Tag Wise Current Affairs

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		'title' => 'Government to conduct survey of all agricultural households in country ',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Union Government has decided to conduct survey titled &#39;Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households&#39; of all agricultural households in country to assess plight of farmers. National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) will be nodal agency for this survey and it will be conducted during NSSO&rsquo;s 77th round in the current calendar year.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households </strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It aims to provide comprehensive assessment of situation of agricultural households in the country, including their income, expenditure and indebtedness.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under it, government will conduct pan-India survey to ascertain their income and indebtedness among other issues for the current crop year (July-June).</span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The last such survey was conducted for the reference year 2012-13 (crop year). Thereafter, NSSO has not conducted any such survey. Periodicity of such survey is decided on basis of requirements of concerned ministry, adequacy of current data, availability of resources and manpower, emerging areas of concern and development priorities of the government.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As of now comparable estimates for rise in income of agricultural households during 2014-2018 are not available. The inter-ministerial committee on doubling farmers&#39; income by 2022 has taken into consideration estimates of agriculture households&#39; income obtained from 70th round of NSSO survey data as base level income.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>National Sample Survey Office (NSSO)</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is largest organisation in India conducting periodic socio-economic surveys. It functions under Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It conducts large-scale sample surveys based on scientific sampling methods throughout India. It is headed by a Director General.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was established up in 1950 and is headquartered in New Delhi.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its major activities of the NSSO pertains to survey design, field operations, processing of data collected and releasing of the results based on surveys.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Employees of the NSSO are from Indian Statistical Service (appointed through UPSC) and Subordinate Statistical Service (appointed through the Staff Selection Commission).</span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>NSSO has four departments viz.</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Survey Design and Research Division</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Field Operations Division</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Data Processing Division</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Co-ordination &amp; Publication Division</span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'IP Index 2019: India ranks 36th',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India ranked 36th position out of 50 countries on International Intellectual Property (IP) Index 2019 released by US Chamber of Commerce. This year India jumped by eight places from previous 44th position in IP index 2018. This was highest gain for any country this year.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>International Intellectual Property (IP) Index</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is released annually by US Chamber of Commerce&rsquo;s Global Innovation Policy Center (GIPC) since 2014.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It analyses IP climate in 50 global economies accounting for over 90% of global gross domestic product (GDP).</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It ranks countries on score scale of 0 (lowest score) to 45 (highest score) based on 45 indicators that are critical to innovation development surrounding patent, copyright, trademark and trade secrets protection.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It provides IP report card for world and blueprint for policy-makers in surveyed countries that are seeking to bolster economic growth and jobs, innovation, and creativity.</span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights of IP Index 2019</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Top Countries:</strong> United States (Rank: 1st, score 42.66 points), United Kingdom (2nd, 42.22), Sweden (3rd, 41.03), France (4th) and Germany (5th, 41.00).</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other Countries</strong>: China was ranked 25th with 21.45 points. Pakistan was ranked at 47th spot with 12 points. Venezuela was placed at last place (50th) with 7.11 points.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>India&rsquo;s performance</strong>: Improvement in its rankings reflects important reforms implemented towards building and sustaining innovation ecosystem for domestic entrepreneurs and foreign investors alike.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&#39;s overall score has also increased substantially from 30.07% (12.03 out of 40) in the previous edition to 36.04% (16.22 out of 45) in the present edition.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&#39;s improvement in ranking is result of specific reforms that better align its IP environment with international IP system, including its accession to World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Internet Treaties, agreement to initiate Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) with Japan, a dedicated set of IP incentives for small businesses, and administrative reforms to address patent backlog</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, India continues to face substantial challenges, particularly in respect of patenting and IP enforcement environments.</span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even there are barriers to licensing and technology transfer, including strict registration norms, patentability rules outside international standards, limited framework for protection of biopharmaceutical IP rights, lengthy pre-grant opposition proceedings and previously used compulsory licensing for non-emergency and commercial situations.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => '96% usage of toilets in rural India under Swachh Bharat: NARSS 2018-19',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey (NARSS) 2018-19, 96.5% of the households in rural India who have access to toilet use it. It also re-confirmed Open Defecation Free (ODF) status of 90.7% of villages which were previously declared and verified as ODF by various districts/States.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">About Survey</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It was conducted from November 2018 and February 2019 by Independent Verification Agency (IVA) under World Bank support project to Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen (SBM-G). </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It had covered 92040 households in 6136 villages across States and UTs of India.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It also covered schools, anganwadis and public/community toilets in these villages.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Methodology</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">: It had used Probability Proportion to Size (PPS) sampling methodology, which yields results within confidence interval of 95% Data was collected using Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI) platform. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key findings of NARSS 2018-19</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">96.5% of households in rural India who have access to toilet use it. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">93.1% of households were found to have access to toilets during survey period (corresponding figure as per SBMG MIS in November 2018 was 96%)</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">96.5% of people who had access to toilets used them.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">90.7% of villages which were previously declared and verified as ODF were confirmed to be ODF. Remaining villages also had sanitation coverage of about 93%</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">95.4% of villages surveyed found to have minimal litter and minimal stagnant water.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Since its launch in October 2014, Swachh Bharat Mission, the world&rsquo;s largest sanitation program, has changed behaviour of hundreds of millions of people with respect to toilet access and usage. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Around 500 million people have stopped defecating in open since its launch, down from 550 million at its beginning to less than 50 million at present. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Over 9 crore toilets have been built across rural India under it. Over 5.5 lakh villages and 615 districts have been declared ODF, along with 30 ODF States/UTs.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => '2019 Global Passport Index: India ranks 67th',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Indian Passport was ranked 67th in the 2019 Global Passport Power Rank released by Canada based global financial advisory firm Arton Capital. India rank has&nbsp;moved up by one spot as compared to 68th rank in <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-15518738574544850091607">2018 edition</gwmw>. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">UAE&rsquo;s passport was ranked number 1 on index</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> followed by Germany (rank 2), and US, France, Denmark, Sweden, Luxembourg, Finland, Italy, Singapore, Netherlands, Spain, Norway and South Korea were jointly ranked third</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Key Facts</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India provides visa-free access to 25 countries, visa on arrival to 39 countries and for 134 countries, visa requirement is compulsory. In this index, Indian passport has steadily strengthened in <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-15518738606622378669585">period</gwmw> of 5 years from rank 77 in 2015 to 67 in 2019. &nbsp;</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Reasons for India&rsquo;s improvement</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India&rsquo;s passport continues to strengthen its rank on global index as more and more nations around <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-15518738623499878153219">globe</gwmw> are offering visa-free entry and visa on arrivals to Indians.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">More and more countries are opening up to Indian tourists in recognition <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-3 gr-progress" id="gwmw-15518738632139527203660">to</gwmw> their increasing spending power and their ability to return home.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Besides, Central Government has also opened up foreign tourists over the last five years and now gives <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-2" id="gwmw-15518738643322420156139">e</gwmw>-tourist visa facilities <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-15518738643323693693437">to</gwmw> 166 countries, up from 46 nations in 2014</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India&#39;s e-visa regime has made the process more tourist-friendly and will double foreign tourist arrival figures by 2021.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Global Passport Power Rank/Index</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is released annually by <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-15518738664488830643093">Canada</gwmw> based global financial advisory firm Arton Capital. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It ranks passport of almost 199 countries in the world based on their Visa-Free Scores and their ranking according to UNDP human development index.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">The rank of national passports is mainly based factors such cross-border access they bring, assigning visa-free score according to <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-15518738698306016315503">number</gwmw> of countries passport holder can visit visa-free or with visa on arrival. It has become most popular interactive online tool to display, sort and rank world&rsquo;s passports. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Note:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> Global Passport Power Rank is different from Henley Passport <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-15518738718270441632962">Index which</gwmw> ranks countries on data provided by International Air Transport Authority (IATA) and aims to cover 199 passports and 227 travel destinations across the world. India had ranked 79th on their list with jump of three points as it ranked 81 on the list in 2018. </span></span></span></p>
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		'title' => 'Women greatly outnumbered by men in political power: IPU ',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">According to statistics from Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), women are totally outnumbered by men in politics, accounting for less than 7% of world&#39;s leaders and only 24% of lawmakers.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Findings of IPU Statics </span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">The percentage of female elected heads of state dropped from 7.25 to 6.6</span>%, i.e.<span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> 10 out of 153 from 2017 to 2018. </span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">The percentage of female heads of government dropped from 5.7% to 5.2%, i.e. 10 out of 193 in the same period.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">In parliaments, the global share of women had increased by nearly one percentage point to 24.3</span>%<span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> from 2017 to 2018.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Women parliamentary speakers&rsquo; share across the world also increased by 0.6 percentage points to 19.7</span>%. Besides, s<span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">hare of women deputy speakers aslo increased by 1.6 percentage points to 28.2%.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Countries with no women ministers has decreased from 13 in 2017 to 11 in 2018. These 11 countries are Belize, Brunei Darussalam, Azerbaijan, Kiribati, Iraq, Lithuania, Saint Vincent, Papua New Guinea, Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand and Vanuatu.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Moreover, there is also shift in types of portfolios held by women ministers. More women are now in charge of portfolios traditionally occupied by men.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">52.9% more women across the world held Finance minister&rsquo;s portfolio, 30% more women held Defence portfolio and 13.6% more women held Foreign Affair in 2018.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Nine countries have 50% or more women in ministerial positions (up from six in 2017). They are Spain, Nicaragua, Sweden, Albania, Colombia, Costa Rica, Rwanda, Canada and France.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is global inter-parliamentary institution. It is first permanent forum for political multilateral negotiations.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It was established in 1889 by Fr&eacute;d&eacute;ric Passy (France) and William Randal Cremer (United Kingdom). It is headquartered Geneva, Switzerland.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">National parliaments of 178 countries are its members and 12 regional parliamentary assemblies are associate members.</span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It has permanent observer status at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 465,
		'title' => 'Vienna ranked best city to live for 10th time: Mercer Survey',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">According to Mercer&rsquo;s 21st annual Quality of Living survey 2019, capital of Austria- Vienna has topped the ranking among 231 cities for 10th consecutive year. Seven Indian cities have featured in this list. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Quality of Living survey 2019</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Top 10 Cities:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> Vienna (Austria), Zurich (Switzerland), Vancouver (Canada), Munich (Germany), Auckland (New Zealand), Dusseldorf (Germany), Frankfurt (Germany), Copenhagan (Denmark), Geneva (Switzerland) and Basel (Switzerland).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Bottom cities:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> Baghdad ranked last, followed by Bangui (Central African Republic), Sanaa (Yemen&rsquo;s capital), Caracas (Venezuela&rsquo;s capital).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Indian Cities in list: </span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Pune (143), Hyderabad (143), Bengaluru (149), Chennai (151), Mumbai (154), Kolkata (160) and New Delhi (162).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Safest countries:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> Luxembourg was ranked safest city in the world. In 105th place, Chennai ranks was safest city Asia-Pacific region and Pakistan&rsquo;s Karachi (226) is the least safe.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Mercer&rsquo;s Quality of Living survey</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is conducted annually to rank 231 cities across the world by New York based global human resources consulting firm Mercer.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It aims to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It ranks cities based on factors such as socio-cultural environment, school and education, medical and health considerations, recreation, housing, economic environment, consumers goods availability, public services and transport, political and social environment and natural environment.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It also identifies those cities with highest personal safety ranking based which analyzes cities internal stability, crime levels, limitations on personal freedom, law enforcement, relationships with other countries and freedom of the press.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'India ranks 140th in World Happiness Report 2019',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India was ranked 140th among 156 countries World Happiness Report 2019 released by United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. India was rank has 133rd in 2018 report and has dropped by 23 positions since 2015.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">World Happiness Report</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is released very year by United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It ranks 156 countries on how happy their citizens perceive themselves to be. Rank of countries depend of score ranging from 0 (least happy) to 10 (most happy).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It ranks countries on six key variables that support well-being: <em>income, trust, freedom, healthy life expectancy, social support and generosity.</em></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It offers governments and individuals across the world opportunity to rethink public policies and individual life choices, to raise happiness and well-being.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Findings of 2019 Report</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Top 10 Countries:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> Finland (Rank: 1st, Score: 7.769), Denmark (2nd, 7.600), Norway (3rd, 7.554), Iceland (4th, 7.494), Netherlands (5th, 7.488), Switzerland (6th,7.480), Sweden (7th,7.343), New Zealand (8th, 7.307), Canada (9th, 7.278) and Austria (10th, 7.246).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Bottom 10: </span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">South Sudan (156, 2.853), Central African Republic (155, 3.083), Afghanistan (154, 3.203), Tanzania (153, 3.231), Rwanda (152, 3.334), Yemen (151, 3.380), Malawi (150, 3.410), Syria (149, 3.462), Botswana (148, 3.488), Haiti (147, 3.597)</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">BRICS:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> Brazil (32nd, 6.300), Russia (68th, 5.648), China (93rd, 5.191), South Africa (106, 4.722).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India&rsquo;s neighbours: </span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Pakistan (67, 5.653), Bhutan (95, 5.082), Nepal (100, 4.913), Bangladesh (125, 4.456), Sri Lanka (130, 4.366)</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Global Happiness Scenario:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> There has been increase in negative emotions, including sadness, worry and anger across world and overall world happiness has fallen over past few years. None of world&rsquo;s major economic powerhouses was placed in top 10. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India related facts:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> It has witnessed sustained drop in rankings. It is visible from 111st (2013), 117th (2015), 118th (2016), 122nd (2017), 133rd (2018) and 140 in 2019 with score of 4.01 on the scale of 10.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India has featured in list of five countries that have seen largest drop in their rankings since 2005-2008 along with Yemen, Syria, Botswana and Venezuela. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India&rsquo;s per capita GDP has only increased progressively over these years, but it is not enough. It is still struggling with health, education, inequality, public services, employment.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'India ranks 76th on 2019 Global Energy Transition Index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India was ranked 76th out of 115 economies on 2019 Global Energy Transition Index (GETI) compiled by Geneva-based World Economic Forum (WEF). Overall, India has moved up two places from 78th last year GETI. India is only amongst the five economies to improve its rank since last year.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Global energy transition index </span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It ranks 115 economies on how well they are able to balance energy security and access with environmental sustainability and affordability.<strong> </strong>It considers both current state of countries&rsquo; energy system and their structural readiness to adapt to future energy needs. The &lsquo;transition readiness&rsquo; component of this index takes into account six individual indicators: capital and investment, institutions and governance, regulation and political commitment, institutions and innovative business environment, human capital and consumer participation, and energy system structure</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">2019 Global Energy Transition Index</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Top three Countries: Sweden (1), Switzerland (2nd) and Norway (3rd).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Among major economies, United Kingdom (UK) was ranked 7th, Singapore-13th, Germany-17th, Japan-18th, US-27th.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Within Asia, Malaysia is ranked highest at 31st followed by Sri Lanka-60th, Bangladesh-90th and Nepal-93rd. China was ranked at 82nd position.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Global Scenario:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> Energy systems globally have become less affordable and less environmentally sustainable than they were five years ago.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Though access to energy has improved with less than 1 billion now living without access to electricity.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Small economies have achieved higher scores on readiness, with UK being the only G7 economy in the top 10.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Biggest challenge facing attempts to future proof global energy is lack of readiness among the world&rsquo;s largest emitters. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">The 10 countries that score highest in terms of readiness account for a mere 2.6% of global annual emissions.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">The world&rsquo;s transition to secure, affordable and sustainable energy has stagnated, with little or no progress achieved in the past five years.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Across 115 economies, more people than ever before now have access to energy. However, this is offset by reduced affordability and almost no progress in making energy systems environmentally sustainable.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Fossil fuels: </span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Its share of total primary energy supply was at 81% and has been constant over the past three decades.<strong> </strong>Consumption of coal increased in 2018, after declining for three consecutive years.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Continued use of coal for power generation in Asia mainly due to increasing commodity prices and slower-than-needed improvements in energy intensity have contributed to this year&rsquo;s stagnation in performance.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Global CO2 emissions: </span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">They are expected to have increased by more than 2% in 2018, the highest since 2014.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India related Facts: </span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India is the second best in this block of emerging economies, with Brazil being the best at 46th place globally<strong>. &nbsp;</strong></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is amongst countries with high pollution levels and has relatively high CO2 intensity in its energy system.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Despite this, India has made significant strides to improve energy access in recent years, and currently scores well in area of regulation and political commitment towards energy transition.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India has scored low in terms of system performance, but ranks considerably higher when it comes to readiness. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'id' => (int) 731,
		'title' => 'India’s population growth rate outpaced China: UN report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">According to United Nations Population Fund&rsquo;s (UNFP) State of World Population 2019 report, India&rsquo;s population growth rate outpaced China in past nine years. India&rsquo;s population grew at average of 1.2% annually between 2010 and 2019. It is more than double annual growth rate of China&rsquo;s population, which grew by 0.5% annually between 2010 and 2019.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Highlights of report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India&rsquo;s population in 2019, stood at 1.36 billion, growing from 942.2 million in 1994 and 541.5 million in 1969.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">China&rsquo;s population, on other hand, stood at 1.42 billion in 2019, growing from 1.23 billion in 1994 and 803.6 million in 1969.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India related facts:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> 27% of India&rsquo;s population is in age bracket of 0-14 years and 10-24 years, while 67% of the country&rsquo;s population was in 15-64 age bracket. 5% of population is age 65 and above.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Total fertility rate (TFR) per woman in In India has declined from 5.6 in 1969 to 3.7 in 1994 and 2.3 in 2019. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India has registered improvement in life expectancy at birth from 47 years in 1969, which has grown to 60 years in 1994 and 69 years in 2019.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">There is drop in Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in India&ndash; 488 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1994 to 174 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Findings on women aged between 15-49 years</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">The report for first time has published findings on women aged between 15-49 years as part of report. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It also includes, for the first time, data on women&rsquo;s ability to make decisions over three key areas: health care, sexual intercourse with their partner and contraception use.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Its analysis has found that absence of reproductive and sexual rights has major and negative repercussions on women&rsquo;s education, income and safety. This leaves them unable to shape their own futures.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Early marriage continues to remain biggest obstacle to female empowerment and better reproductive rights.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Women and girls who left behind are typically poor, rural and less educated. Two-thirds of all maternal deaths today occur in sub-Saharan Africa.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">UNFPA</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is United Nations sexual and reproductive health agency. Its work involves improvement of reproductive health, including creation of national strategies and protocols, and birth control by providing supplies and services. It has recently been known for its worldwide campaign against child marriage, obstetric fistula and female genital mutilation. It supports programs in more than 150 countries. It was established Formation in 1969 and is headquartered in New York City, US.</span></span></span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'Women outlive men, maternal deaths concern: WHO report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">According to recently published World Health Statistics Overview 2019, women outlive men everywhere in health concerns such as life expectancy, road accidents, homicide, suicide, cardiovascular disease etc. The report was published by World Health Organisation (WHO)&nbsp;on the occasion of World Health Day (observed on 7 April).</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Report Highlights </span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Life Expectancy: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">The average life expectancy for men and women combined globally has increased by 5</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Cambria&quot;,serif">&frac12;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> years since turn of century </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">&mdash;</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> from 66.5 years in 2000 to 72 years in 2016. The healthy life expectancy (number of years lived in full health) has increased from 58.5 years in 2000, to 63.3 years in 2016.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Based on recent mortality risks boys will live, on average, 69.8 years and girls 74.2 years i.e. 4.4 years more than boys. Besides, life expectancy at age 60 years is also greater for women than men: 21.9 versus 19.0 years</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Discrepancy to differing attitudes to healthcare between men and women: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It can be seen from countries with generalised HIV epidemics, where men are less likely to takeHIV test than women and less likely to access antiretroviral therapy and more likely to die of AIDS-related illnesses than women. This same principle was also seen in tuberculosis (TB) sufferers, with male patients less likely to seek care than women.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Maternal Death major concern: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Maternal deaths contribute more than any other cause to reducing female life expectancy. The risk of maternal death is hugely different between low-income and high-income countries. One in 41 women dies from maternal cause in low-income country as compared with one in 3,300 in high-income countries.</span></span></span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'id' => (int) 761,
		'title' => 'India short of 6 lakh doctors, 2 million nurses: Study',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">According to recent study by US based Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics &amp; Policy (CDDEP), India has shortage of an estimated 600,000 doctors and 2 million nurses.&nbsp;The lack of properly trained staff in administering antibiotics is preventing patients from accessing life-saving drugs. This study was conducted to identify key access barriers to antibiotics in low, middle, and high-income countries. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Report Findings </span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">The majority of annual 5.7 million antibiotic-treatable deaths worldwide occur in low and middle-income countries, where mortality burden from treatable bacterial infections far exceeds estimated annual 700,000 deaths from antibiotic-resistant infections.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Lack of access to antibiotics is killing more people at present than does antibiotic resistance. Even after discovery of new antibiotic, regulatory hurdles and substandard health facilities delay or altogether prevent widespread market entry and drug availability.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Of 21 new antibiotics that entered markets between 1999 and 2014, less than five were registered in most sub-Saharan Africa countries. It shows that just mere existence of effective antibiotic does not mean that they are available in countries where they are most needed.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Worldwide, irrational use of antibiotics and poor antimicrobial stewardship has led to treatment failure and propagate spread of drug resistance which, in turn, further narrowed available array of effective antibiotics.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Even if antibiotics are available in markets, patients are often unable to afford them. High out-of-pocket medical costs to patient are compounded by limited government spending for health services.&nbsp; </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">In India, 65% of health expenditure is out-of-pocket, and such expenditures push some 57 million people into poverty each year. Besides, there is one government doctor for every 10,189 people in India (World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends a ratio of 1:1,000), thus there is deficit of 600,000 doctors, and nurse to patient ratio is 1:483, implying shortage of two million nurses.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'India ranks 19th in Index of Cancer Preparedness',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">India was ranked at 19 out of 28 countries in Index of Cancer Preparedness (ICP) released by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). It was released as part of the report titled &ldquo;Cancer preparedness around the world: National readiness for a global epidemic&rdquo; prepared by EIU.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Index of Cancer Preparedness (ICO)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Its objective is to allow benchmarking of national efforts and identify best practice in addressing the cancer challenge. It took 28 countries into consideration.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">It explores issue of cancer preparedness through three broad domains: (i) policy and planning; (ii) care delivery; and (iii) health systems and governance.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Under it, four essentials of cancer preparedness are: (i) <em>investment </em>i.e. appropriate spending and resources), (ii) <em>roadmap</em> for effective planning), (iii) <em>foundation </em>for functioning health systems and (iv) <em>intelligence </em>in availability and quality of cancer-related data).</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Findings on overall best practices for cancer preparedness: <strong>Top 3 countries are</strong>: Australia (1st), Netherlands (2nd) and Germany (3rd).</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Bottom three are: </span></span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Saudi Arabia (28th), Romania (27th) and Egypt (26th). These counties need largest room for improvement.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">India and ICP: Its overall rank was 19th with a score of 64.9. India ranked 17th in cancer policy and planning.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">India has relatively high score of 80.8 and it largely stems from its strong cancer research and tobacco control measures.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">India ranked first for research and third for tobacco control. It ranks 23rd for its national cancer control plan. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">India&rsquo;s healthcare system was ranked 25th in the index. In its delivery of cancer care, it was ranked 20th with a score of 61.3.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">India&rsquo;s healthcare infrastructure is the second worst among these countries. It has high standard of clinical guidelines category where it is ranked first. But it falls short on immunization, screening and early detection.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">Cancer </span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"><span style="color:black">It is generic term for large group of diseases characterized by growth of abnormal cells beyond their usual boundaries that can then invade adjoining parts of body and spread to other organs. It is world&rsquo;s second biggest killer, responsible for 9.6 million deaths in 2018&ndash;roughly i.e. one out of six across globe. It is second largest cause of mortality before the age of 70 in over half the world&rsquo;s countries.</span></span></span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'World Press Freedom Index 2019: India ranks 140th',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India was ranked 140th out of 180 countries in World Press Freedom Index 2019, released by Reporters Without Borders. In this edition of index, India&nbsp;dropped by two places as compared to 138th position in 2018 edition. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">World Press Freedom Index 2019</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Top 10 Countries are: </span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Norway (1st), Finland (2nd), Sweden (3rd), Netherlands (4th), Denmark (5th), Switzerland (6th), New Zealand (7th), Jamaica (8th), Belgium (9th) and Coasta Rica (10th).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Of the 180 countries and territories ranked by this index, 24% are classified as &lsquo;good&rsquo; or &lsquo;fairly good&rsquo; as opposed to 26% in 2018.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">India&rsquo;s neighbors:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> Bhutan (80), Maldives (98), Nepal (106), Sri Lanka (126), Pakistan (142), Bangladesh (150).</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Violence against journalists in India</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">: It was in the form of police violence, attacks by Maoists and reprisals by criminal groups and corrupt politicians.&nbsp; These incidents show the growing unsafe conditions under which journalists work, especially in local media outlets in rural areas, it claimed.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) </span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders based upon its own assessment of countries&#39; press freedom records in the previous year.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It aims to promotes and defends freedom of information and freedom of the press. It intends to reflect degree of freedom that journalists, news organisations, and netizens have in each country, and efforts made by authorities to respect this freedom.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Countries are ranked based upon various parameters including media pluralism and independence, respect for safety and freedom of journalists, and legislative, institutional and infrastructural environment in which media operate. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Note: This index only deals with press freedom and does not measure quality of journalism nor does it look at human rights violations in general.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'SEEDS releases The Face of Disasters 2019 Report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">According to &lsquo;The Face of Disasters 2019&rsquo; report released by Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society (SEEDS), the average&rdquo; rainfall figures hide extremes of floods and droughts across the country.</span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Report Higlights </span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Indian Meteorological Department has predicted &ldquo;normal&rdquo; monsoon this year, but the &ldquo;average&rdquo; rainfall figures hide extremes of floods and droughts across the country. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">During June to September monsoon of 2018, Punjab experienced &ldquo;normal&rdquo; monsoon. However, that figure masked fact that Ropar saw 71% excess rainfall and Ferozepur experienced a 74% shortage. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Similarly, eastern Uttar Pradesh saw minimal shortage of 16% lower than usual. However, Kushi Nagar received 82% less while Kannauj actually received surplus of 62%.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Other disasters are also hidden because of slow-onset of monsoon or they may be affecting ignored populations or occurring at same time as more high profile disasters. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Sustainable Environment and Ecological Development Society (SEEDS)</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is non-profit voluntary organization that aims at protecting the lives and livelihoods of people exposed to disasters. It was established in 1994. It is headquartered in New Delhi. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Functions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif"> It is involved in research activities in disaster management, environmental planning, community development and urban &amp; regional planning. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It undertakes activities on behalf of government and international development agencies. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'id' => (int) 1061,
