Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Personalities
Azaadi ke Diwane museum inaugurated at Red Fort
Tags: Historical Places, Personalities
Published on: 05 March 2019
Postage stamp on 750th birth anniversary of Sri Vedanta Desika issued
Tags: Personalities, Philosophy
Published on: 03 May 2019
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum dedicated to unsung heroes of the country's freedom struggle was recently inaugurated on the Red Fort premises. It is fifth in Kranti Mandir series which also includes Subhash Chandra Bose and INA museum, Yaad-e-Jallian museum, Museum on 1857 (on country's first war of Independence) and Drishyakala (a Museum on Indian Art) on the sacrifices of India's freedom fighters.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been built by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). It pays homage to hundreds of freedom fighters who do not find mention in popular culture.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to inspire younger generation and letting them know the cost of freedom that the great fighters achieve by sacrificing their lives.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It attempts to document unsung hero’s contributions to India’s Freedom Struggle. It also pays tribute to selfless sacrifices of revolutionaries, brave women freedom fighters and valiant children. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is digitised and interactive museum with state-of-the-art, informative and educational exhibition allowing visitors to engage with exhibits through multi-sensor technology.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu released commemorative postage stamp to mark 750th birth anniversary of great saint, spiritual icon and great philosopher Sri Vedanta Desikan. The stamp unveiled Indian postal department aims to pay tribute to great contributions of Sri Vedanta Desikan, his life and highly valued works. It also inspire younger generation to follow in his footsteps. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sri Vedanta Desikan</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was one of most prominent preceptors in ‘Sri Vaishnava’ tradition post Ramanuja period. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was born in 1268 CE in Thoopul (present-day Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu) and died in 1369 CE.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was philosopher, master-teacher (desikan), spiritual teacher, mathematician, scientist, logician, poet, literary genius, linguist, military strategist etc.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He had authored number of poems, prose, drama, epics, commentaries, scientific texts and philosophical treatises in Sanskrit, Tamil, Prakrit and Manipravalam. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The basis of his spiritual teachings and philosophy was peace and humanity. Its most essential feature was ‘aspect of inclusion’ i.e. anyone, irrespective of any caste or creed can join Sri Vaishnava fold. This had led to eradication caste distinctions. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Achievements:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> He was awarded many titles for his numerous achievements, including ‘kavi tarkika-kesari’ (lion amongst poets and logicians). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was celebrated as ‘sarva-tantra-svatantra’ (master of all arts and crafts) and glorified as ‘ramanuja-daya-patram’ (recipient of Ramanuja’s blessings). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">His famous Literary works: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">(i) Rahasya Traya Sara: It is treatise on Prapatti (surrendering oneself to divine). (ii) ‘Paduka Sahasram’: It shows his poetic eloquence and his mathematical ingenuity. In this collection, it is claimed that he has given solution to mathematical problem that was solved about 500 years later by mathematician Leonard Euler. (iii) ‘Silpartha-Saram’: It is treatise on sculpture (iv) ‘Bhugola Nirnayam’: It is research text on geography. It showed his knowledge o arts and sciences. (v) ‘Subhashita Neevi’: It contains fund of moral and ethical advice which are still relevant and practical. (vi) ‘Aahaara Niyamam’: It explains how different food items help in maintaining healthy mind and disease-free life.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Context:</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Within three days after coming to power, the BS Yediyurappa government in Karnataka issued an order cancelling the "Tipu Jayanti" celebrations</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Who was Tipu Sultan?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Tipu was a <strong>ruler of the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore and</strong> considered an <strong>implacable enemy of the British East India Company.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">He was <strong>killed in May 1799 while defending his fort at Srirangapatna</strong> against the British forces.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Why is he such a controversial legend?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Tipu Sultan is a <strong>controversial figure in Kodagu district as Kodavas (</strong>Coorgis), a martial race, believes <strong>thousands of their men and women were seized and held captive during his occupation</strong> and <strong>subjected to torture, death and forcible conversion to Islam.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">He was also <strong>accused of execution of Mandyam Iyengars at the temple town of Melkote in Mandya district on the day of Deepavali, </strong>as they supported the then Maharaja of Mysuru.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Do historians support this claim?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">The scale of such suppression is <strong>disputed by several historians, who see Tipu as a secular and modern ruler </strong>who took on the might of the British.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0.5in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
