379 kg, eight payloads), 'Vikram' (1,471 kg, four payloads) and 'Pragyan' (27 kg, two payloads).</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 61 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2146,
'title' => 'ISRO locates Vikram lander on Moon’s surface',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro) has located lander Vikram on the Moon surface after loosing contact about 24 hours ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Communication with the lander Vikram was lost about two minutes before it was scheduled to make a soft landing on the moon around 1.55am on September 7. Several attempts by scientists at Isro’s mission control complex in Bengaluru to establish a link did not yield results.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The moon orbiter has located the lander on the moon’s surface and has clicked a thermal image of the lander. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ISRO now faces its biggest challenge of establishing communication with the lander, which scientists say appears unlikely as the spacecraft has apparently made a hard landing on the Moon.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A thermal image was made by using radiation from the infrared region of the spectrum, which means that the orbiter has not seen the lander or detected any communication link, but captured the radiations being emitted from it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Any major damage would likely make the Pragyaan rover non-functional, making it difficult for the rover to traverse the Moon’s surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Locating the lander would have offered clues on what happened in the last two minutes of the powered descent and where it landed. This information could be useful for planning future Moon missions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way ahead</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The orbiter period is around two hours, but as it is revolving in a polar orbit around the Moon, it will come to the same point only during the next few cycles. So as time passes by, it will get very difficult to set up communication with the Lander</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The life span of the <em>Pragyaan</em> rover present inside the Lander is about 1 moon day which is equal to about 14 earth days. The functions to be performed by <em>Pragyaan </em>will not be possibe if communication is not established soon.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 62 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2188,
'title' => 'Antarctic sea sponge for curing malaria',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have revealed that a peptide, isolated from an Antarctic sponge has ability to fight against malarial infection. The current medications for malaria have become less effective due to drug resistance.</span></span><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some 219 million cases of malaria were reported worldwide in 2017, according to the World Health Organization, with 4,35,000 people having lost their lives to their disease that year.</span></span><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Symptoms of malaria begin with fever and chills, which can be followed by severe anaemia, respiratory distress and organ failure.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parasite responsible for malaria is transmitted to people through mosquito bites. It spends some of its lifecycles first in the liver, where it reproduces, and then it moves into the blood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conventional treatments hold the parasite in check when it is in patients' blood, but the parasites are increasingly becoming resistant to these medications.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During research, the team screened a collection of natural products extracted from a Southern Ocean sponge known as <strong><em>Inflatella coelosphaeroides</em></strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One compound, named as <strong>friomaramide</strong>, blocked infection and development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in liver cells, thereby effectively reducing malarial infection.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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(int) 63 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2187,
'title' => 'Water found on potentially habitable planet',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers for the first time have discovered water in the atmosphere of an exoplanet having Earth-like temperatures that could support life.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>K2-18b</strong> is now the only planet orbiting a star outside the Solar System which is known to have both water and temperatures that could be potentially habitable.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The planet orbits the cool dwarf star <strong>K2-18</strong>, which is about 110 light years from Earth in the Leo constellation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovery is the first successful atmospheric detection for an exoplanet orbiting in its star’s ‘habitable zone’, at a distance where water can exist in liquid form.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team used archive data from 2016 and 2017 captured by the ESA/NASA Hubble Space Telescope and developed open-source algorithms to analyse the starlight filtered through K2-18b’s atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results revealed the molecular signature of water vapour, also indicating the presence of hydrogen and helium in the planet’s atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further studies can determine the amount of atmospheric moisture and cloud coverage.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hubble telescope</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hubble Space Telescope is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Goldilocks zone</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The goldilocks zone or habitable zone, is the range of orbits around a star within which a planetary surface can support liquid water given sufficient atmospheric pressure . This marks the region where a life can exist.</span></span></p>
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(int) 64 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2200,
'title' => 'Gravitational wave detected from new- born black hole',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have, for the first time, detected the gravitational waves from a newly born black hole, and found that the ringing pattern of the waves predicts the cosmic body’s mass and spin, providing more evidence for Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Einstein’s Theory of Relativity</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity predicted that a black hole of a given mass and spin can only produce tones of a certain pitch and decay.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Gravitational waves</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of spacetime, generated by accelerated masses, that propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation, a form of radiant energy similar to electromagnetic radiation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the U.S., calculated the mass and spin that the black hole should have using physicist Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, given its ringing pattern.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These calculations, according to the study, matched earlier measurements of the black hole’s mass and spin.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study has showcases possibility that black holes exhibit only three observable properties, mass, spin, and electric charge.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists had earlier detected the gravitational waves when two black holes merged, which managed to produce a distinct signal pattern.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2245,
'title' => 'Black Holes',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>What are Black Holes?</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting gravitational acceleration so strong that nothing , no particles or even electromagnetic radiation including light can escape from it.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Black holes have been getting scientific attention from the very beginning. They were hinted at as early as the 1780s. Albert Einstein predicted them in his general theory of relativity.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Formation of Black Holes</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to Einstein's theory, a black hole should exhibit just three observable properties: mass, spin, and electric charge.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> All other characteristics would be swallowed up by the black hole itself because it acts as a one-way trapdoor.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most black holes are remnants of large stars that die in supernova explosions. There are four types of black holes: stellar, intermediate, supermassive, and miniature.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Evidences of Black Hole</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They are effectively invisible and scientists use special tools to infer their presence and observe them by the effects of their enormous gravitational fields on nearby matter.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with other matter and with electromagnetic radiation such as visible light.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Matter that falls onto a black hole can form an external accretion disk heated by friction, forming some of the brightest objects in the universe.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of Black Hole research</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Black hole reserch has potential to provide more insight into the formation of universe and its destruction in future.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Balck hole research also holds answers for space time distortion that makes time travelling possible.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 66 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2283,
'title' => 'Earth’s first Planetary Defence Mission',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) attended a Joint Meeting to discuss the effectiveness and potential implications of asteroid-deflection techniques.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A modest space rocks can cause huge destruction on Earth. Fortunately , asteroid like that has not on earth’s way for millions of years. However, scientists believe it is crucial to be prepared for such a catastrophic prospect all the same. And that’s what the NASA-ESA joint initiative Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA) aims to do.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists are already capable of tracking and predicting asteroid trajectories, we may also possess the technology to change an asteroid’s course.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">AIDA intends to put this very technology to test starting July 2021, by conducting a trial run.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The AIDA has designed a two-phase mission, which will begin with NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) launch in July 2021, and its subsequent collision with asteroid ‘Didymos B’ in September 2022.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the second phase, ESA's Hera mission will visit the same asteroid in 2027, to investigate the outcome of the impact.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The AIDA will try to estimate the efficiency of the kinetic impact by measuring the post-collision mass of Didymos B. It will also conduct a detailed examination of the impact crater, so as to characterise the physical and mineralogical properties of the Didymos asteroid pair.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>DART mission</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Double Asteroid Redirection Test is a planned space probe that will demonstrate the kinetic effects of crashing an impactor spacecraft into an asteroid moon for planetary defense purposes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mission is intended to test whether a spacecraft impact could successfully deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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(int) 67 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2331,
'title' => 'Project NETRA',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828"> T</span></span></span>he Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has initiated ‘<strong>Project NETRA’</strong> , an early warning system in space to detect debris and other hazards to Indian satellites.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project estimated to cost ?400 crore, which once implemented will give India its own capability in Space Situational Awareness (SSA) like the other space powers which is used to ‘predict’ threats from debris to Indian satellites.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> It also goes so far as to serve as an unstated warning against missile or space attack for the country.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NETRA’s eventual goal is to capture the GEO, or geostationary orbit scene at 36,000 km where communication satellites operate.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SSA will first be for low-earth orbits or LEO which have remote-sensing spacecraft and will work under NETRA, or Network for space object Tracking and Analysis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ISRO plans to put up many observational facilities: connected radars, telescopes; data processing units and a control centre in order to implement NETRA.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Space debris could be floating particles from dead satellites or rocket parts that stay in orbit for many years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A small speck of paint or fragment floating towards their spacecraft can disable on board electronics and cripples the satellite worth several hundred crore rupees besides many services that run on it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Agencies constantly look for debris at the time of a launch and through the life of a satellite for its protection.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Current debris trackers</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>NORAD</strong>, or the North American Aerospace Defense Command, is an initiative of the <strong>U.S. and Canada</strong> that shares selective debris data with many countries.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NORAD, too, uses satellites, ground and air radars to secure its two countries against attacks from air, space or sea.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 68 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2338,
'title' => 'Mangalyaan completes five years',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mangalyaan mission, which was initially meant to last six months has completed five years of orbiting Mars and is likely to continue for some more time, according to ISRO.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the past five years, the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), India’s first interplanetary endeavour, helped India’s space agency prepare a Martian Atlas based on the images provided by the orbiter.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mars Orbiter Mission is the only artificial satellite that could image the full disc of Mars in one view frame and also image the far side of Deimos.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mangalyaan is India’s first endeavour to cross the earth’s orbit successfully. The launch vehicle, spacecraft and ground segment cost ?450 crore.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An important conclusion of the mission has been the finding that dust storms on the Mars can rise up to hundreds of kilometres.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mangalyaan mission</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is India's first interplanetary mission and it made it the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Aim</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>A. Technological Objectives:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Design and realisation of a Mars orbiter with a capability to survive and perform Earth bound manoeuvres, cruise phase of 300 days, Mars orbit insertion / capture, and on-orbit phase around Mars.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Deep space communication, navigation, mission planning and management.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Incorporate autonomous features to handle contingency situations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>B. Scientific Objectives:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Exploration of Mars surface features, morphology, mineralogy and Martian atmosphere by indigenous scientific instruments</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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(int) 69 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2348,
'title' => 'NASA simulates black hole',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA has for the first time developed a graphic simulation of a black hole. The simulated image is in similar lines as that of the first photographed picture of the black hole.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The very first simulated image of a black hole, calculated using a 1960s punch card IBM 7040 computer and plotted by hand by French astrophysicist Jean-Pierre Luminet in 1978, still looks a lot like NASA's simulation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In both simulations (the new one and Luminet's work below), we see a black circle in the centre. That is the event horizon, the point at which electromagnetic radiation, light, radio waves, X-rays and so forth are no longer fast enough to achieve escape velocity from the black hole's gravitational pull.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">we can see the photon ring, a perfect ring of light around the event horizon.That light is actually coming from the part of the accretion disc behind the black hole but the gravity is so intense, even outside the event horizon, that it warps spacetime and bends the path of light around the black hole.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The black holes also produce a phenomenon known as Doppler effect where motion produces a change in frequency in the wavelength of the light. This is because the part of the disc that is moving towards us is brighter as it is moving close to light-speed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Black hole</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter or radiation can escape.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supermassive black holes sit at the centres of most large galaxies, and how they got there is a mystery<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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(int) 70 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2527,
