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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
World Wetland Day observed on 2 February
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 03 February 2019
Uttar Pradesh to conduct first census of Otters
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Biodiversity
Published on: 16 March 2019
Bajirao: Mumbai’s last captive white tiger dies
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Biodiversity
Published on: 06 May 2019
Odisha’s wildlife Sanctuaries ravaged by Cyclone Fani
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 09 May 2019
Herbivores Census conducted in Gir Forest
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Biodiversity
Published on: 15 May 2019
Karnataka notifies Bukkapatna as 2nd Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 18 May 2019
Area around Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zone
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 07 June 2019
New Delhi Declaration signed for trans-boundary conservation of Rhinos
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Biodiversity, Conventions
Published on: 01 March 2019
Measures to protect Ganges River Dolphin
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Biodiversity
Published on: 15 July 2019
Kerala- Karnataka highway closure
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 03 October 2019
Migratory birds arrive at Kolleru lake
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 27 November 2019
Kaziranga records 96 wetland bird species
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 13 January 2020
African Cheetahs to be introduced in India
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 29 January 2020
Kerala opposes alternate route bypassing Bandipur
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 20 February 2020
Highway threatens Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 24 February 2020
Tiger population rises in Sunderbans
Tags: National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary
Published on: 09 May 2020
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">World Wetland Day (WWD) is observed every year on 2 February across the world to raise awareness about value of wetlands for humanity and planet. This day marks the date of adoption of <strong>Ramsar Convention</strong> (also called as Convention on Wetlands) on 2 February 1971 in Iranian city of Ramsar. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For first time, WWD was celebrated in 1997. Since then it is observed annually to spread awareness about Ramsar Convention in particular for conservation of Wetlands. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Theme of is for year 2019 is <strong>“Wetlands and Climate Change”.</strong> It seeks to highlights importance of healthy and intact wetlands to one of most pressing challenges of climate change. Wetlands play critical role in storing carbon and reducing impact of extreme weather events associated with climate change. They store floodwater and protects coastlines from storm surges.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Wetland</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is land area that is saturated or flooded with water either permanently or seasonally. It is transitional land between terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems where land is covered by shallow water or water table is usually at or near surface.<strong> </strong></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It may be manmade or artificial.<strong> </strong>Inland wetland may include marshes, lakes, fens, ponds, rivers, floodplains, and swamps, fish ponds, rice paddies. Coastal wetland includes estuaries, mangroves, saltwater marshes, lagoons, salt fields and even coral reefs. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Wetlands support rich biodiversity and provide wide range of ecosystem services such as water storage, aquifer recharge, water purification, flood mitigation, erosion control, act as carbon sinks and others. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ramsar Convention </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was formally known as Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was signed in 1971 at Ramsar, Iran. It is <strong>not legally binding treaty</strong> and is not part of United Nations & UNESCO conventions.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its objectives are conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands and stop encroachment and loss of wetlands. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It aims to raise public awareness on conservation, proper utilisation and management of wetlands and their resources. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also promotes conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation as contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout world.</span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Uttar Pradesh for the first time has undertaken census of otters in protected areas of the state. The census exercise was started from Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) and will be completed by end of March 2019 covering all protected areas of state.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Otter </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is important part species (mammal) of forest ecosystem. It spends much of its time in or close to water bodies. It lives on fish. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its den is known as holt and it is close to water bodies. <em>Its thriving population indicates healthy river ecosystem and water bodies are pollution-free. </em></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Three species of otters are found in India. </span></em><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is classified as <strong>vulnerable species</strong> on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR)</span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is located in foothills of Himalayas, south of Nepal. It covers area of approximately 800 square kilometres. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It covers parts of Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich districts of Uttar Pradesh. It is rich in water bodies as its considerable area is encircled by Sharda and Ghaghara rivers.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is home to tigers, leopards, elephants, different species of deer and monkeys and reptiles like snakes, mugger crocodiles and gharials.</span></span></span></li>
