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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Organizations
World Sustainable Development Summit 2019 held in New Delhi
Tags: Organizations, Miscellaneous
Published on: 14 February 2019
NGT slaps Rs 500 crore fine on Volkswagen
Tags: Organizations, Miscellaneous
Published on: 08 March 2019
Government launches India Cooling Action Plan
Tags: Conventions, Organizations
Published on: 11 March 2019
Guwahati Railway Station first to get green ISO certification
Tags: Organizations
Published on: 05 April 2019
Delhi Metro: India's first metro project to receive power from waste-to-energy
Tags: Organizations
Published on: 06 June 2019
Gujarat launches world’s first emission trading scheme (ETS) to combat particulate air pollution
Tags: Organizations
Published on: 06 June 2019
NGT forms expert panel to suggest norms to restrict use of plastic packaging
Tags: Organizations
Published on: 07 June 2019
Inger Andersen took over as Executive Director of UNEP
Tags: Organizations
Published on: 17 June 2019
G-20 to adopt new Framework on Marine Plastic Waste
Tags: Conventions, Organizations
Published on: 18 June 2019
India to host COP-14 of UNCDD in September 2019
Tags: Conventions, Organizations
Published on: 18 June 2019
Earth Alliance launched to combat climate change and biodiversity loss
Tags: Organizations
Published on: 07 July 2019
Declining biodiversity threatens food supply: UN FAO Report
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Organizations
Published on: 23 February 2019
4th UN Environment Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya
Tags: Climate Change, Organizations
Published on: 18 March 2019
Conclave of Himalayan States held in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand
Tags: Organizations
Published on: 29 July 2019
India demands Changes in protection status of 5 species at CITES
Tags: Organizations
Published on: 13 August 2019
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'title' => 'World Sustainable Development Summit 2019 held in New Delhi',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The 2019 edition of World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS 2019) was held in New Delhi. It was organized by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and was inaugurated by Vice President M. Venkaiah Naidu.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">WSDS 2019</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Theme for this year’s summit was <strong><em>'Attaining the 2030 Agenda: delivering on our promise'</em></strong>. It was aimed at creating action frameworks to resolve some of most urgent challenges facing developing economies.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It saw participation of over 2000 delegates including policy makers, researchers, think tanks, diplomats and corporates from around world. These delegates represented leaders in development, energy, and environment sectors.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is annual flagship event of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). It has replaced TERI’s earlier flagship summit- Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS), which was initiated in 2001.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides platform for global leaders and practitioners to discuss and deliberate over climatic issues of universal importance.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is sole summit on global issues taking place in developing world. It seeks to continue legacy of DSDS with the aim of making ‘sustainable development’ a globally shared goal.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It strives to provide long-term solutions for benefit of global community by assembling world’s most enlightened leaders and thinkers on single platform.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It underscores need for businesses and private sector to take lead in poverty reduction and to ensure rapid and sustained adoption of UN adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is one of world’s pre-eminent non-profit research institution/think tank that conducts research work in fields of energy, environment and sustainable development.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to usher transitions to cleaner and sustainable future through conservation and efficient use of Earth’s resources and supports innovative ways of minimize and reuse waste<strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 1974 by Mr Darbari S Seth as Tata Energy Research Institute. It was renamed and reorganized to The Energy and Resources Institute in 2003.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its key focus is in promoting clean energy, pollution management, water management, sustainable agriculture and climate resilience<strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Green Tribunal (NGT) has slapped fine of Rs. 500 crore on German automobile giant Volkswagen for damaging environment through use of "cheat device" in its diesel cars in India. It held that this fine is means of "creating deterrence" and noted that Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) may consider utilising this amount towards improving air quality in National Capital Region and other highly polluted areas. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">What is the issue?</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">German automobile giant Volkswagen in 2015 had admitted of using of 'defeat device' in its 11 million diesel engine cars sold in US, Europe and other global markets to manipulate emission test results. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This defeat device or cheat device was software employed by Volkswagen in diesel engines to manipulate emission tests by changing performance of cars globally</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It had helped the company to cheat in emissions tests especially in its diesel cars in order to enhance their technical performances by trading off environmental guidelines and set emissions limit.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NGT Fine</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NGT in November 2018 had held that use of cheat device by Volkswagen in diesel cars in India had led to inference of environmental damage. It also had directed it to deposit an interim amount of Rs. 100 crore with CPCB.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also had constituted expert committee to give its opinion whether manufacturer has exceeded the prescribed environmental norms and fair estimate of the damage caused to the environment.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This committee had recommended imposition of Rs 171.34-crore fine on Volkswagen as health damages for causing air pollution in Delhi due to excess nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. It had estimated that Volkswagen cars had released approximately 48.678 tonnes of NOx in 2016 in the national capital.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Green Tribunal (NGT) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is statutory body established under National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It specialises in adjudicating on matters including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment forests and harm to people or property due to neglect of environmental obligations of infrastructure projects. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is guided by principles of natural justice and not bound by procedure laid down under Code of Civil Procedure (CrCP), 1908. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is empowered to give relief and compensation for damages to persons and property to environment,</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Principal Place of Sitting NGT is New Delhi. It also has regional benches at Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai.</span></span></span></li>
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'metatitle' => 'NGT slaps Rs 500 crore fine on Volkswagen',
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'metadescription' => 'NGT has slapped fine of Rs. 500 crore on German automobile giant Volkswagen for damaging environment through use of "cheat device" in its diesel cars in India',
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'title' => 'Government launches India Cooling Action Plan ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has launched India Cooling Action Plan. It makes India is one of the first countries in world to launch comprehensive cooling action plan. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims at providing sustainable thermal cooling to citizens while keeping in mind at same time, need to protect environment. It provides 20-year perspective, with projections for cooling needs in 2037-38. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides integrated vision towards cooling across sectors encompassing inter alia reduction of cooling demand, refrigerant transition, enhancing energy efficiency and better technology options with 20year time horizon.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its long term vision to address cooling requirement across sectors and lists out actions which can help reduce the cooling demand. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It seeks to synergies actions for securing both environmental and socio-economic benefits. This will also help in reducing both direct and indirect emissions.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its overarching goal is to provide sustainable cooling and thermal comfort for all while securing environmental and socio-economic benefits for the society. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Goals:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) reduce cooling demand across sectors by 20% to 25% by 2037-38, (ii) reduce refrigerant demand by 25% to 30% by 2037-38, (iii) reduce cooling energy requirements by 25% to 40% by 2037-38, (iv) recognize cooling and related areas as thrust area of research under national S&T Programme, (v) training and certification of 100,000 servicing sector technicians by 2022-23 by synergizing with Skill India Mission. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Implementation of ICAP:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It will be overseen by inter-ministerial Empowered Steering Committee approved by Cabinet. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ozone Cell of MoEFCC will act as Cooling Secretariat to coordinate actions with other ministries.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Societal and Environmental benefits of ICAP</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Thermal comfort for all:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It has provision for cooling for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) housing.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sustainable cooling:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It calls for low Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions related to cooling, </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Doubling Farmers Income:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It provides for better cold chain infrastructure and better value of produce to farmers, less wastage of produce, </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Skilled workforce:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It encourages better livelihoods and environmental protection, </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Make in India:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It calls for domestic manufacturing of air-conditioning and related cooling equipment’s.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Robust R&D on alternative cooling technologies</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: It seeks to provide push to innovation in cooling sector.</span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Guwahati Railway Station first to get green ISO certification',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Guwahati Railway Station became first railway station of Indian Railways to get green ISO certification- ISO 14001:2015 for providing passenger amenities in a clean and green environment. It achieved this feat by successfully implementing environment management systems based on the direction of National Green Tribunal (NGT).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Facts</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Guwahati Railway Station has obtained certification for providing passenger amenities in clean and green environment throughout entire Railway station premises. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also provides High Class Reserve (VIP) Lounge, waiting rooms, AC and Non-AC Retiring Rooms, Refreshing Area, Food Courts and Sanitation at the station. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The certification will be reviewed in 2020, which mandates stricter environment norms regarding waste disposal among others to be adhered to Railway Station.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">International Organization for Standardization (ISO)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ISO stands for “International Organization for Standardization”. It promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial standards</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was founded on 23 February 1947. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and works in 164 countries.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is responsible for establishing standard in different area of activities. There are many types of ISO certification. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ISO-14001 is for Environment Management System</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> as per international norms and was upgraded last in 2015. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'First Global Cooling Coalition launched',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The first-ever Global Coalition on Clean and Efficient Cooling was launched recently at the first Global Conference on Synergies between 2030 Agenda and Paris Agreement held in Copenhagen, Denmark. It aims to inspire ambition and accelerate action on the transition to clean and efficient cooling.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global Cool Coalition</span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is global effort led by UN Environment, Climate and Clean Air Coalition, Kigali Cooling Efficiency Program and Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It seeks to be a unified front that links action across Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol, 2015 Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is expected to inspire ambition, identify solutions and mobilise action to accelerate progress towards clean and efficient cooling.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comprises 23 members including government officials from Chile, Rwanda, Denmark as well as leaders from civil society, research and academia. India’s TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) is also its member. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will complement and build upon ongoing successful programs to advance clean and efficient cooling, including, Cooling for All Secretariat, Climate and Clean Air Coalition, Kigali Cooling Efficiency Programme, private sector action like Global Cooling Prize, and other initiatives.