'title' => 'Exoplanets and dark matter',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to three people: two of them for discovering for the first time a planet outside our solar system orbiting a Sun-like star and another one towards contribution to physical cosmology.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The word planet is a general term that describes any celestial body that moves around a star. An exoplanet is a planet outside our solar system i.e an extra solar planet.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The constellation <strong>Pegasus</strong> has a star <strong>51 Pegasi</strong> which is some 50 light years away from earth. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The prize-winning duo discovered a planet orbiting it on October 6 1995. It was named <strong>51 Pegasi b</strong>, as per astronomical conventions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a gas giant, about half the size of Jupiter. It orbits its star in just four days. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to NASA there are about 4000 confirmed discoveries of exoplanets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Advanced research has helped exploration move beyond conventional ground based telescopes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Cosmology</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the Big Bang, the universe expanded and cooled to a few thousand degrees Celsius. This caused it to become transparent, allowing light to pass through it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This ancient afterglow of the Big Bang is known as the cosmic microwave background (CMB).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Measuring the CMB’s temperature could provide information about how much matter had been created in the Big Bang.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was also observed that the release of the light played a role in how matter could form clumps creating galaxies.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dark matter</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A lot of mass is needed to hold the galaxies together with the strength of their gravitational attraction. The mass was believed to be in form of neutrinos and was not visible. This ‘invisible’ mass is known as ‘dark matter’.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This matter is found to be all around us but we only feel it through its gravity and we cannot see it through other interactions. This is because it does not interact with light.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over a period of time it was also found out that the dark matter is more prominent than the initial assumptions, about 75% of the universal mass.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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(int) 71 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2621,
'title' => 'Massive galaxy discovered',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers have found a massive galaxy, dating back to the early universe, lurking in cosmic dust clouds, that may open the doors for discovering a new galaxy population type.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers used the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, or ALMA, a collection of 66 radio telescopes located in the high mountains of Chile to discover the galaxy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers found a blob of light from the telescope which could not be viewed in any other wavelength. This showed that the galaxy was hidden amidst cloud of dust.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the researchers, the signal came from so far away that it took nearly 12.5 billion years to reach the Earth, when the universe was still in its infancy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The astronomers believe the discovery may solve a long-standing puzzle in astronomy<strong> </strong>about how some of the biggest galaxies in the early universe appear to have grown and matured very quickly against theoretical predictions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Locating and identifying a massive galaxy in a small part of sky, 1/100<sup>th</sup> the size of moon showed that such galaxies may be hidden everywhere and may need extra effort to locate them.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Atacama Large Milimeter Array (ALMA)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is an astronomical interferometer of 66 radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This location was chosen for its high elevation and low humidity, factors which are crucial to reduce noise and decrease signal attenuation due to Earth's atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ALMA is expected to provide insight on star birth during the early Stelliferous era and detailed imaging of local star and planet formation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ALMA is an international partnership among <strong>Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Chile</strong>. It is the most expensive ground-based telescope in operation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">ALMA also participated in the Event Horizon Telescope project, which produced the first direct image of a black hole.</span></span></p>
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(int) 72 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2700,
'title' => 'Voyager 2 reaches interstellar space',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA’s Voyager 2 has become the second spacecraft to cross the boundary that marks the edge of the Sun’s realm and the start of interstellar space.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The marked increase in plasma density as observed is an evidence of Voyager 2 journeying from the hot, lower-density plasma characteristic of the solar wind to the cool, higher-density plasma of interstellar space.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft were launched within weeks of each other by NASA in 1977, with different mission goals and trajectories through space.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Data from the instrument on Voyager 2 also gives additional clues to the thickness of the heliosheath, the outer region of the heliosphere and the point where the solar wind piles up against the approaching wind in interstellar space.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Voyager 2</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets. Part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a>, it was launched 16 days before its twin, Voyager 1, on a trajectory that took longer to reach Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with Uranus and Neptune.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is the only spacecraft to have visited either of these two ice giant planets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Voyager 2 is now in its extended mission to study the outer reaches of the Solar System. It remains in contact through the NASA Deep Space Network.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Interstellar space</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists define the beginning of interstellar space as the place where the sun’s constant flow of material and magnetic field stop affecting its surroundings.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This place is called the heliopause. It marks the end of a region created by our sun that is called the heliosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The sun creates this heliosphere by sending a constant flow of particles and a magnetic field out into space.This stream is called the ‘solar wind.’</span></span></p>
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(int) 73 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2757,
'title' => 'Mercury’s transit across Sun',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On November 11, the planet of Mercury skipped across the vast, glaring face of the sun in a rare celestial transit.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mercury is the solar<strong> </strong>system’s smallest, innermost planet. The next transit isn’t until 2032, and North America won’t get another view until 2049.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During this transit of Mercury, the innermost planet spent about 5.5 hours crossing in front of the sun from our perspective on Earth. Skywatchers across the Americas, Africa and Europe could see at least part of Mercury's journey across the sun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Transits of Mercury are relatively rare events, with about 13 happening every century, on average. The last Mercury transit was on May 9, 2016, and the next one will be on Nov. 13, 2032.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reason for transit</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mercury and Venus are the only two planets that can transit the sun from Earth's perspective, because they are the only planets whose orbits are closer to the sun than Earth's.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These transits happen because the planets' orbits are slightly tilted to the ecliptic, or the plane of Earth's orbit, and those orbits intersect at two places called "nodes." </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Transits occur when Earth crosses a node at the same time as the other planet. In Mercury's case, this always happens in May or November. For Venus, transits occur in June and December. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When Mercury passes in front of the sun, scientists can observe changes in sunlight that passes through its tenuous atmosphere, allowing them to study its elemental composition. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><img alt="Mercury’s transit across Sun 12 Nov Daily Current Affairs" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c842/skwypw27p5vhltr6g.jpg" style="height:334px; width:596px" /></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mercury</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System. Its orbit around the Sun takes only 87.97 days, the shortest of all the planets in the Solar System.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Two spacecraft have visited Mercury: <strong>Mariner 10</strong> flew by in 1974 and 1975 and<strong> MESSENGER</strong>, launched in 2004, orbited Mercury over 4,000 times in four years before exhausting its fuel and crashing into the planet's surface on April 30, 2015. The <strong>BepiColombo</strong> spacecraft is planned to arrive at Mercury in 2025.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 74 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2780,
'title' => 'Renaming of Ultima Thule',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ultima Thule, the farthest cosmic body ever visited by a spacecraft, has been renamed <strong>Arrokoth</strong>, following a backlash over the previous name's Nazi connection.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The icy rock, which orbits in the dark and frigid Kuiper Belt about a billion miles beyond Pluto, was surveyed by the NASA spaceship <strong>New Horizons</strong> in January, with images showing it consisted of two spheres stuck together in the shape of a snowman.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its technical designation is 2014 MU69, but the New Horizon team nicknamed it Ultima Thule after a mythical northern land in classical and medieval European literature described as beyond the borders of the known world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">That name sparked an angry reaction as it was co-opted by far-right German occultists in the early 20th century as the fabled ancestral home of “Aryan” people.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ultima Thule (Arrokoth)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arrokoth, provisional designation 2014 MU69 and nicknamed Ultima Thule at the time of the New Horizons flyby, is a trans-Neptunian object located in the Kuiper belt.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arrokoth became the farthest and most primitive object in the Solar System visited by a spacecraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>New Horizons mission</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">New Horizons is an interplanetary space probe that was launched as a part of NASA's New Frontiers program. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The spacecraft was launched in 2006 with the primary mission to perform a flyby study of the Pluto system in 2015, and a secondary mission to fly by and study one or more other Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) in the decade to follow, which became a mission to Arrokoth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The New Horizons spacecraft is now at the outer edges of the Kuiper Belt that extends from the orbit of Neptune, and will join Voyager 1 and 2 beyond the Sun's sphere of influence and into interstellar space.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Renaming of Ultima Thule Daily Current Affairs 14 nov " src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/73f7/060nbxe0klps77w6g.jpg" style="height:280px; width:397px" /></span></span></p>
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(int) 75 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2791,
'title' => 'China tests lander for Mars 2020 mission',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China<strong> </strong> has successfully completed a lander test ahead of an unmanned exploration mission to Mars next year.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China is on track to launch its Mars mission in 2020. The journey through space will take about seven months, while landing will take seven minutes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China has developed the powerful long March 5 rocket to transport the probe to Mars in 2020.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The same rocket is meant to deliver the Chang'e-5 probe to the moon by the end of 2019 or early next year to bring back samples of lunar rocks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China expects to complete a modular space station around 2022, as a pit stop for missions to other parts of the solar system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China has been racing to catch up with Russia and the United States and become a major space power by 2030.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mars missions</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>InSight (NASA)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using a seismometer, heat flow probe, and precision tracking it seeks to explore the deep interior of Mars and improve our understanding of the formation of terrestrial planets.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (ESA)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main objectives of this mission are to search for evidence of methane and other trace atmospheric gases that could be signatures of active biological or geological processes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>MAVEN (NASA)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Performs measurements to address key questions about Mars climate and habitability and improve understanding of dynamic processes in the upper Martian atmosphere and ionosphere.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mars Orbiter Mission (ISRO)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mission is India's first interplanetary spacecraft. It is primarily a technology demonstration mission that carries a small, 15-kilogram payload of 5 science instruments.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Curiosity Mars Rover (NASA)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> It landed in Gale Crater, the location of a 5+ km tall mound of layered sedimentary material, which Curiosity has found was at least partially deposited in a lake setting.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mars Express (ESA)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Mars Express has detected surprising concentrations of methane and evidence for recent volcanism on Mars. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>ExoMars Rover (ESA- future)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ESA's ExoMars 2020 mission will deliver a European rover and a Russian surface platform to the surface of Mars.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ExoMars will be the first mission to combine the capability to move across the surface and to study Mars at depth.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mars 2020 (NASA)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is an astrobiology-geared mission to look at surface geology and assess past and present habitability and the potential for preservation of bio signatures.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Emirates Mars Mission (UAE)</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Emirates Mars Mission, which consists of an orbiter called Hope, will study Mars' climate and attempt to build a complete picture of the planet's seasonal atmospheric cycles. It will be the Arab world's first mission to another planet.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2815,