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'metatitle' => 'Uttar Pradesh to conduct first census of Otters',
'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Uttar Pradesh, first time, undertakes, census of otters, protected areas, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve,',
'metadescription' => 'Uttar Pradesh for the first time has undertaken census of otters in protected areas of the state. The census exercise was started from Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) ',
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'title' => 'Bajirao: Mumbai’s last captive white tiger dies',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mumbai’s last captive white tiger named Bajirao died recently at Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Borivali (Mumbai suburb), Maharashtra. He was 18 years and died due to old age related issues. He was suffering from chronic ankyloses (fusion of bones leads to abnormal stiffening and immobility of joint) on left shoulder and chronic senile generalised arthritis from past four years. He was born at Sanjay Gandhi National Park in 2001.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About White tigers</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are also called Bleached Tiger and are not separate sub-species of tiger. They have white to almost cream colored fur, pink nose, black/grey/chocolate colored stripes and blue.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are basically white in colour i.e. they pigmentation variant of Bengal Tiger. Their white colour is due to lack of pheomelanin pigment which gives Bengal tigers their red-yellow or amber colour.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The white tigers are found only among Indian tigers. The last wild white tiger reported in India was captured in forests of Rewa in Madhya Pradesh. They now only can be found in captivity.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sanjay Gandhi National Park </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a protected area in Borivali suburb in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was earlier known as Borivali National Park. It encloses two lakes namely Vihar Lake and Tulsi Lake and has a protected archaeological site, called ‘Kanheri Caves’ in its centre.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is part of Western Ghats biodiversity and forms roughly 205 of Mumbai’s geographical area. It is home to more than 35 species of mammals, 274 species of birds, 170 species of butterflies, 78 species of reptiles and amphibians and over 1,300 species of plants. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It encloses two lakes namely Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake.</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is notable as one of the major national parks existing within metropolis limit and is one of the most visited parks in the world. It is spread over are of 103 sq.km in heart of Mumbai city and surrounded by population of 20 million people. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">2000 year old complex of some 160 rock-cut caves named Kanheri Caves, which were important Buddhist learning centre are situated within this national park and are protected archeological site.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Bajirao: Mumbai’s last captive white tiger dies',
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'title' => 'Odisha’s wildlife Sanctuaries ravaged by Cyclone Fani',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Severe Cyclone Fani has ravaged key Odisha’s wildlife areas such as Balukhand Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoological Park. As per estimate, the cyclone has damaged nearly 55 lakh trees, mostly casuarinas. As many as 20</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of the trees were uprooted, while rest were found snapped and broken. The devastation has rendered around 400 spotted deer homeless. Loss of habitat also has forced hundreds of monkeys into residential areas in periphery of Bhubaneswar</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is located along the Bay of Bengal coast, between the towns of Puri and Konark. The sanctuary includes coastal dunes, sandy beaches, groves of introduced Casuarina trees planted in 1916-17 and cashew plantations. It is home to herd of Blackbuck. Olive Ridley Sea Turtles nest on the beaches</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Nandankanan Zoological Park</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is zoo and botanical garden located in Bhubaneswar. It lies in adjacent to Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary, in the vicinity of Kanjia lake.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the first zoo in the world to breed White tiger. It is also the only conservation breeding centre of Indian Pangolins in the world.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is only zoological park in India to become institutional member of World Association of Zoos and Aquarium (WAZA). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the only zoo in India after which express train has been named i.e. "Nandankanan Express" (Puri-New Delhi express).</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Odisha’s wildlife Sanctuaries ravaged by Cyclone Fani',
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'metadescription' => 'Severe Cyclone Fani has ravaged key Odisha’s wildlife areas such as Balukhand Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoological Park',
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
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'title' => 'Herbivores Census conducted in Gir Forest',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Gujarat forest department is conducting census of herbivores in Gir forest and other protected areas, the last abode in the world of Asiatic lions. The purpose of this census is to count herbivores and check availability of prey-base for top predator lions as well as other predators like leopards, hyenas, wolves etc.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Herbivores Census</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is conducted every year by forest department of Gujarat during summer to count herbivores in Gir forest and other protected areas. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is conducted mainly during summer, to spot maximum number of wild animals in the forest as foliage is reduced to its minimum levels in dry and deciduous tropical forests like Gir in this dry season. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The census covers wild ungulates like spotted deer, sambars, blue bulls (nilgais), Indian gazelles (chinkaras), wild boars, four-horned antelopes (choshinga), Indian langurs and peafowl. Wild ungulates and langurs are main prey of Asiatic lions.</span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It gives the forest department an idea of availability of prey-base for the top predator lions as well as other predators like leopards, hyenas, wolves etc. It helps forest department to notice any changes in food availability for lions and also indicates the health of the forest in general and of fauna in particular.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'Herbivores Census conducted in Gir Forest',