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'title' => 'Skandagupta',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the call to rewrite history made by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Gupta emperor <strong>Skandagupta Vikramaditya</strong> may get a re-look in modern India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The book, titled <em>Guptvanshik-Veer: Skandgupta Vikramaditya Ka Itihasik Punahsmaran</em>, by Rakesh Upadhyay, is one of the first produced by the three-year-old Bharat Adhyayan Kendra, or the Centre for Indic Studies, set up at Benaras Hindu University (BHU).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Skandagupta was a Gupta Emperor of northern India. His Bhitari pillar inscription suggests that he restored the Gupta power by defeating his enemies, who may have been rebels or foreign invaders.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He repulsed an invasion by the<strong> Indo-Hephthalites</strong> (known as <strong>Hunas</strong> in India), probably the Kidarites. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, and is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Contributions</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Coinage</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared to his predecessors, Samudragupta issued fewer gold coins, and some of these coins feature relatively less quantity of gold. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is possible that the various wars fought by him strained the state treasury, although this cannot be said with certainty. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Skandagupta issued five types of <strong>gold coins</strong>: <strong>Archer type, King and queen type, Chhatra type, Lion-slayer type and Horseman type</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">His <strong>silver coins</strong> are of four types: <strong>Garuda type, Bull type, Altar type and Madhyadesha type.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bhitari Pillar Inscription</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta, was discovered in Bhitari, Saidpur, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, and dates to the reign of Gupta Empire ruler Skandagupta.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among other things, the inscription is extremely important in understanding the chronology of the various Gupta rulers. It also mentions the conflict between Skandagupta and the Pushyamitras as well as the Hunas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The inscription is written in 19 lines, starting with the genealogy of the ancestors of Skandagupta, then a presentation of Skangupta himself, and finally a presentation of his achievements.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A tweet from the BJP’s Tamil Nadu unit with a picture of Tamil poet and philosopher Thiruvalluvar wearing a saffron shawl has drawn criticism from Dravidian groups, who have accused the BJP of trying to “saffronise” the saint.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thiruvalluvar is considered as an icon of Tamil identity, with his teachings finding place in all Dravidian parties. The Step by BJP is considered as an attempt to associate itself with the local idealogy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thiruvalluvar</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thiruvalluvar, commonly known as Valluvar, was a celebrated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> poet and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He is best known as the author of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirukkural" title="Tirukkural">Thirukku?a?</a>, a collection of couplets on ethics, political and economical matters, and love. The text is considered an exceptional and widely cherished work of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Valluvar is believed to have lived in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and later in the town of Mayilapuram or Thirumayilai (present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>) although there is no real proof.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Valluvar is generally thought to have belonged to either Jainism or Hinduism. However almost every religious group in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, has claimed the work and its author as one of their own.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Literature</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tirukkural</strong> is the primary work credited to Thiruvalluvar. It contains 1330 couplets, which are divided into 133 sections of 10 couplets each.Tirukkural is a classic Tamil sangam literature consisting of Kurals.The book is also called as the fifth Veda or ‘Bible of the Tamil Land’.</span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Savitribai Phule',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">January 3rd is the birth anniversary of Savitribai Phule, the social reformer who is considered to be one of India’s first modern feminists.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She is especially remembered for being India’s first female teacher who worked for the upliftment of women and untouchables in the field of education and literacy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Savitribai Phule married activist and social-reformer Jyotirao Phule. After marriage, with her husband’s support, Phule learned to read and write and both of them eventually went on to found India’s first school for girls called Bhide Wada in Pune in 1948.