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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Policy
Government issues advisory to TV news channels on Pulwama terror attack
Tags: Policy
Published on: 15 February 2019
Women Officers to get Permanent Commission in all branches of Indian Army
Tags: Policy
Published on: 06 March 2019
Indian Navy expands Mission Based Deployment Concept in IOR
Tags: Policy, Military Exercises
Published on: 03 June 2019
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'title' => 'Government issues advisory to TV news channels on Pulwama terror attack',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has issued advisory to TV news channels for reporting on Pulwama terror attack in Jammu & Kashmir. The advisory was issued under <strong>Clause 6 (1) (p) of Programme and Advertising Codes </strong>prescribed under <strong>Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1955</strong>. This was aimed ensuring that no content is aired that contains anything affecting the integrity of the nation”.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pulwama terror attack</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">On February 14, 2019, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) convoy was attacked by terrorist (suicide bomber), killing 40 security personnel, in Awantipora, Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The attack was undertaken by Adil Ahmed, resident of J&K with explosive-laden vehicle into one of buses of the convoy of the security forces.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pakistan-based terror outfit, Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) led by Moulana Mashood Azhar has claimed responsibility for this terror attack. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was one of the deadliest terror attacks on India’s armed forces since Uri airbase attack in 2016.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Programme and Advertising Codes</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was incorporated as part of Cable Television Network Rules, 1994 issued under Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It gives <strong>Ministry of Information and Broadcasting </strong>power to block transmission and re-transmission of any channel in the country. <strong>It is binding on all cable networks.</strong> </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been taken from Content code governing All India Radio (AIR) which has been framed around restrictions to free speech under 19 (2) of Constitution.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There are no content-specific laws or binding rules for the print media and nor they require licence to publish a newspaper.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Clause 6 (1) (p) of this Code </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It prohibits live coverage of anti-terrorist operation carried out by security forces. It was introduced by amendment to Cable Television Network Rules in 2014 by Central Government in March 2015. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to it, in cases of terror attacks, media coverage will be restricted to periodic briefing by officer designated by appropriate Government till such operation concludes. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Comment</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There are no specific laws protecting freedom of the media in India. But journalists and journalism thrive on broader freedom of expression guaranteed under Article 19 (1) (a) of Constitution. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Article 19 (1) (a) gives all citizens <em>right to freedom of speech and expression</em>. However, the first constitutional amendment in 1951 put “reasonable restrictions” on use of Article 19 (1) (a). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The reasonable restrictions to Article 19 (1) (a) mentioned in 19 (2) (i) threat to sovereignty and integrity of India, security of state, public order, friendly relations with foreign states, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to offence.</span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'India-Russia JV to build Kalashnikov rifles',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid foundation stone of Indo-Russia Rifles Pvt Ltd, a manufacturing unit for AK-203 assault rifles in Korwa, near Amethi, Uttar Pradesh. It has been set up as per inter-governmental agreement (IGA) India and Russia to manufacture AK-203 in India. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indo-Russia Rifles Pvt Ltd</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This JV incorporates India’s Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), which has 50.5% stake, Kalashnikov with 42% stake and Russia’s state-owned export agency, Rosobornoexport, owning remaining 7.5% stake. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will manufacture world famous Kalashnikov assault rifles of newest 200 series. It is estimated that around 750,000 AK-203 rifles are expected to roll off the production line in 2019.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be able to fulfil longstanding demand of Indian security agencies’ requirement for small arms. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help India to reach full localisation of assault refile production through transfer of advance technology from Russia. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will contribute to stronger defence potential of India and further advance its scientific and industrial basis of national economy. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">AK-203</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is advanced version of AK-47 assault rifles. It has effective range of 400 metre and is considered 100% accurate. It is lighter and shorter than INSAS rifle. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can fire 600 bullets in one minute (10 bullets in second), can be used in automatic and semi-automatic mode. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its magazine can hold 30 bullets. Its 7.62 mm ammunition is NATO grade and therefore more powerful.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can host underbarrel grenade launcher or bayonet. Its all versions can be equipped with quick-detachable tactical sound suppressors. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It never gets jammed (as seen in most cases of INSAS rifles) and can work under extreme climatic conditions. It is effective even in sand, soil and water.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In October 2017, Indian Army kicked off acquisition of small arms (rifles, carbines and light machine guns) for its soldiers. It was decided to cut costs by equipping only frontline infantry soldiers with most modern assault rifles, with advanced optics and sighting systems. Under this proposal, AK-203, along with US-origin Sig Sauer assault rifle were selected for equipping only frontline infantry soldiers. The new rifles will replace the indigenous INSAS (INdian Small Arms System) rifles in the Army, Air Force and Navy.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Limitations of INSAS</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is longer and heavier (4.15kg without magazine & bayonet) and difficult to carry. It has effective range of 400 metre. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its magazine is translucent (one can count the number of bullets left), can hold only 20 rounds and can break when falls on hard ground. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Besides, security agencies using it had faced several issues like gun jamming, rifle going into automatic mode when it was set for three-round bursts and oil falling on user’s eyes during the combat</span>.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'India-Russia JV to build Kalashnikov rifles',