		'title' => 'Road accidents still cause most deaths: WHO report',
		'description' => '<p>According to recently released World Health Organisation (WHO) report, road accidents are the leading cause of death among people in the 5-29 age-group worldwide. The report was released during global road safety week, observed from 6 to 12 May, 2019.</p>

<p>This year it was fifth edition of &nbsp;United Nations Global Road Safety Week. It had focused on leadership for road safety. Its campaign theme was: Save Lives - #SpeakUp.</p>

<p><strong>Key Findings of the report</strong></p>

<ul>
	<li>Road accidents are leading cause of death among people in the 5-29 age-group worldwide. More than 1.35 million lives are lost each year and 50 million sustaining injuries.</li>
	<li>Since 2008, India is world number one in road crash deaths, inspite of being signatory to Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety.</li>
	<li>As per Government data, road accidents killed close to 1,50,000 people each year in India. However, WHO claims that over 2,99,000 people are being killed in India each year.</li>
	<li>The reasons of road accidents are rapid urbanisation, poor safety, lack of enforcement, distracted, influence of drugs or alcohol, speeding and failure to wear seat-belts or helmets.</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Significance of Report</strong></p>

<p>It shows that road crashes have emerged as single biggest killer of people in the age group of 15-45, making it a major pandemic. Strong political will and leadership is need of the hour to address the issue. Existing road safety enforcement systems are outdated and needs urgent revision to meet needs of present times.</p>

<p><strong>Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety</strong></p>

<p>It was adopted at 2nd Global High-Level Conference on Road Safety hosted by Brazil and WHO in November 2015. It calls for member countries to reduce the number of road accidents and deaths to half by the year 2020. India had signed this declaration in 2015.</p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'id' => (int) 1108,
		'title' => 'STRI: India finds OECD index for services trade faulty',
		'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India has found problems with current methodology of Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) computed by OCED as biased and counter-intuitive. It shows Indian services sector as highly restrictive in areas such as FDI. </span></span></span></span></h2>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Grievances against STRI by India</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to study commissioned by Union Ministry of Commerce and Industries has found that this index has large number problems associated with it, including some significant design issues that render it impractical for use,</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">For example, it show Indian services sector as one of most restrictive, particularly in policy areas like foreign entry. It is against the current reality that FDI is one of the areas that has seen maximum liberalisation in India since 1991.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">STRI has both theoretical and empirical inconsistencies in its methodology. For example, change in regulatory measures in one policy area can lead to dramatic changes in another policy area which is not very useful for policy purposes.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">In addition, the data of STRI seems to have been generated by rather arbitrary procedures and reflects a developed country bias,</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India has approached several developing countries during recently-concluded WTO talks in New Delhi to try to build consensus around new method of measuring trade restrictiveness in services sector.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) </span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It was launched by Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2014. &nbsp;It ranks countries based on their services trade policies. In 2018 edition it has covered and ranked total of 45 economies (36 OECD and the rest non-OECD) and 22 sectors. These countries and sectors represent over 80</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> of global trade in services.</span></span></span></span></p>
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		'title' => 'GLOBAL DRUG SURVEY 2019: Indians top to reduce drugs intake',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to recent global survey of recreational drug-use has found that Indians-more than from other nationalities surveyed are seeking help to reduce their alcohol intake. They survey was titled Global Drugs Survey (GDS) 2019 and for the first time polled respondents from </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">GDS 2019 Findings for India </span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">For the first time it polled respondents from India (surveyed online October-December 2018,). It found that alcohol, tobacco and cannabis were the most common stimulants used by Indians. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Indians reported &lsquo;being drunk&rsquo; on average of 41 times in last 12 months behind UK, US, Canada, Australia and Denmark but well above the global average of 33 times. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Indians are more than from other nationalities are seeking help to reduce their alcohol intake. 51</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%of Indian respondents wanted to &lsquo;drink less&rsquo; in the following year.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">43</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> of surveyed Indians reported using cannabis but, similar to alcohol use. 51</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%of Indian said they wanted to use &lsquo;less cannabis&rsquo; in the following year; more than any other nationality.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">About 6</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% of female Indians surveyed reported seeking &lsquo;emergency medical treatment&rsquo;. The global female average was about 13%.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">None of the males in India surveyed reported seeking medical treatment, compared to the global average of 12</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Global Findings in GDS 2019</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Apart from alcohol and tobacco, the most used drugs globally were cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA (or Ecstacy), LSD (or &lsquo;acid&rsquo;), magic mushrooms, benzodiazepines, prescription opioids, ketamine, nitrous oxide. Globally approximately 14</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> (11,000) reported being taken advantage of sexually while intoxicated in their lifetime. There were no figures from India available.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Global Drug Survey (GDS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It is an independent research organisation based in London, UK. &nbsp;It runs largest global survey of recreational drug-use. It is anonymised, online survey that uses detailed questionnaire to assess trends in drug use and self-reported harms among regular drug users and early adopters of new trends. &nbsp;2019 GDS was 8th annual report published by it.</span></span></span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'Gender diversity good for businesses: UN-ILO Report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to recently released report titled &ldquo;Women in Business and Management: The business case for change&rdquo;, companies that improve gender diversity especially at the top perform better and rake in higher profits. It also noted that countries that increase women employment see better economic growth.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">About report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It was released by United Nation&rsquo;s (UN) International Labour Organization (ILO). Its findings are based on a survey of nearly 13,000 companies across 70 countries. It also had analysed data from 186 countries between 1991 and 2017,</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key findings of the report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Gender diversity is smart business strategy and companies that improve gender diversity perform better and reported higher profits hikes between 5 to 20</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Growing number of women at top has made it easier to attract and retain talent. Besides there are improvements in creativity, innovation and openness. Moreover, effective gender inclusivity enhanced their company&rsquo;s reputation.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Countries that increase women employment also see better economic growth.&nbsp; Thus, it&nbsp;is necessary to look at gender balance as bottom-line issue, not just a human resources issue.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'India has 20 health workers for 10,000 people: NSSO study',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to recent study of National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO), India has 20.6 health workers per 10,000 people. It is less than World health Organisation&rsquo;s (WHO) minimum threshold of 22.8 per 10000 people.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Findings of Study</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The numbers have increased from 19 health workers per 10000 people in 2012. This shows that India is &nbsp;moving in the right direction and size of the health workforce is steadily improving</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Distribution of health workers</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">: It is highly uneven between urban and rural areas. Rural areas with nearly 71</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">of India&#39;s population have only 36</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> of health workers. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Delhi has highest concentration of health workers followed by Kerala, Punjab, and Haryana.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Private vs Public Health Sector:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> There is also uneven distribution of health workers is seen in private and public health sector. More than 80</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> of doctors and 70</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> of nurses and midwives are employed in the private sector. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Recommendations:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> The Government policy should focus on enhancing quality of health workers and bringing professionally qualified persons into the health workforce. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">There is need for public sector and private sector collaboration to overcome the shortages in human resources for health sector.</span></span></span></span></li>
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		'title' => 'ICMR recommends complete ban on Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems',
		'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has recommended complete ban on Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes. In this regard it has released white paper on occasion of&nbsp;World No Tobacco Day (observed on May 31).</span></span></span></span></h2>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">What are ENDS?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">They are devices that heat solution to create an aerosol, which also frequently contains flavours, usually dissolved into propylene glycol and glycerin. There are various types of ENDS devices like heat-not-burn devices, vape, e-cigarettes, e-sheesha, e-nicotine flavoured hookah among others. The most commonly used is e-cigarette. These devices do not burn or use toacco leaves, but instead vaporise solution, which user then inhales (This process is called as vaping). The main constituents of vaporise solution are nicotine, flavouring agents and propylene glycol with or without glycerol.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">White paper Findings</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Use of ENDS by non-smokers can lead to regular smoking and nicotine addiction. They adversely affects cardiovascular system, impairs respiratory immune cell function and airways in way similar to cigarette smoking and is responsible for severe respiratory disease.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It also poses risk to foetal, infant and child brain development, the white paper claimed. E-cigarettes are also harmful to non-users and have adverse health impacts even when people are exposed to second-hand vapours.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Passive exposure to vapours during pregnancy can severely affect the health of both the mother and the foetus. There are reports of poisoning due to accidental swallowing by children. These devices also can cause fire and explosion.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">ENDS are advertised through various forms of media with youth beingtarget group and are being marketed as safer alternatives to conventional cigarettes or harm reduction products, in glamorous manner, so as to make them attractive under the guise of being less harmful.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Major tobacco companies have purchased or developed ENDS products, with dual commercial intent of expanding their range of tobacco products while touting their ability to offer a product that they claim reduces harm from the cigarettes.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Sale of e-cigarettes is completely banned in 25 countries, including Norway, Singapore and Brazil while market authorization is required in 17 other countries. In US, ENDS, that are marketed for therapeutic purposes are currently regulated by US-FDA and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Preventive Measures in India</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">In August 2019, Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had issued advisory to all states and UTs to stop manufacture, sale and import of ENDS. The advisory was challenged in Delhi High Court which had ruled that it to be non-binding on states and government bodies. However, some states in India including Punjab, Maharashtra, Kerala, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,Jharkhand Bihar, Uttar Pradesh,, Rajasthan and Mizoram have already banned use and sale of e-cigarettes, Vape and E-Hookah.</span></span></span></span></p>
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		'title' => 'India ranks 95th in SDG Gender Index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India was ranked at 95th among 129 countries in first edition of SDG Gender Index, a new index to measure global gender equality.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">SDG Gender Index</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It has been developed by <strong>Equal Measures 2030</strong>, a joint effort of regional and global organizations viz. African Women&rsquo;s Development and Communication Network, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women and International Women&rsquo;s Health Coalition</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Indicators:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> It takes into account of 14 out of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that cover aspects such as poverty, education, health, political representation and equality at the workplace.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Methodology:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> It ranks countries based on 14 indicators on scale of score from 100 (reflects achievement of gender equality in relation to the targets set for each indicator) to 0.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> &nbsp;SDG Gender Index comes close on the heels of the gender gap index of the World Economic Forum (India was ranked 108th in this WEF index).</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key Findings of SDG Gender Index</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Global scenario</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">World is still far from achieving gender equality as around 1.4 billion girls and women living in countries that were &ldquo;very poor&rdquo; grade in gender equality.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The global average score of 129 ranked countries which represent 95</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">of the world&rsquo;s girls and women was 65.7 out of 100 (categorized &ldquo;poor&rdquo; in the index).</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Around 2.8 billion girls and women are living in countries that get either very poor (59 and below) or having poor score (60-69) on gender equality. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Just 8</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> of world&rsquo;s population of girls and women live in countries that received &ldquo;good&rdquo; gender equality score (80-89) and no country has achieved &ldquo;excellent&rdquo; overall score of 90 or above.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Top 8 Countries are</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">:</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Denmark (Rank: 1st, Score: 89.3), Finland (2nd, 88.8), Sweden (3rd, 88.0), Norway (4th, 87.7), Netherlands (5th, 86.8), Slovenia (6th,86.5), Germany (7th, 86.2) and Canada (8th, 85.8)</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key findings for India</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India was ranked at 95th with score of 56.2 among 129 countries. India&rsquo;s highest goal scores were on health (79.9), hunger &amp; nutrition (76.2), and energy (71.8). </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Its lowest goal scores were on partnerships (18.3, in bottom 10 countries worldwide), industry, infrastructure and innovation (38.1), and climate (43.4).</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India&#39;s neighbours: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">China (score: 64.7), Sri Lanka (62.1), Bhutan (58.2), India (56.2), Myanmar (54.1), Nepal (52.6), Bangladesh (49.2) and Pakistan (48.9).</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'Swachh Bharat Mission helped reduce ground water contamination: UNICEF',
		'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Recent study conducted by United Nations Children&#39;s Fund (UNICEF) has found that &lsquo;Swachh Bharat (Grameen)&rsquo; initiative of the government has helped reduce ground water contamination. It was one of the two independent third-party studies conducted on Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) on behalf of Central Government. The other study was commissioned by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.</span></span></span></span></h2>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">About UNICEF&rsquo;s Study</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It was titled Environmental impact of the Swachh Bharat Mission on Water, Soil, and Food. It was aimed at assessing the environmental impact and communication footprint of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) respectively. Its findings were based on analysis of groundwater samples were collected and studied from ODF and non-ODF villages of Odisha, Bihar and West Bengal.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key findings of the study</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The substantial reductions in ground water contamination may potentially be attributed to the improvement in sanitation and hygiene practices.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Supportive systems such as regular monitoring and behaviour change messaging, which have all been critical aspects of Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen), also helped reduce ground water contamination.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">In terms of faecal contamination, non-ODF villages were on average 11.25 times more likely to have their groundwater sources contaminated (12.7 times more from contaminants traceable to humans alone), 1.48 times more likely to have food contaminated, 1.13 times more likely to have their soil contaminated and 2.68 times more likely to have household drinking water contaminated.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Swachh Bharat Mission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It was launched in October 2014 to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on sanitation. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Make India clean by 2019, as fitting tribute to 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Feature:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> It world&rsquo;s largest sanitation program that aimed bring behavioural change of people with respect to toilet access and usage.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Two sub-missions: &nbsp;</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), implemented in rural areas, and Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban), implemented in urban areas. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">SBM-G: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It aims to eliminate open defecation in rural areas by improving access to sanitation by ensuring use of toilets, besides their construction. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It also seeks to generate awareness to motivate communities to adopt sustainable sanitation practices, and encourage the use of appropriate technologies for sanitation.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Present Status: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">the mission is in the final stretch of its completion with 30 States/Union Territories already have been declared open defecation free (ODF). According to Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Rural sanitation coverage in the country had crossed the 99</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% mark. &nbsp;Now, it is focusing on extending momentum to the ODF-plus phase in solid and liquid waste management.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Impact:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> WHO 2018 study had estimated that Swachh Bharat Mission will save over 3 lakh lives by the time India is Open Defacation Free.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'India's population to surpass China by 2027: UN',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to recently released &lsquo;The World Population Prospects 2019&rsquo;, India is projected to surpass China as the world&rsquo;s most populous country by 2027. It was published by Population Division of United Nations (UN) Department of Economic and Social Affairs.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key findings of the report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Global population:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> It is projected to increase by another 2 billion people by 2050, from 7.7 billion in 2019 to 9.7 billion in 30 years down the line. By tend of the century (i.e. by 2100), the world population will reach peak level of about 11 billion.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> Indi&rsquo;s estimated current population is of 1.37 billion and China 1.43 billion. By 2027, India&rsquo;s population will surpass population of China. India is also expected to add 273 million people by 2050 and it will remain most populated until the end of the century.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Top 5 populous countries (Projections): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Following India-China re-ordering in 2027, the five largest countries is projected to remain the same until end of the century. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India will be world&rsquo;s most populous country with nearly 1.5 billion population, followed by China at (1.1 billion), Nigeria (733 million), United States (434 million), and Pakistan (403 million).</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Declining population:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> By 2050, 55 countries will see their populations shrink by at least 1</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">. This will be mainly due to sustained low levels of fertility and high rates of emigration. China&rsquo;s population is projected to shrink by as much as 2.2</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">or 31.4 million by 2050.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Ageing:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> World&rsquo;s overall population is ageing, with age group of 65 and above growing at fast rate. By 2050, one in six people in the world will be part of this age group as compared to 1 in 11 in 2019. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 1483,
		'title' => 'SIPRI Yearbook 2019: Countries reducing nuclear-warheads but modernising arsenals',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to 2019 Yearbook of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), worldwide total of nuclear warheads has decreased since 2018 but countries are modernising their nuclear arsenals. The report separately counts deployed warheads (warheads placed on missiles or located on bases with operational forces) and other warheads (stored or reserve warheads and retired warheads awaiting dismantlement).</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key Findings of report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">9 nuclear-armed countries (including India) had total of some 13,865 nuclear weapons at start of 2019, 600 nuclear weapons less from 14,465 at the start of 2018 (It does not includes figures for North Korea on account of uncertainty). India has total 130-140 warhead&rdquo; in 2019, same as in 2018.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Of these total 13,865 nuclear weapons, 3,750 are deployed with operational forces and nearly 2,000 of these are kept in state of high operational alert</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Pakistan, Israel and North Korea&mdash;possessed approximately 13 865 nuclear weapons. This marked a decrease from the approximately 14 465 nuclear weapons at the beginning of 2018.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Decrease in the overall number of nuclear weapons in the world</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">: It is mainly attributed to US and Russia (together accounting for over 90</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">&nbsp;of all nuclear weapons) for reducing arsenals in pursuance of implementating 2010 New START, the treaty which is set to expire in 2021.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Modernisation:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> However, both Russia and US have extensive and expensive programmes under way to replace and modernize their nuclear warheads, missile and aircraft delivery systems and nuclear weapon production facilities.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><img alt="" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/feca/oi8xw737ru4j73q6g.jpg" /></span></span></span></span></p>
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		'title' => 'QS World Rankings: IIT-Bombay best-ranked Indian institute',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IIT-Bombay) was ranked number one in list of Indian universities releseased as part of QS World University Rankings 2020. Globally it was ranked 152nd position. This for third consective time IIT-Bombay has been securing top position among all Indian institutes for and overall it has improved its glaobal rank by 10 moving up places from 2018 ranking.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">QS World University Rankings</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It is published annually by global higher education consultancy Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). It was launched in 2004. It is one of the two most sought after rankings for educational institutes globally.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It ranks the world&rsquo;s top 1,000 universities. It also gives subject rankings in 48 different subjects and five composite faculty areas of the universities, as well as for graduate employability and various other aspects.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key Higlights of 2020 QS rankings</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">US based Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was placed on top of the global list for the eighth consecutive year.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">23 Indian universities are in world top 1,000. There were 24 in last year&rsquo;s rankings. Out of the 23, nine Indian instituetes are in the top 500, including seven IITs.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">IIT Bombay was placed at number one in the list of Indian universities for the second consecutive year. It was globally ranked at 152.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">IISc has scored world&rsquo;s second best score on research impact, but dropped in overall ranking. It is first Indian institution to see its research cited more than 100,000 times in five-year period.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Manipal Academy of Higher Education was top private university in the country in the list, which falls within the 701-750 ranking band,</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Amity University and University of Hyderabad have dropped out from India in this edition of rankings, while O P Jindal Global University is a new entrant.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><img alt="" src="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f5aa/76n5a15egpseg6n6g.jpg&amp;sa=D&amp;source=hangouts&amp;ust=1561183221233000&amp;usg=AFQjCNH-IDgJ3pf5zT0DUOsV32dlyM3E2Q" /></span></span></span></span></p>
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		'title' => '31.4% of Indian children will be stunted by 2022: Report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to rencent analysis of India&rsquo;s food and nutrition security, almost one in three Indian children will still be stunted by 2022. The report was prepared by United Nations (UN) World Food Programme in collaboration with Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. It is baseline analysis of Inida&rsquo;s progress in achieving the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) to end hunger,</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key findings of the report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Over the last decade, child stunting measure of chronic malnutrition &mdash; has reduced at a rate of about 1% per year, the slowest decline among emerging economies.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">At this rate, 31.4% of children will still be stunted by the 2022 deadline. India must double its rate of progress to reach target of 25% by that time.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Foodgrain yields have risen 33% over last two decades, but are still only half of 2030 target yields. However, average per capita consumption of energy among poorest 30% of the population is 1811 kilo calories, much lower than the norm of 2155 kilo calories per day.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">In States like Bihar (48%) and Uttar Pradesh (46%), almost one in two children are stunted, while it is only one in five children in Kerala and Goa (20% each).</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">There are high rates of stunting among children in e poorest wealth quintile (51.4%), Scheduled Tribes (43.6%) and Scheduled Castes (42.5%), and children born to mothers with no education (51%).</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => '2nd edition of NITI Aayog’s Healthy States, Progressive India report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">NITI Aayog released the second edition of &ldquo;Healthy States, Progressive India&rdquo; report. It focuses on measuring overall performance and incremental improvement over a two-year period &mdash; 2016-17 and 2017-18 &mdash; in the states and UTs.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">About Healthy States Progressive India Report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It has been developed by NITI Aayog, with technical assistance from the World Bank, and in consultation with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW).</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It ranks States/UTs on their overall performance, as well as their year-on-year incremental change in health outcomes over a two year period (2016-17 and 2017-18) in the States and UTs.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Methodology: It takes into account comprehensive look at health in terms of <strong>health outcomes in several health indicators,</strong> <strong>governance </strong>and <strong>impact of policy decisions</strong>. These three domain serve&nbsp; as weighted composite Index.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Categorisation of states:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"> The ranking is categorized as Larger States, Smaller States and Union Territories (UTs) to ensure comparison among similar entities. States are further categorized into four groups based on incremental performance: not improved (&lt;=0 incremental change); least improved (0.01 to 2 points increase); moderately improved (2.01 to 4 points), and most improved (&gt;4 points increase).</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Findings of Report (2nd Edition)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Among Larger States: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Kerala ranked first followed by Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra in terms of overall performance. Fourth, fifth and sixth spots were occupied by Gujarat, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh respectively. Uttar Pradesh was ranked last.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Haryana, Rajasthan and Jharkhand are top three ranking States in terms of annual incremental performance.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Among Smaller States: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Mizoram ranked first followed by Manipur in terms overall performance. Tripura followed by Manipur were raked top States in terms of annual incremental performance.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Among UTs: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Chandigarh was first followed by Dadra and Nagar Haveli in terms of overall performance. Dadra and Nagar Haveli was ranked top followed Chandigarh in terms of annual incremental performance.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'UNODC releases World Drug Report 2019',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) released its latest World Drug Report on the occasion of International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking (observed on 26 June).</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key highlights of report:</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Globally, around 35 million people are estimated to suffer from drug use disorders and who require treatment services. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">In 2017, an estimated 271 million people, or 5.5</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">of the global population aged 15-64, had used drugs in the previous year.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The most widely used drug globally continues to be cannabis, with estimated 188 million people having used the drug in 2017.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Opioids are responsible for two thirds of 585,000 people who died as result of drug use in 2017. Globally, 11 million people injected drugs in 2017, of whom 1.4 million live with HIV and 5.6 million with hepatitis C. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Estimated global illicit manufacture of cocaine reached all-time high of 1,976 tons in 2017, an increase of 25</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">on the previous year. At the same time, global quantity of cocaine seized in 2017 rose by 13</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">to 1,275 tons, the largest quantity ever reported.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Most of the world&#39;s opioids are produced in Afghanistan (263,000 hectares of poppy seed production) with Myanmar (37,300 hectares) coming in as the second largest producer.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Prevention and treatment continue to fall short with only one in seven people with drug use disorders receiving treatment each year.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">About United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It is global leader in fight against illicit drugs and international crime. It operates in all regions of world through an extensive network of field offices.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It was established in 1997 by merging of UN Drug Control Programme and Centre for International Crime Prevention. It is headquartered in Vienna, Austria.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It is mandated to assist member states in their struggle against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism. It relies on voluntary contributions, mainly from Governments, for 90% of its budget.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Three pillars of UNODC work programme</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Conduct field-based technical cooperation projects for capacity building of member states to counteract illicit drugs, crime and terrorism.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Conduct research and analytical work to increase knowledge and understanding of drugs and crime issues and expand evidence base for policy and operational decisions.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Assist states in ratification and implementation of relevant international treaties, the development of domestic legislation on drugs, crime and terrorism etc.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'Global warming to cause loss of 80 million jobs by 2030: ILO Report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to recent report, growing heat stress on workers in agriculture and other sectors due to climate change will cause productivity loss equal to 80 million full-time jobs over the next decade. The report is titled<em><strong> &ldquo;Working on a warmer planet: The impact of heat stress on labour productivity&rdquo;</strong></em> and was released by International Labour Organization (ILO).</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Report Highlights</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">By 2030, 2.2</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">of total working hours worldwide will be lost because of higher temperatures. This represents an economic losses totaling 1.4% of global gross domestic product, or $2.4 trillion.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The percentage is expected to be more than double that in hardest-hit regions, western Africa and southern Asia.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Its projections are based on global temperature rise of 1.5 degree Celsius by end of 21<sup>st</sup> century, and labour force trends. Heat stress is defined as generally above 35 degrees Celsius, in places with high humidity. </span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Effects on India: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India will be the most affected country, because of its large population. India is projected to lose 5.8</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">of working hours in 2030 due to global warming, particularly impacting agriculture and construction sectors. In absolute terms, it will account for 34 million jobs in 2030 due to global warming.</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">These working hours will be lost because it will be too hot to work or because workers work at a slower pace.</span></span></span></span></li>
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		'title' => '27% of children with disabilities never attended school: UNESCO report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">According to recently released report titled &ldquo;State of the Education Report for India-2019: Children with Disabilities&rdquo;, 27% of children with disabilities (CwDs) have never been to school in India. The report was prepared by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS).</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Key findings of report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