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since at that time the idea of teaching girls was considered to be a radical one, people would often throw dung and stones at her as she made her way to the school.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule recognised that education was one of the central planks through which women and the depressed classes could become empowered and hope to stand on an equal footing with the rest of the society.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Phules also started the Literacy Mission in India between 1854-55. They also started the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society for Truth-Seeking), through which they wanted to initiate the practice of Satyashodhak marriage, in which no dowry was taken.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Though her poems, she advocated values such as humanism, liberty, equality, brotherhood, rationalism and the importance of education among others.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Contributions of Savitribai Phule</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She took great effort towards educating and emancipating child widows, campaigned against child marriage and sati pratha, and advocated for widow remarriage.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She campaigned against untouchability and worked actively in abolishing caste and gender based discrimination.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She also started the Mahila Seva Mandal with the objective of creating awareness among women regarding their rights, dignity and other social issues. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She was successful in organising a barbers strike in Mumbai and Pune to oppose the prevailing custom of shaving heads of widows.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Savitribai also started a care center called ‘Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha,’ possibly the first ever infanticide prohibition home founded in India. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was set up so that pregnant Brahmin widows and rape victims can deliver their children in a safe and secure place thus preventing the killing of widows as well as reducing the rate of infanticide.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Raja Ravi Varma',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">April 29 is the birth anniversary of the famed Indian painter Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906), remembered for giving Indians their western, classical representations of Hindu gods and goddesses.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Through his printing press, Varma’s humanised depiction of Hindu pantheon travelled beyond the surfaces of costly canvases, and into the prayer and living rooms of working-class homes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A prolific artist, Varma is believed to have made around 7,000 paintings before his death at the age of 58. His most famous works include<strong> Damayanti Talking to a Swan, Shakuntala Looking for Dushyanta, Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair, </strong>and<strong> Shantanu and Matsyagandha</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma was born into aristocracy at Kilimanoor in the erstwhile Travancore state of present-day Kerala, and was closely related to its royal family. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">His uncle, Raja Raja Varma, noticed the younger Varma’s talent, and gave the latter initial lessons in painting.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the age of 14, Varma was patronised by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then ruler of Travancore, and went on to receive training in watercolours from Ramaswamy Naidu, the royal painter. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Later, Varma studied oil painting with the British painter Theodore Jensen. Apart from Travancore, Varma also worked for other wealthy patrons such as the Gaekwad of Baroda.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma worked on both portrait and landscape paintings, and is considered among the first Indian artists to use oil paints. Apart from painting Hindu mythological figures, Varma also made portraits of many Indians as well as Europeans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma is also known for having mastered the reproduction of his work on the lithographic press, through which his paintings spread far and wide. He continues to be regarded as the most important representative of the Europeanised school of painting in India. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">His 1873 painting, Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair, won Varma prestigious awards including Governor’s Gold Medal when it was presented in the Madras Presidency and Certificate of Merit at an exhibition in Vienna.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In 1904, the British colonial government awarded Varma with the Kaiser-i-Hind Gold Medal. In 2013, a crater on the planet Mercury was named in his honour.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">April 29 is the birth anniversary of the famed Indian painter Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906), remembered for giving Indians their western, classical representations of Hindu gods and goddesses.