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
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'title' => 'Karnataka notifies Bukkapatna as 2nd Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Karnataka Government has officially notified Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary in the state in Bukkapatna, Tumakuru district. The proposal in this regard was approved by the state board for wildlife under chairmanship of Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy in January 2019 and officially notified recently.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bukkapatna sanctuary</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will be second protected habitat for rare antelope in the state after Yedehalli in Bagalkot district which was notified in 2016. It is spread over area of 148 sq km and is larger than Yedehalli. It is also southernmost tip of the distribution range of chinkara in India.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Chinkara</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is also known as Indian gazelle. Its scientific name is Gazella bennettii. It has reddish-buff summer coat with smooth, glossy fur. Both males and females have horns, but are relatively shorter in females. It lives in arid plains and hills, deserts, dry scrub and light forests. It can go without water for long periods and can get sufficient fluids from plants and dew. It is native to Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Its 60</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of global population is presently found in western Rajasthan. It is categorized as Least Concerned in IUCN Red List.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'Karnataka notifies Bukkapatna as 2nd Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary',
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
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'title' => 'Area around Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zone',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has issued notification declaring the area around the boundary of Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ). This prohibits activities such as commercial mining, setting up of industries, and establishment of major hydro-electric projects. However, this notification, allows commercial establishment of hotels and resorts and construction activities, but makes it more regulated in area varying from 100-1,000 metres around the boundary of sanctuary.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is located on Southern Delhi Ridge of Aravalli hill range on Delhi-Haryana border. It spreads over Southern Delhi as well as northern parts of Faridabad and Gurugram districts of Haryana state. Its name is derived from contiguous Asola village in Delhi. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is part of Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor, an important wildlife corridor which starts from Sariska National Park in Rajasthan, passes through Nuh, Faridabad and Gurugram districts of Haryana and ends at Delhi Ridge.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its protected area contains one of last surviving remnants of Delhi Ridge hill range and its semi-arid forest habitat and its dependent wildlife. Historical place around iy are Surajkund and Anangpur Dam (both in Haryana), Tughlaqabad Fort and Adilabad ruins (both in Delhi), Chhatarpur Temple (in Delhi).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Eco-sensitive zones </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are areas notified by Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), around protected areas , national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The purpose of declaring ESZs is to create some kind of “shock absorbers” to protected areas by regulating and managing the activities around such areas. They also act as transition zone from areas of high protection to areas involving lesser protection.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union government (MoEFCC) is empowered to declare eco-sensitive zones under Environment Protection Act, 1986. However this Act, does not explicitly mentions eco-sensitive zones. But there are following provisions under the act</span></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Section 3(2)(v) of the EP Act, 1986</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It empowers Central Government to restrict areas in which any industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Section 5 (1)</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It empowers central government to prohibit or restrict location of industries and carrying on certain operations or processes on basis of considerations like biodiversity of area, maximum allowable limits of concentration of pollutants for area, environmentally compatible land use, and proximity to protected areas. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Based on these provisions MoEFCC has put in place comprehensive set of guidelines laying down parameters and criteria for declaring eco-sensitive zones.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zone',
'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Area around Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zone',
'metadescription' => 'Area around Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zoneIn Focus',