'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, Prime Minister, Narendra Modi,foundation stone, Indo-Russia Rifles Pvt Ltd, manufacturing unit, AK-203 assault rifles, Korwa, near Amethi, Uttar Pradesh',
'metadescription' => 'Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid foundation stone of Indo-Russia Rifles Pvt Ltd, a manufacturing unit for AK-203 assault rifles in Korwa, near Amethi, Uttar Pradesh.',
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'tag' => 'Policy',
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'title' => 'DAC approves acquisition of three cadet training ships',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) chaired by Union Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has approved acquisition of three cadet training ships for Indian Navy at cost of about Rs 2,700 crore. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cadet training ships</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These ships would be utilised to provide basic sea training for officer cadets including women officer undertrainees.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also be undertaking hospital ship duties, providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR), undertaking search and rescue (SAR) missions and non-combatant evacuation operations.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is highest decision making body on capital procurement of Indian Armed Forces (Indian Army, Navy and Air Force) in Union Ministry of Defence’s. It is headed by Union Denfence Minister. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was set up in 2001 as part of post-Kargil reforms in defence sector to speed up decision-making in military procurements by optimally utilizing allocated budgetary resources. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It gives policy guidelines to acquisitions, based on long-term procurement plans. It accords acceptance of necessity (AON) to begin acquisition proposals, clears all acquisitions, including imported equipment and those produced indigenously or under foreign licence. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has the power to approve any deviations in acquisition and recommends all big purchases for approval of Cabinet committee on security (CSS) chaired by Prime Minister.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Policy',
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'title' => 'Women Officers to get Permanent Commission in all branches of Indian Army',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Defence Ministry has announced that women officers inducted as short-service commissioned (SSC) officers will be eligible for permanent careers in all 10 branches of Indian Army. It will allow them to serve till age of retirement in par with their male counterparts. This decision was taken in line announcement made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his 72nd Independence Day speech. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">10 branches of Indian Army:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Women officers were until now allowed permanent commission only in two branches - <em>Judge Advocate General (JAG) and Army Education Corps</em>. In addition to these, they will now be granted permanent commission in other eight branches of Indian Army viz. <em>Signals, Engineers, Army Air Defence, Army Aviation, Electronics and Mechanical Engineers, Army Service Corps, Army Ordinance Corps and Intelligence. </em></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Process of Permanent Commission</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">SSC women officers will give their option for permanent commission before completion of four years of Commissioned Service. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will exercise option for grant of permanent commission and their choice of specialization. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will be considered for grant of permanent commission based on suitability, merit etc and will be employed in various staff appointment.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his speech on the occasion of 72nd Independence Day (15 August 2018) had announced that women officers recruited under SSC in armed forces will have option of taking up permanent commission through a transparent process. Prior to this, under SSC, women officers were allowed tenures ranging from five to 14 years of services. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Women in Other Services</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Air Force (IAF):</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> All branches including that of fighter pilots are open for women officers. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Navy: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">All non-sea going branches/cadre/specialisation are open for women officers through Short Service Commission.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Women SSC officers have also are now eligible for grant of permanent commission in education, law and naval constructor branch/cadre, naval armament branch at par with male officers.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Indian Army invokes emergency powers for missile deal',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Army is in process of procuring Spike-LR Anti-Tank Missiles from Israel and Igla-S Very Short Range Air Defence Systems (VSHORAD) from Russia. These missiles will be procured under set of <strong>new financial powers for emergency procurements</strong> sanctioned by Union Ministry of Defence in April 2019.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">New Financial Powers for emergency procurements</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under the latest emergency financial powers, armed forces have been given free hand to procure equipment worth up to </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rs. </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">300 crore on priority basis. It also allows procurement of </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">entirely new systems that are not in use.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These weapon systems are surface-to-air missiles that can be fired by individual or small team of people against aircraft. They are often described as shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles. They are guided weapons and can destroy low-flying aircraft, especially helicopters.</span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Policy',
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'id' => (int) 1324,
'title' => 'Indian Navy expands Mission Based Deployment Concept in IOR',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Navy has expanded its Mission Based Deployments (MBD) in t Indian Ocean Region (IOR) by deploying its P-8I long-range maritime surveillance aircraft for anti-piracy sorties from Salalah in Oman to patrol the Gulf of Aden and other piracy prone areas to keep IOR safe and secure for all. This was for second time P-8I operated from Salalah for anti-piracy this year. It was operated from there for first time in January 2019. The airplane is used for providing long-range Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In recent past, geo-strategic importance of Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has seen gradual increase mainly after piracy incidents off Somalia coast in Gulf of Aden and China’s increasing naval presence. Since 2008, Indian Navy has been conducting anti-piracy patrols in commercially crucial Gulf of Aden. It has been regularly deploying ships for Presence and Surveillance Missions (PSM), off critical choke points and crucial sea lanes in the IOR.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since August 2017, deployments of Indian Navy in the IOR have been further structured under the Mission Based Deployment (MBD) concept. It is being implemented to ensures availability of warships in 7-8 critical areas of the IOR on a nearly continuous basis to provide rapid response to any contingency.