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Through his printing press, Varma’s humanised depiction of Hindu pantheon travelled beyond the surfaces of costly canvases, and into the prayer and living rooms of working-class homes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A prolific artist, Varma is believed to have made around 7,000 paintings before his death at the age of 58. His most famous works include<strong> Damayanti Talking to a Swan, Shakuntala Looking for Dushyanta, Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair, </strong>and<strong> Shantanu and Matsyagandha</strong>.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma was born into aristocracy at Kilimanoor in the erstwhile Travancore state of present-day Kerala, and was closely related to its royal family. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">His uncle, Raja Raja Varma, noticed the younger Varma’s talent, and gave the latter initial lessons in painting.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the age of 14, Varma was patronised by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then ruler of Travancore, and went on to receive training in watercolours from Ramaswamy Naidu, the royal painter. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Later, Varma studied oil painting with the British painter Theodore Jensen. Apart from Travancore, Varma also worked for other wealthy patrons such as the Gaekwad of Baroda.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma worked on both portrait and landscape paintings, and is considered among the first Indian artists to use oil paints. Apart from painting Hindu mythological figures, Varma also made portraits of many Indians as well as Europeans.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma is also known for having mastered the reproduction of his work on the lithographic press, through which his paintings spread far and wide. He continues to be regarded as the most important representative of the Europeanised school of painting in India. </span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">His 1873 painting, Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair, won Varma prestigious awards including Governor’s Gold Medal when it was presented in the Madras Presidency and Certificate of Merit at an exhibition in Vienna.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In 1904, the British colonial government awarded Varma with the Kaiser-i-Hind Gold Medal. In 2013, a crater on the planet Mercury was named in his honour.</span></span></p>
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was recently inaugurated on the Red Fort premises. It is fifth in Kranti Mandir series which also includes Subhash Chandra Bose and INA museum, Yaad-e-Jallian museum, Museum on 1857 (on country's first war of Independence) and Drishyakala (a Museum on Indian Art) on the sacrifices of India's freedom fighters.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been built by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). It pays homage to hundreds of freedom fighters who do not find mention in popular culture.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to inspire younger generation and letting them know the cost of freedom that the great fighters achieve by sacrificing their lives.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It attempts to document unsung hero’s contributions to India’s Freedom Struggle. It also pays tribute to selfless sacrifices of revolutionaries, brave women freedom fighters and valiant children. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is digitised and interactive museum with state-of-the-art, informative and educational exhibition allowing visitors to engage with exhibits through multi-sensor technology.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'azaadi-ke-diwane-museum', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/696d/7m56o0k6zm34km66g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/696d/7m56o0k6zm34km66g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Azaadi ke Diwane museum inaugurated at Red Fort', 'metakeyword' => 'In Art and Culture Current Affairs, Azaadi ke Diwane museum, Red Fort, unsung heroes, India's freedom struggle,Archaeological Survey of India', 'metadescription' => 'Azaadi ke Diwane museum dedicated to unsung heroes of the country's freedom struggle was recently inaugurated on the Red Fort premises.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/fdy22f61b4sihss/5Mar_Azaadi_ke_Diwane_museum.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Personalities', 'keyword' => 'personalities', 'id' => (int) 996, 'title' => 'Postage stamp on 750th birth anniversary of Sri Vedanta Desika issued', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu released commemorative postage stamp to mark 750th birth anniversary of great saint, spiritual icon and great philosopher Sri Vedanta Desikan. The stamp unveiled Indian postal department aims to pay tribute to great contributions of Sri Vedanta Desikan, his life and highly valued works. It also inspire younger generation to follow in his footsteps. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sri Vedanta Desikan</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was one of most prominent preceptors in ‘Sri Vaishnava’ tradition post Ramanuja period. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was born in 1268 CE in Thoopul (present-day Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu) and died in 1369 CE.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was philosopher, master-teacher (desikan), spiritual teacher, mathematician, scientist, logician, poet, literary genius, linguist, military strategist etc.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He had authored number of poems, prose, drama, epics, commentaries, scientific texts and philosophical treatises in Sanskrit, Tamil, Prakrit and Manipravalam. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The basis of his spiritual teachings and philosophy was peace and humanity. Its most essential feature was ‘aspect of inclusion’ i.e. anyone, irrespective of any caste or creed can join Sri Vaishnava fold. This had led to eradication caste distinctions. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Achievements:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> He was awarded many titles for his numerous achievements, including ‘kavi tarkika-kesari’ (lion amongst poets and logicians). </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was celebrated as ‘sarva-tantra-svatantra’ (master of all arts and crafts) and glorified as ‘ramanuja-daya-patram’ (recipient of Ramanuja’s blessings). </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">His famous Literary works: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">(i) Rahasya Traya Sara: It is treatise on Prapatti (surrendering oneself to divine). (ii) ‘Paduka Sahasram’: It shows his poetic eloquence and his mathematical ingenuity. In this collection, it is claimed that he has given solution to mathematical problem that was solved about 500 years later by mathematician Leonard Euler. (iii) ‘Silpartha-Saram’: It is treatise on sculpture (iv) ‘Bhugola Nirnayam’: It is research text on geography. It showed his knowledge o arts and sciences. (v) ‘Subhashita Neevi’: It contains fund of moral and ethical advice which are still relevant and practical. (vi) ‘Aahaara Niyamam’: It explains how different food items help in maintaining healthy mind and disease-free life.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'postage-stamp-sri-vedanta-Desika-issued', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1858/figyec5woto0ck06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1858/figyec5woto0ck06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Postage stamp on Sri Vedanta Desika issued', 'metakeyword' => 'In Art and Culture Current Affairs, commemorative postage stamp , 750th birth anniversary, great saint, spiritual icon, great philosopher, Sri Vedanta Desikan', 'metadescription' => 'commemorative postage stamp to mark 750th birth anniversary of great saint, spiritual icon and great philosopher Sri Vedanta Desikan', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pd2m0la1rsbnh3s/Postage_stamp_on_750th.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Personalities', 'keyword' => 'personalities', 'id' => (int) 1816, 'title' => 'Tipu sultan jayanti celebration scrapped in Karnatka', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Context:</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Within three days after coming to power, the BS Yediyurappa government in Karnataka issued an order cancelling the "Tipu Jayanti" celebrations</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Who was Tipu Sultan?</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Tipu was a <strong>ruler of the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore and</strong> considered an <strong>implacable enemy of the British East India Company.</strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">He was <strong>killed in May 1799 while defending his fort at Srirangapatna</strong> against the British forces.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Why is he such a controversial legend?</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Tipu Sultan is a <strong>controversial figure in Kodagu district as Kodavas (</strong>Coorgis), a martial race, believes <strong>thousands of their men and women were seized and held captive during his occupation</strong> and <strong>subjected to torture, death and forcible conversion to Islam.</strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">He was also <strong>accused of execution of Mandyam Iyengars at the temple town of Melkote in Mandya district on the day of Deepavali, </strong>as they supported the then Maharaja of Mysuru.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Do historians support this claim?</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">The scale of such suppression is <strong>disputed by several historians, who see Tipu as a secular and modern ruler </strong>who took on the might of the British.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0.5in; margin-right:0in"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'tipu-sultan-jayanti-celebration', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b302/gnx1iso6fa8dqdb6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Tipu sultan jayanti celebration scrapped in Karnatka', 'metakeyword' => 'Tipu sultan jayanti, Tipu sultan jayanti celebration', 'metadescription' => 'Within three days after coming to power, the BS Yediyurappa government in Karnataka issued an order cancelling the "Tipu Jayanti" celebrations', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/sm7kzzyn9ieuqns/Tipu_sultan_jayanti_celebration_scrapped_in_Karnatka.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Personalities', 'keyword' => 'personalities', 'id' => (int) 2635, 'title' => 'Skandagupta', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the call to rewrite history made by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Gupta emperor <strong>Skandagupta Vikramaditya</strong> may get a re-look in modern India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The book, titled <em>Guptvanshik-Veer: Skandgupta Vikramaditya Ka Itihasik Punahsmaran</em>, by Rakesh Upadhyay, is one of the first produced by the three-year-old Bharat Adhyayan Kendra, or the Centre for Indic Studies, set up at Benaras Hindu University (BHU).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Skandagupta was a Gupta Emperor of northern India. His Bhitari pillar inscription suggests that he restored the Gupta power by defeating his enemies, who may have been rebels or foreign invaders.