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	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Citing 2011 census data it was found that there are more than 78 lakh CwDs in the country between age of 5 to 19 years.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Only 61% of them were attending an educational institution, about 12% had dropped out, and 27% had never been to school at all.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Around 75% of five-year-olds with disabilities are not in school. There are fewer girls with disabilities in school than boys. But the differences remain among various types of disabilities.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Only 20% of children with visual and hearing impairments had never been in school. However, among children with multiple disabilities or mental illness, that figure rose to more than 50%.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It recommends amending Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 to make it align with Right of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'Henley Passport Index 2019: India ranks 86',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">India&rsquo;s passport was ranked at 86th of the total 199 passports in Henley Passport Index (HPI) 2019 with mobility score of 58. India&rsquo;s rank has improved from earlier 79th position in January 2019 HPI. India shared 86th position in July 2019 HPI with Mauritiana and Sao Tome and Principe. India&rsquo;s score in July 2019 HPI points out that Indian passport holders can access (visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel) 58 countries around the world without prior visa. </span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">About Henley Passport Index (HPI) </span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">It is global ranking of countries according to the travel freedom for their citizens. It was started in 2006 as Henley &amp; Partners Visa Restrictions Index (HVRI). It was modified and renamed to its present form in January 2018. It ranks passports based on number of countries holder can go to without visa or number of countries holder can go to where they can obtain visa, visitor&rsquo;s permit, or electronic travel authority upon arrival. It shows that countries around world increasingly view visa openness as crucial to economic and social progress. It covers 199 passports and 227 travel destinations and is based on data provided by International Air Transport Authority (IATA).</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Top powerful passports of the world</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">1. Japan, Singapore: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Both countries have the world&rsquo;s most powerful passports. Both have secured top position out of 199 countries. Their passports have visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel to 189 places.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">2. Finland, Germany, South Korea: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Citizens of all three countries have access to 187 destinations around the world without a prior visa.</span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">3. Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg: </span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">4. France, Spain, Sweden</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">5. Austria, Netherlands, Portugal, Switzerland</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">6. Belgium, Norway, Greece, Canada, Ireland, United Kingdom, United States</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Global performance in July 2019 HPI</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Asian countries dominate rankings with Japan and Singapore jointly holding top spot.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">With few exceptions, countries around the world increasingly view visa openness as crucial to economic and social progress.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Afghanistan at 109th position was ranked last on July 2019 HPI list with visa-free/visa-on-arrival score of just 25.</span></span></span></span></li>
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		'id' => (int) 1872,
		'title' => '33% of India’s skilled youth jobless- Official Survey',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The PLFS data from official survey has pointed out that 33% of Indian youth population (15-29 years) who received formal technical training were not part of labor force or seeking any employment opportunities. This also involves substantial share of women force.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Background</span></span></strong></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">After the launch of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), the government&rsquo;s skill imparting flagship scheme, there was widespread belief of &nbsp;improving employment rate.</span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The government appointed committee led by Sharda Prasad found the targets too ambitious and funds spent were not subject to adequate monitoring leading to stagnant employment rates.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Highlights of report</span></span></strong></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Three fifth young skilled young women out of labour force.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The unemployment rate among freshly trained youth, who completed training during the previous year, was even higher at 40%</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The bulk of the training received by younger population were in the fields of IT, electronics, mechanical sectors.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">80% trainees in the field of agriculture and food processing, telecom, media and mass communication were men whereas the fields of beauty and wellness, apparel, handicrafts, hospitality and healthcare were dominated by women.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Reasons for unemployment rates</span></span></strong></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">One of the reason why such a large section of &lsquo;skilled&rsquo; workers were out of labor force</span></span></span></span>&nbsp;<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Could be difficulty in finding jobs.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">The education profile doe not suit employment profile. The educational standards are not upto the mark.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Lack of practical approach in educational standards.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">How can issue be addressed?</span></span></strong></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Education for students, especially technical has to be in sync with industrial requirements.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Periodic review of syllabus in order to keep them updated to latest ones based on demand.</span></span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Outcome based education that is guided by fixed framework instead of independently created syllabus.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 1976,
		'title' => 'Henley passport index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">The latest Henley Passport Index ranks India at 86, down five places from 81 in 2018.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Prepared by Henley and Partners, a London-based global citizenship and residence advisory firm, the Henley Passport Index claims to be the most accurate passport index. </span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">The index gathers data from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) that manages inter-airline cooperation globally.</span></span></span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Henley Index</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">The index receives data from the IATA on a fixed day every year that forms the basis of the index. This data is supplemented by considering real-time changes in visa policies using publicly available sources to prepare a visa list.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">This is a list of destinations that a passport can access visa-free, through a visa on arrival, e-visa or with a traditional visa.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Details</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Each passport is attributed with a score and a rank. For instance for 2019, India&rsquo;s score is 58 and it ranks 86 in the list. Japan and Singapore, on the other hand, are ranked 1 and have a score of 189.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">The score is the sum of the number of countries accessible by that passport holder without requiring pre-departure government approval for visa-types including a visitor&rsquo;s permit, visa on arrival or an electronic travel authority.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">A value of 0 is attributed to a score when a passport holder has to seek pre-departure government approval for visa-types including e-visa (visas applied for online and received) and visa on arrival.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;">Importance of Index</span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Passport rankings point towards the strength of diplomatic relations between countries.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Recently travel freedom has expanded vastly as a result of the rising number of bilateral visa-waiver programs signed between different countries and unilateral decisions implemented by governments of some countries.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">Other Passport Indices</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">The Henley Passport Index is not the only index available on passport rankings. Others include the <strong>Arton Passport Index.</strong> It ranks United Arab Emirates&rsquo; passport at rank 1 as per its most recent rankings.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;"><span style="color:black">As per this index, India has a mobility score (MS) of 67, with visa required for 131 destinations, visa on arrival required for 41 destinations and 26 destinations where Indian passport holders can travel visa free.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'Iodised salt coverage Survey',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tamil Nadu<strong>&nbsp;</strong>has the lowest consumption of iodised salt despite being the third biggest producer of salt in the country, according to a first-of-its-kind national survey to measure the coverage of iodised salt.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey was conducted by Nutrition International in collaboration with the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and the Indian Coalition for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey tested the iodine content in samples of cooking salt from households to estimate the coverage of iodised salt.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study shows that 76.3% of Indian households consumed adequately iodised salt, which is salt with at least 15 parts per million of iodine.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The five worst performers were Tamil Nadu (61.9%), Andhra Pradesh (63.9%), Rajasthan (65.5%), Odisha (65.8%) and Jharkhand (68.8%).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gujarat produces 71% of salt in the country, followed by Rajasthan at 17% and Tamil Nadu at 11%. The rest of the country accounts for a mere 1% of salt produced.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The northeastern States are doing very well with respect to iodised salt consumption at the household level because of the distance they have from the three salt producing centres&nbsp;.This salt is strictly monitored by the Salt Commissioner&rsquo;s office to &nbsp;if it is inadequately iodised,&nbsp;and then allowed for sale.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rajastathan, being the second biggest salt producing state, features in the top-5 worst performing states.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Extra reading</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India made fortification of salt with iodine mandatory for direct human consumption in 1992. This was relaxed in 2000 and then reimposed in 2005.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The key recommendation of the study is to sustain the momentum so that iodine coverage does not fall below current levels.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Iodine Importance</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Iodine is a vital micro-nutrient for optimal mental and physical development of human beings.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Deficiency of iodine can result in a range of disabilities and disorders such as goitre, hypothyroidism, cretinism, abortion, still births, mental retardation and psychomotor defects.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Children born in iodine deficient areas may have up to 13.5 IQ points less than those born in iodine sufficient areas.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A fact sheet released by the World Health Organization shows that&nbsp;close to 8 lakh people die due to suicide every year. This means, suicides account for one death every 40 seconds.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Suicide is a global phenomenon and occurs throughout the lifespan. Effective and evidence-based interventions can be implemented at population, sub-population and individual levels to prevent suicide and suicide attempts.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Report has also observed that behind every successful suicide, there are more than 20 attempts at taking one&rsquo;s life.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Against a global average of 10.53 deaths due to suicide (per 100,000 population) Europe tends to register the maximum deaths due to suicide while Eastern Mediterranean reports the lowest average.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report also shows country-specific rates of a wide variety of countries both in terms of geography and resource allocation as well as in terms of economic prosperity.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report also said that while suicide was the second leading cause of death among 15- to 29-year-olds.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the link between suicide and mental disorders, like depression is well established, WHO finds that many suicides happen during a crisis and because of an individual&rsquo;s inability to deal with stress</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In methods of suicides , almost 20 per cent of all suicides are due to pesticide self-poisoning.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;The use of pesticide points to the setting where such suicides happen which is rural agricultural areas in low- and middle-income countries. Other common methods are hanging and firearms.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'India top source for immigrants',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has emerged as the leading country of origin for immigrants across the world, according to a dataset released by the Union Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs in New York.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Migrant Stock 2019 was released by the UN DESA&#39;s Population Division. It has said that the number of international migrants in the world had reached an estimated 272 million in 2019.The percentage of international migrants of the total global population has increased to 3.5% from 2.8% in 2000.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UN DESA Population has said that one-third of all international migrants originated from 10 countries and after India, Mexico ranked second as the country of origin for 12 million migrants, followed by China (11 million), Russia (10 million) and Syria (8 million).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The European region hosted the highest number of the immigrants at 82 million in 2019, followed by North America (59 million) and Northern Africa and Western Asia (49 million).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;Among countries, the U.S. hosts the highest number of international migrants (51 million), about 19% of the global population.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Forced displacements continue to rise, with the number of refugees and asylum seekers increased by about 13 million from 2010 to 2017.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of migrants living in India saw a slight decline from 5.24 million in 2015 to an estimated 5.15 million in 2019 about 0.4% of the total population of the country.Bangladesh was the leading country of origin for migrants in India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2393,
		'title' => 'Maternal Mortality Ratio drop',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has reduced considerably in certain districts of Tamil Nadu in the last two to three years according to government sources.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&#39;s maternal mortality rate&nbsp;reduced from 212&nbsp;deaths&nbsp;per 100,000 live births in 2007 to 167&nbsp;deaths&nbsp;in 2013. This showed a great improvement from the previous survey, in line with the SDG.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The maternal mortality ratio is a key performance indicator for efforts to improve the health and safety of mothers before, during, and after childbirth per country worldwide.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) in India dropped from 488 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1994 to 174 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for maternal mortality</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after&nbsp;childbirth)</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Infections (usually after&nbsp;childbirth)</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">High&nbsp;blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia)</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Complications from delivery.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unsafe abortion</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for maternal mortality</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Poverty</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Distance to facilities</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lack of information</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inadequate and poor quality services</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cultural&nbsp;beliefs and practices</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reducing Maternal deaths</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Countries have united behind a target to accelerate the decline of maternal mortality by 2030. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SDG 3(sustainable Development Goal)&nbsp; includes an ambitious target: reducing the global MMR to less than 70 per 100&nbsp;000 births, with no country having a maternal mortality rate of more than twice the global average.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'Delhi tap water fails BIS test',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tap water samples from 11 different locations in the national capital failed to meet quality norms in preliminary tests of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BIS had received the samples for testing after consumer affairs minister Ram Vilas Paswan earlier this week claimed that Delhi&rsquo;s tap water is unfit for drinking.</span></span><br />
&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details </strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All the samples failed on 24 parameters which included TDS count, ph value and odour, among other norms.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Currently only the packaged drinking water is expected to meet BIS standards. BIS standard for tap water is voluntary for public agencies which supply and distribute water.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The current BIS standards formed in 2012 is alleged to be not par with international standards.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>BIS standards for drinking water</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards with the following objectives -</span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To assess the quality of water resources.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To check the effectiveness of water treatment and supply by the concerned authorities.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The various parameters covered include colour, odour, pH, total dissolved solids, hardness, alkalinity, elemental compounds such as iron, manganese, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride, arsenic, chromium, copper, cyanide, lead, mercury, zinc and coli form bacteria.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bureau of Indian Standards</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;Bureau of Indian Standards&nbsp;(BIS) is the national Standards Body of India working under the aegis of&nbsp;Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food &amp; Public Distribution,&nbsp;Government of India.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;It is established by the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 which came into effect on 23 December 1986.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Functions</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Standard formulation and promotion</strong></span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the major functions of the Bureau is the formulation, recognition and promotion of the Indian Standards.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;These cover important segments of economy, which help the industry in upgrading the quality of their products and services.</span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Product Certification</strong></span></span></p>

	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li>
		<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>For Indian manufacturers</strong></span></span></p>
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Product Certifications are to be obtained voluntarily.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For, some of the products like Milk powder, Drinking Water, LPG Cylinders, etc., certification is mandatory as these products are concerned with health and safety.</span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="list-style-type:none">
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li>
		<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>For foreign manufacturers</strong></span></span></p>
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Foreign manufacturers of products who intend to export to India also may obtain a BIS product certification license.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;For some products various Indian government ministries/departments/agencies makes its compulsory to have BIS certification</span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="list-style-type:none">
	<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
		<li>
		<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>For Indian importers</strong></span></span></p>
		</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian importers who intend to get Certification Mark may apply for the license.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2487,
		'title' => 'Abuse of women during childbirth',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new report says more than one-third of women in four low-income countries in Africa and Asia were abused during childbirth in health centres during treatment.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new study led by the World Health Organization followed more than 2,000 women during labour and interviewed more than 2,600 women after childbirth. The report has been prepared based on their feedback.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study published in The Lancet medical journal says women in Nigeria, Myanmar, Ghana and Guinea also experienced high rates of cesarean sections and surgical cuts to the vagina, or episiotomies, without their consent&nbsp; and often without a painkiller.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mistreatment during childbirth can amount to a violation of&nbsp;human rights<strong>,&nbsp;</strong>and could be a powerful disincentive from seeking facility-based maternity care.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some 42% reported physical or verbal abuse or discrimination during childbirth which included punching, shouted at, scolded or forcibly held down. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Younger, less-educated women are at risk of such mistreatment which also includes neglect by health workers or the use of force during procedures.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previous reports have documented physical abuse of women in eastern Europe, particularly those of Roma descent, including instances where women are forcibly separated from their newborns for several days.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Abusive practices during maternal care have also been widely reported across Latin America, where Venezuela became the first country to legislate against specific unethical practices.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study suggested allowing women to have a companion of their choice present during childbirth, improving the informed consent process and redesigning maternity wards to improve privacy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>WHO</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The World Health Organization(WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2528,
		'title' => 'Education for mother can lead to better nutrition for children',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A pan-India study by Health and Family Welfare Ministry shows children received better diets with higher levels of schooling among their mothers.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Diet diversity, meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet are the three core indicators of nutrition deficiency among infant and young children. They play an important role in improving health indicators in the population.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNSS) studied 1.2 lakh children between 2016 and 2018 and measured food consumption, anthropometric data, micronutrients, anaemia, iron deficiency and markers of non-communicable diseases among many other factors.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The data was compared with different population characteristics such as religion, caste, place of residence and the mothers&rsquo; level of schooling to find a common link.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was found that only 11.4% of children of mothers with no schooling received adequately diverse meals, while 31.8% whose mothers finished Class XII received diverse meals.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study also highlighted that 3.9% of children whose mothers had zero schooling got minimum acceptable diets, whereas this was at 9.6% for children whose mothers finished schooling. Moreover, 7.2% of children in the former category consumed iron rich food, whereas this was at 10.3% for children in the latter category.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only 49.8% of children in the age group whose mothers did not go to school consumed dairy products, while 80.5% of children of mothers who completed their schooling did so.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Levels of stunting, wasting and low weight were higher in children whose mothers received no schooling as opposed to those who studied till Class XII.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anaemia saw a much higher prevalence of 44.1% among children up to four years old with mothers who never went to school, versus 34.6% among those who completed their schooling.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On the darker side, higher level of education among mothers meant that their children received meals less frequently, perhaps because their chances of being employed and travelling long distances to work went up.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such children were also at higher risk of diabetes and high cholesterol as more prosperity could lead to higher consumption of sugary drinks and foods high in cholesterol.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2602,
		'title' => 'TB cases decrease in India',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/1094-1074-1073/tuberculosis/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank">tuberculosis&nbsp;</a>incidence rate in India has decreased by almost 50,000 patients over the past one year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO)-2019 edition of the Global Tuberculosis (TB) Report.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the TB epidemic and progress in the response at global, regional and country levels for India.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report notes that in 2017, India had 27.4 lakh TB patients which came down to 26.9 lakh in 2018. Incidence per 1,00,000 population has decreased from 204 in 2017 to 199 in 2018.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of patients being tested for rifampicin resistance has increased from 32% in 2017 to 46% in 2018.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The treatment success rate has increased to 81% for new and relapse cases (drug sensitive) in 2017, which was 69% in 2016.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The India TB-Report 2019 notes that India is closest ever to covering all TB cases through the online notification system called <strong><em>NIKSHAY</em></strong>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tuberculosis</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tuberculosis&nbsp;(TB) is a disease caused by bacteria that are spread through the air from person to person. If not treated properly,&nbsp;TB&nbsp;disease can be fatal.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacteria that cause TB are spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most people infected with the bacteria that cause tuberculosis don&#39;t have symptoms but When they do occur, they usually include a cough (sometimes blood-tinged), weight loss, night sweats and fever.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>NIKSHAY</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nikshay is a Tuberculosis control programme, to monitor and track services and status related to screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of Tuberculosis cases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It alerts TB patient regarding medication, follow-up alerts to the patients and providers etc.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2690,
		'title' => 'TB deaths highest in Karnataka',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At 6.2%,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/144-81/karnataka/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank">Karnataka&nbsp;</a>has recorded the highest tuberculosis (TB) death rate in the country in 2018. This is higher than the national TB death rate of 4% in public sector.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TB is a notifiable disease in the country since May 2012, for which the government has set up a web-based, case-based notification network called NIKSHAY.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The success rate of treatment in the public sector is 80% is the State. Karnataka is followed by Gujarat, Puducherry, and Tripura that have recorded 6%, 5.5%, and 5.2%.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was found that &nbsp;those tested for TB in the last one year in the State, 10.3% were HIV positive patients and 70% of patients with TB have a known HIV status. This can be the reason for high rate of death.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) has expanded its collaboration with Diabetes and Tobacco Control Programmes and is being further strengthened with cross linkage of services.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tuberculosis</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tuberculosis&nbsp;(TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria that cause&nbsp;tuberculosis&nbsp;are spread from one person to another through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The most common medications used to&nbsp;treat tuberculosis&nbsp;include:</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Isoniazid.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ethambutol (Myambutol)</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pyrazinamide</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drug resistance TB</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drug-resistant TB&nbsp;is caused by&nbsp;TB&nbsp;bacteria that are&nbsp;resistant&nbsp;to at least one first-line anti-TB drug.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Multidrug-resistant TB&nbsp;(MDR&nbsp;TB) is&nbsp;resistant&nbsp;to more than one anti-TB drug&nbsp;and at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF).</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2756,
		'title' => 'Anaemia among men',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study has revealed that anaemia among men in India is an important public health problem with state-level prevalence in men varying from 9.2% in Manipur to 32.9% in Bihar.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report noted that while studies on anaemia in India have mostly focused on women and children, men have received far less attention.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anaemia in men can cause fatigue, lethargy, creates difficulty in concentrating, thereby reducing the quality of life and decreasing economic productivity.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study is aimed to determine variation in prevelance of anaemia across states by socio-demographic characteristics and whether the variations are similar to that among women.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study found that in men, the prevalence of any anaemia was 23.2%, moderate or severe anaemia was 5.1%, and severe anaemia was 0.5%. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An estimated 21.7% of men with any degree of anaemia had moderate or severe anaemia compared with 53.2% of women with any anaemia.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cases among men ranged from moderate or severe (5.1%) to severe anaemia (0.5%). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among age groups, men in the group 20-34 years had the lowest probability of having anaemia, while actual prevalence was lowest in the age group 50-54, at 7.8%. The prevalence was higher for younger age groups.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the states, the highest prevalence of any anaemia was in Bihar, with 32.9% of the men reporting it. This is followed by West Bengal (30.46%), Jharkhand (30.3%), Meghalaya (29.13%) and Odisha (28.45%).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;The lowest prevalence among men was in Manipur (9.19%), followed by Mizoram (9.78%), Nagaland (10.23%), Goa (10.68%) and Kerala (11.77%).</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Anaemia</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The World Health Organization defines anaemia as a condition in which the number of red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiological needs.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Factors such as consuming smokeless tobacco, being underweight, level of urbanisation and household wealth are associated with a higher probability of developing the disease.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2758,
		'title' => 'Business confidence index falls to lowest in 6 years',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Business confidence of India declined to its lowest in six years in August-October, according to the latest survey released by Delhi-based think tank National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian businesses have been battling demand slowdown and liquidity crunch, which resulted in economic growth rate cooling to a&nbsp;six-year-low of 5%&nbsp;in the June quarter, while private consumption expenditure was at an 18-quarter-low of 3.1%.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the quarterly survey, the Business Confidence Index (BCI) dipped to 103.1, falling 15.3% from the quarter ended July. The BCI was at 100.4 in October 2013.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The BCI survey asks four questions with equal weight to the answers such as the overall economic conditions will be better in the next six months, the financial position of firms will improve in the next six months, the present investment climate is positive and the present capacity utilisation is close to or above optimal.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fall in the BCI in October 2019 was driven by deterioration in sentiment across all four components.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Firms with annual turnover of less than&nbsp;?1 crore or micro firms was the only group that showed a slight upswing of 2% in BCI over the previous quarter.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Firms with annual turnovers of&nbsp;?10-100 crores registered the maximum fall of 20.6% in BCI followed by&nbsp;?100-500 crores and&nbsp;?1-10 crores firm groups with 17.6% and 14%, respectively.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other related survey of Political Confidence Index (PCI) released by NCAER fell 35.6% to its lowest since July 2013 after two consecutive increases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The eight components comprising PCI are &ldquo;managing overall economic growth&quot;, &ldquo;managing exchange rate&quot;, &ldquo;pushing the economic reforms forward&quot;, &ldquo;managing government finance&quot;, &ldquo;managing conducive political climate&quot;, &ldquo;external trade negotiations&quot;, &ldquo;managing unemployment&quot;, and &ldquo;managing inflation&quot;.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Business Confidence Index</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This business confidence indicator provides information on future developments, based upon opinion surveys on developments in production, orders and stocks of finished goods in the industry sector. It can be used to monitor output growth and to anticipate turning points in economic activity..</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Political Confidence Index</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The PCI measures businesses&#39; expectations from the government on managing economic growth, maintaining a conducive&nbsp;political&nbsp;environment and pushing economic reforms, among other yardsticks.</span></span></p>
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		'metatitle' => 'Business confidence index falls to lowest in 6 years',
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		'metadescription' => 'Business confidence of India declined to its lowest in six years in August-October, according to the latest survey released by Delhi-based think tank National Council',
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		'title' => 'Parliamentary panel finds cancer care inadequate in country',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parliamentary Standing Committee on Science, Technology and Environment has found out that systematic failure to address the needs of patients contributes to a 20% higher mortality among Indian cancer patients than in countries with a high Human Development Index.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The committee was constituted to examine an expanded role for the Department of Atomic Energy, through the Tata Memorial Centre (TMC), to address India&rsquo;s rising cancer burden. The committee is led by former Union Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Committee laid emphasis on the fact that mortality to incidence ratio of 0.68 in India is higher than that in very high human development index (HDI) countries (0.38) and high HDI countries (0.57).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Agency for Research on Cancer expects India&rsquo;s cancer burden to increase from an estimated incidence of 13 lakh cases in 2018 to about 17 lakh in 2035, and cancer deaths expected to rise from 8.8 lakh in 2018 to 13 lakh in 2035.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The committee discovered that the incidence of cancer is very high in all North Eastern States, as it is higher than the national average for several types of cancer, showing a consistently rising trend over the past few decades.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Two-thirds of India&#39;s cancer patients were treated in the private sector and this forced 6 crore Indians below the poverty line because of catastrophic healthcare related expenditure on cancer.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The committee &nbsp;recommended a &lsquo;Hub and Spoke Model&rsquo; proposed by the TMC (Tata Memorial Centre) to better reach out to cancer patients nationally. This approach which is already in practice in Punjab has a network of centres, or hubs, capable of treating complex forms of cancer. </span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">They would be connected to other centres (spokes) capable of treating less complex variants of cancers. The idea is to ease access and minimise travel times for patients.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2786,
		'title' => 'India home to second highest diabetic patients',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ninth edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas projections&nbsp;shows that India is home to the second highest number of diabetic patients in the world.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One in six people with&nbsp;diabetes&nbsp;in the world is from India. The numbers place the country among the top 10 countries for people with diabetes.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The estimation places India at number two with an estimated 77 million diabetics. China leads the list with over 116 million diabetics.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IDF has stressed the urgency to develop and implement multi-sectoral strategies to combat the growing epidemic.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Medical infrastructure in India needs modification as the current health delivery system is modelled for acute care rather than for chronic care.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IDF estimates that 10% of global health expenditure is being spent on diabetes.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition to people with diabetes, India also has a huge burden of pre-diabetics. If they are targeted with information on the right lifestyle options to help keep blood sugar, lipids and blood pressure under control, at least a third of people can be prevented from developing diabetes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way ahead</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India needs a more effective national diabetes prevention programme which will require cooperation from several quarters, including medical education, health awareness in schools, and urban planning.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It should also be ready to offer treatment options, at least basic care for all who are living with diabetes, and provide for the treatment of various complications that come along with it.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2797,