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The reason behind the deployment of warships are: (i) Continued prevalence of piracy (ii) Illegal fishing (iii) Arms smuggling and other such nefarious activities that directly impinges maritime security of India in particular and the region at large. (iv) Natural disasters also ravage the region frequently and (v) Increase in the presence of `Extra-Regional Forces’.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under MBD concept, Indian Naval ships were also Mission Deployed in addition to the anti-piracy deployment for Operation ‘GULFDEP’ in the Persian Gulf, Operation ‘CENTDEP’ in the central IOR, Operation ‘MALDEP’ in the Andaman Sea and approaches to the Malacca Strait and Operation ‘NORDEP’ in the northern Bay of Bengal.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Besides, Indian Navy under the ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy has been undertaking Joint Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surveillance with Maldives, Seychelles and Mauritius and Coordinated Patrols (CORPAT) with Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.</span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Policy',
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'title' => 'CCS approves setting up of Defence Space Research Agency',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved proposal of setting up of the Defence Space Research Agency (DSRO). It has been entrusted with the task of creating space warfare weapon systems and technologies. The decision of creating DSRA was taken at topmost level some time ago and it has started taking shape under Joint Secretary-level scientist.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">DSRO</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will develop sophisticated weapon systems and technologies for the purpose. It will be provided with team of scientists which will be working in close coordination with the tri-services integrated Defence staff officers. It will provide research and development (R&D) support to Defence Space Agency (DSA) which comprises members of the three services</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Defence Space Agency (DSA): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is mandated to help country fight wars in the space. It has been set up in Bengaluru under Air Vice Marshal-rank officer. It comprises members of all the three services. It will gradually take over the space-related capabilities of the three forces. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">ASAT test</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In March 2019, India had carried out the Anti Satellite Test (ASAT) which demonstrated its capability to shoot down satellites in space. With it, India had joined elite club of four nations with similar capability. The test also helped India to develop deterrence capability against adversaries who may want to attack Indian satellites to cripple systems in times of war.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced the creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff during his speech on the occasion of Independence Day.</span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">As the wars have tended to become short and precise, an individual of high caliber is required who will specialize in functions of all the three wings of Armed forces</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The individual will act and an interface between administrative and defence section of our establishment.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Functions of Chief of Defence Staff</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Coordinate long-term planning, procurements, training and logistics of the three services</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">As the stress on resources increases and defence </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">budgets remain flat, the way forward is optimization of resources by joint planning and training.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Current structure</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">India has a position known as the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (CoSC); but its appointment is mostly nominal and does not have significant power. The senior most among the three Service Chiefs is appointed to head the CoSC and the position lapses after retirement of the incumbent.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Defence minister Rajnath Singh has indicated that India’s ‘no first use Nuclear Policy’ needs a re-thinking.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">No first use</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(NFU) refers to a pledge or a policy by a nuclear power</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">not to use nuclear weapons</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">as a means of warfare</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons. Earlier, the concept had also been applied to chemical</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">and biological warfare</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The NFU policy has often been held up by Indian diplomats, government spokespeople, and various strategists as proof of India’s status as a responsible nuclear power.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Features of Policy</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">India may abandon the policy and launch a preemptive strike against Pakistan or any other country if it believed that the country was going to use nuclear weapons against it. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">India's preemptive strike may not be conventional strikes and would also be aimed at Pakistan's missiles launchers for tactical battlefield nuclear warheads.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Current policy</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Most states with nuclear weapons maintain policies that would permit their first use in a conflict. Pledges to only use these weapons in retaliation for a nuclear attack or a <strong>no-first-use (NFU)</strong> policy are rare. When these pledges have been made by any nuclear state, their adversaries generally consider them not credible.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India first</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">adopted a "No first use" policy after its second nuclear tests, Pokhran-II, in 1998. The Indian government follows a doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only".</span></span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Defence Procurement Procedure',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Defence Ministry is working to review the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) to speed up procurement and incorporate suitable changes in order to strengthen the Centre's ‘Make in India' initiative.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Military acquisition or defence procurement</span></span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">is the bureaucratic management and procurement process dealing with a nation's investments in the technologies, programs, and product support necessary to achieve its national security strategy and support its armed forces.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Committee has been tasked to revise and align the procedures with the aim of ensuring a seamless flow from asset acquisition to life cycle support.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:black">Steps are also included to examine and incorporate new concepts, such as life cycle costing, life cycle support, performance-based logistics, ICT, lease contracting, codification and standardization.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:black">The committee can also include new provisions to promote Indian start-ups and research and development.