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He repulsed an invasion by the<strong> Indo-Hephthalites</strong> (known as <strong>Hunas</strong> in India), probably the Kidarites. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, and is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Contributions</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Coinage</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared to his predecessors, Samudragupta issued fewer gold coins, and some of these coins feature relatively less quantity of gold. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is possible that the various wars fought by him strained the state treasury, although this cannot be said with certainty. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Skandagupta issued five types of <strong>gold coins</strong>: <strong>Archer type, King and queen type, Chhatra type, Lion-slayer type and Horseman type</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">His <strong>silver coins</strong> are of four types: <strong>Garuda type, Bull type, Altar type and Madhyadesha type.</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bhitari Pillar Inscription</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bhitari pillar inscription of Skandagupta, was discovered in Bhitari, Saidpur, Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh, and dates to the reign of Gupta Empire ruler Skandagupta.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among other things, the inscription is extremely important in understanding the chronology of the various Gupta rulers. It also mentions the conflict between Skandagupta and the Pushyamitras as well as the Hunas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The inscription is written in 19 lines, starting with the genealogy of the ancestors of Skandagupta, then a presentation of Skangupta himself, and finally a presentation of his achievements.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'skandagupta', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/00b4/l90js3d5z43q7tr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/00b4/l90js3d5z43q7tr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Skandagupta | Bhitari Pillar Inscription', 'metakeyword' => 'Skandagupta, Bhitari Pillar Inscription, Skandagupta Vikramaditya', 'metadescription' => 'In the call to rewrite history made by Union Home Minister Amit Shah, Gupta emperor Skandagupta Vikramaditya may get a re-look in modern India.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9rascn85ozwdh46/Skandagupta.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Personalities', 'keyword' => 'personalities', 'id' => (int) 2676, 'title' => 'Thiruvalluvar', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A tweet from the BJP’s Tamil Nadu unit with a picture of Tamil poet and philosopher Thiruvalluvar wearing a saffron shawl has drawn criticism from Dravidian groups, who have accused the BJP of trying to “saffronise” the saint.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thiruvalluvar is considered as an icon of Tamil identity, with his teachings finding place in all Dravidian parties. The Step by BJP is considered as an attempt to associate itself with the local idealogy.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thiruvalluvar</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thiruvalluvar, commonly known as Valluvar, was a celebrated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_people" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> poet and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He is best known as the author of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirukkural" title="Tirukkural">Thirukku?a?</a>, a collection of couplets on ethics, political and economical matters, and love. The text is considered an exceptional and widely cherished work of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Valluvar is believed to have lived in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and later in the town of Mayilapuram or Thirumayilai (present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>) although there is no real proof.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Valluvar is generally thought to have belonged to either Jainism or Hinduism. However almost every religious group in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, has claimed the work and its author as one of their own.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Literature</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tirukkural</strong> is the primary work credited to Thiruvalluvar. It contains 1330 couplets, which are divided into 133 sections of 10 couplets each.Tirukkural is a classic Tamil sangam literature consisting of Kurals.The book is also called as the fifth Veda or ‘Bible of the Tamil Land’.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'thiruvalluvar', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4abc/ah8qb2r99xtl1x96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4abc/ah8qb2r99xtl1x96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Thiruvalluvar | philosopher Thiruvalluvar', 'metakeyword' => 'groups, who have accused the BJP of trying to “saffronise” the saint.', 'metadescription' => 'A tweet from the BJP’s Tamil Nadu unit with a picture of Tamil poet and philosopher Thiruvalluvar wearing a saffron shawl has drawn criticism from Dravidian ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0519mjoy3f8593q/Thiruvalluvar.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Personalities', 'keyword' => 'personalities', 'id' => (int) 3270, 'title' => 'Savitribai Phule', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">January 3rd is the birth anniversary of Savitribai Phule, the social reformer who is considered to be one of India’s first modern feminists.