'title' => 'Gravitational waves and black hole',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists studying black hole mergers and gravitational waves have discovered possibilities of existence of stars and other celestial bodies that can mimic gravitational waves.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In September 2015, the LIGO detectors made history by directly detecting for the first time the merging of two black holes. As they spiralled in towards each other and merged, the binary black holes let off characteristic gravitational wave signals. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The properties of the merging black holes, namely the masses and spins could be arrived at by looking at the initial part of the signal waveform. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Similarly, by carefully looking at the tail end, also known as the ring down part of the signal, the mass and spin of the final merged state (black hole) can be inferred.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Theoretically there are possibilities such as the so-called gravastars and boson stars which are black hole mimickers. For instance, a gravastar is a strange object that would have a core of exotic matter resembling dark energy with an external shell of normal star-like matter. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The spinning of the compact object has a different effect on it whether it is a black hole or, for instance, a gravastar.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The gravastar is filled with dark energy; it exerts a negative pressure on the outside. So when it spins it behaves differently from normal stars and black holes. When a normal star spins about an axis, it tends to bulge about the equator and get compressed at the poles. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, for a gravastar this effect is just reversed. It gets compressed near the equator and bulges out at the poles. Thus their shapes change differently when spinning.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Any compact object, in general, can undergo deformations due to its spinning motion and these deformations are expressed in terms of spin-induced multipole moments.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For black holes, due to the existence of event horizon, any property measured from outside will depend on only its mass and spin, unlike other compact objects.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One property that can distinguish between a black hole and exotic object is known as spin-induced quadrupole moment. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This parameter takes the value 1 for a black hole. For other compact objects, the value of this parameter is different from 1 and will vary depending on the internal structure.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Black hole</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A black hole is a region of space time exhibiting gravitational acceleration so strong that no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light can escape from it.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><img alt="Black hole daily current affairs of 18 number" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2922/e8aixuz3slf081f6g.jpg" style="height:246px; width:471px" /></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">Event Horizon</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer on the opposite side of it. An event horizon is most commonly associated with black holes, where gravitational forces are so strong that light cannot escape.</span></span></p>
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(int) 77 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
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'title' => 'Sun’s atmospheric mystery solved',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An international team of researchers including one at Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru, have made observations that may answer why the Sun’s atmosphere is hotter than its surface.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sun is one of the most familiar celestial objects on the sky and it harbours many a puzzle for the solar physicist. One of the puzzles concerns its surface and atmospheric temperature.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The temperature at the core of the Sun is nearly 15 million degrees Celsius, while that at its surface layer, known as the photosphere, is merely 5,700 degrees C.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The natural expectation is that still further outwards, in its atmosphere, known as the <strong>corona</strong>, the temperatures would be comparable to that at the surface (<strong>photosphere</strong>).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, the temperature of the corona is much higher. It starts increasing outside the photosphere, reaching a value of about one million degrees or more in the corona.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With respect to the Sun, after dropping to a low, the temperature again rises to one million degrees in the corona which stretches over several million kilometres from the surface of the Sun. This implies there should be a source heating the corona. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The key to the puzzle lies in geyser-like jets known as <strong>solar spicules</strong> that emanate from the interface of the corona and the photosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eventhough they look like tiny hairlike projections, they are in fact 200-500 kilometres wide and shoot up to heights of about 5,000 km above the solar surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has been suspected that these spicules act as conduits through which mass and energy from the lower atmosphere bypass the photosphere and reach the corona.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research involved taking many high-spatial-resolution images of the same region of the Sun within a short time, since spicules have a very short lifetime of about 10 to 100 seconds.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The key findings are that bursts of spicules originate from the boundaries of web like networks of magnetic structures in the surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Near their footpoints, there emerge magnetic elements that have opposite polarity to the existing magnetic network.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2885,
'title' => 'Fifth force of nature',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><br />
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A fifth force of nature is claimed to have been discovered after scientists carried out an experiment which could revolutionise our understanding of the world.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Physics centres on the theory that four forces control our universe - gravity, electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, and the strong force.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But scientists from Hungary have published groundbreaking findings which show what appears to be a fifth force at work</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers studied how an excited helium atom emitted light as it decayed. They noticed that the particles split at the unusual angle of 115 degrees , a phenomenon which cannot be explained by our current knowledge of physics.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Presuming it was not the result of an error by scientists in the laboratory, it could be an unknown force which caused the particles to separate in the strange way they did.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have described it as a "protophobic force" because the behaviour of the particles , named <strong>X17</strong> showed they were afraid of protons.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If physicists are able to achieve the same result in the laboratory again, they can then work on understanding how that force operates and develop ways of harnessing its power.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Four fundamental forces of nature</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Gravitational force</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.space.com/classical-gravity.html">Gravity</a> is the attraction between two objects that have mass or energy, whether this is seen in dropping a rock from a bridge, a planet orbiting a star or the moon causing ocean tides. Gravity is probably the most intuitive and familiar of the fundamental forces, but it's also been one of the most challenging to explain.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Weak nuclear force</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <a href="https://www.livescience.com/49254-weak-force.html">weak force</a>, also called the weak nuclear interaction, is responsible for particle decay. This is the literal change of one type of subatomic particle into another.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The weak force is critical for the nuclear fusion reactions that power the sun and produce the energy needed for most life forms on Earth.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Electromagnetic force</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The electromagnetic force, also called the <strong>Lorentz force</strong>, acts between charged particles, like negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons. Opposite charges attract one another, while like charges repel. The greater the charge, the greater the force. And much like gravity, this force can be felt from an infinite distance.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Strong nuclear force</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The strong nuclear force, also called the strong nuclear interaction, is the strongest of the four fundamental forces of nature. It binds the fundamental particles of matter together to form larger particles. It holds together the quarks that make up protons and neutrons, and part of the strong force also keeps the protons and neutrons of an atom's nucleus together</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2892,
'title' => 'Planets revolving around black hole',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to latest study, scientists say that thousands of planets could be orbiting around black holes just like we orbit the Sun.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have long thought that planets are formed from pieces of fluffy dust that settle in a disc around a young star. Those protoplanetary discs then form into planets, just like Earth.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research suggests that it might be possible for planets to form not around their own sun but instead around a black hole. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They might come into existence in far more extreme environments and a black hole could be home to thousands of planets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers looked at heavy discs around supermassive black holes that sit in the heart of galaxies. Those discs can be incredibly vast, and so could the planetary system that grows out of them.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Calculations show that tens of thousands of planets with 10 times the mass of the Earth could be formed around 10 light-years from a black hole.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">That material that revolves aroun the black hole could eventually form into planets, over the course of hundreds of millions of years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists say there is no way of detecting such planetary systems around a black hole, and so no way to know for sure whether planets of this kind have yet formed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Black hole</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting gravitational acceleration so strong that no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light can escape from it.</span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Black hole 70 times larger than Sun discovered',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An unpredicted monster black hole, 70 times as massive as the Sun, has been discovered in the Milky Way galaxy, which challenges the existing models of how stars evolve.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Until now, scientists had estimated the mass of an individual stellar black hole in our galaxy at no more than 20 times that of the Sun. However, the discovery of the huge black hole by an international team, has toppled that assumption.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study described the stellar black hole named LB-1, located 15 thousand light-years from the Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Black holes of such mass should not even exist in our Galaxy, according to most of the current models of stellar evolution.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Very massive stars with the chemical composition typical of our galaxy must shed most of their gas in powerful stellar winds, as they approach the end of their life and they should not leave behind such a massive remnant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Until a few years ago, stellar black holes could only be discovered when they gobbled up gas from a companion star.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers explain that a vast majority of stellar black holes in our galaxy are not engaged in a cosmic banquet, though, and thus don’t emit revealing X-rays.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As a result, only about two dozen galactic stellar black holes have been well identified and measured.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The direct sighting of LB-1 proves that this population of over-massive stellar black holes exists even in our own galaxy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 81 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2964,
'title' => 'NASA satellite finds crashed Vikram lander',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United States’ space agency, NASA has said that it has found the debris, three months after the Vikram lander of Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) <a href="https://indianexpress.com/about/chandrayaan-2/">Chandrayaan</a> 2 mission made a hard landing on moon’s surface.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA’s confirmation came after an Indian computer programmer and mechanical engineer named Shanmuga Subramanian contacted NASA’s project after which, the American space agency confirmed the identification by comparing before and after images.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said that its <strong>Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</strong> <strong>(LRO) </strong>Camera has sighted the remains of Vikram lander on the lunar surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA also praised ISRO’s effort to get the lander close to the lunar surface. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) had lost contact with the lander shortly before the scheduled touchdown.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India had hoped with its Chandrayaan-2 mission to become just the fourth country after the United States, Russia and regional rival China to make a successful Moon landing, and the first on the lunar south pole.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main spacecraft, which remains in orbit around the Moon, dropped the unmanned lander Vikram for a descent that would take five days, but the probe went silent just 2.1 kilometers above the surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Days after the failed landing, the Indian Space Research Organization had said it had located the lander, but hadn’t been able to establish communication.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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(int) 82 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2978,
'title' => 'NASA and ESA mission to hit asteroid Didymos',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The European Space Agency (ESA) has approved the budget of HERA, the European component of the mission to slam a spacecraft into an asteroid. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists are studying asteroids and trying to find ways to deflect them from a collision course with Earth. One such project is the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA), which includes NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission and the European Space Agency’s (ESA) HERA.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project aims to study the effectiveness of an impact to ward off an impending asteroid threat.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Need for Planetary Defence Mechanism</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are around 25,000 near-Earth objects (NEOs) that orbit the Sun on a trajectory that brings them close to our planet’s orbit. However, certain near-Earth objects have been classified as “potentially hazardous” which are 140 metres or more in size and come within 0.05 AU (astronomical unit) to Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An impact from one of these NEOs can bring devastating effects to Earth. Scientists are working on a number of planetary protection initiatives to deflect asteroids if they threaten to impact the Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA) is the most drastic measure of all times.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Choosing Didymos</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The twin-asteroid system Didymos is a binary near-Earth asteroid.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is more typical of the size of asteroids that could pose the most likely significant threat to Earth. So, Didymos makes a suitable target for NASA and ESA’s mission.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>DART and HERA</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DART is scheduled to launch in 2021 with an aim to slam into the smaller asteroid of the Didymos system at around 6 km per second in 2022.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">HERA will arrive at the Didymos system in 2027 to measure the impact crater produced by the DART collision and study the change in the asteroid’s orbital trajectory.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Asteroids</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Asteroids, sometimes called minor planets, are rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most of this space rubble can be found orbiting the Sun between Mars and Jupiter within the main asteroid belt.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 83 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 2999,