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">US President Donald Trump on Thursday formally launched the Space Command, which is expected to defend America’s vital interests in “the next war-fighting domain”.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Just like land, air, sea, and cyber as vital war-fighting domains, and space will be treated as an independent region overseen by a new unified geographic combatant command. It recognises the centrality of space to America’s national security and defence.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Existing war Domains</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This U.S. Military doctrine recognizes at least five dimensions, or 'domains of warfare' for which it is responsible. They are:</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-left:40px">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Land</span></span></span></span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sea</span></span></span></span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Air</span></span></span></span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Space</span></span></span></span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Information</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Gen John W Raymond will be the commander of the US Space Command, which has been established as the 11th Unified Combatant Command of the American armed forces.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Space Command will soon be followed by establishment of the <strong>United States Space Force</strong> as the sixth branch of the United States Armed Forces.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Effects of Space command</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">It is criticised that it will drain resources and create needless red tape. And there are additional disagreements, including how to define “war fighting” in space and partisan bickering.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">This would weaponise outer space which will be a great threat to the idea of free outer space usage.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">US President Donald Trump on Thursday formally launched the Space Command, which is expected to defend America’s vital interests in “the next war-fighting domain”.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Just like land, air, sea, and cyber as vital war-fighting domains, and space will be treated as an independent region overseen by a new unified geographic combatant command. It recognises the centrality of space to America’s national security and defence.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Existing war Domains</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This U.S. Military doctrine recognizes at least five dimensions, or 'domains of warfare' for which it is responsible. They are:</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-left:40px">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Land</span></span></span></span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sea</span></span></span></span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Air</span></span></span></span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Space</span></span></span></span></li>
<br />
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Information</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Gen John W Raymond will be the commander of the US Space Command, which has been established as the 11th Unified Combatant Command of the American armed forces.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Space Command will soon be followed by establishment of the <strong>United States Space Force</strong> as the sixth branch of the United States Armed Forces.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Effects of Space command</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">It is criticised that it will drain resources and create needless red tape. And there are additional disagreements, including how to define “war fighting” in space and partisan bickering.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">This would weaponise outer space which will be a great threat to the idea of free outer space usage.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'Government issues advisory to TV news channels on Pulwama terror attack', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has issued advisory to TV news channels for reporting on Pulwama terror attack in Jammu & Kashmir. The advisory was issued under <strong>Clause 6 (1) (p) of Programme and Advertising Codes </strong>prescribed under <strong>Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1955</strong>. This was aimed ensuring that no content is aired that contains anything affecting the integrity of the nation”.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pulwama terror attack</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">On February 14, 2019, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) convoy was attacked by terrorist (suicide bomber), killing 40 security personnel, in Awantipora, Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The attack was undertaken by Adil Ahmed, resident of J&K with explosive-laden vehicle into one of buses of the convoy of the security forces.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pakistan-based terror outfit, Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) led by Moulana Mashood Azhar has claimed responsibility for this terror attack. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was one of the deadliest terror attacks on India’s armed forces since Uri airbase attack in 2016.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Programme and Advertising Codes</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was incorporated as part of Cable Television Network Rules, 1994 issued under Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1995. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It gives <strong>Ministry of Information and Broadcasting </strong>power to block transmission and re-transmission of any channel in the country. <strong>It is binding on all cable networks.</strong> </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been taken from Content code governing All India Radio (AIR) which has been framed around restrictions to free speech under 19 (2) of Constitution.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There are no content-specific laws or binding rules for the print media and nor they require licence to publish a newspaper.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Clause 6 (1) (p) of this Code </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It prohibits live coverage of anti-terrorist operation carried out by security forces. It was introduced by amendment to Cable Television Network Rules in 2014 by Central Government in March 2015. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to it, in cases of terror attacks, media coverage will be restricted to periodic briefing by officer designated by appropriate Government till such operation concludes. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Comment</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There are no specific laws protecting freedom of the media in India. 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However, the first constitutional amendment in 1951 put “reasonable restrictions” on use of Article 19 (1) (a). </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The reasonable restrictions to Article 19 (1) (a) mentioned in 19 (2) (i) threat to sovereignty and integrity of India, security of state, public order, friendly relations with foreign states, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to offence.