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also advocate for more innovation, greater investment, better information, and increased capacity to move towards clean and efficient cooling.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></span></span></strong></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The demand for air conditioners is projected to grow as the world gets warmer due to global warming and these cooling systems will emit more greenhouse gas (GHGs) which will endanger the planet. With increasing incomes and urbanisation, number of air conditioning (AC) units across globe is set to increase from 1.2 billion to 4.5 billion by 2050 and India alone may account for one billion units. Clean, efficient cooling appliances and equipment can save up to $2.9 trillion in energy use by 2050 and help avoid 0.4° Celsius warming of the planet. India already has developed National Cooling Action Plan in March 2019.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'NGT directs CPCB to prepare a noise pollution map',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to prepare noise pollution map and remedial action plan to solve issue across the country. NGT held that absence of implementation of noise pollution norms affects health of citizens, especially infants and senior citizens. It also held that it affects sleep, comfort and other legitimate activities.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NGT Ruling</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It directed the CPCB to identify noise pollution hotspots and categorise cities with specified hotspots and propose remedial action plan within three months.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">CPCB should consider expansion of its established noise monitoring mechanism functioning in seven cities to all cities where noise pollution is beyond permissible limits.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also directed state pollution control boards to undertake noise level monitoring in conjunction with police administration and take remedial action.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is apex organisation in country in the field of pollution control, as a technical wing of Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoE,FCC). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It statutory organisation established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also entrusted with the powers and functions under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mandate:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Promote cleanliness of streams and wells, by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution and improve quality.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Improve quality of air and prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Monitor water and air quality and maintains monitoring data.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Advise central government to prevent and control water and air pollution. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Green Tribunal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is quasi-judicial body established under National Green Tribunal Act 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases (litigations) related to protection pf environment and conservation of forests and other natural resources.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Government constitutes committee to implement NCAP',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has constituted committee to implement National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). The committee will be headquartered in New Delhi.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Composition of Committee:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be chaired by Secretary, Union Environment Ministry. It will comprise Joint Secretary (Thermal), Ministry of Power; Director-General, Energy Resources Institute (TERI), and Professor of Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur (IIT-K) as members.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Terms of Reference of Committee</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will ensure inter-ministerial organisation and cooperation, sharing information and resolving issues that could arise between ministries. It will also give overall guidance and directions to effectively implement the programmes.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was unveiled in January 2019. It is envisaged as a scheme to provide the States and the Centre with a framework to combat air pollution.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims to provide time bound national level strategy for pan India implementation to tackle increasing air pollution problem across the country in comprehensive manner.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is envisioned as a five-year action plan with 2019 as the first year. It will be reviewed every five years.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Target:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Reducing 20–30</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration by 2024 taking 2017 as the base year for the comparison of concentration.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Coverage:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be implanted in 102 identified non-attainment cities for implementing mitigation actions under NCAP. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Implementation:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> States in which cities are located are expected to produce plans that include increasing number of monitoring stations, providing technology support, conducting source apportionment studies, and strengthening enforcement. For achieving targets, cities are expected to calculate reduction in pollution, keeping 2017’s average annual PM levels as the base year.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NCAP requires cities to implement specific measures such as ensuring roads are pothole-free to improve traffic flow and thereby reduce dust (within 60 days) and ensure strict action against unauthorised brick kilns (within 30 days). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Need for Plan:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The World Health Organisation’s (WHO) database on air pollution has listed Tier I and Tier II Indian cities over the years as some of the most polluted places in the world. In 2018, 14 of world’s 15 most polluted cities were in India.</span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Delhi Metro: India's first metro project to receive power from waste-to-energy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Delhi Metro has become the first ever metro project in the country to receive power generated from a waste-to-energy plant. It achieved this feat after receiving 2 MW power from 12 MW capacity waste-to-energy plant set up in Ghazipur. The green power is being used by Delhi Metro for meeting the operational requirements of its Pink Line. It will take approximately 17.5 million units per annum from this plant. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Waste-to-energy plant </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been set up by East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited (EDWPCL) is based on Public Private Partnership (PPP) involving Delhi government and East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC), besides the EDWPCL.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It can process above 1,500 tonnes per day (TPD) of waste and generate 12 MW of green power. It is India's first Euro norms compliant waste-to-energy facility.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will mitigate over 8 million tons of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) over the life of the project, thus combating global warming.</span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other Green Initiatives of Delhi Metro</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Delhi Metro is working continuously towards conservation of environment since the inception of the organisation. It is the first ever rail based organisation in the world to claim carbon credits.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has commissioned facility at Rohini on PPP model with IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd (IEISL) for recycling of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste with capacity of 150 tons per day.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Currently, it is producing 28 MW of solar power from the various rooftop solar power plants, which have been set up in its stations, depots and residential premises.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also has started to receive solar power from the off-site solar power plant at Rewa in Madhya Pradesh.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During construction, Delhi metro plants 10 trees for each tree that is cut. It efficient operations have helped to remove around 4 lakh vehicles from the streets.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Gujarat Government has launched world’s first emission trading scheme (ETS) to combat particulate air pollution in the state. It was launched o the occasion of World Environment Day 2019, which has air pollution as its theme. Globally, cap-and-trade systems are being used to reduce other forms of pollution, such as programmes that have successfully reduced sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the United States. But this is first such scheme in the world to regulate particulate air pollution.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Emission trading scheme (ETS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a market-based system where government sets cap on emissions and allows industries to buy and sell permits to stay below the cap.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was designed with help of team of researchers from Energy Policy Institute at University of Chicago (EPIC), Economic Growth Center at Yale University and others from Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been initiated by Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) on pilot basis in Surat, a densely populated industrial centre where textile and dye mills release significant amount of air pollution.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of scheme</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: Under this cap and trade system, GPCB first defines total mass of pollution that can be put into the air over a defined period by all factories put together. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Then it creates set of permits, each of which allows certain amount of pollution and the total is equal to the cap.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These permits can be bought and sold. Each factory is allocated a share of these permits. After this, plants can trade permits with each other, just like any other commodity. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will enable factories who find it very expensive to reduce pollution to buy more permits. Those who can easily reduce pollution will be having excess permits to sell.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The reason for trading is that in cap and trade market, will enable GPCB to measure pollution over period of time and industries must own enough permits to cover their total emissions </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Thus, whatever is final allocation, the total number of permits does not change so total pollution is still equal to the predefined cap.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'NGT forms expert panel to suggest norms to restrict use of plastic packaging',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The National Green Tribunal has set up expert committee to probe whether there is need for further norms to restrict plastic packaging of food products. It was formed by bench headed by NGT Chairperson Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel while hearing on petition filed by NGO Him Jagriti Uttaranchal Welfare Society seeking ban on the use of plastic bottle and multi-layered plastic packages and PET bottles.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Expert committee</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is mandated to probe if more norms are needed to restrict use of Plastic Packaging. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) will be the nodal agency for coordination.<strong> </strong>It will submit its report within three months. It will have liberty to coopt any other expert/ institute or individual.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Composition of committee:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will comprise representatives of FSSAI, Bureau of Indian Standards, Central Pollution Control Board and Directorate General of Health Services. </span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NGO Him Jagriti Uttaranchal Welfare Society in its petition of NGT has sought ban on the use of plastic bottle and multi-layered/plastic packages /pet bottles. In its plea, it had mentioned that use of plastics, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and multi-layered packs such as Tetra Packs, has an adverse impact on health and environment and it also results in increase in plastic waste. It also held that existing rules and regulations do not deal with the issue in entirety and are not adequate to deal with the problem. It specified that December 2018 notification by Ministry of Health under Section 92 of Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 deals with issue of packaging mode of food but it ignores Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and Antimony in specific migration limits provided for plastic packaging. Moreover, Packaging and Labelling Regulations, 2018 under Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 do not deal with the issue in entirety and are not adequate to deal with the problem.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The 10th edition of regional Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) summit was held in Nagpur, Maharashtra. It was organized with help of the Public Works Department (PwD) of Government of Maharashtra. The theme of this year’s summit was "Transformation Strategies for Built Environment". This theme was adopted to focus on impact of incorporating sustainability initiatives into functioning public buildings.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is rating tool that helps people assesses the performance of their building against certain nationally acceptable benchmarks. It is given by GRIHA Council, a not-for-profit society jointly setup by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and Unon Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to promote green buildings in India. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">GRIHA Council:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is registered society for interaction on scientific and administrative issues related to sustainable habitats in the Indian context. It promotes GRIHA- the National Rating System as a design and evaluation tool for green buildings and habitats.