		'title' => 'India sees 2nd highest number of pneumonia deaths of children under five',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;India had the second-highest number of deaths of children under the age of five in 2018 due to pneumonia, according to a new report by the UN.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United Nations Children&#39;s Fund (UNICEF) said that globally, pneumonia claimed the lives of more than 800,000 children under the age of five last year. Most deaths occurred among children under the age of two, and almost 153,000 within the first month of life.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report said just five countries were responsible for more than half of child pneumonia deaths: Nigeria (162,000), India (127,000), Pakistan (58,000), the Democratic Republic of Congo (40,000) and Ethiopia (32,000).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reports also said that, pneumonia is&nbsp;responsible for 15 per cent of deaths in children under the age of five, and yet, just three per cent of global infectious disease research spending is allocated to the disease.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The strong link between child pneumonia deaths and poverty is undeniable. Around half of all pneumonia-related deaths are associated with air pollution.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lack of access to drinking water, inadequate health care, and the burden of undernutrition and indoor air pollution are major drivers of vulnerability to the disease.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UN agency said that the children whose immune systems is weakened by other infections like HIV or by malnutrition, and those living in areas with high levels of air pollution and unsafe water, are at far greater risk.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report also expressed concern that children with severe cases of pneumonia may require oxygen treatment, which is rarely available in the poorest countries to the children who need it.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The organisations are urging governments in the worst-affected countries to develop and implement pneumonia control and prevention strategies and call on richer nations and donors to boost immunisation coverage by lowering the cost of key vaccines.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pneumonia</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pneumonia&nbsp;is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. </span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause&nbsp;pneumonia</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2830,
		'title' => 'Maternity schemes reaches only one-third beneficiaries',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Programme to support lactating mothers and pregnant women by compensating them for loss of wages during their pregnancy has been able to reach less than a third of the eligible beneficiaries, according to research.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The PMMVY is targeted only at women delivering their first child. A cash amount of 6,000 is transferred to the bank account of the beneficiary in three instalments upon meeting certain conditions including early registration of pregnancy.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Almost 61% of beneficiaries registered under the <strong>Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana </strong>(PMMVY) between April 2018 and July 2019 (38.3 lakh out of the total 62.8 lakh enrolled) received the full amount of 6,000 promised under the scheme.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the scheme failed to reach at least 49% of all mothers who would have delivered their first child, the scheme was able to benefit only 31% of its intended beneficiaries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scheme brings under its ambit 23% of all births and pays full benefits to a mere 14% of all births.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study found that only 50% of pregnant women and 57% of nursing women surveyed were eligible for the scheme. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also throws light on the need for higher awareness among the pool of beneficiaries; only 66% of pregnant women and 69% of nursing women knew about the scheme.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only 8% of pregnant women and 23% of nursing mothers received some benefits.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for low beneficiaries</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several factors prevent proper implementation of the programme that aims to fight malnutrition among children. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These include an application form of about 23 pages, a slew of documents such as mother-child protection card, Aadhaar card, husband&rsquo;s Aadhaar card and bank passbook aside from linking their bank accounts with Aadhaar.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The requirement to produce the husband&rsquo;s Aadhaar card results in excluding women who may be living with men they are not married to, single mothers and those who may be staying at their natal home. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Women must also have the address of their marital home on their Aadhaar card, which often results in newly weds being either left out or forced to go from door-to-door when pregnant and needing rest and care.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey findings also highlight the need to pay greater attention to the special needs of pregnancy such as good food, extra rest and health care.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2860,
		'title' => 'New investments in FY 2020 fall to 15 year low',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The value of new investment projects in the first half of the current financial year has fallen to a 15-year low of ?1.9 lakh crore, according to care rating.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the first half of FY20, stalled projects aggregated to 29,214 crore, 66% lower than the 86,623 crore in the corresponding period last year.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The analysis showed that the overall investment climate, as denoted by new projects undertaken, did indicate a slowdown.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The analysis by economists of the rating agency revealed that there has been a sustained decline in new projects undertaken in the past five years.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The amount for such projects was pegged at ?11.9 lakh crore in FY19, the lowest in the past five years and also marks the fourth consecutive year of contraction.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The investment rate measured as the gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) as a percentage of GDP has declined consistently over the years and remained range-bound between 28% and 29% of GDP in the past 4 years. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This has been a detrimental factor for the overall economic growth of the country.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government&rsquo;s share in such investments declined from 56% in FY15 to 36% in FY19, while that of the private sector rose from 44% to 64% in the same period.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the first half of FY20, new investments by the private sector contracted by 77%, compared with a 23% growth in the first six months of the previous financial year.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">New investment projects were mainly seen in the manufacturing sector but services and electricity segments witnessed a decline in investments. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Stalled or abandoned projects declined over the last five years, though such government-owned projects increased.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Funding &nbsp;will remain a challenge for some more time until the problems confronting the banking and NBFC sectors are addressed.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2883,
		'title' => 'NSO survey on Open Defecation',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest National Statistical Office (NSO) survey on sanitation has refuted the&nbsp;claims of an open defecation-free or ODF India made by the Centre&rsquo;s flagship Swachh Bharat scheme.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On October 2, 2019,&nbsp;Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared that the whole country was ODF&nbsp;with complete access to toilets. The survey showed that about 71% of rural households had access to toilets at a time the Centre was claiming 95%.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the NSO, almost 42% of rural households in Jharkhand had no access to a toilet at that time.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Tamil Nadu, the gap was 37%, followed by 34% in Rajasthan.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Gujarat, which was one of the earliest States declared ODF, back in October 2017, almost a quarter of all rural households had no toilet access, the NSO data showed.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Grameen) said 25 States and Union Territories had been declared ODF, while toilet access across the country touched 95%. In reality, the NSO said 28.7% of rural households had no toilet access at the time.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 71% access to toilets is still a significant improvement over the situation during the last survey period in 2012, when only 40% of rural households had access to toilets.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NSO&rsquo;s statistics on toilet usage are also encouraging. It said 95% of people with access to toilets in rural India used them regularly, indicating that the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan&rsquo;s efforts to change behaviour have borne fruit.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only 3.5% of those with toilet access in rural India said that they never used them. This was aided by the fact that water was available around the toilet in more than 95% of cases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NSO data indicates that the next big challenge may lie in the disposal of waste. More than 50% of rural Indian households with toilets had septic tanks, while another 21% used single pits, both of which need to be cleaned and produce faecal sludge that must be disposed of safely.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only 10% of toilets were built with the twin leach pit system pushed by the Swachh Bharat scheme, which safely composts waste on its own without any need for cleaning or disposal.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>ODF</strong></span></span></p>

<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The term &quot;open defecation free&quot; (ODF) is used to describe communities that have shifted to using a toilet instead of open defecation.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2888,
		'title' => 'Why Indian children are anaemic?',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A paper published in&nbsp;<em>Scientific Reports&nbsp;</em>points out that about 58.5% of children below five years of age in India are anaemic.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Last month, an ad campaign urged Indian women to invest in iron-rich food and focus on whether they were anaemic. Similarly, a&nbsp;<em>Lancet Global Health&nbsp;</em>report noted that 23% of Indian men suffered from anaemia.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research team analysed over one lakh children using the National Fertility and Health Survey (2015-16) data.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They write that socio-demographic factors including wealth of the family, maternal education, maternal age, type of residence are the main reasons behind the incidence of childhood anaemia.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Maternal education plays a very important role in reducing the incidence of childhood anaemia in any society and indeed in India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It increases the chances of mothers appreciating the issues involved and taking the correct and appropriate steps towards preventing it.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study also revealed an inverse relationship between the mother&#39;s education and incidence of childhood anaemia in India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report notes that even the richest households had anaemic children. While 52.9% of children in the rich households were marked anaemic, the number was 63.2% in the poorest households. Vitamin A and iron intake was also lower than the recommended level.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study also showed that children of younger mothers are more anaemic. It also reveals the power dimension in the household allocation and use of resources.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Measures</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition to maternal influence on childhood anaemia, paternal and overall household influences must be considered for a more comprehensive policy framework for intervention at the household level.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers have recommended that &nbsp;work be carried out to bridge the gap between policy and practice. They also call for a broader health strategy, to effectively address this issue.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2906,
		'title' => 'Major portion of India prone to earthquake',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An Earthquake Disaster Risk Index (EDRI), prepared by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in association with IIIT-Hyderabad, showed that about 56% area of India is vulnerable to moderate to major earthquakes where about 82% of the population live.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report was prepared based on the field visit of 25 cities and collection of secondary data from officials of the remaining cities.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The index developed for 50 cities and one district (Bareilly in Uttar Pradesh) from high seismic zones on a pilot basis were chosen based on population density, housing threat factor and cities identified for &lsquo;Smart Cities&rsquo; project has shown that no city has a low hazard level.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Those with hilly terrain showed to have low exposure, whereas cities with flat terrain and high populations have high exposure. Vulnerability of each city depends only on construction typology adopted and is found to be low in five cities, medium in 36 cities and high for nine cities.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Result is that only seven cities have low level risk, whereas 30 cities have medium level risk and 13 cities have high level risk.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Earthquake hazard</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earthquake hazard refers to the amount of ground shaking that an area will experience; exposure refers to the number of buildings present in that area, and vulnerability refers to the strength of the building to withstand an earthquake.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Measures</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One way is to educate architects and engineers in putting in place an adequate framework for new buildings, second is to determine the risk of existing buildings and suggest techniques for reinforcing them.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Detailed structural evaluation of vulnerable buildings so that suitable riders can be put in place on developmental activities along with retrofitting measures adopted by the policy makers.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:40px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Major portion of India prone to earthquake daily current affairs 27" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b68a/w7r7iy0oodykbsf6g.jpg" style="float:left; height:302px; width:311px" /></span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2926,
		'title' => 'Indian diaspora largest in the world',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India continues to be the largest country of origin of international migrants with a 17.5 million-strong diaspora across the world, according to the U.N.&nbsp;migration<strong>&nbsp;</strong>agency.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Organisation for Migration said in its &lsquo;Global Migration Report 2020&rsquo; that the number of international migrants in 2019 is now estimated at 270 million and the top destination remains the U.S., at nearly 51 million.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This figure remains a very small percentage of the world&rsquo;s population (at 3.5%), meaning that the vast majority of people globally (96.5%) are estimated to be residing in the country in which they were born.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the U.N. agency, more than half of all international migrants (141 million) live in Europe and North America. An estimated 52% are male, and nearly two-thirds of all migrants are looking for work.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India continued to be the largest country of origin of international migrants. It had the largest number of migrants living abroad (17.5 million), followed by Mexico (11.8 million) and China (10.7 million).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report also noted that international remittances increased to $689 billion in 2018. The top three remittance recipients were India ($78.6 billion), China ($67.4 billion) and Mexico ($35.7 billion).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United States remained the top remittance-sending country ($68 billion) followed by the United Arab Emirates ($44.4 billion) and Saudi Arabia ($36.1 billion).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Africa, Asia and Europe, most international migrants stay within their regions of birth, but the majority of migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean and North America do not.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Data showed that Gulf countries have some of the largest numbers of temporary labour migrants in the world, including the United Arab Emirates, where they make up almost 90% of the population.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Violence in Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Myanmar, South Sudan, Syria and Yemen have led to massive internal displacement in the last two years.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>International Organisation for Migration</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Organization for Migration is an intergovernmental organization of UN that provides services and advice concerning migration to governments and migrants, including internally displaced persons, refugees, and migrant workers.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;IOM&#39;s stated mission is to promote humane and orderly migration by providing services and advice to governments and migrants.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2950,
		'title' => 'High anti-biotic prescription rate in private sector',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The private sector continues to clock high levels of antibiotic prescription rates, with the rate being highest for children aged 0&ndash;4 years and the lowest in the age group 10&ndash;19 years, according to a new study.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is considered to be one of the top users of antibiotics and there is a growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. The study is the first ever estimate of outpatient antibiotic prescription rates and patterns in the private sector.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study noted that the per capita antibiotic consumption in the retail sector has increased by around 22% in five years from 2012 to 2016.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It said the percentage of prescriptions for wide-spectrum <strong>antibiotics</strong> like <strong>cephalosporins </strong>and<strong> quinolones</strong> (38.2% and 16.3%) was significantly higher than the U.S. (14.0% and 12.7%) and Greece (32.9% and 0.5%). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unusually high prescription rates of beta-lactams-penicillins and cephalosporins in uncomplicated upper respiratory infections in children are in stark contrast to the prescription rates and pattern reported in Europe.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clinical guidelines on judicious antibiotic use explicitly mentions that they should not be prescribed for common cold, non-specific upper respiratory tract infection (URI), acute cough illness and acute bronchitis but the study shows a high rate of prescriptions for respiratory infections in primary care.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study shows that around 100 million prescriptions were dispensed for acute upper respiratory tract infections alone, which rarely require an antibiotic therapy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Irrational prescription and use of antibiotics has its origins in production and selling tactics of pharma companies. This has severe implications for safety and cost to patients in particular and society in general. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is a need to target antimicrobial stewardship programmes to specific constituencies and stakeholders to raise awareness on antibiotics and prevent its misuse.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The misuse of antibiotics and easy access fuels antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which is a growing concern worldwide and in India. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The findings also highlight that primary care physicians in the private sector can play a key role in reducing antibiotic misuse and overuse.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2966,
		'title' => 'Anaemic children in India',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As many as 58.5% of children between the ages of 6 months and 59 months, and 53.1% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, are anaemic in the country, the government told the Lok Sabha.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The data, based on the findings of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) IV (2015-16), divide the incidence of anaemia into &lsquo;Mild&rsquo;, &lsquo;Moderate&rsquo; and &lsquo;Severe&rsquo; kinds for both rural and urban India.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per the details of anaemic women and children in urban and rural India given by the government, 29.8% of children in rural India suffer from moderate anaemia, and 40.3% of women in the villages are mildly anaemic.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The union government had, in 2018, launched the &ldquo;Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) Strategy under POSHAN Abhiyaan with the aim to reduce anaemia prevalence by three percentage points every year till 2022.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government is using a 6x6x6 strategy that is targeting six age groups, with six interventions and six institutional mechanisms.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The six age groups include pre-school children (6-59 months), children (5-9 years), adolescent girls (10-19 years), adolescent boys (10-19 years), women of reproductive age group (15-49), and pregnant women and lactating mothers.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the six interventions are prophylactic iron folic acid supplementation, periodic deworming, and addressing non-nutritional causes of anaemia in endemic pockets, with special focus on malaria, haemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Institutional mechanisms include a National Anaemia Mukt Bharat Unit, and a National Centre of Excellence and Advanced Research on Anaemia Control.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Anaemia</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anaemia is a condition in which the blood doesn&#39;t have enough healthy red blood cells.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It means that either the level of red blood cells or the level of haemoglobin is lower than normal. When a person has&nbsp;anaemia, their heart has to work harder to pump the quantity of blood needed to get enough oxygen around their body.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Symptoms may include fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, light-headedness, dizziness or a fast heartbeat.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis. Iron supplements can be used for iron deficiency. Vitamin B supplements may be used for low vitamin levels. Blood transfusions can be used for blood loss. Medication to induce blood formation may be used if the body&rsquo;s blood production is reduced.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2968,
		'title' => 'Gujarat among least corrupt states in India',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A state government release has claimed that Gujarat is one of the least corrupt states citing reports of India Corruption Survey 2019 conducted by Transparency International.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey was prepared by the private agency while taking responses of around 2 lakh people from 248 districts in 20 states. The survey recorded responses of 64% men and 36% women.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the release, 78% people in Rajasthan said they had to bribe to get their work done. Whereas Goa, Odisha, Kerala, and Haryana are among the least corrupt states.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With an intention to have less human interface in the functioning of many government departments, the government has developed online systems and it has resulted in Gujarat emerging as a least corrupt state in the survey.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The release mentioned various initiatives to reduce corruption like availability of online facilities for a number of key revenue services, online auction of mines, control over illegal mining through drone cameras, real time monitoring of 3,400 indicators of various departments through CM Dash Board initiative among others.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The release mentioned that Anti-Corruption Bureau has been given wide powers by the state government apart from equipping it with modern gadgets like button cameras, pen cameras, voice recorder.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Transparency International</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Transparency International is an&nbsp;international non-governmental organization&nbsp;which is based in&nbsp;Berlin,&nbsp;Germany. Its&nbsp;nonprofit&nbsp;purpose is to take action to combat global&nbsp;corruption&nbsp;with civil societal&nbsp;anti-corruption&nbsp;measures and to&nbsp;prevent criminal activities&nbsp;arising from corruption. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It publishes the&nbsp;Global Corruption Barometer&nbsp;and the&nbsp;Corruption Perceptions Index. It is a member of&nbsp;UNESCO&nbsp;Consultative Status,&nbsp;United Nations Global Compact and United Nations&nbsp;Sustainable Development Goals&nbsp;for Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions and Partnerships For the Goals.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Corruption Perception Index</strong><br />
	The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. The CPI reflects the views of observers from around the world. &nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Corruption Perceptions relies on third-party survey which have been criticized as potentially unreliable. Data can vary widely depending on the public perception of a country, the completeness of the surveys and the methodology used. </span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2977,
		'title' => 'Arsenic and Iron in water',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About 3.22 per cent of rural habitations across all states and UTs, accounting for 3.73 per cent of the population, were consuming drinking water with quality issues, according to data tabled by the Ministry of Jal Shakti.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Groundwater contamination&nbsp;occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, road salts and chemicals get into the&nbsp;groundwater&nbsp;and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use. Materials from the land&#39;s surface can move through the soil and end up in the&nbsp;groundwater.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Iron is the most common contaminant of drinking water, with over 18,000 rural habitations affected, followed by salinity that affects roughly 13,000 rural habitations, arsenic , fluoride and heavy metal.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rajasthan has the highest number of rural habitations affected by contamination overall. Most of these are affected by salinity in drinking water.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In terms of arsenic and iron pollution, West Bengal and Assam are the worst affected. There are about 30,000-odd rural habitations where drinking water is affected by either of these contaminants.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">West Bengal has the highest number of rural habitations affected by arsenic contamination, followed by Assam, Bihar, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assam has the highest number of rural habitations affected by iron contamination. It is followed by West Bengal, Tripura, Bihar and Odisha.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">States and UTs that are not affected by any of these contaminants include Andaman &amp; Nicobar Islands, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Puducherry, Sikkim and Tamil Nadu.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Arsenic contamination</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arsenic contamination&nbsp;of groundwater is a form of groundwater&nbsp;pollution&nbsp;which is often due to naturally occurring high concentrations of&nbsp;arsenic&nbsp;in deeper levels of groundwater.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Health Issues</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Long-term exposure to arsenic from drinking-water and food can cause cancer and skin lesions called <strong>Black Foot</strong> disease. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In utero and early childhood exposure has been linked to negative impacts on cognitive development and increased deaths in young adults.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Methods to treat arsenic contamination</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Substitute high-arsenic sources, such as groundwater, with low-arsenic, microbiologically safe sources such as rain water and treated surface water.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Discriminate between high-arsenic and low-arsenic sources. This can be an effective and low-cost means to rapidly reduce exposure to arsenic when accompanied by effective education.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Install arsenic removal systems &ndash; either centralized or domestic &ndash; and ensure the appropriate disposal of the removed arsenic.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;Technologies for arsenic removal include oxidation, coagulation-precipitation, absorption, ion exchange, and membrane techniques.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2986,
		'title' => 'UNESCO report on adult learning',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An UNESCO report published by Institute for Lifelong Learning has showed that investments in adult learning and education (ALE) have steadily decreased in the last decade.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;The report, published once every three years, combines survey data, policy analysis and case studies to provide policymakers and practitioners with recommendations and examples of good practice.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adults with disabilities, older adults, refugees and migrants, minority groups and other disadvantaged segments of society are particularly under-represented in&nbsp;adult<strong> </strong>education<strong>&nbsp;</strong>programmes and find themselves deprived of crucial access to lifelong learning opportunities.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UNESCO Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) calls for increased investments in ALE from governments, employers and individuals to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to access and benefit from adult learning opportunities. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It reminds member countries that investments in ALE have social, civic and economic benefits.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report also stresses the need to increase national investment in ALE, reduce participation costs, raise awareness of benefits, and improve data collection and monitoring, particularly for disadvantaged groups.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report calls for major changes in adult education participation to achieve the United Nations&rsquo; Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The global report shows that women&rsquo;s participation in ALE has increased in 59% of the reporting countries since 2015 but in some parts of the world, girls and women still do not have sufficient access to education, notably to vocational training.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This leaves them with few skills and poor chances of finding employment and contributing to the societies they live in, which also represents an economic loss for their countries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UNESCO GRALE monitors whether Member States are putting their international commitments on adult learning and education into practice.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Adult learning</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adult education, distinct from child education, is a practice in which adults engage in systematic and sustained self-educating activities in order to gain new forms of knowledge, skills, attitudes, or values.This is also known as Andragogy.</span></span></p>
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		'metatitle' => 'UNESCO report on adult learning',
		'metakeyword' => 'UNESCO report on adult learning',
		'metadescription' => 'An UNESCO report published by Institute for Lifelong Learning has showed that investments in adult learning and education (ALE) have steadily decreased',
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2988,
		'title' => 'Global spam call ranking: India falls to 5th spot',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has dropped down to the fifth position in global spam call ranking but witnessed 15% increase in spam calls in 2019, according to Swedish caller identification app Truecaller.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the &lsquo;Truecaller Insights Report&rsquo;, which listed the top 20 countries affected by spam calls in 2019, spam calls received by Indian users has continued to increase to 25.6 calls per user/month, which is a 15% upsurge from 2018. Brazil continues to occupy the top spot.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the most interesting revelations that came from this year&rsquo;s report was that 10 per cent of spam calls came from financial service providers, a category that was not listed last year.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One out of three women in India receive sexual harassment or inappropriate calls and SMSes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With regard to spam call categorisation, operators continue to be the top spammers in India with 67% user calls received for upselling of various offers and reminders.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has grabbed the 8th position in the &lsquo;Global SMS Spam Index&rsquo;. Spam messages are primarily received in emerging regions. In India users received an average of 61 spam SMSes every month.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The top three markets that are affected by this form of spam were in the African continent.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Spams</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spamming is the use of messaging systems to send an unsolicited message, especially advertising, as well as sending messages repeatedly on the same website.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 2989,
		'title' => 'India 5th most vulnerable country to climate change',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Global Climate Risk Index released by international environmental think tank Germanwatch , shows that India has fallen from its 15th rank of countries hit most by climate change-induced weather phenomena in 2017, to number five in 2018.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Extreme weather events are massive challenges especially for poor and vulnerable countries, but also high-income countries are threatened more and more by climate risks. &nbsp;Japan topped the list followed by the Phillipines and Germany.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Experts say that industrialised countries, like Japan and Germany, were hit hardest by heatwaves and severe drought. The Philippines were hit by the most powerful typhoon recorded worldwide in 2018.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The poor countries had to face much higher impacts. Seven of the ten countries most affected in this period are developing countries with low or lower middle income per capita. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Puerto Rico, Myanmar and Haiti were most affected, according to this index. In the past 20 years, globally, nearly 500,000 fatalities were directly linked to more than 12,000 extreme weather events. The economic damages amounted to approximately US$3.54 trillion.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report says that in India, it was the 2018 monsoon that severely affected the country and contributed to its sliding to the number 5 position.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Furthermore, the Indian coast was hit by the cyclones Titli and Gaja in October and November 2018.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India also suffered from extreme heat. While human death toll was kept considerably low due to public measures, the economic damages were quite severe.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Germanwatch Climate Risk Index</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Germanwatch is a non-profit organisation based in Bonn, Germany. Germanwatch seeks to influence&nbsp;public policy&nbsp;on&nbsp;trade, the&nbsp;environment, and relations between countries in the&nbsp;industrialized north and&nbsp;underdeveloped&nbsp;south.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The index looks into the quantified impacts of extreme weather events, in terms of fatalities and economic losses.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Germanwatch receives its data for annually calculating the Global Climate Risk Index from the NatCatSERVICE database of the reinsurance company Munich Re, as well as the socio-economic data of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3027,
		'title' => 'Measles unvaccinated children in India',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2018, measles caused an estimated 10 million cases and 1,42,000 deaths globally, according to a report. The estimated cases and deaths are much more than what countries have reported to the World Health Organization and UNICEF.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WHO recommends 95% coverage using two doses of measles vaccine to prevent outbreaks. Though vaccine coverage with first and second dose has increased globally since 2000, it has not reached anywhere near 95%.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Measles can be prevented through two doses of vaccination. But the number of children who are not vaccinated against measles is alarmingly high in six countries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has the second highest number of children who are not vaccinated against measles, the report says.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nigeria has the most number of unvaccinated children. The other four countries with the most number of unvaccinated children are Pakistan, Ethiopia, Indonesia and the Philippines.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2017, 2.9 million children in India under one year of age had not been vaccinated with the first dose, according to UNICEF. In one year, the number of unvaccinated children in India had reduced from 2.9 million to 2.3 million.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were nearly 70,000 cases of measles in India in 2018, the third highest in the world. In 2019, over 29,000 confirmed cases have been reported to the WHO.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In India, the first dose of measles vaccine is given at nine-12 months of age and the second dose is given at 16-24 months of age through the national immunisation programme. But it appears that millions of children in India do not receive measles vaccine through routine immunisation activities.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mass immunisation campaigns are an effective strategy for delivering vaccination to children who have otherwise been missed by routine services.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first dose of measles vaccine was introduced as part of the national immunisation programme in the 1990s. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Based on the WHO&rsquo;s recommendation to administer a second dose to prevent infection and death in 90-95% of vaccinated children. India was one of the last countries to add a second dose of measles vaccine as recommended by the WHO.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3029,