'title' => 'NASA probe reveals secrets about solar winds',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">New data from a NASA probe’s close encounters with the sun are giving scientists unique insight about the solar wind and space weather.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers described the first published findings from the Parker Solar Probe, a spacecraft launched in 2018 to journey closer to the sun than any other human-made object.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The probe ventured as close as 15 million miles (24 million km) to the sun to gather the data used in the studies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The probe eventually will travel within about 4 million miles (6 million km) from the sun's surface, seven times closer than any previous spacecraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The findings offer fresh details about how the sun spawns space weather, are reshaping astronomers’ understanding of violent solar wind that can hamper satellites and electronics on Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The probe is flying through the outermost part of the sun's atmosphere, called the solar corona that gives rise to solar wind, the hot, energised, charged particles that stream outward from the Sun and fill the solar system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oscillations in the speed of these charged particles beaming outward from the solar corona have previously been thought to dissipate gradually.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the probe's “really big surprises” was the detection of sudden, abrupt spikes in the speed of the solar wind that were so violent that the magnetic field flips itself around, a phenomenon called “switchbacks”.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Solar winds</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The composition of the solar wind plasma also includes a mixture of materials found in the solar plasma: trace amounts of heavy ions and atomic nuclei C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe.</span></span></p>
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(int) 84 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3008,
'title' => 'Planet orbiting a dwarf star',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">New evidence suggests that planets which are in the vincinity of white dwarf stars can survive. Astronomers have reported the first indirect evidence of a giant planet orbiting a white dwarf star.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> It is the first time any such planet has been found. The study suggests there could be many more planets around such white dwarf stars waiting to be discovered.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Neptune-like planet orbits the white dwarf every ten days, and cannot be seen directly. The evidence is in the form of a disc of gas (hydrogen, oxygen and sulphur) formed from its evaporating atmosphere. </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spikes of gas were detected by the Very Large Telescope of the European Southern Observatory in Chile.</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovery is significant, because while there was growing evidence accumulated in the past two decades that planetary systems can survive into white dwarf stars, only smaller objects such as asteroids had been detected so far. This is the first evidence of an actual planet in such a system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>White dwarf</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A white dwarf is what stars like the Sun become after they have exhausted their nuclear fuel. Near the end of its nuclear burning stage, this type of star expels most of its outer material, creating a planetary nebula. Only the hot core of the star remains.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Red giant</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A red giant star is a dying star in the last stages of stellar evolution. In only a few billion years, our own sun will turn into a red giant star, expand and engulf the inner planets.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Neutron star</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neutron stars are created when giant stars die in supernovas and their cores collapse, with the protons and electrons essentially melting into each other to form neutrons.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Quasars</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Quasars are distant objects powered by black holes a billion times as massive as our sun. It is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN), in which a supermassive black hole with mass ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun is surrounded by a gaseous accretion disk.</span></span></p>
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(int) 85 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3144,
'title' => 'NASA ISS mission fails',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A space capsule built to ferry astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) has failed its first test flight, and will now return to Earth without completing its mission.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The capsule, named <strong>Starliner</strong>, has been built by Boeing, and was successfully launched by NASA from Cape Canaveral, Florida.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United Launch Alliance (ULA) Atlas V rocket lifted off successfully, and Boeing’s CST-100 Starliner separated as expected.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rocket was supposed to fall in the Pacific Ocean near Australia, while Starliner, after a series of orbital adjustments, was to be on course for docking with the space station.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Starliner apparently fired its engines at the wrong time and, as a result, entered a wrong orbit.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The faulty thrusting had caused far too much fuel to be burned, and the mission would no longer be pursued.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The failure is likely to push back further NASA’s already delayed and repeatedly postponed attempt at resuming human spaceflight from the United States.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For more than eight years, no human has gone to space from US soil, and NASA has relied on Russia to get its astronauts on the space station.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule is scheduled to launch on January 11. It will be a crewless flight, and if it succeeds, SpaceX could be in a position to send astronauts into space in the first half of next year.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>International Space Station (ISS)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Space Station is a space station in low Earth orbit. The ISS programme is a joint project between five participating space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The station is divided into two sections, the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS), which is operated by Russia, and the United States Orbital Segment (USOS), which is shared by many nations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations as well as Skylab from the US.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 86 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3201,
'title' => 'Annular Solar Eclipse',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The last solar eclipse of this year took place on December 26, which was observed over the eastern hemisphere of the Earth in India, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Malaysia, Oman, Singapore etc.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An eclipse happens when the moon while orbiting the Earth, comes in between the sun and the Earth, due to which the moon blocks the sun’s light from reaching the Earth, causing an eclipse of the sun or a solar eclipse.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Types of Eclipses</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are three types of eclipses:</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Total solar eclipse</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is visible only from a small area on Earth. People who are able to view the total solar eclipse are in the centre of the moon’s shadow as and when it hits the Earth. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A total solar eclipse happens when the sun, moon and Earth are in a direct line.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Partial solar eclipse</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The shadow of the moon appears on a small part of the sun. During a partial solar eclipse, the Moon, the Sun and Earth don't align in a perfectly straight line, and the Moon casts only the outer part of its shadow, the penumbra, on Earth.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Annular solar eclipse</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This happens when the moon is farthest from the Earth, which is why it seems smaller. In this type of an eclipse, the moon does not block the sun completely, but looks like a “dark disk on top of a larger sun-colored disk” forming a “ring of fire”.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During a solar eclipse the moon casts two shadows on the Earth, the first one is called the <strong>umbra</strong>, which gets <strong>smaller</strong> as it reaches the Earth. The second one is called the <strong>penumbra</strong>, which gets <strong>larger</strong> as it reaches the Earth. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">People standing in the umbra see a <strong>total eclipse</strong> and those standing in the penumbra see a <strong>partial eclipse</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the main reasons to observe solar eclipses is to study the top layer of the sun called the corona, which can be clearly observed during an eclipse.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:40px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Annular Solar Eclipse 27 dec 2019" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/72b8/hxije0twazvm5ko6g.jpg" style="height:268px; width:478px" /></span></span></p>
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(int) 87 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3207,
'title' => 'CESSI team accurately predicts shape of Sun’s corona',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Solar physicists from the Centre for Excellence in Space Sciences (CESSI), IISER Kolkata, have succeeded in predicting the shape of the sun’s atmosphere, known as the corona, at the time of the annular eclipse of December 25.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the second successful prediction, counting the last solar eclipse that was viewed from South America on July 2 this year. While the earlier prediction was slightly different from the actual image, this time it is pretty close to the real thing, which was imaged by NASA’s spaced-based solar observatory SOHO using the LASCO instrument.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Predictive Solar Surface Flux Transport model developed by the CESSI Team can predict the shape of the corona well ahead of any required date.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previous research exploring this prediction method had indicated tha large-scale structure of the Sun’s corona can be predicted up to two months in advance.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Space weather consists of the varying conditions within the solar system such as solar wind and is different from weather on earth. It can affect the electronics on board satellites.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists had used inputs and made the prediction 43 days ahead of the eclipse. The only way to verify these models was to either have photographs taken during the eclipse that capture the corona or use space- or ground-based instruments that use an artificial disc to occult the Sun’s surface to make the faint corona visible.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since this was an annular eclipse with a ring of bright solar surface visible, the corona was not directly noticeable.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers used the images generated by the space-based coronagraph instrument LASCO on board the European Space Agency’s SOHO satellite.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>LASCO</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Large Angle and Spectrometric COronagraph (LASCO) instrument is one of 11 instruments included on the joint NASA/ESA SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) spacecraft.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> A coronagraph is a telescope that is designed to block light coming from the solar disk, in order to see the extremely faint emission from the region around the sun, called the corona.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>SOHO</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SOHO (SOlar Heliospheric Observatory) is a space-based observatory, viewing and investigating the Sun from its deep core, through its outer atmosphere, the corona and the domain of the solar wind, out to a distance ten times beyond the Earth's orbit.</span></span></p>
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'metadescription' => 'Solar physicists from the Centre for Excellence in Space Sciences (CESSI), IISER Kolkata, have succeeded in predicting the shape of the sun’s atmosphere',
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(int) 88 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3250,
'title' => 'Parker mission reveals new characteristics about the sun',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA's Parker Probe has brought new information about the Sun into the light. Scientists might now be able to understand previously theorized characteristics of the Sun.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The probe uses Venus' gravity for its flybys around the Sun and gathers information about its atmosphere.</span></span><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results gives a detailed explanation of the processes that are responsible for solar winds and how they match up with the solar rotation. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mission has also managed to detect very small particle acceleration events that aren't detectable from Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The solar wind detected near our planet has a uniform flow and interacts with Earth's magnetic field resulting in space weather effects. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, near the Sun, Parker Probe observed a highly structured system that works similar to a transition zone of a river that flows into an ocean.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new observation is different from the information that scientists have gathered from the impact of solar winds on Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parker's latest findings of the Sun constantly ejecting energy will help scientists revamp models used for understanding space weather and better understand the birth and evolution of a star. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study will also help build better space technology and protect astronauts.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Parker Solar Probe</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parker Solar Probe is a NASA robotic spacecraft launched in 2018, with the mission of repeatedly probing and making observations of the outer corona of the Sun. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Parker Solar Probe is the first spacecraft to fly into the low solar corona. It will assess the structure and dynamics of the Sun's coronal plasma and magnetic field, the energy flow that heats the solar corona and impels the solar wind, and the mechanisms that accelerate energetic particles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parker probe is embarking on its fourth orbit around the Sun and is around 126 million km away. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The probe managed to get in a 24.1 million radius of the Sun on November 6, 2018. The probe will push its limit even further in the future traveling at a speed of more than 343,000 km/h.</span></span></p>
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(int) 89 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3296,
'title' => 'Massive black holes found in dwarf galaxies',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issues</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers have discovered some of the smallest galaxies known to host massive black holes. These findings may reveal how such regions of space exhibiting ultrahigh gravitational force, that even light cannot escape from are formed in the early universe.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study found 13 massive black holes, about 4,00,000 times as heavy as the Sun, in dwarf galaxies which are more than 100 times smaller than our own Milky Way.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These galaxies are situated so far away that light from the Earth would take less than a billion years to reach them.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists assume studying them and their galaxies will give them insights into how similar black holes in the early universe formed and then grew through galactic mergers over billions of years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This event produced supermassive black holes we see in larger galaxies today, with masses of many millions or billions of times that of the Sun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists used the Very Large Array (VLA), a radio astronomy observatory located in central New Mexico in the U.S, to make the discovery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new VLA observations revealed that 13 of these galaxies have strong evidence for a massive black hole that is actively consuming surrounding material.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also found that, in roughly half of those 13 galaxies, the black hole is not at the center of the galaxy, unlike the case in larger galaxies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Based on the findings, the astronomers suggested that the galaxies may have merged with others earlier in their history.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They found this inference to be consistent with computer simulations predicting that roughly half of the massive black holes in dwarf galaxies were found wandering in the outskirts of their galaxies.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dwarf galaxies</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A dwarf galaxy is a small galaxy composed of about 100 million up to several billion stars, a small number compared to the Milky Way's 200–400 billion stars.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Current theory states that most galaxies, including dwarf galaxies, form in association with dark matter, or from gas that contains metals. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer space probe identified new dwarf galaxies forming out of gases with low metallicity. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because of their small size, dwarf galaxies have been observed being pulled toward and ripped by neighbouring spiral galaxies, resulting in galaxy merger.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 90 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