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Inger Andersen took over as Executive Director of UNEP',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Danish economist and environmentalist Inger Andersen took over as Executive Director of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for four-year tenure. She will take over leadership of UNEP from Deputy Executive Director Joyce Msuya who has been acting Executive Director since late last year. Prior to her this appointment, she was serving as Director General (DG) of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) from January 2015 and May 2019. Earlier she had held various roles at World Bank including Vice President for Middle East and North Africa.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About UN Environment Programme (UNEP)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is leading global environmental authority that sets global environmental agenda, promotes coherent implementation of environmental dimension of sustainable development within United Nations system. It serves as authoritative advocate for the global environment.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was established in June 1972 as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. It is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Structure:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> United Nations Environment Assembly is UNEP's governing body. It was established in June 2012 to replace Governing Council. Currently, it has 193 members and meets every two years.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions of UNEP: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">(i) Develop international environmental conventions, (ii) Promote environmental science and information (iii) Fund and implement environment related development projects. (iv) Work on development and implementation of policy with national governments, regional institutions in conjunction with environmental NGOs. (v) Formulate guidelines and treaties on issues such as international trade in harmful chemicals, transboundary air pollution, and contamination of international waterways.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'G-20 to adopt new Framework on Marine Plastic Waste',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Environment Ministers Group of 20 (G-20) countries have agreed to adopt new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste onglobal scale. This decision was taken at <strong>G20 meeting of Energy Transitions and Global Environment for Sustainable Growth </strong>in Karuizawa, Japan ahead of G20 Leaders summit to be held in Osaka, Japan on June 28-29, 2019.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">New framework </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is aimed at facilitating further concrete action on marine waste, <strong>though on voluntary basis</strong>, after the G20 Hamburg Summit in Germany adopted “G20 action plan on marine litter” in 2017.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under it, G20 members will promotecomprehensive life-cycle approach to prevent and reduce plastic litter discharge to the oceans through various measures and international cooperation.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">G20 members will also share best practices, promote innovation and boost scientific monitoring and analytical methodologies.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">This new global collective framework comes in the aftermath of images of plastic debris-strewn beaches and dead animals with stomachs full of plastic sparking outrage with many countries banning plastic bags outright. Under this new framework, Japan in this autumn host meeting o officials of environment ministers in the G20 countries during G20 Resource Efficiency Dialogue.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'India to host COP-14 of UNCDD in September 2019',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India for first will host the 14th session of Conference of Parties (COP-14) of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in September 2019 in New Delhi to address the issue of land degradation and desertification. India will be taking over presidency of UNCCD COP from China for the next two years until the next COP is hosted in 2021. COP-14 of UNCCD will see participation of around 5,000 delegates from nearly 197 countries. It will review reports submitted by Conference of Parties to convention and detailing how they are carrying out their commitments. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the only internationally legally binding framework set up to address the problem of desertification.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was adopted in 1994 and entered into force in 1996. </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It addresses specifically the arid, semi-arid and dry </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">sub-humid areas, known as the drylands.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its 197 parties work and collaborate together to improve living conditions for people in drylands, to maintain and restore land and soil productivity, and to mitigate the effects of drought.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is also particularly committed to bottom-up approach and encourages participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Conference of the Parties (COP): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is supreme decision-making body of UNCCD. It comprises ratifying governments and regional economic integration organizations, such as European Union.<strong> Its primary </strong>function is to review reports submitted by Parties detailing how they are carrying out their commitments. It also makes recommendations on the basis of these reports. It has power to make amendments to Convention or to adopt new annexes, such as additional regional implementation annexes. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">UNCCD 2018-2030 Strategic Framework: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is most comprehensive global commitment to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) in order to restore productivity of vast expanses of degraded land, improve livelihoods of more than 1.3 billion people and reduce impact of droughts on vulnerable populations.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Collaboration with other Conventions:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> As the dynamics of land, climate and biodiversity are intimately connected, it collaborates closely with other two Rio Conventions; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to meet these complex challenges with integrated approach and best possible use of natural resources.</span></span></span></span></li>
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(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Organizations',
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'title' => 'Earth Alliance launched to combat climate change and biodiversity loss',
'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Renowned Hollywood Actor and environmentalist Leonardo DiCaprio along with billionaire investors and philanthropists Laurene Powell Jobs and Brian Sheth have launched Earth Alliance. It is a non-profit environmental organization to combat climate change and biodiversity loss.</span></span></span></span></h2>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Earth Alliance</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Founding co-chairs</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: Actor Leonardo DiCaprio, investor and philanthropist Brian Sheth and businesswoman and philanthropist Laurene Powell Jobs.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mission:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will work globally to protect ecosystems and wildlife, ensure climate justice, support renewable energy and secure indigenous rights to the benefit of all life on Earth.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Working:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will provide grants and educational opportunities, engage indigenous and local communities and work with grassroots organizations and individuals in the places most affected by biodiversity loss and climate change. Additionally, it will also fund campaigns, documentary films, third- party independent environmental reporting and public speaking opportunities.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Funding: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It pools resources of Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation (founded by DiCaprio), Emerson Collective (founded by Powell Jobs) and Global Wildlife Conservation (chaired by Sheth). The operational and administrative costs of Earth Alliance will be funded by Sheth Sangreal Foundation.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Management: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will be led by independent management team of scientists and conservationists.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Profile of people: </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Leonardo DiCaprio</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: He is actor, film producer, and environmentalist. He has long championed environmentalism, with his eco-focused Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation (now his foundation will be merged into Earth Alliance). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Brian Sheth</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: He is the board chair of Global Wildlife Conservation. He had founded The Sheth Sangreal Foundation with his wife to support environmental and educational initiatives. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Powell Jobs: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">She is widow of former Apple co-founder and CEO Steve Jobs. She is philanthropist and entrepreneur and president of the Emerson Collective, a social impact organization.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Declining biodiversity threatens food supply: UN FAO Report',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in its first-of-its-kind report has warned that declining biodiversity may threaten future of the world’s food production and food supply. It has analysed data from 91 countries and found that loss of biodiversity for food and agriculture is seriously undermining ability to feed and nourish an ever-growing global population.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Highlights of report</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World's biodiversity is under severe threat due to pollution, badly managed land and water use, poor policies, over-harvesting and climate change.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Future of food supplies is under severe threat because of number of animal and plant species fast disappearing.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">People are depending on fewer species for food, leaving production systems susceptible to shocks such as pests or disease, droughts and other extreme weather events due to climate change.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Although about 6,000 plant species can be used for food, less than 200 varieties are widely eaten, and only 9 make up most of the world's total crop production.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Nearly 4,000 wild food species including insects, seagrass, crustaceans and fungi are in decline, with hardest hit regions being Asia, Africa and Latin America.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Climate change will become steadily bigger threat to biodiversity by 2050, adding to damage from pollution and forest clearance to make way for crops.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global food production must become more diverse and include species that are not widely eaten but could be better equipped to withstand hostile climates and disease.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Diversification can help fight malnutrition globally by bringing little-known but highly nutritious foods into mainstream (like fonio, a small grain that is well-suited to hot climates with unpredictable weather patterns).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Countries must double farm productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers by 2030 to eliminate hunger and ensure all people have access to food.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is specialised agency of United Nations (UN) that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in October 1945. It is headquartered in Rome, Italy. Its motto is “Let there be bread”.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UN Economic and Social Council (UNESC) is its parent organisation. It has 197 member states, including European Union (member organization).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It serves both developed and developing countries, thus, acts as neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate arguments and debate policy. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It helps developing countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The fourth session of United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) was recently in Nairobi, Kenya. The theme of UNEA-4 was “Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production’. President of UNEA-4 was Estonia.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UNEA-4 aimed at addressing</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Environmental challenges related to poverty and natural resources management, including food security, sustainable food systems and halting biodiversity loss.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Life-cycle approaches to energy, resource efficiency, chemicals and waste management.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Innovative sustainable business development at time of rapid technological change.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this assembly India had piloted two resolutions (i) Significantly reduce single-use plastic products by 2030 and (ii) Sustainable Nitrogen Management.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UN Environment Assembly</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the world’s highest-level decision-making body on environment. It addresses critical environmental challenges facing the world today.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is governing body of the UN Environment Programme (UN Environment) and successor of its Governing Council, which was composed of 58 member States. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in June 2012, when world leaders called for strengthen and upgrade UNEP during UN Conference on Sustainable Development (RIO+20).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has universal membership with 193 member states. It meets biennially to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The first Conclave of Himalayan States was held in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand to discuss priorities of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) in 15th Finance Commission (XV FC). It was initiated by Uttarakhand Government Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI) as its knowledge partner. Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman was chief guest of the conclave. It had brought together Himalayan Staets, Central Government on single platform to deliberate on development challenges and potential of IHR and concluded with adoption of <strong>Mussoorie Resolution 2019.</strong></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Highlights of Conclave </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was for first time Himalayan Region states had come on single platform to take unanimous stand for dealing with problems unique to them.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Agenda:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> To deliberate on issues like conservation of the Himalayan ecology, biodiversity and the cultural heritage and water conservation with focus on conserving glaciers, rivers, lakes and water bodies and reviving of water resources that have dried up over the years.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Participants:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Representatives from 10 out of 11 states took part in the conclave viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttarakhand. Assam did not participated in this conclave. Chairman of 15th Finance Commission NK Singh, NITI Aayog Vice Chairman Rajiv Kumar also participated along with other Central Government officials. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Green Bonus:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Himalayan states sought Green Bonus from Centre considering their contributions to environmental conservation and to compensate Himalayan states for their disadvantages. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Separate Ministry:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> These state also asked Centre to set up dedicated Ministry for region, to deal with problems endemic to them.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Financial assistance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Participating states expressed their expectations of financial assistance from the Centre in programmes of conservation and rejuvenation of rivers and other Centre sponsored schemes.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mussoorie Resolution 2019: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Himalayan states pledged to make endeavours to protect and conserve the rich Himalayan heritage and ethos and nurture the wealth of biodiversity.</span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) spreads across 11 states viz. Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura. It accounts for 16</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of land area of India and most of the area is covered by snow-clad peaks, glaciers of higher Himalaya, dense forest cover of mid-Himalaya. It provides ecosystem services of clean air, water, bio-diversity and many other aspects of culture, crafts and natural beauty. It occupies trategic position of entire northern boundary (North-West to North-East) of India and touches almost all international borders (7 countries) with India. However, in recent times it is suffering from adverse challenges of climate change impact, poor and inaccessible infrastructure, water management, amongst others. Himalayan ecosystem is also comparatively far more vulnerable to impacts of climate change and natural disasters than the rest of the country.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India has been trying to boost protection status of 5 species at CITES. India has submitted proposals regarding changes during latest meeting in Geneva Switzerland.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species on Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international treaty to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants do not threaten their survival</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:15.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The proposals submitted are regarding changes in the listing of the smooth-coated otter, small-clawed otter, Indian star tortoise, Tokay gecko, wedge fish and Indian rosewood.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The country seeks to boost the protection of all the five animal</span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/1152-1151/animal/?utm=bodytag"><strong> </strong></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">species as they are facing a high risk of international trade</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Details</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">For the Indian rosewood, the proposal is to remove the species from CITES Appendix II. The species covered by CITES are listed in three appendices on the degree of protection they require.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">India is among the parties proposing the re-listing of the star tortoise from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I. The species faces two threats: loss of habitat to agriculture and illegal harvesting for the pet trade.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">With regard to the two otter species, India, Nepal and the Philippines have proposed that the listing be moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I for the more endangered species. A similar proposal has been made to include the Tokay gecko in Appendix I.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Additional Information</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">CITES</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">CITES is one of the largest and oldest conservation and sustainable use agreements in existence. Participation is voluntary, and countries that have agreed to be bound by the Convention are known as Parties. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties, it does not take the place of national laws</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">TRAFFIC</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">TRAFFIC</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">, the</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">, is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on the trade of wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity and sustainable development. It was founded in 1976 as a strategic alliance of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222"> and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">The organization’s aim is to ‘ensure that trade in wild plants and animals are not a threat to the conservation of nature’.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India has been trying to boost protection status of 5 species at CITES. India has submitted proposals regarding changes during latest meeting in Geneva Switzerland.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species on Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international treaty to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants do not threaten their survival</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:15.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The proposals submitted are regarding changes in the listing of the smooth-coated otter, small-clawed otter, Indian star tortoise, Tokay gecko, wedge fish and Indian rosewood.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The country seeks to boost the protection of all the five animal</span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/1152-1151/animal/?utm=bodytag"><strong> </strong></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">species as they are facing a high risk of international trade</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Details</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">For the Indian rosewood, the proposal is to remove the species from CITES Appendix II. The species covered by CITES are listed in three appendices on the degree of protection they require.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">India is among the parties proposing the re-listing of the star tortoise from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I. The species faces two threats: loss of habitat to agriculture and illegal harvesting for the pet trade.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">With regard to the two otter species, India, Nepal and the Philippines have proposed that the listing be moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I for the more endangered species. A similar proposal has been made to include the Tokay gecko in Appendix I.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Additional Information</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">CITES</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">CITES is one of the largest and oldest conservation and sustainable use agreements in existence. Participation is voluntary, and countries that have agreed to be bound by the Convention are known as Parties. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties, it does not take the place of national laws</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">TRAFFIC</span></span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">TRAFFIC</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">, the</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">, is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on the trade of wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity and sustainable development. It was founded in 1976 as a strategic alliance of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222"> and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">The organization’s aim is to ‘ensure that trade in wild plants and animals are not a threat to the conservation of nature’.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
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It has replaced TERI’s earlier flagship summit- Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS), which was initiated in 2001.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides platform for global leaders and practitioners to discuss and deliberate over climatic issues of universal importance.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is sole summit on global issues taking place in developing world. It seeks to continue legacy of DSDS with the aim of making ‘sustainable development’ a globally shared goal.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It strives to provide long-term solutions for benefit of global community by assembling world’s most enlightened leaders and thinkers on single platform.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It underscores need for businesses and private sector to take lead in poverty reduction and to ensure rapid and sustained adoption of UN adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is one of world’s pre-eminent non-profit research institution/think tank that conducts research work in fields of energy, environment and sustainable development.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to usher transitions to cleaner and sustainable future through conservation and efficient use of Earth’s resources and supports innovative ways of minimize and reuse waste<strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 1974 by Mr Darbari S Seth as Tata Energy Research Institute. It was renamed and reorganized to The Energy and Resources Institute in 2003.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its key focus is in promoting clean energy, pollution management, water management, sustainable agriculture and climate resilience<strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'world-sustainable-development-summit-2019', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/73d8/m0f0cg0ljal1gmk6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/73d8/m0f0cg0ljal1gmk6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'World Sustainable Development Summit 2019 held in New Delhi', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, 2019 World Sustainable Development Summit, WSDS 2019,New Delhi. Organized by The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI ', 'metadescription' => 'The 2019 edition of World Sustainable Development Summit (WSDS 2019) was held in New Delhi. It was organized by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/c546464j90yggxj/14_FEB_World_Sustainable_Development.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 387, 'title' => 'NGT slaps Rs 500 crore fine on Volkswagen', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Green Tribunal (NGT) has slapped fine of Rs. 500 crore on German automobile giant Volkswagen for damaging environment through use of "cheat device" in its diesel cars in India. It held that this fine is means of "creating deterrence" and noted that Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) may consider utilising this amount towards improving air quality in National Capital Region and other highly polluted areas. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">What is the issue?</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">German automobile giant Volkswagen in 2015 had admitted of using of 'defeat device' in its 11 million diesel engine cars sold in US, Europe and other global markets to manipulate emission test results. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This defeat device or cheat device was software employed by Volkswagen in diesel engines to manipulate emission tests by changing performance of cars globally</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It had helped the company to cheat in emissions tests especially in its diesel cars in order to enhance their technical performances by trading off environmental guidelines and set emissions limit.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NGT Fine</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NGT in November 2018 had held that use of cheat device by Volkswagen in diesel cars in India had led to inference of environmental damage. It also had directed it to deposit an interim amount of Rs. 100 crore with CPCB.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also had constituted expert committee to give its opinion whether manufacturer has exceeded the prescribed environmental norms and fair estimate of the damage caused to the environment.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This committee had recommended imposition of Rs 171.34-crore fine on Volkswagen as health damages for causing air pollution in Delhi due to excess nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. It had estimated that Volkswagen cars had released approximately 48.678 tonnes of NOx in 2016 in the national capital.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Green Tribunal (NGT) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is statutory body established under National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It specialises in adjudicating on matters including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment forests and harm to people or property due to neglect of environmental obligations of infrastructure projects. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is guided by principles of natural justice and not bound by procedure laid down under Code of Civil Procedure (CrCP), 1908. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is empowered to give relief and compensation for damages to persons and property to environment,</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Principal Place of Sitting NGT is New Delhi. It also has regional benches at Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ngt-slaps-rs.500-crore-fine-volkswagen', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9335/d78bdbv8p3vp7f36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9335/d78bdbv8p3vp7f36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'NGT slaps Rs 500 crore fine on Volkswagen', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, NGT, slaps, Rs. 500 crore fine, Volkswagen, damaging environment cheat device, diesel cars,India', 'metadescription' => 'NGT has slapped fine of Rs. 500 crore on German automobile giant Volkswagen for damaging environment through use of "cheat device" in its diesel cars in India', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => '<a href="http://www.mediafire.com/file/v2d6ltb94h2qb80/8Mar_NGT_slaps_Rs_500_crore.pdf/file" target="_blank">http://www.mediafire.com/file/v2d6ltb94h2qb80/8Mar_NGT_slaps_Rs_500_crore.pdf/file</a>', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 415, 'title' => 'Government launches India Cooling Action Plan ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has launched India Cooling Action Plan. It makes India is one of the first countries in world to launch comprehensive cooling action plan. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims at providing sustainable thermal cooling to citizens while keeping in mind at same time, need to protect environment. It provides 20-year perspective, with projections for cooling needs in 2037-38. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides integrated vision towards cooling across sectors encompassing inter alia reduction of cooling demand, refrigerant transition, enhancing energy efficiency and better technology options with 20year time horizon.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its long term vision to address cooling requirement across sectors and lists out actions which can help reduce the cooling demand. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It seeks to synergies actions for securing both environmental and socio-economic benefits. This will also help in reducing both direct and indirect emissions.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its overarching goal is to provide sustainable cooling and thermal comfort for all while securing environmental and socio-economic benefits for the society. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Goals:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) reduce cooling demand across sectors by 20% to 25% by 2037-38, (ii) reduce refrigerant demand by 25% to 30% by 2037-38, (iii) reduce cooling energy requirements by 25% to 40% by 2037-38, (iv) recognize cooling and related areas as thrust area of research under national S&T Programme, (v) training and certification of 100,000 servicing sector technicians by 2022-23 by synergizing with Skill India Mission. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Implementation of ICAP:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It will be overseen by inter-ministerial Empowered Steering Committee approved by Cabinet. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ozone Cell of MoEFCC will act as Cooling Secretariat to coordinate actions with other ministries.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Societal and Environmental benefits of ICAP</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Thermal comfort for all:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It has provision for cooling for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) housing.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sustainable cooling:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It calls for low Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions related to cooling, </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Doubling Farmers Income:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It provides for better cold chain infrastructure and better value of produce to farmers, less wastage of produce, </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Skilled workforce:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It encourages better livelihoods and environmental protection, </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Make in India:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It calls for domestic manufacturing of air-conditioning and related cooling equipment’s.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Robust R&D on alternative cooling technologies</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: It seeks to provide push to innovation in cooling sector.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'government-launches-india-cooling-action-plan ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3d6f/v28cfy0o5ptoou36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3d6f/v28cfy0o5ptoou36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Government launches India Cooling Action Plan ', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current affairs, Government launches India Cooling Action Plan ', 'metadescription' => 'Government launches India Cooling Action Plan, Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has launched India Cooling Action Plan', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/b33bt2cubnh4apv/11Mar_Government_launches_India.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 690, 'title' => 'Guwahati Railway Station first to get green ISO certification', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Guwahati Railway Station became first railway station of Indian Railways to get green ISO certification- ISO 14001:2015 for providing passenger amenities in a clean and green environment. It achieved this feat by successfully implementing environment management systems based on the direction of National Green Tribunal (NGT).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Facts</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Guwahati Railway Station has obtained certification for providing passenger amenities in clean and green environment throughout entire Railway station premises. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also provides High Class Reserve (VIP) Lounge, waiting rooms, AC and Non-AC Retiring Rooms, Refreshing Area, Food Courts and Sanitation at the station. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The certification will be reviewed in 2020, which mandates stricter environment norms regarding waste disposal among others to be adhered to Railway Station.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">International Organization for Standardization (ISO)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ISO stands for “International Organization for Standardization”. It promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercial standards</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was founded on 23 February 1947. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and works in 164 countries.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is responsible for establishing standard in different area of activities. There are many types of ISO certification. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">ISO-14001 is for Environment Management System</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> as per international norms and was upgraded last in 2015. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'guwahati-railway-station-first-to-get-green-iso-certification', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4a12/7nw8psnl5gmi7u56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4a12/7nw8psnl5gmi7u56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Guwahati Railway Station first to get green ISO certification', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs,Guwahati Railway Station, first, railway station, Indian Railways, ISO certification, ISO 14001:2015, providing, passenger amenities, clean and green environment', 'metadescription' => 'Guwahati Railway Station became first ever railway station in Indian Railways to get ISO certification- ISO 14001:2015 for providing passenger amenities in a clean and green environment', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/63i9ykadvykddbn/Guwahati_Railway_Station.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 692, 'title' => 'First Global Cooling Coalition launched', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The first-ever Global Coalition on Clean and Efficient Cooling was launched recently at the first Global Conference on Synergies between 2030 Agenda and Paris Agreement held in Copenhagen, Denmark. It aims to inspire ambition and accelerate action on the transition to clean and efficient cooling.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global Cool Coalition</span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is global effort led by UN Environment, Climate and Clean Air Coalition, Kigali Cooling Efficiency Program and Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It seeks to be a unified front that links action across Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol, 2015 Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is expected to inspire ambition, identify solutions and mobilise action to accelerate progress towards clean and efficient cooling.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comprises 23 members including government officials from Chile, Rwanda, Denmark as well as leaders from civil society, research and academia. India’s TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) is also its member. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will complement and build upon ongoing successful programs to advance clean and efficient cooling, including, Cooling for All Secretariat, Climate and Clean Air Coalition, Kigali Cooling Efficiency Programme, private sector action like Global Cooling Prize, and other initiatives.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also advocate for more innovation, greater investment, better information, and increased capacity to move towards clean and efficient cooling.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></span></span></strong></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The demand for air conditioners is projected to grow as the world gets warmer due to global warming and these cooling systems will emit more greenhouse gas (GHGs) which will endanger the planet. With increasing incomes and urbanisation, number of air conditioning (AC) units across globe is set to increase from 1.2 billion to 4.5 billion by 2050 and India alone may account for one billion units. Clean, efficient cooling appliances and equipment can save up to $2.9 trillion in energy use by 2050 and help avoid 0.4° Celsius warming of the planet. India already has developed National Cooling Action Plan in March 2019.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'first-global-cooling-coalition-launched', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8b39/uu1l9jafis57uap6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8b39/uu1l9jafis57uap6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'First Global Cooling Coalition launched | Daily News', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, first-ever, Global Coalition on Clean and Efficient Cooling, launched, first Global Conference on Synergies between 2030 Agenda and Paris Agreement', 'metadescription' => 'First-ever, Global Coalition on Clean and Efficient Cooling, launched, first Global Conference on Synergies between 2030 Agenda and Paris Agreement held in Copenhagen, Denmark', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dy71ky32dnbdaq5/First_Global_Cooling.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 491, 'title' => 'NGT directs CPCB to prepare a noise pollution map', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to prepare noise pollution map and remedial action plan to solve issue across the country. NGT held that absence of implementation of noise pollution norms affects health of citizens, especially infants and senior citizens. It also held that it affects sleep, comfort and other legitimate activities.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">NGT Ruling</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It directed the CPCB to identify noise pollution hotspots and categorise cities with specified hotspots and propose remedial action plan within three months.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">CPCB should consider expansion of its established noise monitoring mechanism functioning in seven cities to all cities where noise pollution is beyond permissible limits.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also directed state pollution control boards to undertake noise level monitoring in conjunction with police administration and take remedial action.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is apex organisation in country in the field of pollution control, as a technical wing of Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoE,FCC). </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It statutory organisation established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also entrusted with the powers and functions under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mandate:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Promote cleanliness of streams and wells, by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution and improve quality.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Improve quality of air and prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Monitor water and air quality and maintains monitoring data.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Advise central government to prevent and control water and air pollution. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Green Tribunal</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is quasi-judicial body established under National Green Tribunal Act 2010 for effective and expeditious disposal of cases (litigations) related to protection pf environment and conservation of forests and other natural resources.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ngt-cpcb-prepare-noise-pollution-map', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fb9d/74md3q9bvzo70jp6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fb9d/74md3q9bvzo70jp6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'NGT directs CPCB to prepare a noise pollution map', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, National Green Tribunal, NGT, Central Pollution Control Board, CPCB, prepare, noise pollution map, remedial action plan', 'metadescription' => 'National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to prepare noise pollution map and remedial action plan to solve issue across the country', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ase37n2r5dcel1x/18_Mar_NGT_directs_CPCB_to_prepare_a_noise.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 969, 'title' => 'Government constitutes committee to implement NCAP', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has constituted committee to implement National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). The committee will be headquartered in New Delhi.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Composition of Committee:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be chaired by Secretary, Union Environment Ministry. It will comprise Joint Secretary (Thermal), Ministry of Power; Director-General, Energy Resources Institute (TERI), and Professor of Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur (IIT-K) as members.