		'title' => 'Drop in cases of Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2018, India recorded 4,29,928 cases of malaria, 1,01,192 cases of dengue, and 57,813 clinically suspected cases of chikungunya but the number of cases was less than in 2017.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Health Ministry noted that dengue and chikungunya are outbreak-prone diseases, and therefore their numbers vary from state to state and from time to time. A year-on-year increase in the number of cases for a particular state depends on when an outbreak happens,</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The highest number of malaria cases in 2018 was recorded in Uttar Pradesh, at 86,486, followed by Chhattisgarh , Odisha , Jharkhand and West Bengal. Except Uttar Pradesh, all these states registered a lower number of cases than in 2017.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For dengue, Punjab recorded the highest number of cases in 2018, at 14,890, down from 15,398 cases in 2017. It was followed by Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Gujarat and Delhi. While the number of cases decreased in Punjab and Delhi between 2017 and 2018, it rose in each of the other three states.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For clinically suspected cases of chikungunya, the highest count was 20,411 in Karnataka, down from 32,831 cases in 2017. Karnataka is followed by Gujarat, Maharashtra , Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Malaria</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Malaria&nbsp;is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals.&nbsp;Malaria&nbsp;causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Dengue</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a mosquito-borne viral disease occurring in tropical and subtropical areas. Those who become infected with the virus a second time are at a significantly greater risk of developing severe disease.Symptoms include high fever, headache, rash and muscle and joint pain.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock, which can be life threatening. The dengue virus (DEN) comprises four distinct serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4) which belong to the genus Flavivirus, family <em>Flaviviridae</em>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chikungunya</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chikungunya&nbsp;is a viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes. It causes fever and severe joint pain. Other symptoms include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chikungunya is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes &ndash; including&nbsp;Aedes aegypti&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>Aedes albopictus</em>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3038,
		'title' => 'UN Human Development Index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India ranks 129 out of 189 countries on the 2019 Human Development Index (HDI), according to the Human Development Report (HDR) released by the&nbsp;United Nations<strong>&nbsp;</strong>Development Programme (UNDP).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The HDI measures average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development i.e life expectancy, education and per capita income.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Norway, Switzerland, Ireland occupied the top three positions in that order. Germany is placed fourth along with Hong Kong, and Australia secured the fifth rank on the global ranking.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among India&#39;s neighbours, Sri Lanka (71) and China (85) are higher up the rank scale while Bhutan (134), Bangladesh (135), Myanmar (145), Nepal (147), Pakistan (152) and Afghanistan (170) were ranked lower on the list.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report says, South Asia was the fastest growing region in human development progress witnessing a 46% growth over 1990-2018, followed by East Asia and the Pacific at 43%. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s HDI value increased by 50% (from 0.431 to 0.647), which places it above the average for other South Asian countries (0.642).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI), India&rsquo;s position droped by one position to 130. The IHDI indicates percentage loss in HDI due to inequalities.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report notes that group-based inequalities persist, especially affecting women and girls and no place in the world has gender equality.&nbsp;In the Gender Inequality Index (GII), India is at 122 out of 162 countries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report says that the world is not on track to achieve gender equality by 2030 as per the UN&rsquo;s Sustainable Development Goals. It forecasts that it may take 202 years to close the gender gap in economic opportunity, one of the three indicators of the GII.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report presents a new index indicating how prejudices and social beliefs obstruct gender equality, showing that only 14% of women and 10% of men worldwide have no gender bias.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report also highlights that new forms of inequalities will manifest in future through climate change and technological transformation which have the potential to deepen existing social and economic fault lines.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3054,
		'title' => 'Location impact on gender diversity',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study says that location has an important role in determining gender diversity especially in workplaces across India. &nbsp;Bengaluru has the highest gender diversity at workplaces with 34% women employees, followed by&nbsp;Mumbai&nbsp;33% and Pune 32%.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study &nbsp;evaluated 60 enterprises from the Indian ecosystem, comprising of Global Capability Centres (GCCs), Technology Service Providers, start-ups, and companies, found that large companies have the highest gender representation at 33%, medium-sized ones have 27%, while women employees accounted for only 21% among small companies.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The average gender diversity for tier-1 cities stands at 31% and for tier-2 and tier-3 cities at 25%.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is 30% representation of women in corporate India, with 31% and 26% representation within non-technical and technical roles, respectively.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are only 11% senior women leaders in the ecosystem, however, the junior and middle levels fare slightly better at 38% and 20%, respectively.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of women on company boards has increased from 5% in 2012 to 13% in 2018, due to mandate of having at least one woman on every company&rsquo;s board of directors.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study finds that even though women make up 48.2% of India&rsquo;s population, a huge gender disparity continues to exist in Indian workplaces, even though most companies surveyed have been running diversity programmes for many years.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In order to make significant progress in the inclusion of women in the workplace, companies across the board need to align on a few common priorities and themes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study has analysed the statistics around gender diversity and various organisational policies and practices that give a comprehensive perspective of women in corporate India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Benefits of&nbsp; gender diversity</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Financial performance</strong></span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some studies show that higher diversity in the workforce is expected to bring higher returns.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reputation</strong></span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gender diversity in companies leads to improved reputation both directly and indirectly.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Customer base</strong></span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since men and women have different viewpoints, ideas, and market insights, a gender-diverse workforce enables better problem solving.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Decision making processes</strong></span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gender diversity in boards increases diversity of ideas by introducing different perspectives and problem-solving approaches. This gives teams increased optionality and decision-making advantages.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Diversity of management styles</strong></span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Study shows that women are considered to &quot;bring empathy and intuition to leadership&quot;, since they have greater awareness of the motivations and concerns of other people.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3064,
		'title' => 'Industrial production growth contracts',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Industrial activity contracted for the third consecutive month in October by 3.8%, driven by a fall in activity across sectors, according to official data.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) had contracted by 4.3% in September and 1.1% in August.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Separate data showed that retail inflation had surged to a 40-month high of 5.54% in November, driven by rising food inflation.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Growth in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) accelerated in November for the fourth consecutive month. It stood at 4.62% in October.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This combination of contraction in industrial activity and rising inflation has led experts to fear that India is entering a phase of <strong>stagflation</strong>, a situation in which there is persistent high inflation combined with stagnant or declining demand.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Within the IIP, the mining sector shrunk by 8% in October compared with a contraction of 8.5% in the previous month. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The manufacturing sector, similarly, contracted for the third consecutive month in October, by 2.1%, compared with a contraction of 3.9% in the September.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The capital goods sector contracted for the twelfth consecutive month in October, by 21.9%, compared with a contraction of 20.7% in the previous month.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The infrastructure sector, too, saw continuing contraction, of 9.2% in October, compared with a contraction of 6.4% in the previous month.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Within the CPI, food inflation climbed to a historic high of 8.66% in November compared with 6.93% in October.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fuel and light segment saw a contraction of 1.93% in prices in November, compared with a contraction of 2.02% in October.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Consumer Price Index (CPI)</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;Consumer Price Index&nbsp;(CPI) is a measure that examines the weighted average of&nbsp;prices&nbsp;of a basket of&nbsp;consumer&nbsp;goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is calculated by taking&nbsp;price&nbsp;changes for each item in the predetermined basket of goods and averaging them.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is usually calculated and reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis and Statistics of a country on a monthly and annual basis.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Index of Industrial Production (IIP)</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;Index of Industrial Production&nbsp;(IIP) is an&nbsp;index&nbsp;for India which details out the growth of various sectors in an economy such as mineral mining, electricity and manufacturing. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The all India IIP is a composite indicator that measures the short-term changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial products during a given period with respect to that in a chosen base period. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is compiled and published monthly by the Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation six weeks after the reference month ends.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3092,
		'title' => 'Dengue cases highest in Gujarat and Karnataka',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gujarat<strong>&nbsp;</strong>has topped the list of total dengue cases at 16,565 and Karnataka is close behind with 15,929 cases reported from January till December 7, this year according to data from National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The numbers in these two States are fluctuating with minor changes in the last two weeks. But it is a fact that these two States are endemic for dengue this year.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although dengue was earlier associated with monsoon, it has now become a self-limiting viral fever which is prevalent all through the year. The dengue-causing&nbsp;<em>Aedes aegypti</em>&nbsp;mosquito breeds in freshwater and bites during the day.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of dengue cases in Karnataka has gone up from 3,358 in 2014 to 17,265 in 2017. In 2017, Karnataka was behind Tamil Nadu and Kerala that reported 23,294 and 19,973 dengue cases, respectively. Karnataka reported 4,427 cases in 2018.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to Karnataka&rsquo;s Health Department data, there has been more than a four-fold rise in dengue incidence this year compared to last year.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The transmission of dengue is governed by various ecological factors. This coupled with unplanned developmental activities, improper water storage, migration and improper solid waste management also play a crucial role in the upsurge of dengue cases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dengue</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dengue&nbsp;is a mosquito-borne viral infection causing a severe flu-like illness and, sometimes causing a potentially lethal complication called severe&nbsp;dengue.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Those who become infected with the virus a second time are at a significantly greater risk of developing severe disease.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Symptoms include high fever, headache, rash and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock, which can be life threatening.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Treatment includes fluids and pain relievers. Severe cases require hospital care.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3104,
		'title' => 'India becomes world leader in shutting down internet',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The world&rsquo;s fastest growing Internet market, India, is also the global leader by far in cutting off access to small and large sections of its population, according the Software Freedom Law Center (SFLC) report.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is now commonplace during moments of tension for law enforcement and government officials to cut off the Internet as both an early and a preventive response against organising protest as well as stopping spread of rumours and fake news.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Internet is pretty much a basic human right, even if not legally defined as such, for most parts of the world. Without access to the virtual world, a very large number of vital human activities simply stop.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SFLC, which gets most of its data from national and regional newspapers considers that their data is as reliable as the sources it comes from and it is the only data that is available.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the past five years, some 16,000 hours of Internet shutdowns cost the economy a little over $3 billion, according to estimates in a report by the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SFLC also found frequent shutdowns in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Egypt, Congo, Syria, Sudan, Burundi, Iraq, and Venezuela.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The current sweeping shutdowns come after access to the Internet was cut off as a preventive measure in several states last month ahead of the&nbsp;Supreme Court&rsquo;s Ayodhya verdict,&nbsp;when there were apprehensions of tension and violence. <strong>Rajasthan</strong> and <strong>Uttar</strong> <strong>Pradesh</strong> saw the largest numbers of suspensions of Internet services.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Home Departments in the states are mostly the authorities that enforce shutdowns, drawing powers from The Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Safety) Rules, 2017. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The decisions are reviewed by a state government review committee. The central government also has powers under this law, but has not used it.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Section 144 has enabled many of the shutdowns in the recent past, especially until the time the telecom suspension Rules came into force in 2017. Section 144 CrPC gives the District Magistrate, Sub-Divisional Magistrate or any other executive magistrate empowered by the state government the power to issue orders to &ldquo;maintain public tranquility&rdquo;.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issues associated with Internet shutdown</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A shutdown could dent daily economic activity by $6.6 million per 10 million people, according to an analysis by Deloitte.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is in recognition of the Internet as a human right that the United Nations in 2016 passed a non-binding resolution condemning countries that disrupt Internet access to its citizens.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3106,
		'title' => 'Gender Gap Index: India falls to 112th position',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has slipped four places to rank 112<sup>th</sup> globally in terms of gender gap amid widening disparity in terms of women&rsquo;s health and survival and economic participation.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Gender Gap Index assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Iceland remains the world&rsquo;s most gender-neutral country, India has moved down the ladder from its 108th position last year on the World Economic Forum&rsquo;s Gender Gap Report to rank below countries like China (106th), Sri Lanka (102nd), Nepal (101st), Brazil (92nd), Indonesia (85th) and Bangladesh (50th). Pakistan is at 151st position.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The time it will take to close the gender gap narrowed to 99.5 years in 2019. It is an improvement from 2018 when the gap was calculated to take 108 years to close.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It still means parity between men and women across health, education, work and politics will take more than a lifetime to achieve.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Worldwide, women now hold 25.2% of parliamentary lower-house seats and 21.2% of ministerial positions, compared to 24.1% and 19%, respectively last year.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The economic opportunity gap has worsening and has widened to 257 years compared to 202 years last year. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report said one of the greatest challenges to closing this gap is women&rsquo;s under-representation in emerging roles, such as cloud computing, engineering and data and AI.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s rank has worsened in 3 out of the four metrics used. India has improved to 18th place on political empowerment, it has slipped to 150th on health and survival, to 149th in terms of economic participation and opportunity and to 112th place for educational attainment.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On health and survival, four large countries, Pakistan, India, Vietnam and China fare badly with millions of women there not getting the same access to health as men.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WEF said India has closed two-thirds of its overall gender gap, but the condition of women in large fringes of India&rsquo;s society is precarious and the economic gender gap runs particularly deep.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the interestin trend observed is that India is the only country among the 153 countries studied where the economic gender gap is larger than the political one.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India ranks high on the political empowerment sub-index, largely because the country was headed by a woman for 20 of the past 50 years. But, female political representation today is low as women make up only 14.4% of Parliament (122nd rank globally) and 23% of the cabinet (69th).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WEF said one positive development is the possibility that a &lsquo;role model effect&rsquo; may be starting to have an impact in terms of leadership and possibly also wages.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Global Gender Gap&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Global Gender Gap measure was introduced by the&nbsp;<strong>World Economic Forum</strong>&nbsp;to examine four critical areas of inequality between men and women:&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Economic participation and</strong> <strong>opportunity</strong>&nbsp;&ndash; outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Educational</strong> <strong>attainment</strong>&nbsp;&ndash; outcomes on access to basic and higher level education</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Political</strong> <strong>empowerment</strong>&nbsp;&ndash; outcomes on representation in decision-making structures</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Health</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>survival</strong>&nbsp;&ndash; outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3125,
		'title' => 'Number of children with diabetes rising in India',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Diabetes Federation (IDF), which released the 9th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas recently said that the number of children and adolescents with&nbsp;diabetes<strong>&nbsp;</strong>is increasing every year in India.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Globally, there are 463 million people suffering from diabetes. This number is projected to reach 578 million by 2030 and 700 million by 2045.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the latest edition of the Diabetes Atlas, there has been a 51% increase in diabetes cases worldwide, with South East Asia (SEA) showing an increase of 74%. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were 88 million diabetes cases reported in the SEA region in 2019, with an estimate arriving at 153 million by 2045.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has 15,900 new cases of Type I diabetes, along with 95,600 existing cases of Type 1 diabetes among children up to the age of 14 in 2019, says IDF report.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This edition of the Diabetes Atlas also emphasises actions that can be taken at various levels with a view to strengthening the global fight to reduce the impact of diabetes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many countries still lack a national diabetes plan, and at least half the world&rsquo;s population does not have full coverage for essential health services.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IDF also says, urgent national actions are required to improve Type 2 diabetes prevention and the management of all types of diabetes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>International Diabetes Federation (IDF)</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;International Diabetes Federation&nbsp;(IDF) is an umbrella organization of over 230 national&nbsp;diabetes&nbsp;associations in more than 160 countries and territories. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It represents the interests of the growing number of people with diabetes and those at risk. IDF&rsquo;s mission is to promote diabetes care, prevention and a cure worldwide. The Federation has been leading the global diabetes community since 1950. It is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IDF conducts a number of activities and projects like&nbsp;advocacy&nbsp;and&nbsp;lobbying&nbsp;work, education for people with diabetes and their healthcare providers, public awareness and health improvement campaigns, as well as the promotion of the free exchange of diabetes knowledge.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3159,
		'title' => 'Male tobacco users numbers drop: WHO report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of male tobacco users is falling for the first time according to a report by the World&nbsp;Health<strong>&nbsp;</strong>Organisation (WHO).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Four out of five tobacco users globally are men, so declines among males mark a turning point in the fight against tobacco.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The agency&rsquo;s new report covers an array of tobacco use, including cigarettes, cigars and chewing tobacco. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But the WHO did not count electronic cigarettes as tobacco products and officials could not say what impact the growing popularity of vaping devices has had in diverting people from traditional smoking.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It states that there is&nbsp;a powerful indication that anti-smoking campaigns around the globe have begun to pay off.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Global tobacco use has dwindled from 1.397 billion users in 2000 to 1.337 billion in 2018. This means around 60 million fewer people are using tobacco products even as the global population has swelled.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of women and girls who use tobacco products has been steadily declining for years dropping from 346 million in 2000 to 244 million in 2018.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report shows that by 2020, male users will shrink by two million people compared to 2018 and by 2025, there are projected to be six million fewer male tobacco users than in 2018.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WHO report found that countries in southeast Asia had the world&rsquo;s highest rates of tobacco use, 45 percent among males and females age 15 and older. But that percentage also is projected to decline.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tobacco crop</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In&nbsp;India tobacco&nbsp;is predominantly cultivated in AP, Gujarat, Karnataka, UP and Bihar. Gujarat accounts for 45 per cent of the area and 30 per cent of production. Productivity is also highest in Gujarat followed by AP. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is grown in warm climates with rich, well-drained&nbsp;soil. Global leaders in tobacco production are US, China, Brazil and India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3189,
		'title' => 'Growing cancer burden across India',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study tracing the growing burden of&nbsp;cancer<strong>&nbsp;</strong>in India states that most of the increase in cancer incidences are attributable to its epidemiological transition and improvement in the use of cancer diagnostics.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer&nbsp;is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The country&#39;s cancer burden will continue to increase as a result of the ongoing ageing of India and improving access to cancer diagnostics in rural India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer is primarily a disease of older people, hence, as life expectancy went up, cancer incidences too went up. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Maximum increases will occur in the most populous and least developed States, where the facilities for cancer diagnostics and treatment are grossly inadequate.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The present study offers lessons for planning cancer care in States as well as other countries experiencing epidemiological transition. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In India the fastest epidemiological transition happened in Kerala, whereas Uttar Pradesh remained in the slowest group.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The types of cancers in India are also undergoing a transition. There has been a decline of cancers caused by infections, such as cervical, stomach, and penile cancer, and an increase in cancers associated with energy intake, physical activity imbalance and ageing, such as breast, colorectal and prostate cancers.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The habit of chewing tobacco has remained unchecked and has spread all over India, and it is now estimated to cause a fifth of all cancers in India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The populous, slow epidemiological transition in States will start to transition faster in the coming decades, and their cancer burdens will similarly increase faster.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&#39;s cancer incidence is estimated at 1.15 million new patients in 2018 and is predicted to almost double as a result of demographic changes alone by 2040.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other consequent effects of cancer</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer is the second leading cause of adult death in urban and fourth in rural India, but it is the leading cause of catastrophic health spending, distress financing, and increasing expenditure before death in India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Out-of-pocket expenditure is three times higher for private inpatient cancer care in India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3197,
		'title' => 'Good Governance Index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tamil Nadu has topped the Good Governance Index released by the Centre, followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government celebrates December 25 as Good Governance Day to mark the birthday of former Prime Minister&nbsp;Atal Bihari Vajpayee.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rankings were launched by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances and the Centre for Good Governance. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The index is a uniform tool to assess the status of governance and the impact of various interventions by state governments and Union Territories.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objectives of GGI are to provide quantifiable data to compare the state of governance in all states and UTs, enable states and UTs to formulate and implement suitable strategies for improving governance and shift to result oriented approaches and administration.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Odisha, Bihar, Goa, and Uttar Pradesh did not fare well in the Big States category and Jharkhand was at the bottom of the list.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the North-East and Hill States category, Himachal Pradesh ranked first, followed by Uttarakhand, Tripura, Mizoram and Sikkim. Jammu and Kashmir is at the sixth place, followed by Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the Union Territories, Puducherry emerged as the best-governed, ahead of&nbsp;Chandigarh&nbsp;and Delhi. Lakshwadeep was found to be the worst-performing.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Methodology</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per the methodology of the index, states are assessed on their performance in <strong>10 sectors</strong> namely&nbsp; <strong>agriculture and allied sectors, commerce and industries, human resource development, public health, public infrastructure and utilities, economic governance, social welfare and development, judicial and public security, environment and citizen-centric governance</strong>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">States and Union Territories are ranked separately. The states and UTs have been grouped into three categories: big states, Northeast and hill categories, and UTs.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Good governance</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&ldquo;Good governance can be referred as an effective and efficient process of decisionmaking and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented) keeping the amelioration of citizens as the topmost priority. Resource allocation, creation of formal establishments, setting up rules and regulations etc., are part of achieving this goal.&rdquo;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3237,
		'title' => 'Sustainable Development Index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NITI Aayog has released its latest SDG India Index 2019, which assesses each state and Union Territory&rsquo;s achievement on 16 sustainable development goals (SDG).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The SDGs are a set of 17 broad-based global goals adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, and intended to be achieved by 2030. With one-sixth of the world&rsquo;s population, India is key to the achievement of the goals.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the 16 SDGs, marine ecosystems is for coastal states only, and scores on this one were not counted in the composite total.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the other SDGs, the best performers were <strong>Tamil</strong> <strong>Nadu</strong> for &lsquo;no poverty&rsquo;; <strong>Goa</strong> for &lsquo;zero hunger&rsquo;; <strong>Kerala</strong> for &lsquo;good health&rsquo;; <strong>Himachal</strong> <strong>Pradesh</strong> for &lsquo;quality education&rsquo;; Himachal again for &lsquo;gender equality &lsquo;; <strong>Andhra Pradesh</strong> for &lsquo;clean water and sanitation&rsquo;; <strong>Sikkim</strong> for &lsquo;affordable and clean energy&rsquo;; <strong>Telangana</strong> for &lsquo;decent work &amp; economic growth&rsquo;; <strong>Gujarat</strong> for &lsquo;industry, innovation and infrastructure; <strong>Telangana</strong> for &lsquo;reduced inequalities&rsquo;; <strong>Goa</strong> for &lsquo;sustainable cities and communities&rsquo;; <strong>Nagaland</strong> for &lsquo;sustainable consumption and production; <strong>Karnataka</strong> for &lsquo;climate action&rsquo;; <strong>Manipur</strong> for &lsquo;life and land&rsquo;; and <strong>Andhra Pradesh</strong> and <strong>Gujarat</strong> for &lsquo;peace, justice, strong institutions&rsquo;.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ending hunger and achieving gender equality are the areas where most states fall far short, with the all-India scores for these goals at 35 and 42 points respectively. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On the other hand, Niti Aayog has given India an overall score of 60 points, driven mostly by progress in clean energy and sanitation (88); peace, justice and strong institutions (72); and affordable and clean energy (70).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kerala topped the index with a score of 70. &nbsp;Himachal Pradesh took the second spot with a score of 69 while Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Telangana shared the third spot with each scoring 67. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are eight states in the highest bracket, called frontrunners, with scores in the range 65-99. Behind Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Telangana, the other states in this category are Karnataka (66), Sikkim (65) and Goa (65). Two UTs,&nbsp;Chandigarh&nbsp;and Puducherry, scored in this range.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Methodology</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each of the 16 SDGs, ranging from good health to quality education, gender equality, and climate action, comprise several indicators, with the number of these varying from SDG to SDG. Scores are given for a state or UT on each SDG. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The composite score for each state or UT is computed by aggregating their performance across these goals, and then by taking the arithmetic mean of individual goal scores. A score of 100 implies that the state/ UT has achieved targets set for 2030.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3239,
		'title' => 'India State of Forest Report',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 2019 edition of the India State of Forest Report (ISFR) was made public. The forest cover in the country increased by 3,976 square kilometres (sqkm) but with the sharpest declines in the northeastern States of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mizoram.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ISFR, a biennial exercise, is prepared by Forest Survey of India (FSI) and assesses the forest and tree cover, bamboo resources, carbon stock and forest fires.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The forest cover in India constituted 21.67% of the nation&rsquo;s geographical area or 0.12% more than last year.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The top three States showing an increase in forest cover are Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also mentioned in the report that the forest area of the northeastern states has decreased except Assam.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A marginal increase in forest cover was recorded in Himachal, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Bihar.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report shows that the forest area has also increased in the infertile regions of Rajasthan.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tree and forest cover together made up 25.56% of India&#39;s area. In the last assessment it was 24.39%.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The forest cover within the Recorded Forest Area, or that which has been officially classified by States or the Centre as &#39;forest,&#39; showed a 330 sqkm decrease, but &lsquo;forest&rsquo; outside such recorded area increased by 4,306 sqkm.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mangrove cover increased by 54 sqkm, or about 1%, from the last assessment, with Gujarat and Maharashtra registering the largest improvements. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The total bamboo bearing area was estimated to be 160, 037 sqkm and increased by 3,229 sqkm, compared to the 2017 estimate.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The total carbon stock of the country was estimated at 7124 million tons, which is an increase of 42.6 million tons from the last assessment.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Important Stats</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Area wise Top states in forest cover</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Increasing Mangrove cover</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3326,
		'title' => 'NCRB data',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Crime in India has increased by 1.3% in 2018 compared to 2017 with the registration of over 50 lakh cognisable crimes, according to 2018 edition of &#39;Crime in India&#39; statistics released this week by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The National Crime Records Bureau is an Indian government agency responsible for collecting and analysing crime data as defined by the Indian Penal Code and Special and Local Laws. NCRB is headquartered in New Delhi and is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report says that there was an overall rise of 1.3% in the registration of cases in 2017, but crime rate per lakh population was down to 383.5 in 2018 from 388.6 in 2017.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A total of 29,017 murders were reported in 2018, up by 1.3% over 2017. Of which, disputes were reported as the motive of the highest number of murder cases followed by personal vendetta and enmity and gain.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Accidental deaths have also seen a rise to 4,11,824 in 2018 from 3,96,584 in 2017,&nbsp; a rise to 31.1% from 30.3% in 2017.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of cases registered under the crime against women&rsquo; category in 2018 was 3,78,277, up from 3,59,849 in 2017. The number of rape cases, as defined in IPC section 376, were 33,356 in 2018.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Delhi leads over 18 other metro cities in terms of crimes. Delhi accounts for a 29.6 per cent share of the overall figures for this category that includes Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Laws (SLL).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In last 10 years, the total number of criminal cases filed in Delhi and its share in total cases filed across the country has increased to 2,49,000 cases (7.9 per cent) in 2018 from about 50,000 cases (2.4 per cent) in 2009. Theft cases are a major source of the increase in the number of registered cases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NCRB also said&nbsp;that clarifications on data were pending from West Bengal, Arunachal, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Kolkata. Hence, the data from these states and city may be treated as provisional.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3335,
		'title' => 'West Bengal tops in 2018 acid attacks',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While there has been a marginal decline in the incidents of acid attacks in the country in 2018 compared to the previous year,&nbsp;West<strong> </strong>Bengal<strong>&nbsp;</strong>accounted for the highest number of cases of such attacks, according to the National Crime Records Bureau (NRCB) report.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2018, 228 incidents of acid attacks were recorded across the country against 240 victims. Of these, West Bengal recorded 50 incidents involving 53 victims.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2017, 244 acid attacks were recorded across the country and Bengal came second on the list with 54 incidents of acid attacks, while Uttar Pradesh recorded 56 incidents. Women were the victims in 131 of the 228 attacks accounting for more than 57 % of the cases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reason for the high number of attacks has been same for the past five years, which is lack of monitoring of the sale of acid on the part of police and security agencies.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The &nbsp;NCRB data over the past few years points out that two out of every three acid attack victims are women.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Acid attacks are registered under Section 326 A of the Indian Penal Code, with a minimum punishment of 10 years imprisonment.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared to 2017 the number of people convicted for acid attacks in 2018 was higher at 28. In 2017, 20 persons (all males) were convicted whereas in 2018 the number was 28 &mdash; 23 males and five females.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3350,