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'title' => 'Goldilocks zone',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA has reported the discovery of an Earth-size planet, named TOI 700 d, orbiting its star in the “goldilocks zone”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A habitable zone, also called the “Goldilocks zone”, is the area around a star where it is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on the surface of surrounding planets.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earth is in the Sun’s Goldilocks zone. If Earth were where the dwarf planet Pluto is, all its water would freeze; on the other hand, if Earth were where Mercury is, all its water would boil off.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When scientists search for the possibility of alien life, any rocky exoplanet in the habitable zone of its star is an exciting find. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The newest such planet was found by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, which it launched in 2018. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Very few such Earth-size planets have been found so far, including some by NASA’s Kepler mission, and this one is the first such discovery by TESS. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The find was confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope, which sharpened the measurements that TESS had made, such as orbital period and size.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>New discovered planet</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TOI 700 d measures 20% larger than Earth. It orbits its star once every 37 days and receives an amount of energy that is equivalent to 86% of the energy that the Sun provides to Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The star, TOI 700, is an “M dwarf” located just over 100 light-years away in the southern constellation Dorado, is roughly 40% of our Sun’s mass and size, and has about half its surface temperature.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">TOI 700 d is the outermost planet, and the only one in the star’s habitable zone.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
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'id' => (int) 3327,
'title' => 'Identifying new exoplanets with oxyegen using Webb telescope',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Researchers have discovered a new way to use NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to look for signs of oxygen on distant exoplanets.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The oxygen signal is known since the early 1980s from Earth’s atmospheric studies but has never been studied for exoplanet research. Oxygen at similar levels as on Earth was thought to be undetectable with Webb.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research notes that by looking for signals of oxygen molecules colliding in the atmospheres of these distant planets, scientists could “distinguish between living and nonliving planets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using the JWST, researchers will look for light patterns in a planet’s atmosphere. When the oxygen molecules collide, they block some of the infrared light spectrum seen by the telescope, indicating their presence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If researchers were to detect colliding oxygen molecules using the JWST, it’s possible these planets could contain organisms that use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It’s also possible that the oxygen may be on a planet that has no life at all, which is why the new technique is important.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If oxygen were present on an exoplanet that did not host life, it could be that it is outside of the “habitable zone,” have a warmer-than-average atmosphere or it could have an abundance of water vapor from evaporating oceans.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or "Webb") is a space telescope that is planned to be the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The JWST will provide improved infrared resolution and sensitivity over Hubble, and will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology, including observing some of the most distant events and objects in the universe, such as the formation of the first galaxies. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Other goals include understanding the formation of stars and planets, and direct imaging of exoplanets and novas.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 92 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3337,
'title' => 'LIGO team detects second merger of two neutron stars',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gravitational waves from the merger of two neutron stars were observed by the LIGO Livingston detector, according to an international team of astrophysicists in the LIGO and Virgo collaborations.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the second time that a signal from such an event has been seen and the merger is puzzling astrophysicists because it appears to have created an object with “unusually high mass”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The signal (dubbed GW 190425) was not recorded by the LIGO Hanford detector, which was not operating at the time, nor was it detected by the Virgo detector.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A recent researchfrom an independent team of astronomers in Russia suggests that two gamma-ray pulses were also emitted during the merger. No other electromagnetic radiation associated with the event has been reported.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">LIGO comprises two 4 km long interferometers in the US – one in Livingston, Louisiana and the other in Hanford, Washington. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Virgo interferometer stretches over 3 km in the Italian countryside near Pisa. In August 2017 the two LIGO detectors spotted gravitational waves from the merger of two neutron stars, the first time ever that such an observation was made. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A signal was not seen in Virgo, but this non-detection allowed LIGO–Virgo scientists to better locate the merger in the sky.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The merger created a huge “kilonova” explosion and astronomers observed signals across a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma-rays.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This high mass had led to early speculation that GW 190425 could have been the result of a merger of a neutron star and a black hole , making it the first such event to be observed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 93 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3365,
'title' => 'Oldest material on earth found inside meteorite',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A meteorite that crashed into rural southeastern Australia in a fireball in 1969 contained the oldest material ever found on Earth, stardust that predated the formation of our solar system by billions of years.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The oldest of 40 tiny dust grains trapped inside the meteorite fragments retrieved around the town of Murchison in Victoria state dated from about 7 billion years ago, about 2.5 billion years before the sun, Earth and rest of our solar system formed.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All of the dust specks analyzed in the research came from before the solar system's formation - thus known as “presolar grains” - with 60% of them between 4.6 and 4.9 billion years old and the oldest 10% dating to more than 5.6 billion years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many of the grains were concentrated at particular time intervals, which provided clues about the rate of star formation in the Milky Way galaxy, and hinting at bursts of stellar births rather than a constant rate.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Stardust forms in the material ejected from stars and carried by stellar winds, getting blown into interstellar space. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the solar system's birth, this dust was incorporated into everything that formed including the planets and the sun but survived intact until now only in asteroids and comets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dust grains floating through space get bombarded by high-energy particles called cosmic rays. These rays break down atoms in the grain into fragments, such as carbon into helium.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These fragments accumulate over time and their production rate is rather constant. The longer the exposure time to cosmic rays, the more fragments accumulate. The researchers counted these fragments in the laboratory, enabling them to calculate the stardust's age.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists previously had found a presolar grain in the Murchison meteorite that was about 5.5 billion years old, until now the oldest-known solid material on Earth. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The oldest-known minerals that formed on Earth are found in rock from Australia's Jack Hills that formed 4.4 billion years ago, 100 million years after the planet formed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3445,
'title' => 'India wants shifting of Hawaii telescope',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India, a partner in the construction of one of the largest telescopes in the world, has said it wants the project to be moved out of the proposed site at Mauna Kea.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The TMT or Thirty Metre Telescope, as it is called, is a joint venture (JV) involving five countries, but the $2 billion project has been derailed by protests for over a decade. The proposed site is considered sacred to indigenous Hawaiians.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Protests at the site last year saw scientists unable to access other telescope facilities in Mauna Kea. The project has been delayed by nearly five years and should have begun operations by 2025. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has committed $200 million, which is about a tenth of the proposed cost. The telescope needs 492 precisely polished mirrors and India is to contribute 83 of them. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The next best site to locate the telescope is the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) on La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hanle, in Ladakh, was also in the running to host the TMT, but lost out to Mauna Kea, which is considered a superior site due to the imaging possibilities it offers, its stable weather, and also because it has the necessary infrastructure to manage telescopes, already being host to several telescopes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Canada, the United States, China and Japan are the other and more significant partners in terms of the monetary and infrastructural aspects of the TMT. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The level of contribution determines the amount of viewing time, or slots, that the member-countries’ scientists get on the machine. Thus India, in a given year, stands to get 10% of the available slots and any downtime could reduce the availability.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thirty Meter Telescope</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Thirty Meter Telescope is a new class of extremely large telescopes that will allow us to see deeper into space and observe cosmic objects with unprecedented sensitivity. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TMT will be three times as wide, with nine times more area, than the largest currently existing visible-light telescope in the world. This will provide unparalleled resolution with TMT images more than 12 times sharper than those from the Hubble Space Telescope.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The TMT is designed for near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared (0.31 to 28 μm wavelengths) observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest altitude of all the proposed ELTs. The telescope has government-level support from several nations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TMT will observe the formation and development of the large-scale structures by looking at faint distant galaxies and the intergalactic medium, providing information on the physics of the early universe and the nature of dark matter that are inaccessible using any other techniques.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TMT will be able to characterize and study the properties of exoplanets leading us closer to finding out if life exists beyond the Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Spitzer Space Telescope',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA’s Spitzer Mission, which studied the universe in infrared light for more than 16 years, will come to an end since it is low on fuel and has been drifting away from Earth for a few years now. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Engineers will decommission the Spitzer aircraft, after which it will cease to conduct science operations.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Spitzer Space Telescope is a space-borne observatory, one of the elements of NASA’s Great Observatories that include the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-Ray. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using different <strong>infrared</strong> wavelengths, Spitzer was able to see and reveal features of the universe including objects that were too cold to emit visible light. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from enabling researchers to see distant cold objects, Spitzer could also see through large amounts of gas using infrared wavelengths to find objects that may otherwise have been invisible to human beings. These included exoplanets, brown dwarfs and cold matter found in the space between stars.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hubble and Spitzer in 2016 identified and studied the most distant galaxy ever observed. Using these two telescopes, scientists were able to see a bright infant galaxy as it was over 13.4 billion years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spitzer was originally built to last for a minimum of 2.5 years, but it lasted in the “cold” phase for over 5.5 years. On May 15, 2009 the coolant was finally depleted and the “warm mission” began.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 96 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3535,
'title' => 'Most detailed image of Sun’s surface',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A discovery by researchers using photos of Sun’s surface from <strong>Daniel K. Inouye</strong> <strong>Solar </strong>(<strong>DKIS</strong>) <strong>Telescope</strong> in Maui, Hawaii has shown that the surface is made up of boiling plasma, entirely different from previous imagination.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The set of images show a close-up view of the Sun’s surface, revealing a gold-coloured cell-like pattern. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cell-like structures that appear to be ‘boiling’ indicate motions that transport heat from the Sun’s interior to its surface via convection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists believe that the photographs can help measure and understand the Sun’s magnetic field. This can help predict disruptive space weather events.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A better understanding of the solar magnetic field can help increase the current warning time by over 70 times, and help secure power grids and critical infrastructure.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To unravel the Sun’s biggest mysteries, scientists have to not only be able to clearly see these tiny structures from 93 million miles away but very precisely measure their magnetic field strength and direction near the surface and trace the field as it extends out into the million-degree corona, the outer atmosphere of the Sun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope boasts a 4-metre mirror, the <strong>world’s</strong> <strong>largest</strong> for a <strong>solar</strong> <strong>telescope</strong>, providing the sharpest high-resolution images of the Sun.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 97 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3540,