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She is especially remembered for being India’s first female teacher who worked for the upliftment of women and untouchables in the field of education and literacy.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Savitribai Phule married activist and social-reformer Jyotirao Phule. After marriage, with her husband’s support, Phule learned to read and write and both of them eventually went on to found India’s first school for girls called Bhide Wada in Pune in 1948.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since at that time the idea of teaching girls was considered to be a radical one, people would often throw dung and stones at her as she made her way to the school.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jyotirao and Savitribai Phule recognised that education was one of the central planks through which women and the depressed classes could become empowered and hope to stand on an equal footing with the rest of the society.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Phules also started the Literacy Mission in India between 1854-55. They also started the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society for Truth-Seeking), through which they wanted to initiate the practice of Satyashodhak marriage, in which no dowry was taken.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Though her poems, she advocated values such as humanism, liberty, equality, brotherhood, rationalism and the importance of education among others.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Contributions of Savitribai Phule</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She took great effort towards educating and emancipating child widows, campaigned against child marriage and sati pratha, and advocated for widow remarriage.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She campaigned against untouchability and worked actively in abolishing caste and gender based discrimination.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She also started the Mahila Seva Mandal with the objective of creating awareness among women regarding their rights, dignity and other social issues. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">She was successful in organising a barbers strike in Mumbai and Pune to oppose the prevailing custom of shaving heads of widows.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Savitribai also started a care center called ‘Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha,’ possibly the first ever infanticide prohibition home founded in India. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was set up so that pregnant Brahmin widows and rape victims can deliver their children in a safe and secure place thus preventing the killing of widows as well as reducing the rate of infanticide.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'savitribai-phule', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/469f/xiwv1vt8w96twsu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/469f/xiwv1vt8w96twsu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Savitribai Phule | India’s first modern feminists', 'metakeyword' => 'Savitribai Phule, India’s first modern feminists', 'metadescription' => 'January 3rd is the birth anniversary of Savitribai Phule, the social reformer who is considered to be one of India’s first modern feminists.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/s4i9kvfqv5i1mge/Savitribai_Phule.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Personalities', 'keyword' => 'personalities', 'id' => (int) 4393, 'title' => 'Raja Ravi Varma', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">April 29 is the birth anniversary of the famed Indian painter Raja Ravi Varma (1848-1906), remembered for giving Indians their western, classical representations of Hindu gods and goddesses.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Through his printing press, Varma’s humanised depiction of Hindu pantheon travelled beyond the surfaces of costly canvases, and into the prayer and living rooms of working-class homes.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A prolific artist, Varma is believed to have made around 7,000 paintings before his death at the age of 58. His most famous works include<strong> Damayanti Talking to a Swan, Shakuntala Looking for Dushyanta, Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair, </strong>and<strong> Shantanu and Matsyagandha</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma was born into aristocracy at Kilimanoor in the erstwhile Travancore state of present-day Kerala, and was closely related to its royal family. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">His uncle, Raja Raja Varma, noticed the younger Varma’s talent, and gave the latter initial lessons in painting.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the age of 14, Varma was patronised by Ayilyam Thirunal, the then ruler of Travancore, and went on to receive training in watercolours from Ramaswamy Naidu, the royal painter. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Later, Varma studied oil painting with the British painter Theodore Jensen. Apart from Travancore, Varma also worked for other wealthy patrons such as the Gaekwad of Baroda.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma worked on both portrait and landscape paintings, and is considered among the first Indian artists to use oil paints. Apart from painting Hindu mythological figures, Varma also made portraits of many Indians as well as Europeans.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Varma is also known for having mastered the reproduction of his work on the lithographic press, through which his paintings spread far and wide. 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