		'title' => 'Atleast 70% of Amaravati prone to flooding',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In its report on the conditions in Amaravati, the IIT-Madras has stated that the constitution areas on the south of the Krishna such as the sports, government, finance and tourism cities are not recommended for construction due to significant risks of flooding.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IIT-Madras also observed that construction was expensive due to the presence of rocks at depths greater than 40 metres, and the costs to raise or fill up the area to prevent flooding would be very high, and it would be dangerous to other areas.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was mentioned in the master plan prepared by the Capital Region Development Authority (CRDA) that it was recommended to raise / fill up three to four metres, which is higher than the historical flood level of the Krishna river, and redesigning it needed significant costs.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cost of construction in the capital area would be very high due to the pile foundation required to be laid. The raft foundation with basement was not advisable due to the groundwater level at 2.50 metres to 5 metres below the ground level.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IIT-Madras further observed that at least 70% of the proposed capital area could be affected by floods, and that constructions on and near the riverbed were fraught with high risks.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Amaravati</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amaravati is a proposed and planned capital city of Andhra Pradesh, India. It has been allotted space to be built on the southern banks of the Krishna river in Guntur district, within the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3355,
		'title' => 'India’s under-5 mortality rate of girls more than that of boys',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is among the few countries in the world where, in 2018, the mortality under-5 years of girls, exceeded that of boys, according to the &lsquo;<strong>Levels and Trends in Child Mortality&rsquo;</strong> report by the&nbsp;<strong>United Nations&nbsp;</strong>(UN) <strong>inter-agency group for child mortality</strong>.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The global report states that in 2018 fewer countries showed gender disparities in child mortality, and across the world, on average, boys are expected to have a higher probability of dying before reaching age-5 than girls. But this trend was not reflected in India.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In some countries, the risk of dying before age 5 for girls is significantly higher than what would be expected based on global patterns. These countries are primarily located in Southern Asia and Western Asia.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Estimates indicate that the majority of child mortality cases in India are attributable to deaths during the neonatal period. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The major causes of neonatal mortality are pre-term birth, intrapartum related events, and neonatal infection. In the post-neonatal period, the major direct causes of death are diarrhoea and pneumonia.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to India&rsquo;s 2017 Sample Registration System (SRS) the States with the highest burden of neonatal mortality are Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh, with 32, 33 and 30 neonatal deaths per 1,000 live births. India&rsquo;s neonatal mortality rate is 23 per 1,000 live births.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The burden of child mortality is determined both by the mortality rate (the proportion of children who die) and by the estimated population of any given State (total number of annual births).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uttar Pradesh is the State with the highest number of estimated newborn deaths in India, both because of the high neonatal mortality rate and because of the large cohort of births that occur every year in the State.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These deaths can be prevented by reaching high coverage of quality antenatal care, skilled care at birth, postnatal care for mother and baby, and care of small and sick newborns.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3378,
		'title' => 'Mother’s education relates to child’s school and ability',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2019 shows how parents&rsquo; aspiration, especially that of mothers, determines the kind of pre-schooling that children are exposed to.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This correlation between mothers&rsquo; education and children&rsquo;s learning levels has been stressed in several studies, including previous ASER reports.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the key findings of ASER 2019 is that the mother&rsquo;s education often determines the kind of pre-schooling or schooling that the child gets.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report says that among children in the early years (ages 0-8), those with mothers who had completed eight or fewer years of schooling are more likely to be attending anganwadis or government pre-primary classes, whereas their peers whose mothers had studied beyond the elementary stage are more likely to be enrolled in private LKG/UKG classes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The child of a mother whose educational qualification is Class 11 or more is more likely to be in a private LKG/UKG class (37.8%) or a private school (35.3%) than in an anganwadi or government pre-primary class (11.1%) or government school (37.8%).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ASER 2019 also shows how, among 4- and 5-year-olds who were administered a four-piece puzzle and 6- to 8-year-olds who were asked to solve a 6-piece puzzle, those whose mothers had completed Class 11 or more had a higher chance of solving these cognitive tasks.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The changes in the young Indian mother&rsquo;s profile need to be taken into account when thinking of the education inputs to be designed for the Indian child of the next decade.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The idea behind early childhood education is not more institutionalisation in the form of private pre-schools or play schools but to involve children through cognitive tasks that mainly involve play.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3385,
		'title' => 'Annual Status of Education Report (ASER)',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only 16% of&nbsp;children<strong>&nbsp;</strong>in Class 1 in 26 surveyed rural districts can read text at the prescribed level, while almost 40% cannot even recognise letters, according to the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2019, released by NGO Pratham.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report, based on a survey conducted in 26 districts across 24 states by education non-profit Pratham, also highlights a gender gap in schooling.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Just 37.4% of children below six are able to recognize at least letters and only 25.6% can do additions, according to the report. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Similarly, only 34.8% of children in Class II can read a text meant for the level below. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">And at Class III, only 50.8% can read texts meant for their juniors two levels below.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of six-year olds in Class 1, 41.5% of those in private schools could read words in comparison to only 19% from government schools. Similarly, 28% of those in government schools could do simple addition as against 47% in private schools.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study also showed how a better education level among mothers can lead to better outcomes among children in preschools and early schools. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Numeracy skills among Class III children of illiterate mothers are much lower than those whose mothers had studied till Class XI or above. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only 29.2% of Class III children of illiterate mothers can do a two-digit addition. This rises to 64% for the same student cohort of mothers, who have studied at the level of senior secondary or above.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The findings also showed that more girls are enrolled in government institutions and more boys in&nbsp;private institutions.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The gap in enrolment between boys and girls is larger among 6-8 year olds, with 61.1% of all girls versus 52.1% of all boys in this age group going to a government institution.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report argues that a focus on cognitive skills rather than subject learning in the early years can make a big difference to basic literacy and numeracy abilities.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>ASER</strong> (Annual Status of Education Report) is an&nbsp;annual&nbsp;survey that aims to provide reliable&nbsp;annual&nbsp;estimates of children&#39;s schooling&nbsp;status&nbsp;and basic learning levels for each state and rural district in India.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3398,
		'title' => 'Sea Level rise to impact credit ratings',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Economic shocks emerging from rising sea levels pose a long-term risk to the sovereign credit ratings of dozens of countries that have large areas at risk of submersion, including Vietnam, Egypt, Suriname, and the Bahamas,&nbsp;Moody&rsquo;s said.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Climate science suggests that&nbsp;sea levels will continue to rise for decades<strong>,</strong>&nbsp;contributing to increasingly frequent natural disasters such as storm surges, floods, and cyclones.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The economic and social repercussions of lost income, damage to assets, a loss of life, health issues and forced migration from the sudden events related to sea-level rise are immediate.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Farming, tourism, and trade are all threatened by rising sea levels, especially in countries with a large proportion of land and people at risk of submersion, including island states like the Philippines, Fiji and the Maldives.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While high-income economies, such as Japan and the Netherlands, are also exposed, they have countermeasures in place that mean their credit ratings are unlikely to be materially impacted.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Moody&rsquo;s said, the largest populations exposed are in Asia, including Bangladesh (Ba3 stable), China (A1 stable), Indonesia (Baa2 stable), and India (Baa2 negative).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The credit implications are wide-ranging, including economic and social repercussions of lost income, damage to assets, loss of life, health issues and forced migration from the sudden events related to sea level rise are immediate.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The extent of risk will be determined by the pace of increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters related to sea level rise, which is currently highly uncertain.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3422,
		'title' => 'Regulator flags drug samples',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), in its latest list of drugs/medical devices and cosmetics declared not of standard quality/spurious/adulterated/misbranded, has flagged 49 samples including eye drops, painkillers, vitamin and even antibiotics as not of standard quality.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The drugs failed the quality test because of the presence of foreign matter, description, particulate matter, extractable volume &amp; assay, sterility, disintegration, dissolution and others parameters.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such defects may arise because of inadequate pre-formulation development studies, lack of in-process controls exercised by the manufacturer or unsuitable conditions under which drugs are stored or transported.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drugs can be found not of standard quality if broken or chipped, have presence of spot/discolouration/uneven coating, cracking of emulsions, clear liquid preparations showing sedimentation, change in colour of the formulation, small variation in net content, weight and formulations failing to respond to the colour test.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There can be isolated cases of presences of foreign matter, labelling error including nomenclature mistake, Rx, NRx, XRx, Red Line, Schedule H. Caution, colour etc.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spurious drugs are usually manufactured by unlicensed anti-social elements but sometimes licensed manufacturers may also be involved. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The adulterated drugs are those drugs which are found to contain an adulterant/substituted product or contaminated with filth rendering it injurious to health.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;The&nbsp;Central Drugs Standard Control Organization&nbsp;(CDSCO) is the national regulatory body for&nbsp;Indian&nbsp;pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Within the CDSCO, the&nbsp;Drug Controller General of India&nbsp;(DCGI) regulates pharmaceutical and medical devices, under the ambit of&nbsp;Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3438,
		'title' => 'India lags behind in Social mobility',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The World Economic Forum has come out with its first-ever Global Social Mobility Report, which has ranked India a lowly 72 out of the 82 countries profiled.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nordic economies such as Denmark and Finland top the social mobility rankings while countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and South Africa languish at the bottom.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inequalities have been growing across the world. The rise of inequality has not only created massive social unrest but also adversely affected the global consensus on the kind of economic policies that countries follow.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A good example of this is the rise of trade protectionism across the world over the past few years. Be it the United States or the United Kingdom.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several countries have started looking inwards in the hope that greater trade protectionism will help allay the fears and apprehensions of domestic workers.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Social mobility</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In economies such as China and India, economic growth can lift entire populations upward in terms of absolute income, but an individual&rsquo;s status in society relative to others remains the same.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many situations exist where, despite high levels of absolute income mobility, relative social mobility remains low.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The concept of social mobility is much broader than just looking at income inequality. It encompasses several concerns such as:</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Intragenerational mobility:&nbsp;The ability for an individual to move between socio-economic classes within their own lifetime.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Intergenerational mobility:&nbsp;The ability for a family group to move up or down the socio-economic ladder across the span of one or more generations.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Absolute income mobility:&nbsp;The ability for an individual to earn, in real terms, as much as or more than their parents at the same age.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Absolute educational mobility:&nbsp;The ability for an individual to attain higher education levels than their parents.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Relative income mobility:&nbsp;How much of an individual&rsquo;s income is determined by their parents&rsquo; income.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Relative educational mobility:&nbsp;How much of an individual&rsquo;s educational attainment is determined by their parents&rsquo; educational attainment.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance of Social mobility</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research has shown that in high-income countries, there is stagnation at both the bottom and the top end of the income distribution.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For instance, in Denmark or Finland (which rank highest in social mobility index), if Person A&rsquo;s parent earns 100% more than Person Z, it is estimated that the impact on Person A&rsquo;s future income is around 15%, but in the US the impact is far more, about 50% and in China, the impact is roughly 60%.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Social mobility levels can help us understand both the speed of how long it takes for individuals at the bottom of the scale to catch up with those at the top and how many steps it takes for an individual to move up the ladder in a given period&nbsp; of social mobility.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It would take a whopping 7 generations for someone born in a low-income family in India to approach mean income level while in Denmark it would only take 2 generations.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research also shows that countries with high levels of relative social mobility, such as Finland, Norway or Denmark, exhibit lower levels of income inequality.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Social mobility calculation</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WEF&rsquo;s Global Social Mobility Index assesses the 82 economies on &ldquo;10 pillars&rdquo; spread across the following <strong>five</strong> key dimensions of social mobility:</span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Health;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Education (access, quality and equity, lifelong learning);</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Technology;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Work (opportunities, wages, conditions);</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Protection and Institutions (social protection and inclusive institutions).</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3459,
		'title' => 'Democracy Index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India slipped 10 places to 51st position in the latest Democracy Index global rankings published by <strong>The Economist Intelligence Unit</strong>. Its score, down from from 7.23 in 2018 to 6.90 in 2019.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is India&rsquo;s &nbsp;lowest ever score since the Democracy Index was begun in 2006. The report ranks 165 independent states and two territories, covering almost the entire population of the world.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary cause of the democratic regression was an erosion of civil liberties in the country. It mentioned the stripping of Jammu and Kashmir&rsquo;s special status with the repeal of Articles 370 and 35A, the various security measures that followed the bifurcation of the state including restriction of Internet access, and the exclusion of 1.9 million people from the final&nbsp;<a href="https://indianexpress.com/about/nrc/">NRC</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://indianexpress.com/about/nrc/">National Register of Citizens</a>) in Assam.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Civil liberties is one of five categories on which the Democracy Index is based. The other four are electoral process and pluralism, functioning of government, political participation and political culture.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Based on the total score, countries are classified as &ldquo;full democracy&rdquo; (scores greater than 8), &ldquo;flawed democracy&rdquo; (greater than 6 and up to 8),&ldquo;hybrid regime&rdquo; (greater than 4 and up to 6) or &ldquo;authoritarian regime&rdquo; (less than or equal to 4). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By that yardstick, India&rsquo;s score of 7.23 places it in the &ldquo;flawed democracy&rdquo; category, which also includes Bangladesh (5.88). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakistan, with a score of 4.25, is categorised as a &ldquo;hybrid democracy&rdquo;; China (2.26) and North Korea (bottom-ranked with 1.08) are categorised as &ldquo;authoritarian regimes&rdquo;; and Norway (top-ranked with 9.87) is counted as a &ldquo;full democracy&rdquo;.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Other &ldquo;full democracies&rdquo; include Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Ireland, Sweden and New Zealand. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United States, with a score of 7.96 that is just below the benchmark for a &ldquo;full democracy&rdquo;, is a &ldquo;flawed democracy&rdquo;, in the same category as India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3504,
		'title' => 'Corruption Perception Index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has slipped two spots to number 80 in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), with its score remaining the same at 41.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 2019 CPI, released on January 23, draws on 13 surveys and expert assessments to measure public sector corruption in 180 countries and territories.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The index is prepared annually by the Germany-based Transparency International, and offers a snapshot of the relative degrees of public sector corruption by ranking countries and territories from around the world. It gives each country a score from zero (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Major protests across the world last year signal a growing lack of trust in government, and erode public confidence in political leaders, elected officials and democracy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In democracies like India and Australia, unfair and opaque political financing, undue influence in decision-making and lobbying by powerful corporate interest groups, has resulted in stagnation or decline in the control of corruption.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Report shows corruption is more pervasive in countries where big money can flow freely into electoral campaigns and where governments listen only to the voices of wealthy or well-connected individuals.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The top ranked countries are New Zealand and Denmark, with scores of 87 each, followed by Finland (86), Singapore (85), Sweden (85) and Switzerland (85). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The countries ranked at the bottom of the list are Somalia, South Sudan and Syria with scores of 9, 12 and 13. These countries are closely followed by Yemen (15), Venezuela (16), Sudan (16), Equatorial Guinea (16) and Afghanistan (16).</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3539,
		'title' => 'Economic Survey 2020: Highlights',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey of India 2020 in the Parliament, ahead of the Budget session.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Theme of Survey is wealth creation, promotion of pro-business policies, strengthening of trust in the economy. </span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">GDP growth pegged at 6-6.5 per cent in fiscal year starting April 1, up from 5 per cent in current fiscal. Fiscal deficit target for current fiscal may need to be relaxed to revive growth.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Declining inflation from 3.2 per cent in April 2019 to 2.6 per cent in December 2019, reflecting weakening demand pressure in the economy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Economic Survey highlighted that new firm creation in India has increased dramatically since 2014. There has been 12.2 % cumulative annual growth rate of new firms in the formal sector during 2014-18, compared to 3.8 % during 2006-2014.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Survey noted, the two Schemes, Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana- Gramin (PMAY-G) and Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana- Urban (PMAY-U), seek to achieve the target of housing for all by 2022. Under PMAY-G, the number of houses completed in a year increased by more than four times.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To achieve GDP of USD 5 trillion by 2024 &ndash; 2025, India needs to spend about USD 1.4 trillion (Rs.100 lakh crore) over these years on infrastructure so that lack of infrastructure does not become a constraint to the growth of Indian economy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Survey said that Livestock income has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural families and has assumed an important role in achieving the goal of doubling farmers&rsquo; income.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Survey said that despite ongoing developmental efforts, forest and tree cover are increasing considerably. The forest and tree cover have reached 80.73 million hectares which is 24.56 per cent of the geographical area of the country.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To promote preventive healthcare, one and half lakh Ayushman Bharat- Health and Wellness Centres are proposed to be set up by 2022. As per the latest National Health Accounts 2016-17, the out of pocket expenditure (OoPE) on health as a percentage of total health expenditure declined from 64.2 per cent in 2013-14 to 58.7 per cent in 2016-17.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The share of regular wage/salaried employees has increased by 5 percentage points from 18 per cent in 2011-12 to 23 per cent in 2017-18. In absolute terms, there was a significant jump of around 2.62 crore new jobs with 1.21 crore in rural areas and 1.39 crore in urban areas in this category.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Survey observed that India has the Second largest Emerging Green Bond Market after China. India also joined International Platform on Sustainable Finance (IPSF) in 2019 to scale up the environmentally sustainable investments.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All Urban areas of 35 States/UTs have become ODF and percentage of waste processing rose from around 18 percent to 60 percent.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Services Sector accounted for about 55percent of the economy and Gross Value Added (GVA) growth, two-thirds of total FDI inflows into India and about 38percent of the total exports.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3590,
		'title' => 'School drop-out rates highest in Assam',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">State-wise figures tabled in Lok Sabha showed that the dropout rate in schools is the highest in Assam, at both primary and secondary levels.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dropout rate refers to the percentage of students that do not complete their high school education.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The dropout rate in Assam at primary level was 10.1% in 2017-18, followed by Arunachal Pradesh (8.1), Mizoram (8), Uttar Pradesh (8) and Tamil Nadu (5.9). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At secondary level, Assam&rsquo;s dropout rate was 33.7%, followed by Bihar (32), Odisha (28.3), Tripura (27.2) and Karnataka (24.3).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The dropout rate among boys in primary schools in Assam was 11.2%, followed by Arunachal Pradesh (10), Mizoram (8.6), Uttar Pradesh (7.2) and Odisha (6). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For girls at primary level, the highest five dropout rates were in Assam (8.9), Mizoram (7.4), Uttar Pradesh (7.1), Arunachal Pradesh (6.1) and Tamil Nadu (6).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At secondary level, the dropout rates for boys were 32.1% in Assam, followed by Bihar (30.3), Odisha (28.7), Tripura (27.1) and Karnataka (26.4). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among girls in secondary school, the highest five dropout rates were in Assam (35.2%), followed by Bihar (33.7), Odisha (27.8), Tripura (27.3) and Madhya Pradesh (24.2).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reasons for children dropping out include poverty or economic reasons, poor health, a child too young to be attending school and a child needed for help in domestic work.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Poverty, availability and accessibility are the three big&nbsp;reasons&nbsp;why children drop out of&nbsp;school. While India has made significant progress in raising enrollment rates for primary education&nbsp;schools&nbsp;have been less successful at preventing&nbsp;dropouts&nbsp;during this critical learning phase.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3641,
		'title' => 'Gender gap in Science',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">February 11 was the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, established by the United Nations to promote equal access to and participation in science for women and girls.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Women &nbsp;remain under-represented in comparison to their male counterparts in higher studies involving science, as well as among the top scientific achievers.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to a 2018 fact sheet prepared by UNESCO on women in science, just 28.8% of researchers are women. &nbsp;In India, this drops to 13.9%.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Between 1901 and 2019, 334 Nobel Prizes have been awarded to 616 Laureates in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine, of which just 20 have been won by 19 women.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2019, the American mathematician Karen Uhlenbeck became the first woman to win the Abel Prize, following 16 male mathematicians. The Fields Medal so far has also been awarded to only one woman mathematician, the late Maryam Mirzakhani of Iran, as opposed to 59 men since 1936.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">UNESCO data from 2014-16 show that only around 30% of female students select STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics)-related fields in higher education. Female enrolment is particularly low in information technology (3%), natural science, mathematics and statistics (5%) and engineering and allied streams (8%).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2015-16, 9.3% of female students in undergraduate courses were enrolled in engineering, compared to 15.6% across genders. Conversely, 4.3% of female students were enrolled in medical science, compared to 3.3% across genders.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At master&rsquo;s and doctoral levels, female enrolment remained lower than overall enrolment, and also fell behind for medical science in three of the five years.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report found that in over 620 institutes and universities, including IITs, NITs, ISRO, and DRDO, the presence of women was 20.0% among Scientific and Administrative Staff, 28.7% among Post-Doctoral Fellows, and 33.5% among PhD scholars.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for gender gap</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Various studies have found that girls excel at mathematics and science-oriented subjects in school, but boys often believe they can do better, which shapes their choices in higher studies.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way forward</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Interventions geared to popularising subjects such as Engineering or the Physical sciences or Chemistry among female students at the school level in both urban and rural areas might be helpful in changing mind-set.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3660,
		'title' => 'Fossil fuel and air pollution',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new Greenpeace report has estimated the global cost of air pollution from fossil fuels at around $2.9 trillion per year, or $8 billion per day,&nbsp; 3.3% of the world&rsquo;s GDP.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Globally, air pollution is estimated to cause 4.5 million premature deaths each year. This includes 3 million deaths attributable globally to PM2.5, which is one of the principal pollutants in northern Indian cities including Delhi.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is estimated to bear a cost of $150 billion, or 5.4% of the country&rsquo;s GDP, which is the third-highest absolute cost from fossil fuel air pollution worldwide.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China and the US are estimated to bear the highest absolute costs from fossil fuel air pollution, respectively at $900 billion and $600 billion.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Globally, PM2.5 is also estimated to cause the loss of 62.7 million years of life, 2.7 million emergency room visits due to asthma, 2 million preterm births and 1.75 billion work absences. The 2 million preterm births include 981,000 in India and over 350,000 in China.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Additionally, the report links approximately 350,000 new cases of child asthma in India to nitrogen dioxide, which is a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Greenpeace mentions that many of the solutions to curb air pollution are also solutions to limit global temperatures from increasing beyond 1.5&deg;C.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Phasing out existing coal, oil and gas infrastructure and transitioning to renewable energy is required to avoid the worst impact of climate change. In the absence of efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions, the earth could&nbsp;warm&nbsp;by 2 degrees Celsius by 2050, cutting global GDP by 2.5% to 7.5%.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The financial cost of dealing with polluted air is the result of respiratory and non-communicable diseases, as well as an economic valuation of the years of life lost through premature death.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Compared to other pollutants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide, the PM 2.5 leads to the greatest health impact and cost due to increased work absences, while nations with large populations typically have a heavier absolute cost burden.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3720,
		'title' => 'Child Health Report by WHO',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A report released by a Commission of over 40 child and adolescent health experts from around the world, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF and&nbsp;<em>The Lancet</em>&nbsp;journal has pointed out that, no single country is adequately protecting their children&rsquo;s health, environment or future.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The health and future of every child and adolescent worldwide is under immediate threat from ecological degradation, climate change and exploitative marketing practices that push heavily processed fast food, sugary drinks, alcohol, and tobacco at children.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has been estimated that around 250 million children under the age of five in low and middle income countries are at risk of not reaching their developmental potential, based on proxy measures of stunting and poverty.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A great concern is that every child worldwide currently faces existential threats from climate change and commercial pressures.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the report, which includes an index of 180 countries, the poorest nations need to do more to support their children&rsquo;s ability to live healthier lives.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If global warming exceeds 4 degree Celsius by the year 2100 (in line with current projections), it would lead to devastating health consequences for children due to rising ocean levels, heatwaves, proliferation of diseases like malaria and dengue, and malnutrition, the Commission said.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the Commission, children in Norway, the Republic of Korea, and the Netherlands have the best chance at survival and well-being, while those in Central African Republic, Chad, Somalia, Niger and Mali face the worst odds.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were taken into account, top countries including Norway (ranked at 156), the Republic of Korea (166) and the Netherlands (160), trailed behind.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each of the three countries emit 210% more CO2 per capita than their 2030 target, adding that the United States, Australia and Saudi Arabia were among the ten worst emitters.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Commission called for a stop on CO2 emissions with utmost urgency, to ensure children have a future on this planet.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It said children and adolescents must be placed at the centre of countries&rsquo; efforts to achieve sustainable development, with the implementation of new policies and investment in all sectors to work towards child health and rights.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report advised world leaders to tighten national regulation of harmful commercial marketing, supported by a new Optional Protocol to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 90 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3900,
		'title' => 'Workplace safety still a issue',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A survey report released by the Network of Women in Media, India (NWMI) and Gender at Work said that, over 70% of respondents who had approached an internal committee to report sexual harassment at the workplace were not completely satisfied with the outcome.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey had 456 participants, including journalists, journalism educators, trainers and researchers. Most respondents were based in metropolitan centres such as Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Pune.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey found that 36% of all respondents reported having experienced sexual harassment at the workplaces. Of the respondents who experienced such harassment at work, 53% did not report it to anyone. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A small percentage made a report to the internal committee (IC) of their media houses. But 70% of those who made a complaint were not completely satisfied with the outcome, the report found.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the women who said that their organisation did not have a mechanism to deal with sexual harassment, 47% had faced sexual harassment.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey found that in terms of the kinds of harassment experienced by the respondents, the most common were sexist comments, unwelcome sexual jokes, embarrassing gestures or body language, attempts to establish unwanted romantic and/or sexual relationships, and pestering for dates.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The promise of rewards for compliance, accompanied by threats of mistreatment following a refusal to engage in sexual behaviour, were also reported. In addition, unwanted touching, fondling, sexual assault and rape were documented.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3920,
		'title' => 'Retail inflation falls',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Retail inflation based on the Consumer Price Index slowed to 6.58% in February, while the industrial production growth as measured in the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) quickened to 2% in January, according to official data.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Retail inflation means&nbsp;the increase in prices of certain products or commodities compared to a base price. In India,&nbsp;retail inflation&nbsp;is linked to Consumer Price Index(CPI) which is managed by Ministry of Statistics and Programme implementation.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Retail inflation, which was 7.59% in January 2020 and 2.57% in February 2019, slowed mainly due to easing food prices. Inflation in the food basket was 10.81% February 2020, lower from 13.63% in the previous month.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The moderation in inflation has expectedly been led largely by food inflation while core inflation remains muted amid tepid demand.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government has mandated the central bank to keep inflation at 4% with a margin of two percentage points on on either side.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With domestic and global growth expected to face downside risks from the spread of COVID-19 and deflationary forces emerging, there is room for up to 50 bps of rate cut by the MPC.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IIP had accelerated 1.6% in January 2019. For January 2020, official data showed that the mining sector output grew 4.4% against a rise of 3.8%, manufacturing output rose 1.5% compared with 1.3% in the year-ago month, and electricity generation rose 3.1% versus 0.9% in January 2019.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3941,