'title' => 'Spitzer telescope retires',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA has decommissioned the Spitzer Space Telescope, one of its greatest observatories which had studied the universe by detecting cosmic <strong>infrared</strong> radiation for more than 16 years.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Spitzer telescope was not given further extension in anticipation of the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which will also conduct infrared astronomy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The planned mission period was to be 2.5 years with a pre-launch expectation that the mission could extend to five or slightly more years until the onboard liquid helium supply was exhausted.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spitzer studied some of the most distant galaxies ever detected with the light from some of the cosmic bodies travelling for billions of years to reach the telescope.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By detecting <strong>infrared</strong> light, with wavelengths ranging from about 700 nanometres, Spitzer could help astronomers unveil the presence of cosmic entities which are too cold to emit much visible light, including planets outside our solar system, and cold matter found in the space between stars.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spitzer also found a previously undetected ring around Saturn, composed of sparse dust particles that visible-light observatories cannot see.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 98 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3557,
'title' => 'Dead star dragging Spacetime',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers have recently discovery that a dead star in space is dragging spacetime around itself.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientific phenomenon is not a new one as Einstein himself predicted that any spinning body drags the fabric of spacetime in his general theory of relativity, and coined the process “frame-dragging.”</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers were able to finally see the theory proven after scientists searched for an example with a greater gravitational pull, and found one in a white dwarf and neutron star pair.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists measured when the light flashes of the pulsars would arrive on Earth for a period of over 20 years. Over the two decades, they noticed that there were slight changes in their calculations, meaning the object had “drifted” from its original location.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since there were no other explanations for the movement, astronomers realized that the gravitational force of the pairing had caused the pulsar’s orbit to change its orientation over time by altering spacetime around it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even after 100 years, the theory of general relativity continues to pass tests as its predictions are found to agree with new observations. Just a few years ago, one major aspect was finally confirmed, gravitational waves.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Spacetime</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spacetime is any mathematical model which fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional manifold. Spacetime diagrams can be used to visualize relativistic effects, such as why different observers perceive where and when events occur differently<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 99 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3620,
'title' => 'Solar orbiter to map Sun’s poles',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) are gearing up to send a new probe toward the Sun to take a unique look at its blazing poles.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Solar Orbiter is due launch to space atop an Atlas 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral, deploying an array of solar panels and antennas before setting off on its 10-year voyage to the Sun.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It will use the gravitational influence from Earth and Venus to whip itself as close as 26 million miles from the Sun or 95% of the distance between the star and Earth the probe will map the star's poles, which could allow scientists for the first time to observe the concentrated source of solar wind that permeates our solar system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Solar wind is soup of charged particles that are highly concentrated at the poles and beam through our solar system, affecting satellites and electronic devices on Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Solar Orbiter carries ten instruments packed behind a massive 324-pound (147 kg) heat shield, three of which will peer through tiny windows and face the Sun to survey how its surface changes over time.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Layers of Sun</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Photosphere: </strong>This is the Sun’s deepest layer, and the layer visible to human eyes directly from the Earth. It is also called the solar surface. Much of this layer is covered by granulation caused by the bubbling gas within the convection layer and sunspots caused by strong magnetic fields.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Chromosphere: </strong>This layer of the Sun is located between 250 miles and 1300 miles above the photosphere. The chromosphere has temperatures around 4000 degrees Kelvin at the base, and 8000 degrees Kelvin at the top.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Corona: </strong>This layer is the Sun’s outermost layer. It starts at roughly 1300 miles over the photosphere and it has no upper limit. Its temperature is between 500,000 degrees Kelvin to 1 million degrees Kelvin. The corona cannot be seen with bare eyes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Core: </strong>The core is the Sun’s middle region where energy is generated through thermonuclear reactions which creates extreme temperatures of about 15 million degrees Celsius. These nuclear reactions use hydrogen to produce helium.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Radiative Zone: </strong>This zone is amidst the core and the convective zones, and it is roughly 70 percent of the Sun’s radius. Energy produced through nuclear fusion in the core moves steadily outwards as electromagnetic radiation, taking over 170,000 years to radiate through the radiative zone.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Convection Zone: </strong>This layer of the sun is above the radiative zone and it is the outer most layer of the Sun’s interior. It stretches from depths of roughly 200,000 kilometers right up to the visible surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 100 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3690,
'title' => 'Hope spacecraft',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UAE is on the verge of making history after turning its dream of becoming the first Arabic and Islamic country to send a spacecraft to Mars into a reality through a spacecraft named Hope.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although this spacecraft was assembled on U.S. soil, it will not be exploring the red planet for NASA. Hope is instead an effort by the <strong>United Arab Emirates</strong>.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As a newcomer, the UAE has taken a novel approach. It could have tried to do everything itself, developing homegrown technology similar to what India has done. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">That would have taken years longer. It could have bought someone else’s spacecraft design, which would have been the quickest path.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The country has sought partners with long experience in sending machines into space. This, its space team believed, would help avoid many of the pitfalls of trying to pull off such missions for the first time while training future engineers who will be expected to step up to bigger roles in the next mission. In the process, the country’s leaders hope to sow seeds for future companies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hope will be just one of a four robotic spacecraft scheduled to launch this summer during a once-in-26-months alignment of Earth and Mars that enables a relatively short trip to the red planet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India celebrated putting a spacecraft in orbit around Mars and boasted how its price tag was a fraction of that for <strong>MAVEN</strong>, a NASA probe that arrived two days earlier. But it did not perform any significant discoveries.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MAVEN has determined how quickly the Martian atmosphere is being stripped away by the solar wind: about 4 pounds a second. This information is an important clue in the puzzle of understanding why early Mars, which was warmer and wetter, turned into the cold, barren, almost airless place it is today.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hope’s aim is to fill in a gap in MAVEN’s findings by looking at the dynamics closer to the ground that influence the rate of leaking.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hope will give scientists a global view of Martian weather, noting changes in temperature and other conditions during the course of a day.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'id' => (int) 3697,
'title' => 'Supergiant star Betelgeuse',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using the <strong>European Space Organisation’s</strong> (ESO) <strong>Very Large Telescope</strong> (VLT), astronomers have noticed the unprecedented dimming of Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star in the constellation Orion.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A <strong>red</strong> <strong>giant</strong> is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass in a late phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius large and the surface temperature around 5,000 K or lower.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">What has intrigued some astronomers is the fact that along with the dimming, the star’s shape has been changing as well. Instead of appearing round, the star now appears to be “squashed into an ova”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Betelgeuse</strong> was born as a supermassive star millions of years ago and has been dramatically and mysteriously dimming for the last six months.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report suggests that while Betelgeuse’s behaviour is out of the ordinary, it doesn’t mean that an eruption is imminent since astronomers predict the star to blast sometime (supernova explosion) in the next 100,000 years or so.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers do not think that Betelgeuse is dimming because it is going to explode. They have other hypotheses that may explain the reasons for Betelgeuse’s change in shape and dimming.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two scenarios are a cooling of the surface due to exceptional stellar activity or dust ejection towards us.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supernova</strong> </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A supernova is a powerful and luminous stellar explosion. This transient astronomical event occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The original object, called the progenitor, either collapses to a neutron star or black hole, or it is completely destroyed. The peak optical luminosity of a supernova can be comparable to that of an entire galaxy, before fading over several weeks or months.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Theoretical studies indicate that most supernovae are triggered by one of two basic mechanisms: the sudden re-ignition of nuclear fusion in a degenerate star; or the sudden gravitational collapse of a massive star's core.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 102 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3711,
'title' => 'Adithya L-1 mission',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is also preparing to send its first scientific expedition to study the Sun. Named Aditya-L1, the mission, expected to be launched early next year, will observe the Sun from a close distance, and try to obtain information about its atmosphere and magnetic field.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earlier this month, 47 new papers were published in a special supplement of The Astrophysical Journal, analysing data from the first three flybys of the <strong>Parker Solar Probe</strong>, NASA’s historic mission to the Sun.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ISRO categorises Aditya L1 as a 400 kg-class satellite, that will be launched using the <strong>Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)</strong> in <strong>XL</strong> configuration. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The space-based observatory will have seven payloads (instruments) on board to study the Sun’s corona, solar emissions, solar winds and flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and will carry out round-the-clock imaging of the Sun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mission will be undertaken in collaboration between various labs of ISRO, along with institutions like the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bengaluru, Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune, and Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aditya L1 will be ISRO’s <strong>second</strong> <strong>space-based astronomy mission</strong> after <strong>AstroSat</strong>, which was launched in September 2015.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">What makes a solar mission challenging is the distance of the Sun from Earth (about 149 million km on average, compared to the only 3.84 lakh km to the Moon) and, more importantly, the super hot temperatures and radiations in the solar atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance of solar mission</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The solar weather and environment, which is determined by the processes taking place inside and around the sun, affects the weather of the entire system. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Variations in this weather can change the orbits of satellites or shorten their lives, interfere with or damage onboard electronics, and cause power blackouts and other disturbances on Earth. Knowledge of solar events is key to understanding space weather.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To learn about and track Earth-directed storms, and to predict their impact, continuous solar observations are needed. Every storm that emerges from the Sun and heads towards Earth passes through L1, and a satellite placed in the halo orbit around L1 of the Sun-Earth system has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aditya L1 will perform continuous observations looking directly at the Sun. NASA’s Parker Solar Probe <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/nasa-esa-solar-orbiter-launches-will-take-pictures-of-the-top-and-bottom-of-the-sun/">has already gone far closer</a>, but it will be looking away from the Sun. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The earlier Helios 2 solar probe, a joint venture between NASA and space agency of erstwhile West Germany, went within 43 million km of the Sun’s surface in 1976.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lagrange point</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">L1 refers to Lagrangian/Lagrange Point 1, one of five points in the orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system. Lagrange Points are positions in space where the gravitational forces of a two-body system (like the Sun and the Earth) produce enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These can be used by spacecraft to reduce fuel consumption needed to remain in position. The L1 point is home to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Satellite (SOHO), an international collaboration project of NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 103 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'id' => (int) 3728,
'title' => 'Jupiter’s atmosphere has more water than previous estimates',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study based on data from NASA’s Juno mission showed that water makes up about 0.25% of the molecules in Jupiter’s atmosphere along its equator, almost three times that of the Sun.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study provided the first findings on the gas giant’s abundance of water since the space agency’s 1995 Galileo mission.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the researchers, Jupiter may be extremely dry compared to the Sun, a comparison based not on liquid water, but on the presence of its components, oxygen and hydrogen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They said Jupiter was likely the first planet to form, and it contains most of the gas and dust that wasn’t incorporated into the Sun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Water abundance also has important implications for the gas giant’s meteorology and internal structure.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Juno’s surprise discovery that the atmosphere was not well mixed even well below the cloud tops is a puzzle that researchers are still trying to figure out.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Juno’s <strong>Microwave Radiometer</strong> (<strong>MWR</strong>) observes Jupiter from above using six antennas that measure atmospheric temperature at multiple depths simultaneously.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The MWR takes advantage of the fact that water absorbs certain wavelengths of microwave radiation, the same trick used by microwave ovens to quickly heat food.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The measured temperatures are used to constrain the amount of water and ammonia in the deep atmosphere, as both molecules absorb microwave radiation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From its orbital perch, the radiometer was able to collect data from a far greater depth into Jupiter’s atmosphere than the Galileo probe, where the pressure reaches about 480 psi.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 104 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3788,