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'title' => 'New Delhi Declaration signed for trans-boundary conservation of Rhinos',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Five Asian rhino range countries- <strong>India, Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Nepal</strong> have adopted <strong>New Delhi Declaration</strong> to strengthen trans-boundary collaboration among India, Nepal and Bhutan to secure future of Asian rhino species. It was adopted at 2nd Asian Rhino Range States meeting held in New Delhi.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">2nd Asian Rhino Range States meeting</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was organised by Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change (MoEFCC), and International Union for Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission (IUCN), Asian Rhino Specialist Group along with WWF-India, International Rhino Foundation and Aaranyak, an NGO</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Outcomes of this meeting</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Five Asian rhino range countries agree to review the population of three Asian rhino species (greater one-horned, Javan and Sumatra) in every four years to secure its future. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They also agreed to strengthen protection regimes, intelligence gathering and real time sharing of intelligence information on rhino crime and its horn trade to secure rhino population.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also initiate research on various habitat parameters, including invasive species threatening the suitable habitats of Asian rhinos and take optimally manage the habitats. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has also decided to explore possibilities of expanding rhino ranges within country or between rhino range countries for optimal population management.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They also decided to identify connectivity and corridors across international boundaries and keep them functional, safe and secure for free movement of Asian rhinos and other wildlife.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">New Delhi Declaration </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It underscores trans-boundary collaboration among India, Nepal, and Bhutan for conservation and protection of the greater one-horned rhino. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It gives emphasis on expanding rhino domains within country or between rhino range countries. Indonesia and Malaysia are the other Asian countries where the last of the rhinos live.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Asian rhino range countries will make best use of all available individuals and technologies to accelerate natural and conservation breeding of the critically endangered Sumatran rhino.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Replicate or develop upon Kaziranga rhino conservation success story for Sumatran as well as Javan rhino. Kaziranga had less than 10 rhinos when it was declared protected area for this spieces in 1905.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Rhino Conservation Strategy for India</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: It calls for active engagement between India and Nepal to protect species. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Single population of rhinos in Sukla-Phanta (Nepal), Valmiki Tiger Reserve (India) and Chitwan National Park (Nepal) and Dudhwa (India) is separated by political boundary between two countries.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian one-horned rhinoceros:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Its current global population is 3,584. Assam’s Kaziranga National Park has largest with 2,938 rhinos and Nepal has 646. There are no rhinos in Bhutan, but some from Manas National Park in adjoining Assam or Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal are known to cross over occasionally.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Javan and Sumatran rhinos:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It was once ranging from China to Bangladesh, but now are nearing extinction. Sumatran rhino is smallest of all rhino species and only Asian rhino with two horns. It has become extinct in wild in Malaysia. Only one is found now in Sabah island of Malaysia and Indonesia has few.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary',
'id' => (int) 1712,
'title' => 'Measures to protect Ganges River Dolphin',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Ministry of Shipping has informed parliament that it is plannig to safeguard population of Ganges River Dolphin along National Waterway-1 </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">stretch </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">in Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) by restricting speeds of vessels and blowing sirens and horns. It has suggested various mitigation measures based on Comprehensive Environmental and Social lmpact Assessment (ESIA) study on National Waterway-I including on stretches falling within VGDS. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Measures taken by Ministry of Shipping are</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vessel speed restricted to 2.7 knots in VGDS area to reduce the noise generation from propeller. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">lf any aquatic mammal/dolphin is spotted, then sirens/signals will be given to push it away dolphins from ship.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vessels will be fitted with propeller guards and dolphin deflectors to minimise dolphin accidents. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Non-toxic paints will be used for painting vessels. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the only dolphin sanctuary in the country. Itis located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar. It stretches around 50km from Sultanganj to Kahalganj on River Ganga in Bihar. It was designated in 1991. The population of Ganges dolphin in VGDS is peggedfrom 150 to 200. National Waterway-1 connecting Haldia to Varanasi passes through the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS). This sanctuary also contains rich diversity of other threatened aquatic wildlife, including gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), Indian smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) and 135 species of waterfowl</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Ganges river dolphin is National Aquatic Animal of India. It is official animal of Guwahati city of Assam.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary',
'id' => (int) 2379,