		'title' => 'BS VI norms take toll on automobile sector',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The total wholesale automobile sales in the country declined by a little over 19% during the last month as consumer sentiment remained subdued amid economic slowdown and new BS VI norms.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vehicle sales across categories stood at over 16.46 lakh units in February 2020 as against sale of over 20.34 lakh units in February 2019.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supply chain disruptions from China is also a concern, which may impact the production plans for companies going forward.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per data shared by Federation of Automobile Dealers Associations (FADA), the retail sales of vehicles in the country, as measured by vehicle registration numbers, grew 2.60% to over 17.11 lakh units in February 2020. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While sales of passenger vehicles declined by 1.17% to over 2.26 lakh units, that of two-wheelers and commercial vehicles were up 1.52% to 12.85 lakh units and 13% to 92,805 units, respectively.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>BS VI norms</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bharat stage (BS) emission standards are emission standards instituted by Central Government to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) under Ministry of Environment &amp; Forests and climate change.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At present, all new vehicles being registered are BS- IV-emission compliant. By switching to BS-VI, India will join league of US, Japan and European Union, which follow Euro Stage VI emission norms.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BS-IV fuels contain 50 parts per million (ppm) sulphur, while BS-V and BS-VI grade fuel will have 10 ppm sulphur. It will also bring down NOx emissions from diesel cars by 68% and 25% from petrol engine cars.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 3997,
		'title' => 'Chronic disease and COVID-19',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:36pt; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:36pt; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;COVID-19&nbsp;outbreak has put the spotlight on several country-specific health indicators. A look at how India stands on pre-existing health conditions, age, and healthcare capacity.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:36pt; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:36pt; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:36pt; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Global Burden of Disease data measure the burden in terms of &ldquo;disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)&rdquo;, which is defined as the number of years of healthy life lost.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:36pt; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:36pt; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Early research from Italy and China suggests that COVID-19 patients who died those countries were more likely to have had pre-existing health conditions, namely diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular diseases. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While experts have not yet finally concluded how exactly country-wide indicators interact with the spread of the outbreak, one factor may be these underlying diseases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In comparison to six of the countries significantly affected by the outbreak, China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, India has a higher burden of cardiovascular diseases than four of these countries, but lower than China and the US. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For diabetes and kidney disease, India has a higher burden than Italy, China, and the UK, but lower than Iran, South Korea, and the US.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s cardiovascular disease burden in 2017 was 4,716 DALYs per 100,000 population, way behind China (6,020) and close to the US (4,814). India is followed by Italy (4.350), UK (4,005), and Iran (3,911). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">South Korea has a very low burden with cardiovascular diseases, at 2,340 DALYs per 100,000 population. It was also one of the countries to experience heavy contraction of COVID-19 but not as many deaths as in the other hardest hit countries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For diabetes and kidney disease, India was at 1,340 DALYs per 100,000 in 2017. Countries with a higher burden are the US (1,779), South Korea (1,447), and Iran (1,356), while Italy (1,266), China (1,068), and the UK (913) have a lower burden than India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">More than two-thirds of the deaths from COVID-19 in Italy were of patients with diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or&nbsp;cancer, or were of former smokers, according to research.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research from Wuhan showed patients who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome after contracting COVID-19 had a mean age of 61 years and were more likely to have diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cerebrovascular disease.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The World Health Organization tracks country-wise data on hospital beds per 10,000 people. India stands at the lowest among the seven countries, at seven. Iran has 15, UK 28, US 29, Italy 34, China 42, South Korea 143.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4036,
		'title' => 'Quarantine works better than airport screening',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) published research that compares the effectiveness and feasibility of two approaches,&nbsp; attempting to contain an outbreak at the border, and quarantining symptomatic cases within the country.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research makes a case for post-travel tracking rather than border containment. It uses mathematical modelling to show that spending resources on quarantining symptomatic cases can achieve a meaningful impact on the disease burden&nbsp; rather than attempting to achieve infeasible levels of containment at the borders.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also accounts for the inevitability that an outburst of cases would make lab confirmations impractical. Therefore, the paper proposes &ldquo;symptomatic surveillance&rdquo; to be included with quarantine measures.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government has focused on random sampling of patients with severe symptoms and quarantining positive cases. In the initial weeks of rising cases in India, asymptomatic travellers were not tested.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If India screened all symptomatic airport arrivals from China, the epidemic would occur in 45 to 47.7 days. If all asymptomatic arrivals from China were screened, India would need to identify at least 75% of asymptomatic infected arrivals in order to achieve an &ldquo;appreciable&rdquo; delay in the outbreak. If 90% were identified, the delay would be 20 days.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no accurate, rapid test to achieve the required detection levels, the paper notes, citing other studies to show that thermal screening can miss at least 46% of infections. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The only way to achieve the needed detection levels, in fact, may be isolation of all arrivals from the specified airports.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers built their model with two scenarios. The optimistic scenario assumes that each infected person transmits the virus to 1.5 other people (known as R0 or reproduction number) and that asymptomatic infections do not infect others. The pessimistic scenario assumes each infection transmits to four other people, and that asymptomatic cases are half as infectious as symptomatic cases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The models show that once community transmission occurs, the epidemic&rsquo;s peak and duration can be greatly affected by quarantining symptomatic cases, &nbsp;but only in the optimistic scenario.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paper&rsquo;s hypothetical model found that quarantining 50% of symptomatic cases within three days of their symptoms would reduce overall cases by 62% and the peak number of cases by 89% in an optimistic scenario.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The model assumes that cases are only coming from certain regions in China, which is a major drawback. We now know that many cases in India have actually come from the Middle East and the UK.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'title' => 'Unemployment rate in India sees significant increase',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) has said that the unemployment rate shot up in March. The employment rate in the economy fell to an all-time low of 38.2 percent in March 2020.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With the coronavirus outbreak severely affecting every country, its impact on an already hobbling Indian economy is set to be devastating if the latest data on unemployment rate is taken as an indicator.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Labour Participation Rate (LPR) in March 2019 was 42.7 percent. This is the first time the LPR has fallen below 42 percent.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The monthly figures from the CMIE that were released recently also show a curious inversion. In urban India, unemployment among the uneducated is at a higher level than those with a graduate degree (13%), for the first time since early-2016.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most of the people are employed in service sector jobs in construction, repair, or unorganized transport, all of which have come to a standstill due to the current lockdown.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Early estimates from CMIE&rsquo;s weekly tracker indicate that at least 50 million Indians may have lost their jobs in the last two weeks. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The real impact of wage cuts and job losses won&#39;t be felt immediately on account of the temporary relief measures announced by the government and the RBI.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The government has unveiled a Rs 1.75 lakh crore welfare package for poor while the RBI announced a series of measures to ease liquidity in the system (to the tune of Rs 3.74 lakh crore).</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4205,
		'title' => 'COVID-19 death rates and HDI',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An analysis of data by the Johns Hopkins University tracker shows that the top&nbsp;five countries with the highest mortality rate&nbsp;are the ones which lack a sufficient and robust health system and have fared poorly in latest Human Development Index (HDI) report released by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Human Development Index measures a country&rsquo;s overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions like health, level of education and standard of living.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Zimbabwe, which has so far recorded 11 cases and 3 deaths, has the highest mortality rate of 27.30 per cent, which is nearly five times that of the global rate of 5.9 per cent. Zimbabwe is followed by Bahamas, Guyana, Algeria and Myanmar &mdash; none of which feature in the top 10 countries with most cases or fatalities.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Zimbabwe also ranked a lowly 132 out of 195 countries in the Global Health Security (GHS) Index, which measures health security and related capabilities of countries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bahamas, which has recorded 41 coronavirus cases and eight deaths so far, has the second highest mortality rate at 19.50 per cent, nearly four times that of the global average rate. With a score of 0.805, the Caribbean country&rsquo;s HDI rank is 60 and according to the GHS Index, it ranks 177.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Moreover, all the above countries feature in the bottom half of the Human Development Index &mdash; Guyana (123rd), Algeria (82nd) and Myanmar (145th) &mdash; signalling that the healthcare system of the countries is bound to face challenges in dealing with the pandemic.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite Italy having an HDI rank of 29, one factor affecting the country&rsquo;s death rate may be the age of its population. Italy has the oldest population in Europe, with about 23 per cent of residents 65 or older.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Similarly, countries with the lowest mortality rate &mdash; Qatar (0.30 per cent), Singapore (0.30 per cent), Iceland (0.40 per cent), United Arab Emirates (0.50 per cent) and Latvia (0.50 per cent) &mdash; appear in the top 40 of the Human Development Index.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Human Development Index (HDI)</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;Human Development Index&nbsp;(HDI) is a statistic composite index of&nbsp;life expectancy,&nbsp;education, and&nbsp;per capita income&nbsp;indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of&nbsp;human development.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A country scores a higher HDI when the&nbsp;lifespan&nbsp;is higher, the&nbsp;education&nbsp;level is higher, and the gross national income&nbsp;GNI (PPP) per capita&nbsp;is higher. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was developed by Pakistani economist&nbsp;Mahbub ul Haq&nbsp;and Indian economist&nbsp;Amartya Sen&nbsp;and was further used to measure a country&#39;s development by the <strong>United</strong> <strong>Nations</strong> <strong>Development</strong> <strong>Programme</strong> (UNDP)&#39;s Human Development Report Office.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This index is a tool used to follow changes in development levels over time and to compare the development levels of different countries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Evaluating a country&#39;s potential for individual human development provides a supplementary metric for evaluating a country&#39;s level of development besides considering standard economic growth statistics, such as&nbsp;gross domestic product&nbsp;(GDP).</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4234,
		'title' => 'Why hospitals are hotbed for Coronavirus?',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Across the world, hospitals have become hotspots for novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection. And hundreds of healthcare workers have been infected in many countries, and some have died too.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the availability and quality of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the duration of exposure with severe and critical patients have been a factor in determining if healthcare workers were safe or not, a study reveals how certain areas in the hospitals and certain objects had more viruses.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study was carried out as 1,688 healthcare workers had become infected with novel coronavirus in China, including 1,080 healthcare workers in Wuhan, the epicentre of the epidemic in China. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Widespread hospital contamination could have resulted in occupational exposure for healthcare workers in the hospital on a daily basis.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary routes of transmission of the virus are through large respiratory droplets and close contact, and contact with surfaces and objects contaminated with the virus. Once in contact with the virus on objects and surfaces, there is high risk of infection.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study found at 31.9%, the intensive care unit specialised for taking care of COVID-19 patients was the most contaminated in the hospital followed by obstetric isolation ward for COVID-19 pregnant women (28.1%), and isolation ward for COVID-19 patients (19.6%).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They found nearly 14% of all commonly used hospital objects and medical equipment had the virus on them. Among the most contaminated objects in the hospital were the self-service printers (20.0%), desktop/keyboard (16.8%), doorknob (16.0%), telephones (12.5%) and medical equipment (12.5%).&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that the virus could persist longer on smooth surfaces &mdash; infectious virus could be found on glass and banknotes even on day three, while they could find viable, infectious virus on stainless steel and plastic up to day six.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team had found that the virus survived the least time &mdash; four hours &mdash; on copper, while they could find virus for relatively longer time on plastic (three days) and stainless steel (two days). The virus survived for a day on cardboard.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The most interesting but disturbing finding is the presence of infectious virus on the outer layer of the surgical mask even on day seven. But the amount of virus found on mask on day seven was only 0.1% of the original number.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">They also studied the ability of different disinfectants to kill the virus. Compared with hand soap, no infectious virus could be found five minutes after the virus culture was added to various disinfectants. The study thus shows that surfaces can be made free of the virus using regular disinfectants.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4296,
		'title' => 'Ramdesivir usage in India',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The drug remdesivir has been under the spotlight as a possible treatment for critical cases of novel&nbsp;coronavirus&nbsp;disease (COVID-19). Globally, it is one of the four possible lines of treatment being investigated in the Solidarity trials under the aegis of the World Health Organization (WHO).&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the drug is yet to get approval in any country to treat COVID-19, recent studies have claimed they have found promising results.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a drug with antiviral properties that was manufactured by US-based biotechnology company in 2014, to treat Ebola cases. It was also tried in patients of MERS and SARS, both caused by members of the coronavirus family, but experts said it did now show promising results back then.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coronaviruses have a single-strand RNA as their genetic material. When the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 enters a human cell, an enzyme called RdRP helps the virus replicate. Remdesivir works by inhibiting the activity of RdRP.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A small cohort study used remdesivir on 61 patients in USA, Canada, Europe and Japan. These patients were critically ill with low oxygen levels, and were administered remdesivir under manufacturer Gilead&rsquo;s compassionate use programme.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study found clinical improvement in 68% of the cases, with their oxygen levels improving; 47% patients could be discharged after treatment, and more than 50% patients (17 of 30) no longer required mechanical ventilator support. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study found that clinical improvement was less frequent in patients on invasive ventilators or among elderly people. Seven patients died despite treatment with remdesivir.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study had no control arm, meaning another group of patients who were not administered the drug, to compare outcomes of treatment with and without remdesivir. Unless such trials are conducted, the effect of the drug remains a grey zone.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has said it can consider using the drug if local manufacturers are willing to procure it. Remdesivir is currently not available in India.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hydroxychloroquine, an anti-malarial drug, is undergoing multiple trials to assess if it can be used to treat severe COVID-19 cases. It works by decreasing the acidity in parts of the cell where the virus is present, thereby inhibiting it.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Ritonavir and lopinavir are two antiviral drugs used for treatment of HIV. These too work by inhibiting the virus&rsquo;s RNA. Specifically, they target the enzyme that helps the virus split proteins.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4373,
		'title' => 'Kerala’s migration future',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Once the lockdown is lifted, Kerala will face a new challenge with the expected return of a large section of Keralites from the Middle East. This throws the spotlight on the importance of out-migration in Kerala&rsquo;s economy, and raises questions about its future.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Migration (both internal and international) has been the single most dynamic factor in the development of Kerala since its formation in 1956. Data available for the old Travancore-Cochin region suggests that it was characterised by a net inflow of persons until 1941.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Until 1971, most Keralites were migrating within India, mostly to emerging cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Bangalore. This is partly due to the demand for skilled/educated persons, which Kerala could contribute due to its high literacy rate.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, with the opening up of the Gulf economies to foreign workforces in the 1970s in the wake of a spike in oil prices, the tide of migration from Kerala moved decisively from internal to international. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rate of out-migration peaked in 1971-81, at approximately 250,000. The available data indicates that the outflow continued well into the 1980s and 1990s. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Consequently, many of the Malayalis who had left Kerala for other parts of the country in the earlier days, moved now to the Gulf. Till 1999, Kerala had only one international airport. Today, it has four, due to the importance of international migration and remittances to the economy and society at large.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first study, in 1998, indicated that nearly 1.5 million Keralites were then living outside India, with another 750,000 former emigrants having returned. Over the years, the survey found that they live mostly on the savings, work experience, and skills brought with them from abroad. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">More than a million families depend on internal migrants&rsquo; earnings for subsistence, children&rsquo;s education and other economic requirements. While the educationally backward Muslims from the Thrissur-Malappuram region provide the backbone of emigration, the educationally forward Ezhawas, Nairs and Syrian Christians from the former Travancore-Cochin State form the core of internal migration.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kerala has seen widespread return migration due to external shocks on at least three occasions &mdash; Gulf War, global economic crisis and Nitaqat policy of Saudi Arabia.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The top destination is the Gulf region with 89.2 per cent of the total emigrants. The UAE has remained the favourite destination for Keralites from the beginning. About 1.89 million emigrants live in the Gulf countries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Gulf countries are already beginning to see the effects of the COVID crisis, with oil prices sinking to an all-time low. Most sectors will likely incur heavy job losses amid changing domestic policies.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The vital importance of migrants to Kerala&rsquo;s economy and society means that the government will have to take careful steps to foster international migration in a post-COVID world.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'metatitle' => 'Kerala’s migration future',
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		'metadescription' => 'Once the lockdown is lifted, Kerala will face a new challenge with the expected return of a large section of Keralites from the Middle East. This throws the spotlight',
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4396,
		'title' => 'Impact of dams on Brahmaputra',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new study highlighting the impact of China&rsquo;s dams on the Mekong river has raised fresh questions on whether dams being built on other rivers that originate in China, such as the Brahmaputra, may similarly impact countries downstream.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The river Brahmaputra is very important to livelihood of people of North-East India especially <strong>Assam</strong>. Downstream region such as Bangladesh is dependent on waters of Brahmaputra for its sustenance.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While China&rsquo;s south-western Yunnan province had above-average rainfall from May to October 2019, there was severe lack of water in the lower Mekong, the study found based on satellite data from 1992 to 2019.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mekong flows from <strong>China to Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia </strong>and<strong> Vietnam.</strong> The Mekong River Commission, which comprises Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, has said more scientific evidence was needed to establish whether dams caused a 2019 drought.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study said six dams built since the commissioning of the Nuozhadu dam in 2012 had altered natural flow of the river. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was published by the Sustainable Infrastructure Partnership in Bangkok and the Lower Mekong Initiative, which is a U.S. partnership with all the downstream countries besides Myanmar. The study was funded by the U.S. government.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China has maintained that the dams it is building on the river, known as the Lancang there, are &ldquo;run of the river&rdquo; dams that only store water for power generation.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has long expressed concerns over dam-building on the Brahmaptura. In 2015, China operationalised its first hydropower project at Zangmu, while three other dams at Dagu, Jiexu and Jiacha are being developed.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian officials have said the dams are not likely to impact the quantity of the Brahmaputra&rsquo;s flows because they are only storing water for power generation. Moreover, the Brahmaputra is not entirely dependent on upstream flows and an estimated 35% of its basin is in India.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India does not have a water-sharing agreement with China, but both sides share hydrological data.&nbsp;India buy data from Chinese authorities regarding flood levels in the river so as to take precautionary steps.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mekong study was not conclusive on the question of how China&rsquo;s dams had affected quantity of flows. To state that the basin had less water because of activities in China alone is misleading, mainly because that only considers the water flowing into the lower basin at one station in Thailand.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The study did not consider other dams and water-use along the course of the river. The lower basin isn&rsquo;t entirely dependent on flows from China, but also receives water from tributaries in all four countries, which the study did not account for.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
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		'title' => 'COVID-19 effects on global energy sector',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Energy Agency (IEA) has released a report detailing the impact of Covid-19, which it has called a &ldquo;once-in-a-century crisis&rdquo;, on global energy demands and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With lockdowns imposed in several countries, transportation such as road and air travel has been largely restricted, due to which global energy demands have plummeted.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per the report, countries in full lockdown are seeing an average decline of 25 per cent in energy demand per week, while in those with a partial lockdown, the fall in energy demand is about 18 per cent per week. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This may not be a reason to celebrate as it is expected that emissions will soar once economies restart, unless governments take a conscious decision to change the sources of energy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report estimates that the global demand for oil could drop by nine percent on average this year, which will return oil consumption to 2012 levels. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As a result of lockdowns, road transport has dropped between 50-75 percent with the average global road transport activity falling to 50 percent of what it was during this time in 2019.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aviation activity the world over dropped by 60 percent at the end of March 2020. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) expects the flight capacity utilisation to average below 65 percent of what it was in 2019 in the second quarter of 2020, further impacting the demand for jet fuel and kerosene.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coal demand could decline by eight percent, mainly due to a fall in electricity demand of over five percent over the course of the year.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In advanced economies, coal demand will fall by 25 percent in the US, 20 percent in the European Union (EU) and 5-10 percent in Korea and Japan. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the coming months, the demand for coal will be impacted based on how its biggest consumers, such as&nbsp;China, recover from the crisis.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Regardless of the lengths of global lockdowns or a second&nbsp;pandemic&nbsp;wave,&nbsp;the demand for renewable is likely to increase. Renewable sources of energy have been the &ldquo;most resilient&rdquo; to Covid-19 lockdown measures and the total global use of renewable energy is expected to rise by 1 percent by 2020.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Emissions declined the most in regions which were impacted the highest by the disease. For instance, there was an 8 percent decline in emissions in China and Europe, and a 9 percent decline in the US.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">India, which is one of the IEA association countries, has seen a reduction in its energy demands by over 30 percent as a result of the nation-wide lockdown. This translates to a fall in energy demand by 0.6 per cent with every additional week of lockdown.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4476,
		'title' => 'Coronavirus found in semen',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The virus that causes&nbsp;COVID-19&nbsp;can be found in semen, Chinese researchers report in a small study that doesn&rsquo;t address whether sexual transmission is possible.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Doctors detected the virus in semen from six of 38 men hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Four were still very sick with the disease while two were recovering.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There was no long-term follow-up so it is not known how long the virus may remain in semen or if men can spread it to their partners during sex.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results contrast with a study of 34 Chinese men with COVID-19 published last month in the journal Fertility and Sterility. U.S. and Chinese researchers found no evidence of virus in semen tested between eight days and almost three months after diagnosis.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Authorities believe the coronavirus mainly spreads from droplets produced when infected people cough, which are inhaled by people nearby.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some studies have reported finding the virus in blood, feces and tears or other fluid from COVID-19 patients with inflammation in their eyes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Evidence suggesting that other infectious viruses including Zika and Ebola may be sexually transmitted has prompted questions about the coronavirus.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The new study shouldn&rsquo;t be cause for alarm. To be safe, though, it may be wise to avoid sexual contact with people until they are 14 days without symptoms.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4644,
		'title' => 'Relation of COVID-19 with pregnancy and breast milk',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research is on to determine the answers to many questions such as why pregnant women more at risk from&nbsp;Covid-19 and in what ways can mothers pass on the&nbsp;coronavirus&nbsp;to their newborn.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A recent study published has examined the milk from two nursing mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2. The researchers found SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the second mother for four consecutive days.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) maintains that if a Covid-19 patient chooses to breastfeed her child, she should wear a facemask while doing so and wash her hands before each feeding. Further, she should use a dedicated breast pump and follow recommendations for proper pump cleaning.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mother-to-child transmission (vertical transmission) of Covid-19 is unlikely. However, after birth, a newborn can be infected after being in close contact with an infected person, including the baby&rsquo;s mother or other caregivers.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing more severe illness from Covid-19, as pregnancy weakens the immune system.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another reason that pregnant women may develop more severe outcomes is because during pregnancy, the upper respiratory tract tends to be swollen due to high levels of oestrogen and progesterone and restricted lung expansion, which may make such women susceptible to respiratory pathogens.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">While it cannot be said for certain if breastmilk with virus RNA can go on to infect newborns who consume it, the finding adds to the emerging evidence about the possible locations where virus RNA can be found.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4737,
		'title' => 'Moody’s downgrades India’s sovereign ratings',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Moody&rsquo;s Investors Service downgraded&nbsp;the Government of India&rsquo;s foreign-currency and local-currency long-term issuer ratings to &ldquo;Baa3&rdquo; from &ldquo;Baa2&rdquo;. It stated that the outlook remained &ldquo;negative&rdquo;.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest downgrade reduces India to the lowest investment grade of ratings and brings Moody&rsquo;s ratings for the country in line with the other two main rating agencies in the world, Standard &amp; Poor&rsquo;s (S&amp;P) and Fitch.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The negative outlook reflects dominant, mutually-reinforcing, downside risks from deeper stresses in the economy and financial system that could lead to a more severe and prolonged erosion in fiscal strength than Moody&rsquo;s currently projects.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Moody&rsquo;s has highlighted persistent structural challenges to fast economic growth such as weak infrastructure, rigidities in labour, land and product markets, and rising financial sector risks.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to Moody&rsquo;s, the pandemic amplifies vulnerabilities in India&rsquo;s credit profile that were present and building prior to the shock, and which motivated the assignment of a negative outlook last year.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The low effectiveness of policy and the resulting loss of growth momentum is evidenced in the sharp deceleration in India&rsquo;s GDP growth rates.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for downgrade</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Weak implementation of economic reforms since 2017.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Relatively low economic growth over a sustained period.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A significant deterioration in the fiscal position of governments (central and state).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rising stress in India&rsquo;s financial sector.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ratings are based on the overall health of the economy and the state of government finances. A rating downgrade means that bonds issued by the Indian governments are now &ldquo;riskier&rdquo; than before, because weaker economic growth and worsening fiscal health undermine a government&rsquo;s ability to pay back.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lower risk is better because it allows governments and companies of that country to raise debts at a lower rate of interest.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">When India&rsquo;s sovereign rating is downgraded, it becomes costlier for the Indian government as well as all Indian companies to raise funds because now the world sees such debt as a riskier proposition.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'metatitle' => 'Moody’s downgrades India’s sovereign ratings',
		'metakeyword' => 'Moody’s downgrades India’s sovereign ratings',
		'metadescription' => 'Moody’s Investors Service downgraded the Government of India’s foreign-currency and local-currency long-term issuer ratings to “Baa3” from “Baa2”.',
		'author' => null,
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 4574,
		'title' => 'Cleaner air saved more lives than claimed by COVID-19 in China',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new study has quantified that for&nbsp;China, an estimated 12,125 deaths were prevented during the country&rsquo;s countrywide ban on traffic mobility between February 10 and March 14. The study found that this is higher than the lives lost to the&nbsp;pandemic.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lockdowns around the world, enforced with the objective of slowing the spread of&nbsp;Covid-19, have also visibly reduced air pollution.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers agreed that the findings cannot be directly applied to other countries but felt that reductions of air pollution levels have likely brought health benefits in those countries, too.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This way of having clean air through massive quarantine and travel restrictions is not sustainable and likely to be only temporary for a short period of time.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The estimates are based on changes in daily concentrations of two air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide and PM2.5, in 367 Chinese cities from January 1, 2016 to March 14, 2020. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers calculated the changes in air quality in 2020 (during quarantine versus before quarantine) and compared these findings with corresponding changes in the same periods for 2016 to 2019. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Accounting for these earlier years helped factor in the already declining pollution levels in China on account of the country&rsquo;s clean air policy. For calculating the deaths prevented due to reduced levels of these two pollutants, the study used equations based on the findings of another recent study.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The researchers wrote that their estimates should be interpreted with caution because of the potential overlap between deaths caused by PM 2.5 and by nitrogen dioxide, and the effect on mortality rate caused by disruptions in healthcare systems.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'metatitle' => 'Cleaner air saved more lives than claimed by COVID-19 in China',
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		'metadescription' => 'A new study has quantified that for China, an estimated 12,125 deaths were prevented during the country’s countrywide ban on traffic mobility between February 10 and March 14.',
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 5054,
		'title' => 'Wealth and COVID-19',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new Socioeconomic Impact of the Covid-19&nbsp;survey carried out across the US has shown how the impact of the&nbsp;pandemic&nbsp;has not been equal across individuals.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It found that liquid assets increased the likelihood that an individual could practice&nbsp;social distancing. Wealth gives individuals agency to make choices, like social distancing, that keep themselves and their families healthy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Low- and moderate-income households delayed major housing payments and health care;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hispanic/Latin homeowners were more likely (14.1%) to be evicted than Non-Hispanic White (6.4%) and five times as likely as Non-Hispanic Black (2.6%) homeowners, despite moratoriums on some evictions;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hispanic/Latin (27%) and low-income individuals (29%) were most affected by job loss; 34% of people who lost their job reported food insecurity.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Global wealth and covid-19</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The segment that will be hit the hardest in the slow recovery and lasting damage scenarios will be the wealthiest, the millionaires and the billionaires, simply because of the high exposure to equity markets and market volatility.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;pandemic&nbsp;could also push overdue change for the guardians of the world&rsquo;s riches. Wealth managers are confronting the virus in worse shape than they were before the financial crisis, with lower returns on assets and higher cost bases than in 2007.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">In the short term, the wealthy will move assets to perceived safe havens. Over a longer period, some of it may be repatriated to make it easier to access liquidity, especially if the downturn lasts.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 5132,