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Terms of Reference of Committee</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will ensure inter-ministerial organisation and cooperation, sharing information and resolving issues that could arise between ministries. It will also give overall guidance and directions to effectively implement the programmes.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was unveiled in January 2019. It is envisaged as a scheme to provide the States and the Centre with a framework to combat air pollution.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims to provide time bound national level strategy for pan India implementation to tackle increasing air pollution problem across the country in comprehensive manner.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is envisioned as a five-year action plan with 2019 as the first year. It will be reviewed every five years.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Target:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Reducing 20–30</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration by 2024 taking 2017 as the base year for the comparison of concentration.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Coverage:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be implanted in 102 identified non-attainment cities for implementing mitigation actions under NCAP. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Implementation:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> States in which cities are located are expected to produce plans that include increasing number of monitoring stations, providing technology support, conducting source apportionment studies, and strengthening enforcement. For achieving targets, cities are expected to calculate reduction in pollution, keeping 2017’s average annual PM levels as the base year.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NCAP requires cities to implement specific measures such as ensuring roads are pothole-free to improve traffic flow and thereby reduce dust (within 60 days) and ensure strict action against unauthorised brick kilns (within 30 days). </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Need for Plan:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The World Health Organisation’s (WHO) database on air pollution has listed Tier I and Tier II Indian cities over the years as some of the most polluted places in the world. In 2018, 14 of world’s 15 most polluted cities were in India.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'govt-committee-implement-ncap', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/34cd/u1iqo79hxfa97nr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/34cd/u1iqo79hxfa97nr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Govt constitutes committee to implement NCAP', 'metakeyword' => 'Union Environment Ministry, constitutes, committee, implement, National Clean Air Programme, NCAP, Headquartered in New Delhi.', 'metadescription' => ' Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has constituted committee to implement National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/r0qvfmk342jflfs/Government_constitutes.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1366, 'title' => 'Delhi Metro: India's first metro project to receive power from waste-to-energy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Delhi Metro has become the first ever metro project in the country to receive power generated from a waste-to-energy plant. It achieved this feat after receiving 2 MW power from 12 MW capacity waste-to-energy plant set up in Ghazipur. The green power is being used by Delhi Metro for meeting the operational requirements of its Pink Line. It will take approximately 17.5 million units per annum from this plant. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Waste-to-energy plant </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been set up by East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited (EDWPCL) is based on Public Private Partnership (PPP) involving Delhi government and East Delhi Municipal Corporation (EDMC), besides the EDWPCL.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It can process above 1,500 tonnes per day (TPD) of waste and generate 12 MW of green power. It is India's first Euro norms compliant waste-to-energy facility.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will mitigate over 8 million tons of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) over the life of the project, thus combating global warming.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other Green Initiatives of Delhi Metro</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Delhi Metro is working continuously towards conservation of environment since the inception of the organisation. It is the first ever rail based organisation in the world to claim carbon credits.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has commissioned facility at Rohini on PPP model with IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd (IEISL) for recycling of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste with capacity of 150 tons per day.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Currently, it is producing 28 MW of solar power from the various rooftop solar power plants, which have been set up in its stations, depots and residential premises.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also has started to receive solar power from the off-site solar power plant at Rewa in Madhya Pradesh.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During construction, Delhi metro plants 10 trees for each tree that is cut. It efficient operations have helped to remove around 4 lakh vehicles from the streets.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'delhi-metro-first-metro-power-waste-to-energy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/25c1/32h0eblu9li5p8m6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/25c1/32h0eblu9li5p8m6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Delhi Metro receives power from waste-to-energy', 'metakeyword' => 'Delhi Metro has become the first ever metro project in the country to receive power generated from a waste-to-energy plant. ', 'metadescription' => 'Delhi Metro has become the first ever metro project in the country to receive power generated from a waste-to-energy plant. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/d36nd4dj2eg1d65/Delhi_Metro.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1374, 'title' => 'Gujarat launches world’s first emission trading scheme (ETS) to combat particulate air pollution', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Gujarat Government has launched world’s first emission trading scheme (ETS) to combat particulate air pollution in the state. It was launched o the occasion of World Environment Day 2019, which has air pollution as its theme. Globally, cap-and-trade systems are being used to reduce other forms of pollution, such as programmes that have successfully reduced sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the United States. But this is first such scheme in the world to regulate particulate air pollution.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Emission trading scheme (ETS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a market-based system where government sets cap on emissions and allows industries to buy and sell permits to stay below the cap.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was designed with help of team of researchers from Energy Policy Institute at University of Chicago (EPIC), Economic Growth Center at Yale University and others from Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL).</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been initiated by Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) on pilot basis in Surat, a densely populated industrial centre where textile and dye mills release significant amount of air pollution.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of scheme</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: Under this cap and trade system, GPCB first defines total mass of pollution that can be put into the air over a defined period by all factories put together. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Then it creates set of permits, each of which allows certain amount of pollution and the total is equal to the cap.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These permits can be bought and sold. Each factory is allocated a share of these permits. After this, plants can trade permits with each other, just like any other commodity. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will enable factories who find it very expensive to reduce pollution to buy more permits. Those who can easily reduce pollution will be having excess permits to sell.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The reason for trading is that in cap and trade market, will enable GPCB to measure pollution over period of time and industries must own enough permits to cover their total emissions </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Thus, whatever is final allocation, the total number of permits does not change so total pollution is still equal to the predefined cap.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'gujarat-worlds-1st-emission-trading-scheme', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/17b1/jw0de1yupc3ky8k6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/17b1/jw0de1yupc3ky8k6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Gujarat launches world’s first emission trading scheme', 'metakeyword' => 'Government Schemes, Gujarat launches world’s first emission trading scheme (ETS) to combat particulate air pollution in the state', 'metadescription' => 'Government Schemes, Gujarat launches world’s first emission trading scheme (ETS) to combat particulate air pollution in the state', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5e88a3dhtfgqv18/Gujarat_launches.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1376, 'title' => 'NGT forms expert panel to suggest norms to restrict use of plastic packaging', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The National Green Tribunal has set up expert committee to probe whether there is need for further norms to restrict plastic packaging of food products. It was formed by bench headed by NGT Chairperson Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel while hearing on petition filed by NGO Him Jagriti Uttaranchal Welfare Society seeking ban on the use of plastic bottle and multi-layered plastic packages and PET bottles.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Expert committee</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is mandated to probe if more norms are needed to restrict use of Plastic Packaging. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) will be the nodal agency for coordination.<strong> </strong>It will submit its report within three months. It will have liberty to coopt any other expert/ institute or individual.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Composition of committee:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will comprise representatives of FSSAI, Bureau of Indian Standards, Central Pollution Control Board and Directorate General of Health Services. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NGO Him Jagriti Uttaranchal Welfare Society in its petition of NGT has sought ban on the use of plastic bottle and multi-layered/plastic packages /pet bottles. In its plea, it had mentioned that use of plastics, including polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and multi-layered packs such as Tetra Packs, has an adverse impact on health and environment and it also results in increase in plastic waste. It also held that existing rules and regulations do not deal with the issue in entirety and are not adequate to deal with the problem. It specified that December 2018 notification by Ministry of Health under Section 92 of Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 deals with issue of packaging mode of food but it ignores Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and Antimony in specific migration limits provided for plastic packaging. Moreover, Packaging and Labelling Regulations, 2018 under Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 do not deal with the issue in entirety and are not adequate to deal with the problem.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ngt-forms-expert-panel-to-restrict-use-plastic-packaging', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/546b/u7c4iy8ct4tcgn66g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/546b/u7c4iy8ct4tcgn66g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'NGT forms expert panel to restrict use of plastic packaging', 'metakeyword' => 'NGT forms expert panel to suggest norms to restrict use of plastic packaging', 'metadescription' => 'NGT forms expert panel to suggest norms to restrict use of plastic packaging', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/my906623cuddoy3/NGT_forms.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1456, 'title' => '10th Regional GRIHA Summit held in Nagpur', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The 10th edition of regional Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) summit was held in Nagpur, Maharashtra. It was organized with help of the Public Works Department (PwD) of Government of Maharashtra. The theme of this year’s summit was "Transformation Strategies for Built Environment". This theme was adopted to focus on impact of incorporating sustainability initiatives into functioning public buildings.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is rating tool that helps people assesses the performance of their building against certain nationally acceptable benchmarks. It is given by GRIHA Council, a not-for-profit society jointly setup by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) and Unon Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to promote green buildings in India. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">GRIHA Council:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is registered society for interaction on scientific and administrative issues related to sustainable habitats in the Indian context. It promotes GRIHA- the National Rating System as a design and evaluation tool for green buildings and habitats.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => '10th-regional-griha-summit-held-nagpur', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a647/qm43r891yyqh17t6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a647/qm43r891yyqh17t6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => '10th Regional GRIHA Summit held in Nagpur', 'metakeyword' => 'The 10th edition of regional Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) summit was held in Nagpur, Maharashtra.', 'metadescription' => 'The 10th edition of regional Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) summit was held in Nagpur, Maharashtra.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/vjxry7z9up529ry/10th_Regional.