'title' => 'Restoring Sunderbans',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increasing anthropogenic activities along with natural stresses have led to massive degradation of one of India’s World Heritage Site , the Sunderbans.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A group of researchers performed a task of identifying the major reasons for the decline and also devising new restoration strategies. They surveyed 19 shoreline mangrove patches, collected soil and water samples and studied them and highlighted that lack of essential nutrients and increasing salinity were the main problems in Sunderbans declining.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nutrient depletion especially phosphorus and nitrogen was found to be directly connected with the decline in forest cover.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also saw a change in the species distribution like salt-sensitive ones such as <em>Heriteira fomes, Xylocarpus </em>species and <em>Phoenix paludosa</em> were not able to cope up with the increase in the salinity and declined while the tolerant varieties thrived.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers stabilised the site of restoration by planting four native salt-tolerant varieties of grass. These grasses proved to exhibit the highest survival in the lower and middle intertidal zone.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the last five years (2014–2019) almost about one-hectare area of the degraded patch has been restored by the growth of these grasses.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The grass rhizosphere also provided a nutritive atmosphere to the colonizing mangroves because this root zone decomposes microbes and helps release more nutrients in the mudflat soil. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These grasses also provided protection from high energy waves and subsequent erosion of soil. The team also used native plant growth-promoting bacteria to enrich the degraded land.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">High salt-tolerant varieties were planted near the shoreline and the moderate ones farther. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Biorestoration</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biorestoration is a process by which a piece of land is returned to its normal state by making use of plants, microbes and other natural methods to increse its fertility.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Sunderbans</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sundarbans is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> area in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(river)" title="Delta (river)">delta</a> formed by the confluence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna Rivers</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It spans from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleswar_River" title="Baleswar River">Baleswar River</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, viz <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans West</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans South</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans East</a> Wildlife Sanctuaries. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
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'id' => (int) 2410,
'title' => 'Kerala- Karnataka highway closure',
'description' => '<p><strong>Issue</strong></p>
<p> Kerala’s Wayanad district has witnessed a series of protests against a ban on night traffic on the forest stretch of NH 766, a key highway between Karnataka and Kerala that passes through the Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Background</p>
<p>Supreme Court had directed to the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change and the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) to suggest alternative routes so that NH 766 could be shut down permanently.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Details </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The district administration of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, banned night traffic on the 19-km forest leg of NH 766, after the project officer of Bandipur Tiger Reserve had prepared a report on the number of animals being hit by vehicles at night.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The report said night traffic would affect behaviour biology such as breeding and parental care of animals, disrupt their life cycle and make them stray to human habitats.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Implications</strong></p>
<p>A blanket ban on traffic would impact the economic development of Wayanad. Besides, the alternative road is 35 km away, which would cost time and money besides raising prices of commodities.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Bandipur Tiger reserve</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Bandipur Tiger Reserve is part of interconnected forests that include <strong>Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary </strong>(Tamil Nadu), <strong>Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> (Kerala) and <strong>Nagarhole National Park</strong> (Karnataka).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A large variety of wildlife including the elephant moves from one stretch to another, cutting the states.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Bandipur is one of the oldest tiger reserves in the country, having been declared as such in 1973 and a national park in 1984. Bandipur has 140 tigers, 1,600 elephants and 25,000 spotted deer.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Bandipur is known for its wildlife and has many types of biomes, but dry deciduous forest is dominant.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The park is flanked by the Kabini river in the north and the <strong>Moyar</strong> river in the south. The <strong>Nugu</strong> river runs through the park.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The highest point in the park is on a hill called <strong>Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta</strong>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Migratory birds arrive at Kolleru lake',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Atapaka Bird Sanctuary on the West Godavari-Krishna district border at Kaikaluru in Kolleru Lake has become the lone safe breeding ground for the two migratory bird species.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Atapaka village is the only location in the lake where bird lovers can have a glimpse of the Painted Storks from close and it’s the prime spot for photographers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Grey Pelicans and Painted Storks have made the Atapaka Sanctuary their winter home for breeding. The Sanctuary, surrounded by an artificial pond, has a good vegetation cover supporting for arranging nests.