		'title' => 'Shrinking population of India',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new analysis has projected that the world population will peak much earlier than previously estimated. It projects a peak at 9.73 billion in 2064, which is 36 years earlier than the 11 billion peaks projected for 2100.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For India, the report projects a&nbsp;peak population of 1.6 billion in 2048, up from 1.38 billion in 2017. By 2100, the population is projected to decline by 32% to 1.09 billion.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study analysed population trends in 195 countries. It used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 to model future populations in various scenarios as a function of fertility, migration, and mortality rates.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The forecasts highlight huge challenges to the economic growth of a shrinking workforce, the high burden on health and social support systems of an ageing population.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Continued trends in female educational attainment and access to contraception will hasten declines in fertility and slow population growth.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The global Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is predicted to steadily decline from 2.37 in 2017 to 1.66 in 2100. The TFR is projected to fall below 2.1 in 183 countries. In 23 countries including Japan, Thailand,&nbsp;Italy,&nbsp;and&nbsp;Spain, it is projected to shrink by more than 50%.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The total population in India will increase and peak just before mid-century, followed by significant declines. Similarly, the working-age population will also increase in the first half of the century, and then decline in the second half.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Wealthy countries such as the UK and the USA could counteract the impact of these changes through the net migration of working-age adults from countries with growing populations.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>&nbsp;Major highlights</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s TFR was already below 2.1 in 2019. The TFR is projected to continue a steep decline until about 2040, reaching 1.29 in 2100.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of working-age adults (20&ndash;64 years) in India is projected to fall from around 748 million in 2017 to around 578 million in 2100. However, this will be the largest working-age population in the world by 2100.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">From 2017 to 2100, India is projected to rise up the list of countries with the largest GDP, from 7th to 3rd.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is projected to have the second-largest net immigration in 2100, with an estimated half a million more people immigrating to India in 2100 than emigrating out.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Among the 10 countries with the largest populations in 2017 or 2100, India is projected to have one of the lowest life expectancies (79.3 years in 2100, up from 69.1 in 2017).</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 5265,
		'title' => 'Antibiotics extensively misused in dairy sector',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A survey report by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has found out that antibiotics are extensively misused in the dairy sector and its residues remain largely untested in milk.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Experts are concerned that we are staring at another pandemic-like situation &mdash; that of antibiotic resistance fuelled by the way we are producing our food.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The CSE&rsquo;s assessment shows that dairy farmers indiscriminately use antibiotics for diseases such as mastitis (infection/inflammation of the udder), a common ailment in dairy animals. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Often, these include critically important antibiotics (CIAs) for humans &mdash; the WHO has warned that they should be preserved in view of the growing crisis of antibiotic resistance.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The abused antibiotics are easily available without the prescription of a registered veterinarian and stocked at farms. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Farmers often inject animals based on their own judgment of signs and symptoms of a disease without any veterinary supervision.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Farmers often sell milk while the animal is under treatment, which increases the chances of antibiotic residues. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While milk sold directly to consumers is not tested, contrary to what one would expect, processed milk sold in packets is also largely unchecked for antibiotic residues.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">India is the world&rsquo;s largest milk producer. Urban areas consume 52% of it, and the unorganised sector, comprising milkmen and contractors, caters to 60% of this consumer base.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'metadescription' => 'A survey report by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has found out that antibiotics are extensively misused in the dairy sector and its residues remain',
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 5227,
		'title' => 'Seaweed medication against virus',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a study in mammalian cells, an extract from edible seaweeds was found to outperform remdesivir, in effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 that causes&nbsp;Covid-19.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Heparin, a common blood thinner, and a heparin variant stripped of its anticoagulant properties, performed on par with remdesivir in inhibiting the virus.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The spike protein on SARS-CoV-2 latches onto the ACE-2 receptor on the surface of human cells. But in the study, the virus could be persuaded to lock onto a decoy molecule that offers a similar fit.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The neutralised virus would be trapped and eventually degrade naturally. Previous research has shown this decoy technique works in trapping other viruses, including dengue.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new research tested antiviral activity in three variants of heparin (heparin, trisulfated heparin, and a non-anticoagulant low molecular weight heparin) and two extracts (RPI-27 and RPI-28) from seaweed. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With each compound, the researchers performed a dose-response study on mammalian cells. They compared a value called EC50 (a lower value signals a more potent compound).</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">RPI-27 yielded an EC50 value of about 83 nanomolar, while a similar previous test of remdesivir on the same mammalian cells yielded an EC50 of 770 nanomolar (RPI-27 was, therefore, more potent). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Heparin yielded an EC50 2.1 micromolar or about one-third as active as remdesivir, and a non-anticoagulant analogue of heparin yielded an EC50 of 5.0 micromolar, about one-fifth as active as remdesivir.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'metadescription' => 'In a study in mammalian cells, an extract from edible seaweeds was found to outperform remdesivir, in effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 that causes Covid-19.',
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	(int) 110 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 5311,
		'title' => 'Social distancing and Covid-19 spread',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have tried to quantify the efficacy of social distancing measures by analysing the spread of&nbsp;Covid-19&nbsp;in 134 nations which have varying policies on social distancing.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Social distancing&nbsp;is among the key precautionary measures to protect against and stop the spread of the novel&nbsp;coronavirus.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers attempted to quantify the effects of social distancing measures on curbing the spread of Covid-19. They found that such measures significantly reduced spreading rates compared to time-matched intervals in nations that did not implement social distancing policies.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that as a result of social-distancing policies, the prevention of mortality in the US could save $8 trillion nationally, or $60,000 per household. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the US, where it was up to states to implement social distancing measures, researchers found that the smallest reductions in the spread of Covid-19 were observed in Nebraska and Wyoming, the two states without any social distancing measures.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They found that those nations with social distancing policies recorded a larger decrease in their Covid-19 spread rate than those with regional social distancing policies. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were no significant differences found in countries with regional policies and those without any social distancing policies. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study showed that testing rates and the change in testing rates observed in pre-social distancing time periods showed no difference between countries with and without social distancing policies.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since researchers relied on direct Covid-19 testing for their analysis, it is possible that they underestimated the prevalence of the disease. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further, while various factors such as climate, population density, healthcare infrastructure, testing rates, and population characteristics determine the spread of Covid-19, this study focussed on the change in transmission as a result of social distancing policies only.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<ol>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">While India was not included in this analysis, it has a nation-wide implementation of social distancing, with state governments actively enforcing the policy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ol>
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		'metadescription' => 'Researchers have tried to quantify the efficacy of social distancing measures by analysing the spread of Covid-19 in 134 nations which have varying policies',
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	(int) 111 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 5831,
		'title' => 'Health of India’s religious communities',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has released the report of a survey titled &lsquo;Health in India&rsquo;, whose main objective was to gather basic quantitative information on India&rsquo;s health sector.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report details aspects of the role played by government and private sector facilities, and also contain health information for separate religious communities, including estimates of their susceptibility to ailments.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Zoroastrian community remains the most susceptible to ailments. Results from the National Sample Survey (NSS)&rsquo;s 75th Round released show that 31.1 percent of Zoroastrians reported that they were suffering from an ailment at the time the survey was conducted.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This number for other communities is: Jains, 11.2 percent; Sikhs 11 percent; Christians 10.5 percent; Muslims 8.1 percent; Buddhists 8 percent; and Hindus 7.2 percent.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey defines ailment as any deviation from a person&rsquo;s state of physical and mental well-being. The &lsquo;Proportion of Persons who Responded as Ailing&rsquo;, or PPRA, in a 15-day period when they were approached by the surveyors, were registered as those suffering from ailments.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey shows that women remain more susceptible to suffering from ailments than men. In rural India&nbsp;6.1 percent of males said that they were suffering from ailments, while 7.6 percent of rural women said the same. While 8.2 percent of urban males said that they were sick, 10 percent urban females said the same.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Around 7.5 percent of Indians reported that they were suffering from ailments, as per the survey. The difference in people suffering from ailments in rural and urban India was stark. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">While in rural India only 6.8 percent said that they were suffering from an ailment, this number in urban India was 9.1 percent.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 112 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 5720,
		'title' => 'Ease of Doing Business',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest ease of doing business rankings for Indian states, released by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), have thrown up some interesting results.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective of DPIIT&rsquo;s reform exercise is to provide a business-friendly environment, for which the regulations in a state have to be made simpler.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DPIIT provides a set of recommendations meant to reduce the time and effort spent by businesses on compliance with regulation called the Business Reform Action Plan (BRAP). </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BRAP 2019 is an 80-point list of reforms recommended to simplify, rationalise and digitise the regulatory framework in a state.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reforms are grouped into 12 broad areas like land administration, labour regulation, obtaining electricity and water supply permits, environment regulation, etc. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">States are required to submit proof of implementing each reform on the DPIIT&rsquo;s EoDB portal and submit a list of users of these reforms. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A sample of these users is then surveyed to determine the efficacy of these reforms. Each question is assigned a weight. The final score is a weighted average of all the responses applicable to a state.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DPIIT recommends all states have a single-window system that provides all necessary information on permits and licences required for starting a business. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Permissions required from municipal or village government bodies or police for activities like filming movies should also be explicitly mentioned.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the first time since its inception in 2015, the BRAP rankings relied entirely on the feedback it received from the businesses for whom these reforms were intended. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earlier editions computed scores based on the responses of the relevant state government departments.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The methodology used by the DPIIT awards points on a reform to a state only if there was an adequate response from users of that response.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Except for Andhra Pradesh, the top-ranking states as per these rankings do not have high shares in the total investment during the year. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is because businesses respond to other conditions like the availability of skilled labour, infrastructure, finance, etc.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">In addition, these rankings do not consider the cost of doing business, which is what matters to businesses at the end of the day.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 113 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 5987,
		'title' => 'IMF data on per capita GDP',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IMF&rsquo;s latest projection has shown that Bangladesh will surpass India in per capita GDP in 2020-21 fiscal year. This will make India&rsquo;s per capita GDP third lowest in south Asia after Pakistan and Nepal.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;The IMF has projected the&nbsp;Indian economy to contract 10.3 percent&nbsp;in 2020-21, a deeper hit than the June estimate of 4.5 percent contraction in the wake of the economic slump due to&nbsp;Covid-1<a href="https://indianexpress.com/about/coronavirus/">9</a>&nbsp;pandemic.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Global growth is projected to contract 4.4 percent, an upward revision of 0.8 percent from its June update, the IMF said.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Reserve Bank of India has projected a 9.5 percent contraction for the Indian economy in 2020-21.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s per capita GDP, in nominal US dollar terms, is projected to be $1,876.53 in 2020, lower than $1,887.97 projected for Bangladesh. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On average, India&rsquo;s per capita GDP has been 24 percent higher than Bangladesh&rsquo;s during the last five years.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After a blip however, India&rsquo;s per capita GDP is expected to overtake Bangladesh&rsquo;s per capita GDP in 2021, with the IMF projecting it to be $2,030.62 as against $1,989.85 of the latter. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, the trend is not expected to sustain for long as India&rsquo;s per capita GDP is then again expected to slip below Bangladesh&rsquo;s per capita GDP in 2024 to $2,544.26 as against $2,544.32.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2025, India&rsquo;s per capita GDP is projected to be $2,729.24, again lower than Bangladesh&rsquo;s projected per capita GDP of $2,756.10</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Government sources have said that in terms of purchasing power parity, India&rsquo;s per capita GDP was 11 times higher than that of Bangladesh in 2019.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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	(int) 114 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {

		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 6014,
		'title' => 'Risk of catching Covid-19 on plane very low',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study by the US Department of Defence has found that the risk of aerosol exposure on airplanes is minimal.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study says the risk of transmission of coronavirus on-board can be reduced with the use of HEPA air filters, refreshing the cabin air every two minutes and ensuring top to bottom airflow to protect all passengers.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective of the study was to determine COVID-19 risk analysis planning with respect to optimal flight capacity, determining risk under different seat configurations, optimising strategies for boarding and de-boarding, and determining which contact tracing strategies would be necessary in case a passenger tests positive soon after landing.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study claims to be the largest such that has conducted aerosol experimental validation testing and involved eight days of both in-flight and ground tests on Boeing 777-200 and the 767-300 aircrafts.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study says that aerosol exposure risk, even on long-duration flights, is minimal. It is highest when the individual is seated in the row of the index patient. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further, rows in front and behind the index patient have the next highest risk of being exposed to aerosols on average.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To conduct this research, tracer aerosols, that simulated an infected passenger, were released in multiple rows and seats in order to determine the risk of exposure and penetration into breathing zones of nearby seats. Overall, over 300 aerosol release tests were performed.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the purpose of this study, researchers took into consideration surgical masks, which are most likely to be distributed when other kinds of masks are not available or if a passenger has not brought a mask.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per the International Air Transport Association (IATA), globally, in 44 COVID-19 cases, transmission is believed to have happened on an airplane, during a time when 1.2 billion passengers have travelled.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Further, passengers wearing masks adds a further and significant extra layer of protection in addition to aircraft airflow systems, HEPA filters, the downward flow of air and the high rates of air exchange.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 6123,
		'title' => 'Ban on public events can bring down Covid-19 transmission rate',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ban on public events can bring down the COVID-19 reproduction number (R) number by 24 percent in less than a month.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An R value above 1 indicates a growing outbreak, whereas an R value below 1 indicates a shrinking outbreak.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research using data from 131 countries suggests that individual measures, including closure of schools and workplaces, ban on public events and gatherings of more than ten people, requirements to stay at home, and internal movement limits, are associated with a reduction in transmission of SARS-CoV-2.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They found that combining different measures showed the greatest effect on reducing the transmission of COVID-19</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study can inform decisions on which measures to introduce or lift, and when to expect to see their effects, but this will also depend on the local context -- the R number at any given time, the local healthcare capacity, and the social and economic impact of measures.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A ban on public events was associated with the greatest reduction in R -- 24 percent reduction after 28 days, which the researchers suggest may be because they are likely to prevent super spreader events and it was often the first measure to be introduced in countries.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The measures most strongly associated with an increase in R were lifting bans on gatherings of more than ten people and re-opening of schools.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study, however, does not account for other potentially influential factors that have an impact on R -- including, among other things, compliance with the interventions, changes in population behaviour, sub-national differences in R, or the effects of contact tracing and isolation - all of which vary by context.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Using the R number as a proxy for transmission also has limitations, as it is difficult to estimate accurately, particularly when prevalence is low.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 6132,
		'title' => 'Index of core sector industries',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Office of Economic Adviser within the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade released the Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) for September 2020.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is the index of the eight most fundamental industrial sectors of the Indian economy and it maps the volume of production in these industries.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The index gives different weights to each of these sectors to arrive at a final figure. Refinery Products have the largest weight while Cement has the lowest weight. Steel and Electricity are the other heavyweights.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since these eight industries are the essential &ldquo;basic&rdquo; and/or &ldquo;intermediate&rdquo; ingredient in the functioning of the broader economy, mapping their health provides a fundamental understanding of the state of the economy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In other words, if these eight industries are not growing fast enough, the rest of the economy is unlikely to either.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The April to September growth is a minus 14.9 percent over the same period last year. It can also be seen that some of the weightiest sectors have contracted the most.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">In September three crucial sectors &mdash; Coal, Steel, and Electricity &mdash; actually grew over the same month last year. Further, Cement contracted but the rate of contraction was much smaller. The contraction in refinery products, too, is not as sharp.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 6154,
		'title' => 'Growth of Diesel sales',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Diesel sales in India grew for the first time in October since the lockdown to curb the spread of&nbsp;Covid-19&nbsp;was imposed in March.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Diesel consumption is a key indicator of economic activity and sales by the leading state-owned OMCs grew by 27.5% over diesel sales in September.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Petrol sales continue to benefit from an increased preference for personal mobility but the sharp growth in diesel sales may be a result of some pent-up demand from previous months which was not fulfilled.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rebound in&nbsp;diesel&nbsp;demand is crucial for ramping up crude processing by Indian refiners after consumption was crushed by a strict lockdown in late March to check the spread of Covid-19.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the peak demand season and, as a result, a busy time for diesel trucks hitting the roads to deliver everything from clothes to refrigerators. Crop harvesting activities also boosted consumption for the industrial fuel.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0in">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Factors affecting Diesel demand and prices</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Transportation accounts for more than a quarter of the global energy demand. Liquid petroleum fuels including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel currently meet almost all of this demand.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Faster economic growth and industrialization also results in higher personal incomes and urbanization, which is expected to drive higher vehicle ownership</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from this, growth in alternatives such as natural gas, biofuels, and electricity are also expected to drag down petroleum fuels demand in the long run.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The rate of petroleum crude extraction also affects prices of Diesel. The higher the rate of crude output less is the price.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 6950,
		'title' => 'Sero survey numbers in Delhi',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The initial findings of the fifth round of serological survey conducted in Delhi&nbsp;suggests that over 50 percent&nbsp;of the people who were surveyed during the exercise have developed antibodies against&nbsp;Covid-19.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Five serological surveys have been carried out in Delhi so far, including the present one, which was conducted in January.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The result of the latest serosurvey has led researchers and experts to summarise that a large section of the city&rsquo;s population has already developed antibodies against Covid-19.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The presence of antibodies among a large percentage of the population could be a reason for the decline in the daily number of Covid-19 cases. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As more people are able to resist infection, it will help to break the chain of transmission of the virus.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carrying out repeated serological surveillance on the same population gives an idea of how the disease is behaving.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many researchers believe that if 60 percent or more of the population has developed antibodies against Covid-19, there is a possibility of acquiring herd immunity.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state health department plans to continue with carrying out the serological surveys at regular intervals until such time when a large proportion of the city&rsquo;s population has developed antibodies against the virus.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Herd immunity</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Herd immunity is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that can occur when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through vaccination or previous infections, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Immune individuals are unlikely to contribute to&nbsp;disease transmission, disrupting chains of infection, which stops or slows the spread of disease. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The greater the proportion of immune individuals in a community, the smaller the probability that non-immune individuals will come into contact with an infectious individual. </span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
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		'title' => 'Half of India’s women and children anaemic',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian women and children are overwhelmingly anaemic, according to the National Family Health Survey 2019-20 released&nbsp;recently.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anaemia testing during the survey was done among children aged 6 to 59 months and among women and men aged 15 to 49 years of age. In a majority of these states and UTs, more than half the children and women were found to be anaemic.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 15 of these 22 states and UTs, more than half the children are anaemic. Similarly, more than 50 per cent women are anaemic in 14 of these states and UTs.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The proportion of anaemic children and women is comparatively lower in Lakshadweep, Kerala, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram and Nagaland, and higher in Ladakh, Gujarat, J&amp;K, and West Bengal, among others. Anaemia among men was less than 30 per cent in a majority of these states and UTs.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">High prevalence of anaemia in the cold desert region could be due to short supply of fresh vegetables and fruits during the long winter each year.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Anaemia</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The condition of having a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or quantity of haemoglobin is called anaemia.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can make one feel tired, cold, dizzy, irritable and short of breath, among other symptoms. A diet which does not contain enough iron, folic acid or vitamin B12 is a common cause of anaemia. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some other conditions that may lead to anaemia include pregnancy, heavy periods, blood disorders or&nbsp;cancer, inherited disorders and infectious diseases.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Methodology used</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The survey used the capillary blood of the respondents for estimation of anaemia. &nbsp;Among children, prevalence was adjusted for altitude and among adults, it was adjusted for altitude and smoking status.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons behind high deficiency</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Iron-deficiency and vitamin B12-deficiency anaemia are the two common types of anaemia in India. Among women, iron deficiency prevalence is higher than men due to menstrual iron losses and the high iron demands of a growing foetus during pregnancies.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lack of millets in the diet due to overdependence on rice and wheat, insufficient consumption of green and leafy vegetables, and dominance of packaged and processed foods which are low in nutrition could be the reasons behind the high prevalence of anaemia in India.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">There could be genetic or environmental factors. The current haemoglobin norms are based on western populations. In India, the normal standards could be different.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 6775,
		'title' => 'South Korea’s falling population',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the first time in history, the number of deaths recorded in South Korea over the past year exceeded births, causing the country&rsquo;s population to decline.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of new births fell by 10 percent from 2019. This has worried the government regarding future aspects.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In many parts of the world, greater economic development and lower fertility rates often go hand in hand.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">South Korea already has the world&rsquo;s lowest birth rate at 0.92 as of 2019. This figure is substantially lower than the fertility rate of 2.1 required for replacement of the existing population.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The growth rate of South Korea&rsquo;s population declined from 1.49% in 2010 to 0.05% by 2019. If this trend continues, the government predicts that the population will drop from the current 5.18 crore to 3.9 crore by 2067, and 46 percent of people will be above 64 years of age.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some of the reasons believed to be behind the low rate birth rate in South Korea include reluctance to opt for maternity leave, as well as high real estate prices, which dissuade young couples from buying a house and starting a family.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Government&rsquo;s actions</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government has announced policies such as giving cash incentives for families. The scheme, which starts in 2022, will provide a one-off payment of 2 million won for each child born, to help cover parental costs.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Until the baby turns one, the government will pay an additional 300,000 won every month. After 2025, the incentive will be raised to 500,000 won.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Impact of dwindling population</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the young population in a country declines, it creates labour shortages, which have a major detrimental impact on the economy.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">More older people also means that demands for healthcare and pensions can soar, burdening the country&rsquo;s social spending system further when fewer people are working and contributing to it.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, low birth rates can improve the standard of living in low-income countries. In such countries, fewer children being born would mean they would enjoy greater access to already deficient public services such as health and education.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another effect of a declining population is that it would provide an impetus to migration. As nations with falling numbers of young people would experience labour shortages, they would have to open up borders and allow more immigrants to come in and work, thus causing their society to become more cosmopolitan.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Global population trend</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;The world population will peak at 973 crore people in 2064, and will decline from this peak to 879 crore in 2100.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">In India, the population is expected to reach a peak of 160 crore in 2048, up from 138 crore in 2017, and will decline by 32 percent to 109 crore in 2100.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 6967,
		'title' => 'Corruption Perception Index',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s rank has slipped six places to 86th among 180 countries in a corruption perception index (CPI) in 2020.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Corruption Perception Index is released by Transparency International to determine people&rsquo;s perception of corruption in the country.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The index ranks 180 countries and territories by their perceived levels of public sector corruption according to experts and business people. It uses a scale of 0 to 100, where 0 is highly corrupt and 100 is very clean.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s rank is 86 out of 180 nations with a score of 40. India was ranked at 80th position out of 180 countries in 2019. The CPI score for India is constant this year as well as the previous year&rsquo;s score.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This year, New Zealand and Denmark were ranked at first position with scores of 88. Somalia and South Sudan were ranked lowest at 179th position with scores of 12.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is still very low on corruption Index, as experts feel the CPI does not reflect the actual corruption level in any country. The integrity score determines the corruption situation of a country.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Corruption Perception Index</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The&nbsp;Corruption Perceptions Index&nbsp;(CPI) is an index&nbsp;published&nbsp;annually by Berlin-based&nbsp;Transparency International&nbsp;since 1995 which ranks countries by their perceived levels of&nbsp;public sector corruption.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The CPI generally defines&nbsp;corruption&nbsp;as &quot;the misuse of public power for private benefit&quot;.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Criteria</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The CPI takes into account different surveys and assessments from different institutions such as World Bank, World Economic Forum, African Development Bank etc.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Countries need to be evaluated by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.[9]&nbsp;The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption. </span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found a correlation between a higher CPI and higher long-term economic growth,&nbsp;as well as an increase in&nbsp;GDP&nbsp;growth of 1.7% for every unit increase in a country&#39;s CPI score. </span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There was a&nbsp;power-law&nbsp;dependence linking higher CPI score to higher rates of foreign investment in a country.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Criticism</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Corruption is too complex a concept to be captured by a single score.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By measuring perceptions of corruption, instead of corruption itself, the Index may simply be reinforcing existing stereotypes and clich&eacute;s.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The Index only measures public sector corruption, ignoring the private sector.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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		'tag' => 'Reports & Indices',
		'keyword' => 'reports-indices',
		'id' => (int) 6803,
		'title' => 'India’s latest GDP data',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released the First Advance Estimates (FAE) for the current financial year.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s gross domestic product (GDP) will&nbsp;contract by 7.7 percent in 2020-21. It is the total value of all final goods and services produced within the country in one financial year.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For any financial year, the MoSPI provides regular estimates of GDP. The first such instance is through the FAE.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Their significance lies in the fact that they are the GDP estimates that the Union Finance Ministry uses to decide the next financial year&rsquo;s&nbsp;Budget&nbsp;allocations.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Calculating FAE</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The FAE are derived by analysing the available data. The approach for compiling the Advance Estimates is based on Benchmark-Indicator method.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sector-wise estimates are obtained by using indicators such as:</span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Index of Industrial Production (IIP) of first 7 months of the financial year</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Financial performance of listed companies in the private corporate sector available up to quarter ending September, 2020</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1st Advance Estimates of crop production,</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The accounts of central &amp; state governments,</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Information on indicators like deposits &amp; credits, passenger and freight earnings of Railways, passengers and cargo handled by civil aviation, cargo handled at major sea ports, sales of commercial vehicles, etc.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Key observations</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the context of recent history, the 7.7 percent contraction in GDP is a sharp one considering that India has registered an average annual GDP growth rate of 6.8 percent since the start of economic liberalisation in 1992-93.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s real GDP, GDP without the influence of inflation in 2020-21 will be lower than the 2018-19 level&nbsp;at Rs 134.4 lakh crore.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the overall real GDP will fall by 7.7 percent, per capita real GDP will fall by 8.7 percent. Per capita GDP is a better variable if one wants to understand how an average India has been impacted.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India&rsquo;s real Gross Value Added level will fall below the 2018-19 level. The Gross Value Added provides a picture of the economy from the supply side. It maps the value-added by different sectors of the economy such as agriculture, industry, and services.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">GFCF (or the investment demand in the economy) has fallen even below 2016-17 level. Gross Fixed Capital Formation measures all the expenditures on goods and services that businesses and firms make as they invest in their productive capacity.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>
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