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'advisory-tv-news-channels-pulwama-terror-attack', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/13ef/ahzvw9hxtz515qu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/13ef/ahzvw9hxtz515qu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Govt issues advisory to TV news channels on Pulwama terror attack', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, advisory, TV news channels,Pulwama terror attack,Jammu & Kashmir, Clause 6 (1) (p), Programme and Advertising Codes, Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act, 1955. ', 'metadescription' => 'Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has issued advisory to TV news channels for reporting on Pulwama terror attack in Jammu & Kashmir', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/jq8j837c1y4wo8o/15feb_Government_issues_advisory_to_TV.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 322, 'title' => 'India-Russia JV to build Kalashnikov rifles', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid foundation stone of Indo-Russia Rifles Pvt Ltd, a manufacturing unit for AK-203 assault rifles in Korwa, near Amethi, Uttar Pradesh. It has been set up as per inter-governmental agreement (IGA) India and Russia to manufacture AK-203 in India. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indo-Russia Rifles Pvt Ltd</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This JV incorporates India’s Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), which has 50.5% stake, Kalashnikov with 42% stake and Russia’s state-owned export agency, Rosobornoexport, owning remaining 7.5% stake. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will manufacture world famous Kalashnikov assault rifles of newest 200 series. It is estimated that around 750,000 AK-203 rifles are expected to roll off the production line in 2019.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be able to fulfil longstanding demand of Indian security agencies’ requirement for small arms. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help India to reach full localisation of assault refile production through transfer of advance technology from Russia. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will contribute to stronger defence potential of India and further advance its scientific and industrial basis of national economy. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">AK-203</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is advanced version of AK-47 assault rifles. It has effective range of 400 metre and is considered 100% accurate. It is lighter and shorter than INSAS rifle. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can fire 600 bullets in one minute (10 bullets in second), can be used in automatic and semi-automatic mode. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its magazine can hold 30 bullets. Its 7.62 mm ammunition is NATO grade and therefore more powerful.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can host underbarrel grenade launcher or bayonet. Its all versions can be equipped with quick-detachable tactical sound suppressors. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It never gets jammed (as seen in most cases of INSAS rifles) and can work under extreme climatic conditions. It is effective even in sand, soil and water.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In October 2017, Indian Army kicked off acquisition of small arms (rifles, carbines and light machine guns) for its soldiers. It was decided to cut costs by equipping only frontline infantry soldiers with most modern assault rifles, with advanced optics and sighting systems. Under this proposal, AK-203, along with US-origin Sig Sauer assault rifle were selected for equipping only frontline infantry soldiers. The new rifles will replace the indigenous INSAS (INdian Small Arms System) rifles in the Army, Air Force and Navy.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Limitations of INSAS</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is longer and heavier (4.15kg without magazine & bayonet) and difficult to carry. It has effective range of 400 metre. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its magazine is translucent (one can count the number of bullets left), can hold only 20 rounds and can break when falls on hard ground. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Besides, security agencies using it had faced several issues like gun jamming, rifle going into automatic mode when it was set for three-round bursts and oil falling on user’s eyes during the combat</span>.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-russia-jv-kalashnikov-rifles-amethi', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bb69/24s7h082cvb7soz6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bb69/24s7h082cvb7soz6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India-Russia JV to build Kalashnikov rifles', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, Prime Minister, Narendra Modi,foundation stone, Indo-Russia Rifles Pvt Ltd, manufacturing unit, AK-203 assault rifles, Korwa, near Amethi, Uttar Pradesh', 'metadescription' => 'Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid foundation stone of Indo-Russia Rifles Pvt Ltd, a manufacturing unit for AK-203 assault rifles in Korwa, near Amethi, Uttar Pradesh.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/2ia88uywt4rmc8e/4Mar_India-Russia_JV_to.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 287, 'title' => 'DAC approves acquisition of three cadet training ships', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) chaired by Union Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has approved acquisition of three cadet training ships for Indian Navy at cost of about Rs 2,700 crore. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cadet training ships</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These ships would be utilised to provide basic sea training for officer cadets including women officer undertrainees.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also be undertaking hospital ship duties, providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR), undertaking search and rescue (SAR) missions and non-combatant evacuation operations.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Acquisition Council (DAC)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is highest decision making body on capital procurement of Indian Armed Forces (Indian Army, Navy and Air Force) in Union Ministry of Defence’s. It is headed by Union Denfence Minister. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was set up in 2001 as part of post-Kargil reforms in defence sector to speed up decision-making in military procurements by optimally utilizing allocated budgetary resources. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It gives policy guidelines to acquisitions, based on long-term procurement plans. It accords acceptance of necessity (AON) to begin acquisition proposals, clears all acquisitions, including imported equipment and those produced indigenously or under foreign licence. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has the power to approve any deviations in acquisition and recommends all big purchases for approval of Cabinet committee on security (CSS) chaired by Prime Minister.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'dac-approves-acquisition-cadet-training-ships', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3a12/e4zld6c3240b1ex6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3a12/e4zld6c3240b1ex6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'DAC approves acquisition of three cadet training ships', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, DAC chaired by Union Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has approved acquisition of three cadet training ships for Indian Navy at cost of about Rs 2,700 crore.', 'metadescription' => 'DAC chaired by Union Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has approved acquisition of three cadet training ships for Indian Navy at cost of about Rs 2,700 crore.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/bvkaaf6tz7jq57w/28feb_DAC_approves_acquisition.