'title' => 'InSights mission ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It’s now more than a year since <strong>NASA’s</strong> InSight lander mission touched down on Mars on November 26, 2018. This week, NASA published a set of six papers to reveal a planet alive with quakes, dust devils and strange magnetic pulses.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The InSight mission is part of NASA’s Discovery Program. It is being supported by a number of European partners, which include France’s Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the United Kingdom Space Agency (UKSA).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">InSight is the first mission dedicated to looking deep beneath the Martian surface. Among its science tools are a seismometer for detecting quakes, sensors for gauging wind and air pressure, a magnetometer, and a heat flow probe designed to take the planet’s temperature.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Observations</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mars trembles more often than expected, but also more mildly. This emerged from readings of the ultra-sensitive seismometer, called the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS). The instrument enables scientists to hear multiple trembling events from hundreds to thousands of miles away.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mars doesn’t have tectonic plates like Earth, but it does have volcanically active regions that can cause rumbles. SEIS has found more than 450 seismic signals to date, the majority of which are believed to be quakes (as opposed to data noise created by environmental factors, like wind).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Billions of years ago, Mars had a magnetic field. Although it is no longer present, it left behind magnetised rocks that are now between 61 m to several km below ground. InSight is equipped with a magnetometer, which has detected magnetic signals.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">InSight measures wind speed, direction and air pressure nearly continuously. Weather sensors have detected thousands of passing whirlwinds, which are called dust devils when they pick up grit and become visible.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">InSight has two radios. One is for regularly sending and receiving data. The other radio is designed to measure the “wobble” of Mars as it spins. This X-band radio, also known as the Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment (RISE), can eventually reveal whether the planet’s core is solid or liquid. A solid core would cause Mars to wobble less than a liquid one would.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 105 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3800,
'title' => 'Mini-moon around Earth',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers have observed a small object orbiting Earth, which they have dubbed a “mini-moon” or the planet’s “second moon”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unlike our permanent Moon, the mini-moon is temporary and it will eventually break free of Earth’s orbit and go off on its own way.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dubbed <strong>2020 CD3</strong>, the mini-moon was discovered by Kacper Wierzchos and Teddy Pruyne of the NASA-funded <strong>Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) </strong>in Arizona on the night of February 15.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When an asteroid’s orbit crosses Earth’s orbit, it can sometimes be captured into the latter orbit. This is what happened with 2020 CD3. It is now orbiting at a distance farther from Earth. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such an asteroid is called a Temporarily Captured Object (TCO). The orbit of such objects is unstable. They have to contend with the gravitational influence of our permanent Moon as well as that of the Sun. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Once caught in Earth’s orbit, such objects usually remain for a few years before they break free and go into independent orbit around the Sun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 2020 CD3 was captured into Earth’s orbit over three years ago. For CSS, it is only the second such discovery. It previously discovered <strong>2006 RH120</strong>, which orbited Earth for some time that year, before it escaped in 2007.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 106 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3806,
'title' => 'Biggest explosion in the universe came from black hole',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers have discovered the biggest explosion seen in the universe, originating from a super-massive black hole.The blast came from a black hole in a cluster of galaxies 390 million light-years away.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The explosion was so large it carved out a crater in the hot gas that could hold 15 Milky Ways.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers used NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory to make the discovery, along with a European space observatory and ground telescopes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They believe the explosion came from the heart of the <strong>Ophiuchus cluster</strong> of thousands of galaxies: a large galaxy at the center contains a colossal black hole.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The gargantuan explosion tore through the heart of a distant galaxy cluster, releasing about five times more energy than the previous record holder.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first hint of this giant explosion actually came in 2016 when Chandra images of the Ophiuchus galaxy cluster revealed an unusual curved edge.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists had then ruled out an eruption given the amount of energy that would have been needed to carve out such a large cavity in the gas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two space observatories, along with radio data from telescopes in Australia and India, confirmed that the curvature was, indeed, part of a cavity.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Chandra X-ray observatory</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chandra X-ray Observatory is part of NASA's ?eet of "Great Observatories" along with the Hubble Space Telescope, the Spitizer Space Telescope and the now deorbited Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chandra allows scientists from around the world to obtain X-ray images of exotic environments to help understand the structure and evolution of the universe.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chandra X-ray Observatory, which was launched by Space Shuttle Columbia in 1999, can better define the hot, turbulent regions of space. This increased clarity can help scientists answer fundamental questions about the <a href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/clues.html">origin, evolution, and destiny of the universe</a>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3899,
'title' => 'Earth and Moon do nor share same materials',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The moon and Earth may be more different than previously thought, challenging existing models for how the moon formed, according to a new study.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago, and previous research suggested that <a href="https://www.space.com/55-earths-moon-formation-composition-and-orbit.html">the moon</a> arose a short time after that. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the past three decades, the prevailing explanation for the moon's origin was that it resulted from the collision of two protoplanets, or embryonic worlds. One of those was the newborn Earth, and the other was a Mars-size rock nicknamed Theia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This "giant impact hypothesis" seemed to explain many details about Earth and the moon, such as the large size of the moon compared with Earth and the rates of rotation of the two bodies. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists found that there were subtle but regular differences in oxygen isotopic composition depending on the kind of lunar rock tested.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Computer models of the giant-impact scenario often say that 70% to 90% of the moon should be made of material from Theia. The problem is that most bodies in the solar system have unique chemical makeups, and so the Earth, Theia and therefore the moon, should too. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rock samples that <a href="https://www.space.com/topics/apollo-program">the Apollo missions</a> returned from the moon show that the natural satellite's composition is uncannily similar to Earth's, much more similar than such models would predict for versions of elements called isotopes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This extreme similarity in isotopes of elements such as oxygen has raised great challenges for the giant-impact scenario. One possibility is that the proto-Earth and Theia were nearly identical to start with when it came to oxygen isotopes, which seems unlikely. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another is that the proto-Earth and Theia's oxygen isotopes were fully mixed in the aftermath of the collision, perhaps due to an impact so violent that <a href="https://www.space.com/34044-moon-birth-may-have-vaporized-earth.html">it vaporized a large portion of the early Earth</a>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The most important implication from these findings is that giant-impact models no longer have to account for virtually indistinguishable oxygen isotopic compositions between Earth and the moon.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 108 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 3902,
'title' => 'Sunspots',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A group of researchers from IISER Kolkata has shown that the next sunspot cycle has begun and the Sun has indeed woken.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sun spots are relatively cooler spots on the Sun’s surface. Their number waxes and wanes in cycles that last 11 years approximately.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From our safe distance of about 148 million km, the Sun appears to be sedate and constant. However, huge solar flares and coronal mass ejections spew material from its surface into outer space. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They originate from sunspots, an important phenomenon that people have been following for hundreds of years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sunspots occur in pairs, with a leader and a follower. They originate deep within the Sun and become visible when they pop out. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Their number is not constant but shows a minimum and then rises up to a maximum and then falls again in what is called the solar cycle. So far, astronomers have documented 24 such cycles, the last one ended in 2019.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Following a weakening trend in activity over the last few cycles, there were predictions that the Sun would go silent into a grand minimum in activity, with the disappearance of cycles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers used the data from the instrument Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager aboard NASA’s space-based Solar Dynamics Observatory for their calculations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sunspot activity may be correlated with climate on earth. In the period between 1645 and 1715, sun spot activity had come to a halt on the Sun, a phenomenon referred to as the <strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Maunder minimum</span></strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This coincided with extremely cold weather globally. So sunspots may have a relevance to climate on earth. Such links are tenuous, but definitely solar activity affects space weather, which can have an impact on space-based satellites, GPS, power grids and so on.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Formation of Sunspot cycle</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Given the high temperatures in the Sun, matter exists there in the form of plasma, where the electrons are stripped away from the nuclei. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sun is made of hot ionised plasma whose motions generate magnetic fields in the solar interior by harnessing the energy of the plasma flows. This mechanism is known as the solar dynamo mechanism.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because of the nature of the solar dynamo, the part of its magnetic field that gives rise to sunspots reverses direction when it moves from one solar cycle to another.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 109 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4178,
'title' => 'US plans to conduct space mining',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">U.S. President Donald Trump has signed an executive order that supports the exploration and the use of space resources by the U.S. citizens and businesses.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The order, titled “Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources,” gives Americans the the right to engage in the commercial exploration, recovery, and use of resources in outer space.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This Executive Order establishes U.S. policy toward the recovery and use of space resources, such as water and certain minerals, in order to encourage the commercial development of space.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to Trump’s executive order, the US will object to any attempt to use international law to hinder its efforts to remove chunks of the moon or, should the opportunity arise, additional mining of Mars and other celestial bodies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">U.S. policy contradicts the 1979 Moon Treaty, which America has not signed. The treaty says that all non-scientific use of space resources be governed by an international regulatory framework.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The executive order gives companies operating in space the right to any resources mined there. The U.S. Congress already passed a law in 2015 that allowed individuals as well as companies to use the moon and asteroid for its resources.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Trump has taken a consistent interest in asserting American power in space, forming the Space Force within the US military last year to conduct space warfare where needed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Russia’s space agency Roscosmos also released a statement criticizing the move. They said, attempts to expropriate outer space and aggressive plans to de facto seize the territories of other planets will hardly encourage other nations to participate in fruitful cooperation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 110 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4012,
'title' => 'New model of Solar system’s protective bubble',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Boston University astrophysicist and collaborators reveal a new model of our heliosphere that’s shaped somewhere between a croissant and a beach ball.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The heliosphere is a vast region, extending more than twice as far as Pluto. It casts a magnetic “force field” around all the planets, deflecting charged particles that would otherwise muscle into the solar system and even tear through DNA.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The heliosphere, despite its name, is not actually a sphere. Space physicists have long compared its shape to a comet, with a round “nose” on one side and a long tail extending in the opposite direction.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2015, using a new computer model and data from the Voyager 1 spacecraft, researchers came to a different conclusion: they proposed that the heliosphere is actually shaped like a crescent, not unlike a freshly baked croissant, in fact. In this “croissant” model, two jets extend downstream from the nose rather than a single fade-away tail.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By timing particles echoing off the boundary of the heliosphere and correlating them with ions measured by the twin Voyager spacecraft, Cassini scientists concluded that the heliosphere is actually very nearly round and symmetrical: neither a comet nor a croissant, but more like a beach ball.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unlike most previous models, which assumed that charged particles within the solar system all hover around the same average temperature, the new model breaks the particles down into two groups. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">First are charged particles coming directly from the solar wind. Second are what space physicists call “pickup” ions. These are particles that drifted into the solar system in an electrically neutral form.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers studying exoplanets–planets around other stars are keenly interested in comparing our heliosphere with those around other stars. Because they believe it holds recipe for formation of life.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers are still working on DNA-shredding interstellar particles and what they mean for life on Earth and on other planets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Researchers are hoping to stir NASA to launch a next-generation interstellar probe that will cut a path through the heliosphere and directly detect pickup ions near the heliosphere’s periphery.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 111 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4019,
'title' => 'Asteroid Ryugu sheds light on early formation of celestial objects',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Asteroids are generally assumed to be as a hard rock material, with rough surface texture. But Japan’s space mission <strong>Hayabusa2</strong> has revealed that the carbon-rich asteroid Ryugu’s surface is porous and light, thus throwing in new details into the theories on the formation of celestial bodies.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cosmic dust, meteorites, and asteroids floating around the solar system form important evidence in understanding the early history of the solar system. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hayabusa 2 was designated to map the asteroid in orbit and then land to collect samples from its surface. The spacecraft is scheduled to re-enter Earth by the end of 2020 and will land in Australia. According to the researchers, the details from the asteroid samples could significantly alter the current timeline of planet formation in the solar system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Porous, fragile asteroids like Ryugu could be the missing link in understanding how the cosmic dust evolves into massive celestial bodies. According to astronomers, the asteroid surface is about 50 per cent porous and was formed by the cosmic debris and dust by the collision of large space junk.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To understand the porosity, astronomers studied the surface temperature of the asteroid. The series of observations were made using a Thermal Infrared Imager (TIR) onboard Hayabusa2.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main task of the spacecraft was to observe how the asteroid’s surface retains and releases heat. Just like the sand on the beach, porous rocks tend to change temperature more quickly than the hard ones, which can hold heat for longer durations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbonaceous asteroids like Ryugu are believed to be the time-capsule of the infancy of the solar system when the celestial objects were continuously colliding and forming planets and asteroids. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Ryugu asteroid was first discovered in May 1999. Japan’s space agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched its mission Hayabusa2 in December 2014 to study the asteroid. Ryugu was examined by the spacecraft between June 2018 to November 2019.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 112 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