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1465, 'title' => 'Inger Andersen took over as Executive Director of UNEP', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Danish economist and environmentalist Inger Andersen took over as Executive Director of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for four-year tenure. She will take over leadership of UNEP from Deputy Executive Director Joyce Msuya who has been acting Executive Director since late last year. Prior to her this appointment, she was serving as Director General (DG) of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) from January 2015 and May 2019. Earlier she had held various roles at World Bank including Vice President for Middle East and North Africa.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About UN Environment Programme (UNEP)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is leading global environmental authority that sets global environmental agenda, promotes coherent implementation of environmental dimension of sustainable development within United Nations system. It serves as authoritative advocate for the global environment.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was established in June 1972 as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. It is headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Structure:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> United Nations Environment Assembly is UNEP's governing body. It was established in June 2012 to replace Governing Council. Currently, it has 193 members and meets every two years.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions of UNEP: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">(i) Develop international environmental conventions, (ii) Promote environmental science and information (iii) Fund and implement environment related development projects. (iv) Work on development and implementation of policy with national governments, regional institutions in conjunction with environmental NGOs. (v) Formulate guidelines and treaties on issues such as international trade in harmful chemicals, transboundary air pollution, and contamination of international waterways.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'inger-andersen-ed-unep', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d8dd/7j7r87g9vcklbry6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d8dd/7j7r87g9vcklbry6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Inger Andersen took over as Executive Director of UNEP', 'metakeyword' => 'Danish economist and environmentalist Inger Andersen took over as Executive Director of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for four-year tenure. ', 'metadescription' => 'Danish economist and environmentalist Inger Andersen took over as Executive Director of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for four-year tenure. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/g199jkpi474l9jb/Inger_Andersen.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1472, 'title' => 'G-20 to adopt new Framework on Marine Plastic Waste', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Environment Ministers Group of 20 (G-20) countries have agreed to adopt new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste onglobal scale. This decision was taken at <strong>G20 meeting of Energy Transitions and Global Environment for Sustainable Growth </strong>in Karuizawa, Japan ahead of G20 Leaders summit to be held in Osaka, Japan on June 28-29, 2019.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">New framework </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is aimed at facilitating further concrete action on marine waste, <strong>though on voluntary basis</strong>, after the G20 Hamburg Summit in Germany adopted “G20 action plan on marine litter” in 2017.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under it, G20 members will promotecomprehensive life-cycle approach to prevent and reduce plastic litter discharge to the oceans through various measures and international cooperation.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">G20 members will also share best practices, promote innovation and boost scientific monitoring and analytical methodologies.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">This new global collective framework comes in the aftermath of images of plastic debris-strewn beaches and dead animals with stomachs full of plastic sparking outrage with many countries banning plastic bags outright. Under this new framework, Japan in this autumn host meeting o officials of environment ministers in the G20 countries during G20 Resource Efficiency Dialogue.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'g-20-new-framework-marine-plastic-waste', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/48f2/it8kbpfxt1t6x5p6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/48f2/it8kbpfxt1t6x5p6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'G-20 to adopt new Framework on Marine Plastic Waste', 'metakeyword' => 'The Environment Ministers Group of 20 (G-20) countries have agreed to adopt new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste onglobal scale.', 'metadescription' => 'The Environment Ministers Group of 20 (G-20) countries have agreed to adopt new implementation framework for actions to tackle the issue of marine plastic waste onglobal scale.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7phfr7mia9yb9ir/G-20_to_adopt.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1480, 'title' => 'India to host COP-14 of UNCDD in September 2019', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India for first will host the 14th session of Conference of Parties (COP-14) of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in September 2019 in New Delhi to address the issue of land degradation and desertification. India will be taking over presidency of UNCCD COP from China for the next two years until the next COP is hosted in 2021. COP-14 of UNCCD will see participation of around 5,000 delegates from nearly 197 countries. It will review reports submitted by Conference of Parties to convention and detailing how they are carrying out their commitments. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the only internationally legally binding framework set up to address the problem of desertification.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was adopted in 1994 and entered into force in 1996. </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It addresses specifically the arid, semi-arid and dry </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">sub-humid areas, known as the drylands.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its 197 parties work and collaborate together to improve living conditions for people in drylands, to maintain and restore land and soil productivity, and to mitigate the effects of drought.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is also particularly committed to bottom-up approach and encourages participation of local people in combating desertification and land degradation</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Conference of the Parties (COP): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is supreme decision-making body of UNCCD. It comprises ratifying governments and regional economic integration organizations, such as European Union.<strong> Its primary </strong>function is to review reports submitted by Parties detailing how they are carrying out their commitments. It also makes recommendations on the basis of these reports. It has power to make amendments to Convention or to adopt new annexes, such as additional regional implementation annexes. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">UNCCD 2018-2030 Strategic Framework: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is most comprehensive global commitment to achieve Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) in order to restore productivity of vast expanses of degraded land, improve livelihoods of more than 1.3 billion people and reduce impact of droughts on vulnerable populations.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Collaboration with other Conventions:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> As the dynamics of land, climate and biodiversity are intimately connected, it collaborates closely with other two Rio Conventions; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to meet these complex challenges with integrated approach and best possible use of natural resources.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-host-cop-14-unccd-september-2019', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6bb0/aykt7mz7bwkple46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6bb0/aykt7mz7bwkple46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India to host COP-14 of UNCDD in September 2019', 'metakeyword' => 'India for first will host the 14th session of Conference of Parties (COP-14) of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)', 'metadescription' => 'India for first will host the 14th session of Conference of Parties (COP-14) of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4hmlf17c4k87dua/India_to_host.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1660, 'title' => 'Earth Alliance launched to combat climate change and biodiversity loss', 'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Renowned Hollywood Actor and environmentalist Leonardo DiCaprio along with billionaire investors and philanthropists Laurene Powell Jobs and Brian Sheth have launched Earth Alliance. It is a non-profit environmental organization to combat climate change and biodiversity loss.</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Earth Alliance</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Founding co-chairs</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: Actor Leonardo DiCaprio, investor and philanthropist Brian Sheth and businesswoman and philanthropist Laurene Powell Jobs.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mission:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will work globally to protect ecosystems and wildlife, ensure climate justice, support renewable energy and secure indigenous rights to the benefit of all life on Earth.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Working:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will provide grants and educational opportunities, engage indigenous and local communities and work with grassroots organizations and individuals in the places most affected by biodiversity loss and climate change. Additionally, it will also fund campaigns, documentary films, third- party independent environmental reporting and public speaking opportunities.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Funding: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It pools resources of Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation (founded by DiCaprio), Emerson Collective (founded by Powell Jobs) and Global Wildlife Conservation (chaired by Sheth). The operational and administrative costs of Earth Alliance will be funded by Sheth Sangreal Foundation.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Management: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will be led by independent management team of scientists and conservationists.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Profile of people: </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Leonardo DiCaprio</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: He is actor, film producer, and environmentalist. He has long championed environmentalism, with his eco-focused Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation (now his foundation will be merged into Earth Alliance). </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Brian Sheth</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: He is the board chair of Global Wildlife Conservation. He had founded The Sheth Sangreal Foundation with his wife to support environmental and educational initiatives. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Powell Jobs: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">She is widow of former Apple co-founder and CEO Steve Jobs. She is philanthropist and entrepreneur and president of the Emerson Collective, a social impact organization.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'earth-alliance-launched-combat-climate-change', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/36ed/h2d42z4sqq5v2326g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/36ed/h2d42z4sqq5v2326g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Earth Alliance launched to combat climate change', 'metakeyword' => 'launched Earth Alliance. It is a non-profit environmental organization to combat climate change and biodiversity loss.', 'metadescription' => 'launched Earth Alliance. It is a non-profit environmental organization to combat climate change and biodiversity loss.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4oyst0axcd9c79l/Earth_Alliance_launched.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 239, 'title' => 'Declining biodiversity threatens food supply: UN FAO Report', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in its first-of-its-kind report has warned that declining biodiversity may threaten future of the world’s food production and food supply. It has analysed data from 91 countries and found that loss of biodiversity for food and agriculture is seriously undermining ability to feed and nourish an ever-growing global population.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Highlights of report</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World's biodiversity is under severe threat due to pollution, badly managed land and water use, poor policies, over-harvesting and climate change.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Future of food supplies is under severe threat because of number of animal and plant species fast disappearing.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">People are depending on fewer species for food, leaving production systems susceptible to shocks such as pests or disease, droughts and other extreme weather events due to climate change.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Although about 6,000 plant species can be used for food, less than 200 varieties are widely eaten, and only 9 make up most of the world's total crop production.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Nearly 4,000 wild food species including insects, seagrass, crustaceans and fungi are in decline, with hardest hit regions being Asia, Africa and Latin America.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Climate change will become steadily bigger threat to biodiversity by 2050, adding to damage from pollution and forest clearance to make way for crops.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global food production must become more diverse and include species that are not widely eaten but could be better equipped to withstand hostile climates and disease.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Diversification can help fight malnutrition globally by bringing little-known but highly nutritious foods into mainstream (like fonio, a small grain that is well-suited to hot climates with unpredictable weather patterns).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Countries must double farm productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers by 2030 to eliminate hunger and ensure all people have access to food.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is specialised agency of United Nations (UN) that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in October 1945. It is headquartered in Rome, Italy. Its motto is “Let there be bread”.