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 358, 'title' => 'Women Officers to get Permanent Commission in all branches of Indian Army', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Defence Ministry has announced that women officers inducted as short-service commissioned (SSC) officers will be eligible for permanent careers in all 10 branches of Indian Army. It will allow them to serve till age of retirement in par with their male counterparts. This decision was taken in line announcement made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his 72nd Independence Day speech. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">10 branches of Indian Army:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Women officers were until now allowed permanent commission only in two branches - <em>Judge Advocate General (JAG) and Army Education Corps</em>. In addition to these, they will now be granted permanent commission in other eight branches of Indian Army viz. <em>Signals, Engineers, Army Air Defence, Army Aviation, Electronics and Mechanical Engineers, Army Service Corps, Army Ordinance Corps and Intelligence. </em></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Process of Permanent Commission</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">SSC women officers will give their option for permanent commission before completion of four years of Commissioned Service. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will exercise option for grant of permanent commission and their choice of specialization. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will be considered for grant of permanent commission based on suitability, merit etc and will be employed in various staff appointment.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his speech on the occasion of 72nd Independence Day (15 August 2018) had announced that women officers recruited under SSC in armed forces will have option of taking up permanent commission through a transparent process. Prior to this, under SSC, women officers were allowed tenures ranging from five to 14 years of services. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Women in Other Services</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Air Force (IAF):</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> All branches including that of fighter pilots are open for women officers. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Navy: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">All non-sea going branches/cadre/specialisation are open for women officers through Short Service Commission.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Women SSC officers have also are now eligible for grant of permanent commission in education, law and naval constructor branch/cadre, naval armament branch at par with male officers.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'women-officers-permanent-commission-indian-army', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f921/7k10c2nh4osc4as6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f921/7k10c2nh4osc4as6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Women Officers to get Permanent Commission in Indian Army', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, Defence Ministry, women officers, short-service commissioned, SSC officers, permanent careers, all, 10 branches, Indian Army', 'metadescription' => 'Defence Ministry has announced that women officers inducted as short-service commissioned (SSC) officers will be eligible for permanent careers in all 10 branches of Indian Army.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/x12ilq421eunkzd/6MAR_Women_Officers_to_get_Permanent.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 954, 'title' => 'Indian Army invokes emergency powers for missile deal', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Army is in process of procuring Spike-LR Anti-Tank Missiles from Israel and Igla-S Very Short Range Air Defence Systems (VSHORAD) from Russia. These missiles will be procured under set of <strong>new financial powers for emergency procurements</strong> sanctioned by Union Ministry of Defence in April 2019.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">New Financial Powers for emergency procurements</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under the latest emergency financial powers, armed forces have been given free hand to procure equipment worth up to </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rs. </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">300 crore on priority basis. It also allows procurement of </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">entirely new systems that are not in use.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Man-portable air defence systems (MANPADS)</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These weapon systems are surface-to-air missiles that can be fired by individual or small team of people against aircraft. They are often described as shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles. They are guided weapons and can destroy low-flying aircraft, especially helicopters.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indian-army-invokes-emergency-powers-missile-deal', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/350a/au73lcjw9au0yb76g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/350a/au73lcjw9au0yb76g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Indian Army invokes emergency powers for missile deal', 'metakeyword' => 'Indian Army, procuring, Spike-LR Anti-Tank Missiles,Israel, Igla-S Very Short Range Air Defence Systems, VSHORAD, Russia', 'metadescription' => 'Indian Army is to procure Spike-LR Anti-Tank Missiles from Israel and Igla-S Very Short Range Air Defence Systems (VSHORAD) from Russia', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/y8zt8q85289zszu/Indian_Army_invokes.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 1324, 'title' => 'Indian Navy expands Mission Based Deployment Concept in IOR', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Navy has expanded its Mission Based Deployments (MBD) in t Indian Ocean Region (IOR) by deploying its P-8I long-range maritime surveillance aircraft for anti-piracy sorties from Salalah in Oman to patrol the Gulf of Aden and other piracy prone areas to keep IOR safe and secure for all. This was for second time P-8I operated from Salalah for anti-piracy this year. It was operated from there for first time in January 2019. The airplane is used for providing long-range Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In recent past, geo-strategic importance of Indian Ocean Region (IOR) has seen gradual increase mainly after piracy incidents off Somalia coast in Gulf of Aden and China’s increasing naval presence. Since 2008, Indian Navy has been conducting anti-piracy patrols in commercially crucial Gulf of Aden. It has been regularly deploying ships for Presence and Surveillance Missions (PSM), off critical choke points and crucial sea lanes in the IOR.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since August 2017, deployments of Indian Navy in the IOR have been further structured under the Mission Based Deployment (MBD) concept. It is being implemented to ensures availability of warships in 7-8 critical areas of the IOR on a nearly continuous basis to provide rapid response to any contingency.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The reason behind the deployment of warships are: (i) Continued prevalence of piracy (ii) Illegal fishing (iii) Arms smuggling and other such nefarious activities that directly impinges maritime security of India in particular and the region at large. (iv) Natural disasters also ravage the region frequently and (v) Increase in the presence of `Extra-Regional Forces’.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under MBD concept, Indian Naval ships were also Mission Deployed in addition to the anti-piracy deployment for Operation ‘GULFDEP’ in the Persian Gulf, Operation ‘CENTDEP’ in the central IOR, Operation ‘MALDEP’ in the Andaman Sea and approaches to the Malacca Strait and Operation ‘NORDEP’ in the northern Bay of Bengal.