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'id' => (int) 4038,
'title' => 'Scientists find edge of Milky Way',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">New work finds that the Milky Way stretches nearly 2 million light-years across, more than 15 times wider than its luminous spiral disk. The number could lead to a better estimate of how massive the galaxy is and how many other galaxies orbit it.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers have long known that the brightest part of the Milky Way is some 120,000 light-years across. Beyond this stellar disk is a disk of gas. A vast halo of dark matter, presumably full of invisible particles. But because the dark halo emits no light, its diameter is hard to measure.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have used nearby galaxies to locate the Milky Way’s edge. The precise diameter is 1.9 million light-years, give or take 0.4 million light-years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To find the Milky Way’s edge, team conducted computer simulations of how giant galaxies like the Milky Way form. In particular, the scientists sought cases where two giant galaxies arose side by side, like the Milky Way and Andromeda, our nearest giant neighbor, because each galaxy’s gravity tugs on the other. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The simulations showed that just beyond the edge of a giant galaxy’s dark halo, the velocities of small nearby galaxies drop sharply.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using existing telescope observations, they found a similar plunge in the speeds of small galaxies near the Milky Way. This occurred at a distance of about 950,000 light-years from the Milky Way’s center, marking the galaxy’s edge. The edge is 35 times farther from the galactic center than the sun is.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the future, astronomers can refine the location of the Milky Way’s edge by discovering additional small galaxies nearby. Astronomers could also search for individual stars out at the boundary.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The measurement should also help astronomers tease out other galactic properties. For instance, the larger the Milky Way, the more massive it is and the more galaxies there should be revolving around it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">So far, there are about 60 known Milky Way satellites, but astronomers suspect that many more await discovery.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 113 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4096,
'title' => 'Astronaut’s urine could be used to build bases on Moon',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new study suggests that astronaut’s pee can be used to build some of the first moon bases. Astronaut’s pee could be used as an additive in making concrete for structures to be built on the moon.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To develop material for lunar construction, it is significant to reduce the weight of material that has to be brought in from Earth. Also, transporting about 0.45 kg from the Earth to space costs about $10,000, which means that building a complete module on our satellite in this way would be very expensive.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Urea is the second most abundant component in the urine. It can break hydrogen bonds, and therefore reduces the viscosities of many aqueous mixtures.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists conducted several experiments to verify the potential of urine urea as a plasticizer, an additive that can be incorporated into concrete to soften the initial mixture and make it more pliable before it hardens.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using a material developed by ESA, which is similar to moon regolith, together with urea and various plasticizers, the scientists, using a 3D printer, have manufactured various ‘mud’ cylinders and compared the results.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The experiments revealed that the samples carrying urea supported heavyweights and remained almost stable in shape. When curing the sample containing urea at 80?°C, the initial setting time became longer.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4097,
'title' => 'NASA’s mission to study giant Solar particle storms',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA has selected a new mission to study how the Sun generates and releases giant space weather storms, known as solar particle storms, into planetary space.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such information will improve understanding of how our solar system works and can ultimately help protect astronauts traveling to the Moon and Mars by providing better information on how the Sun’s radiation affects the space environment they must travel through.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new mission, called the Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment (SunRISE), is an array of six CubeSats operating as one very large radio telescope.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA chose SunRISE in August 2017 as one of two Mission of Opportunity proposals to conduct an 11-month mission concept study.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mission design relies on six solar-powered CubeSats to simultaneously observe radio images of low-frequency emission from solar activity and share them via NASA’s Deep Space Network. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The constellation of CubeSats would fly within 6 miles of each other, above Earth’s atmosphere, which otherwise blocks the radio signals SunRISE will observe. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Together, the six CubeSats will create 3D maps to pinpoint where giant particle bursts originate on the Sun and how they evolve as they expand outward into space. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This, in turn, will help determine what initiates and accelerates these giant jets of radiation. The six individual spacecraft will also work together to map, for the first time, the pattern of magnetic field lines reaching from the Sun out into interplanetary space.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">NASA’s Missions of Opportunity maximize science return by pairing new, relatively inexpensive missions with launches on spacecraft already approved and preparing to go into space.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 115 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4125,
'title' => 'Missing link in form of a black hole found',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hubble Space Telescope is tracking down a suspected black hole that shredded a wayward star that came too close for comfort.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The famed space observatory made the find while hunting down the source of a powerful burst of X-rays caught in 2006 by two other cosmic telescopes: NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency's X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the time, astronomers weren't sure if the X-rays had come from inside or outside of the Milky Way galaxy, but new high-resolution photography by Hubble shows that the X-ray source (known as 3XMM J215022.4−055108) is located in a star cluster at the edge of another galaxy. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team's work further suggests the star cluster may have been the core of a small dwarf galaxy disrupted long ago, when the dwarf galaxy strayed too close to the larger galaxy that currently hosts the star cluster. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gravitational interactions with the larger galaxy may have ripped the dwarf galaxy apart, leaving only a small cluster of stars in its wake. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In much the same way, astronomers believe that the gravitational pull of the black hole inside this cluster shredded a star that got too close, thereby producing the X-ray flare detected in 2006.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IMBHs have been particularly difficult to find because they are smaller and less active than supermassive black holes; they do not have readily available sources of fuel, nor as strong a gravitational pull to draw stars and other cosmic material which would produce telltale X-ray glows.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IMBHs are believed to be a "<strong>missing link</strong>" in our understanding of how black holes evolve. Astronomers have seen many examples of small black holes that are similar in size to a star, and other examples of much larger black holes that typically reside in the centers of galaxies. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But IMBHs remain difficult to confirm as astronomers struggle to understand how supermassive black holes got so big, compared to stellar-sized black holes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Hubble also helped track down another possible IMBH in 2009. The object, called HLX-1, was spotted on the edge of a galaxy known as ESO 243-49, and also resides in a star cluster that could have been a dwarf galaxy in the ancient past.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 116 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4126,
'title' => '1st human aircraft to fly on another planet',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA’s Mars Helicopter, which will be attached to NASA’s Mars Rover named Perseverance during the mission, has successfully completed its testing stages. It will be the first aircraft to be flown on any other planet in human history.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With NASA eyeing Mars as the first habitable planet for humans after Earth, its Mars 2020 mission to reach its surface and establish a human base there is in full swing. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The testing phase marked the last time that the rotors of the helicopter have been operated on Earth and the next flight to be taken by the helicopter will be straight on Mars.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA has used a twin-rotor mechanism to make it fly. The helicopter derives its energy from the sun through solar panels. Once on Mars, the helicopter will remain encapsulated until the mission managers determine an acceptable area to conduct test flights.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mars helicopter comes as a part of a larger initiative in the shape of a rover named Perseverance. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Perseverance program</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Perseverance is supposed to take-off for Mars in the middle of July onboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V 541 rocket next year. It will then land on the red planet on February 18, 2021. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA’s Mars Exploration Program is aimed at looking for signs of any microbial life on the planet as well as characterizing the planet’s climate and geology. The knowledge garnered through this will eventually help in any future human establishments on Mars.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Perseverance carries a special commemorative plate that holds small silicon chips bearing the names of more than 10.9 million people who participated in NASA's "Send Your Name to Mars" campaign.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Perseverance will have other duties as well. Chief among them will be to collect and cache samples for a future return to Earth, where scientists will be able to analyze them in detail in well-equipped labs.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'CIRES imaging radar to detect Earthquakes and Volcanism',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has introduced a system to monitor the physical changes caused by seismic and volcanic activity on Earth from space.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The instrument that will detect these activities is known as CubeSat Imaging Radar for Earth Sciences (CIRES). According to NASA, CIRES is designed to detect each time the volcano took a breath, as its caldera swelled and deflated.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US space agency tested the technology on 4 July, 2018 by flying over the Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii. A team used <strong>CIRES</strong> radar and was able to create a detailed map of the changes in terrain that is caused by the volcano's eruption.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CIRES could pave the way for a future collection of small satellites dedicated to monitoring impacts from volcanic activity, earthquakes and changes in land surfaces from space.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CIRES can help decision-makers and emergency managers obtain observations sooner after a hazardous event so that they are better prepared to deal with disaster relief.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CIRES can be used to create a global map detailing land elevation changes over time and help scientists pinpoint ground motion before, during and following earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In due course this may help them identify impacts from floods and groundwater pumping.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per NASA, CIRES is equipped with an S-band <strong>Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar</strong> (<strong>InSAR</strong>). The S-band radar allows it to penetrate through vegetation and reach the surface. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">CIRES then takes two radar images of a specific area from approximately the same position in space at two different times. It processes the two images to determine the difference between them.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4188,
'title' => 'Universe expansion may not be uniform',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Astronomers have assumed for decades that the Universe is expanding at the same rate in all directions. A new study based on data from ESA's XMM-Newton, NASA's Chandra and the German-led ROSAT X-ray observatories suggests this key premise of cosmology might be wrong.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers set out to verify a new method that would enable astronomers to test the so-called isotropy hypothesis. According to this assumption, the Universe has, despite some local differences, the same properties in each direction on the large scale.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Widely accepted as a consequence of well-established fundamental physics, the hypothesis has been supported by observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A direct remnant of the Big Bang, the CMB reflects the state of the Universe as it was in its infancy, at only 380 000 years of age. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The CMB's uniform distribution in the sky suggests that in those early days the Universe must have been expanding rapidly and at the same rate in all directions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers say that if the isotropy hypothesis was correct, the properties of the clusters would be uniform across the sky. But they actually saw significant differences.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The astronomers used X-ray temperature measurements of the extremely hot gas that pervades the clusters and compared the data with how bright the clusters appear in the sky. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clusters of the same temperature and located at a similar distance should appear similarly bright. But that is not what the astronomers observed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before challenging the widely accepted cosmology model, which provides the basis for estimating the cluster distances, researchers first looked at other possible explanations such as undetected gas or dust clouds obscuring the view and making clusters in a certain area appear dimmer. The data, however, do not support this scenario.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In some regions of space the distribution of clusters could be affected by bulk flows, large-scale motions of matter caused by the gravitational pull of extremely massive structures such as large cluster groups. This hypothesis, however, also seems unlikely.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists speculate this possibly uneven effect on cosmic expansion might be caused by dark energy, the mysterious component of the cosmos which accounts for the majority of its overall energy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">ESA's upcoming telescope Euclid, designed to image billions of galaxies and scrutinise the expansion of the cosmos, its acceleration and the nature of dark energy, might help solve this mystery in the future.</span></span></p>
</li>
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(int) 119 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Space ',
'keyword' => 'space',
'id' => (int) 4237,
'title' => 'Formation of black holes during universe expansion',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A scientist duo Inter University Centre for Astronomy