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UN Economic and Social Council (UNESC) is its parent organisation. It has 197 member states, including European Union (member organization).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It serves both developed and developing countries, thus, acts as neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate arguments and debate policy. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It helps developing countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'declining-biodiversity-threatens-food-supply-fao', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/393d/8d0ovnlbk60oq7v6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/393d/8d0ovnlbk60oq7v6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Declining biodiversity threatens food supply: UN FAO', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs,Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), first report,warns, declining biodiversity, threatening, future of world’s food production and food supply', 'metadescription' => 'Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in its first-of-its-kind report has warned that declining biodiversity may threaten future of the world’s food production and food supply.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/ich8j3qapyw3wv2/23feb_Declining_biodiversity_threatens.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 501, 'title' => '4th UN Environment Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The fourth session of United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) was recently in Nairobi, Kenya. The theme of UNEA-4 was “Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production’. President of UNEA-4 was Estonia.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UNEA-4 aimed at addressing</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Environmental challenges related to poverty and natural resources management, including food security, sustainable food systems and halting biodiversity loss.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Life-cycle approaches to energy, resource efficiency, chemicals and waste management.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Innovative sustainable business development at time of rapid technological change.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this assembly India had piloted two resolutions (i) Significantly reduce single-use plastic products by 2030 and (ii) Sustainable Nitrogen Management.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UN Environment Assembly</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the world’s highest-level decision-making body on environment. It addresses critical environmental challenges facing the world today.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is governing body of the UN Environment Programme (UN Environment) and successor of its Governing Council, which was composed of 58 member States. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in June 2012, when world leaders called for strengthen and upgrade UNEP during UN Conference on Sustainable Development (RIO+20).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has universal membership with 193 member states. It meets biennially to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => '4th-un-environment-assembly-held-nairobi-kenya', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a412/rx2cbih446nvgba6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a412/rx2cbih446nvgba6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => '4th UN Environment Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, 4th United Nations, Environment Assembly, UNEA-4, Nairobi, Kenya, theme, UNEA-4, Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production', 'metadescription' => 'The fourth session of United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) was recently in Nairobi, Kenya.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pxje7jqd269dgxy/18_Mar_4th_UN_Environment_Assembly.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1809, 'title' => 'Conclave of Himalayan States held in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The first Conclave of Himalayan States was held in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand to discuss priorities of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) in 15th Finance Commission (XV FC). It was initiated by Uttarakhand Government Integrated Mountain Initiative (IMI) as its knowledge partner. Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman was chief guest of the conclave. It had brought together Himalayan Staets, Central Government on single platform to deliberate on development challenges and potential of IHR and concluded with adoption of <strong>Mussoorie Resolution 2019.</strong></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Highlights of Conclave </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was for first time Himalayan Region states had come on single platform to take unanimous stand for dealing with problems unique to them.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Agenda:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> To deliberate on issues like conservation of the Himalayan ecology, biodiversity and the cultural heritage and water conservation with focus on conserving glaciers, rivers, lakes and water bodies and reviving of water resources that have dried up over the years.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Participants:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Representatives from 10 out of 11 states took part in the conclave viz. Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttarakhand. Assam did not participated in this conclave. Chairman of 15th Finance Commission NK Singh, NITI Aayog Vice Chairman Rajiv Kumar also participated along with other Central Government officials. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Green Bonus:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Himalayan states sought Green Bonus from Centre considering their contributions to environmental conservation and to compensate Himalayan states for their disadvantages. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Separate Ministry:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> These state also asked Centre to set up dedicated Ministry for region, to deal with problems endemic to them.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Financial assistance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Participating states expressed their expectations of financial assistance from the Centre in programmes of conservation and rejuvenation of rivers and other Centre sponsored schemes.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mussoorie Resolution 2019: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Himalayan states pledged to make endeavours to protect and conserve the rich Himalayan heritage and ethos and nurture the wealth of biodiversity.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) spreads across 11 states viz. Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura. It accounts for 16</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of land area of India and most of the area is covered by snow-clad peaks, glaciers of higher Himalaya, dense forest cover of mid-Himalaya. It provides ecosystem services of clean air, water, bio-diversity and many other aspects of culture, crafts and natural beauty. It occupies trategic position of entire northern boundary (North-West to North-East) of India and touches almost all international borders (7 countries) with India. However, in recent times it is suffering from adverse challenges of climate change impact, poor and inaccessible infrastructure, water management, amongst others. Himalayan ecosystem is also comparatively far more vulnerable to impacts of climate change and natural disasters than the rest of the country.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'conclave-himalayan-states-mussoorie-uttarakhand', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2025/78s0czg4i9lxrp96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2025/78s0czg4i9lxrp96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Conclave of Himalayan States held in Mussoorie', 'metakeyword' => 'The first Conclave of Himalayan States was held in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand to discuss priorities of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) in 15th Finance Commission ', 'metadescription' => 'The first Conclave of Himalayan States was held in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand to discuss priorities of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) in 15th Finance Commission ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/t0refn3kum8trqv/Conclave_of_Himalayan_States.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Organizations', 'keyword' => 'organizations', 'id' => (int) 1877, 'title' => 'India demands Changes in protection status of 5 species at CITES', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India has been trying to boost protection status of 5 species at CITES. India has submitted proposals regarding changes during latest meeting in Geneva Switzerland.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species on Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international treaty to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants do not threaten their survival</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:15.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The proposals submitted are regarding changes in the listing of the smooth-coated otter, small-clawed otter, Indian star tortoise, Tokay gecko, wedge fish and Indian rosewood.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The country seeks to boost the protection of all the five animal</span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/1152-1151/animal/?utm=bodytag"><strong> </strong></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">species as they are facing a high risk of international trade</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Details</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">For the Indian rosewood, the proposal is to remove the species from CITES Appendix II. The species covered by CITES are listed in three appendices on the degree of protection they require.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">India is among the parties proposing the re-listing of the star tortoise from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I. The species faces two threats: loss of habitat to agriculture and illegal harvesting for the pet trade.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">With regard to the two otter species, India, Nepal and the Philippines have proposed that the listing be moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I for the more endangered species. A similar proposal has been made to include the Tokay gecko in Appendix I.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Additional Information</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">CITES</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">CITES is one of the largest and oldest conservation and sustainable use agreements in existence. Participation is voluntary, and countries that have agreed to be bound by the Convention are known as Parties. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties, it does not take the place of national laws</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">TRAFFIC</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">TRAFFIC</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">, the</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">, is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on the trade of wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity and sustainable development. It was founded in 1976 as a strategic alliance of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222"> and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">The organization’s aim is to ‘ensure that trade in wild plants and animals are not a threat to the conservation of nature’.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-demands-changes-in-protection-status', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fb50/u4ae54fedcdweo86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fb50/u4ae54fedcdweo86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India demands Changes in protection status', 'metakeyword' => 'India demands Changes in protection status', 'metadescription' => 'India has been trying to boost protection status of 5 species at CITES. 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India has submitted proposals regarding changes during latest meeting in Geneva Switzerland.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species on Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international treaty to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants do not threaten their survival</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:15.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The proposals submitted are regarding changes in the listing of the smooth-coated otter, small-clawed otter, Indian star tortoise, Tokay gecko, wedge fish and Indian rosewood.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The country seeks to boost the protection of all the five animal</span></span></span></span><a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/1152-1151/animal/?utm=bodytag"><strong> </strong></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">species as they are facing a high risk of international trade</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Details</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">For the Indian rosewood, the proposal is to remove the species from CITES Appendix II. The species covered by CITES are listed in three appendices on the degree of protection they require.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">India is among the parties proposing the re-listing of the star tortoise from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I. The species faces two threats: loss of habitat to agriculture and illegal harvesting for the pet trade.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">With regard to the two otter species, India, Nepal and the Philippines have proposed that the listing be moved from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I for the more endangered species. A similar proposal has been made to include the Tokay gecko in Appendix I.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Additional Information</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">CITES</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">CITES is one of the largest and oldest conservation and sustainable use agreements in existence. Participation is voluntary, and countries that have agreed to be bound by the Convention are known as Parties. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Although CITES is legally binding on the Parties, it does not take the place of national laws</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">TRAFFIC</span></span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">TRAFFIC</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">, the</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#222222">, is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on the trade of wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity and sustainable development. 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