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Besides, Indian Navy under the ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy has been undertaking Joint Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surveillance with Maldives, Seychelles and Mauritius and Coordinated Patrols (CORPAT) with Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indian-navy-expands-mission-based-deployment-concept', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ebdd/rcuflm7sxi5kcfc6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ebdd/rcuflm7sxi5kcfc6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Indian Navy expands Mission Based Deployment Concept in IOR', 'metakeyword' => 'Indian Navy, expands, Mission Based Deployments, MBD,Indian Ocean Region, IOR, deploying, P-8I long-range maritime surveillance aircraft, anti-piracy sorties, Salalah, Oman,patrol the Gulf of Aden', 'metadescription' => 'Indian Navy has expanded its Mission Based Deployments (MBD) in t Indian Ocean Region (IOR) by deploying its P-8I long-range maritime surveillance aircraft ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/cocvhl9l3co2pcl/Indian_Navy_expands_Mission_Based_Deployment_Concept_in_IOR.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 1430, 'title' => 'CCS approves setting up of Defence Space Research Agency', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved proposal of setting up of the Defence Space Research Agency (DSRO). It has been entrusted with the task of creating space warfare weapon systems and technologies. The decision of creating DSRA was taken at topmost level some time ago and it has started taking shape under Joint Secretary-level scientist.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">DSRO</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will develop sophisticated weapon systems and technologies for the purpose. It will be provided with team of scientists which will be working in close coordination with the tri-services integrated Defence staff officers. It will provide research and development (R&D) support to Defence Space Agency (DSA) which comprises members of the three services</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Defence Space Agency (DSA): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is mandated to help country fight wars in the space. It has been set up in Bengaluru under Air Vice Marshal-rank officer. It comprises members of all the three services. It will gradually take over the space-related capabilities of the three forces. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">ASAT test</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In March 2019, India had carried out the Anti Satellite Test (ASAT) which demonstrated its capability to shoot down satellites in space. With it, India had joined elite club of four nations with similar capability. The test also helped India to develop deterrence capability against adversaries who may want to attack Indian satellites to cripple systems in times of war.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ccs-defence-space-research-agency', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/889d/ic21nc0pkdn4v1x6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/889d/ic21nc0pkdn4v1x6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'CCS approves setting up of Defence Space Research Agency', 'metakeyword' => 'Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS), Prime Minister Narendra Modi, approves, setting up, Defence Space Research Agency (DSRO)', 'metadescription' => 'Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved proposal of setting up of the Defence Space Research Agency (DSRO)', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/57gxmhjjnmp3xhs/CCS_approves.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 1907, 'title' => 'Chief of Defence staff', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced the creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff during his speech on the occasion of Independence Day.</span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">As the wars have tended to become short and precise, an individual of high caliber is required who will specialize in functions of all the three wings of Armed forces</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The individual will act and an interface between administrative and defence section of our establishment.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Functions of Chief of Defence Staff</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Coordinate long-term planning, procurements, training and logistics of the three services</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">As the stress on resources increases and defence </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">budgets remain flat, the way forward is optimization of resources by joint planning and training.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Current structure</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">India has a position known as the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (CoSC); but its appointment is mostly nominal and does not have significant power. The senior most among the three Service Chiefs is appointed to head the CoSC and the position lapses after retirement of the incumbent.</span></span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chief-of-defence-staff', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b833/99bkd5z8t645j1e6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b833/99bkd5z8t645j1e6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Chief of Defence staff | Defence staff', 'metakeyword' => 'Chief of Defence staff, Defence staff', 'metadescription' => 'Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced the creation of the post of Chief of Defence Staff during his speech on the occasion of Independence Day', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dra5wiiea0bqblm/Chief_of_Defence_staff.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 1918, 'title' => 'No first use nuclear policy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Defence minister Rajnath Singh has indicated that India’s ‘no first use Nuclear Policy’ needs a re-thinking.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">No first use</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(NFU) refers to a pledge or a policy by a nuclear power</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">not to use nuclear weapons</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">as a means of warfare</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons. Earlier, the concept had also been applied to chemical</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">and biological warfare</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The NFU policy has often been held up by Indian diplomats, government spokespeople, and various strategists as proof of India’s status as a responsible nuclear power.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Features of Policy</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">India may abandon the policy and launch a preemptive strike against Pakistan or any other country if it believed that the country was going to use nuclear weapons against it. </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">India's preemptive strike may not be conventional strikes and would also be aimed at Pakistan's missiles launchers for tactical battlefield nuclear warheads.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Current policy</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Most states with nuclear weapons maintain policies that would permit their first use in a conflict. Pledges to only use these weapons in retaliation for a nuclear attack or a <strong>no-first-use (NFU)</strong> policy are rare. When these pledges have been made by any nuclear state, their adversaries generally consider them not credible.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India first</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">adopted a "No first use" policy after its second nuclear tests, Pokhran-II, in 1998. The Indian government follows a doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only".</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'no-first-use-nuclear-policy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6f48/ul52qahe5dqkexc6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6f48/ul52qahe5dqkexc6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'No first use nuclear policy', 'metakeyword' => 'nuclear policy, nuclear, nuclear bumb', 'metadescription' => 'Defence minister Rajnath Singh has indicated that India’s ‘no first use Nuclear Policy’ needs a re-thinking', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/svxrgndm65z9wbu/No_first_use_nuclear_policy.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 1938, 'title' => 'Defence Procurement Procedure', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Defence Ministry is working to review the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) to speed up procurement and incorporate suitable changes in order to strengthen the Centre's ‘Make in India' initiative.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Military acquisition or defence procurement</span></span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">is the bureaucratic management and procurement process dealing with a nation's investments in the technologies, programs, and product support necessary to achieve its national security strategy and support its armed forces.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Committee has been tasked to revise and align the procedures with the aim of ensuring a seamless flow from asset acquisition to life cycle support.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:black">Steps are also included to examine and incorporate new concepts, such as life cycle costing, life cycle support, performance-based logistics, ICT, lease contracting, codification and standardization.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:black">The committee can also include new provisions to promote Indian start-ups and research and development.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'defence-procurement-procedure', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e01d/iqldvo72wozfrio6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e01d/iqldvo72wozfrio6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Defence Procurement Procedure', 'metakeyword' => 'Defence Procurement Procedure', 'metadescription' => 'The Defence Ministry is working to review the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) to speed up procurement and incorporate suitable changes in order to', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hl4kma48gzogjkq/Defence_Procurement_Procedure.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 2065, 'title' => 'US launches its space command', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">US President Donald Trump on Thursday formally launched the Space Command, which is expected to defend America’s vital interests in “the next war-fighting domain”.</span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Just like land, air, sea, and cyber as vital war-fighting domains, and space will be treated as an independent region overseen by a new unified geographic combatant command. It recognises the centrality of space to America’s national security and defence.</span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Existing war Domains</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This U.S. Military doctrine recognizes at least five dimensions, or 'domains of warfare' for which it is responsible. They are:</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul style="margin-left:40px"> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Land</span></span></span></span></li> <br /> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sea</span></span></span></span></li> <br /> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Air</span></span></span></span></li> <br /> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Space</span></span></span></span></li> <br /> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Information</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Gen John W Raymond will be the commander of the US Space Command, which has been established as the 11th Unified Combatant Command of the American armed forces.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Space Command will soon be followed by establishment of the <strong>United States Space Force</strong> as the sixth branch of the United States Armed Forces.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Effects of Space command</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">It is criticised that it will drain resources and create needless red tape. And there are additional disagreements, including how to define “war fighting” in space and partisan bickering.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">This would weaponise outer space which will be a great threat to the idea of free outer space usage.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'us-launches-its-space-command', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5068/sd8wisbuqzexjm16g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5068/sd8wisbuqzexjm16g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'US launches its space command', 'metakeyword' => 'US launches its space command', 'metadescription' => 'US President Donald Trump on Thursday formally launched the Space Command, which is expected to defend America’s vital interests in 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$currentaffair = object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Policy', 'keyword' => 'policy', 'id' => (int) 2065, 'title' => 'US launches its space command', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">US President Donald Trump on Thursday formally launched the Space Command, which is expected to defend America’s vital interests in “the next war-fighting domain”.</span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Just like land, air, sea, and cyber as vital war-fighting domains, and space will be treated as an independent region overseen by a new unified geographic combatant command. It recognises the centrality of space to America’s national security and defence.</span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Existing war Domains</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This U.S. Military doctrine recognizes at least five dimensions, or 'domains of warfare' for which it is responsible. They are:</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul style="margin-left:40px"> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Land</span></span></span></span></li> <br /> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Sea</span></span></span></span></li> <br /> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Air</span></span></span></span></li> <br /> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Space</span></span></span></span></li> <br /> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Information</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Gen John W Raymond will be the commander of the US Space Command, which has been established as the 11th Unified Combatant Command of the American armed forces.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Space Command will soon be followed by establishment of the <strong>United States Space Force</strong> as the sixth branch of the United States Armed Forces.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Effects of Space command</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">It is criticised that it will drain resources and create needless red tape. 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