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The present water level in Kolleru Lake, including Atapaka Sanctuary, is posing a slight challenge for the birds to hunt their prey in the deep waters. However, the water level is expected to start recceding in the coming weeks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Birds’ census in Kolleru Lake is likely to be carried out in early January, documenting the number of bird species that arrive at the lake, and the status of breeding.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kolleru Bird sanctuary</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kolleru Bird Sanctuary is a sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established in November 1999, under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. The sanctuary protects part of the <strong>Kolleru Lake wetland</strong>, which gained Ramsar Convention for International importance in 2002.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Migratory birds arrive at Kolleru lake daily current affairs" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8a80/swchrey1w54u0jh6g.jpg" style="float:left; height:267px; width:243px" /></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary',
'id' => (int) 3357,
'title' => 'Kaziranga records 96 wetland bird species',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kaziranga, home of the world's most one-horned rhinos, has 96 species of wetland birds, which is one of the highest for wildlife preserves in India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Officials of the Kaziranga National Park and avian specialists conducted the second wetland bird count on January 9-10. The teams counted a total of 19,225 birds belonging to 96 species under 80 families.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With 6,181 individuals, the bar-headed goose led the species count, followed by the common teal at 1,557 and northern pintail at 1,359. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other species with sizeable numbers include gadwall, common coot, lesser whistling duck, Indian spot-billed duck, little cormorant, ferruginous duck, tufted duck, Eurasian wigeon, Asian openbill, northern lapwing, ruddy shelduck and spot-billed pelican.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Data on avian wealth is important because the wetlands nourish Kaziranga's ecosystem. Increase or decrease in the number of birds is indicative of the park's health.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 2018 census had yielded 2,413 rhinos and approximately 1,100 elephants. The tiger census of 2014 said Kaziranga had an estimated 103 tigers, the third highest population of the striped cat in India after Jim Corbett National Park (215) in Uttarakhand and Bandipur National Park (120) in Karnataka.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kaziranga is also home to nine of the 14 species of primates found in the Indian subcontinent.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kaziranga National Park</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam. The sanctuary, which hosts two-thirds of the world's great one-horned rhinoceroses, is a <strong>World Heritage Site</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kaziranga is a vast expanse of tall elephant grass, marshland, and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The park area is circumscribed by the <strong>Brahmaputra</strong> River, which forms the northern and eastern boundaries, and the<strong> Mora Diphlu</strong>, which forms the southern boundary. Other notable rivers within the park are the <strong>Diphlu</strong> and <strong>Mora Dhansiri</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary',
'id' => (int) 3510,
'title' => 'African Cheetahs to be introduced in India',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has allowed the Centre to reintroduce the African cheetah to a suitable habitat in India. Reintroduction of a species means releasing it in an area where it is capable of surviving.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With India’s own cheetahs vanishing, a plea for this had been filed by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), seeking permission to introduce the African cheetah from Namibia.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In May 2012, the apex court had stalled the plan to initiate the foreign cheetahs into the Palpur Kuno sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh fearing they may come into conflict with a parallel and a much-delayed project to reintroduce lions into the same sanctuary. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court was also worried whether the African cheetahs would find the sanctuary a favourable climate as far as abundance of prey is concerned.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For now, the animals will be brought in on an experimental basis to see if they can adapt to Indian conditions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before Namibia, India had approached Iran for Asiatic cheetahs, but had been refused. The Asiatic cheetah is classified as a “<strong>critically endangered</strong>” species by the <strong>IUCN Red List</strong>, and is believed to survive only in Iran.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reintroductions of large carnivores have increasingly been recognised as a strategy to conserve threatened species and restore ecosystem functions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Palpur Kino National Park</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kuno National Park is a protected area in Madhya Pradesh in the Sheopur and Morena districts. It is part of the <strong>Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests </strong>ecoregion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was selected as a possible site to implement the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which aimed at establishing a second lion population in India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary was also proposed as a possible site for Cheetah reintroduction in India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most of the original inhabitants of the designated park area were the <strong>Saharia</strong> tribal people.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The vegetation of the protected area includes Anogeissus pendula forest and scrub, Boswellia and Butea forest, dry savanna forest and <strong>grassland</strong> and <strong>tropical riverine forest</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary',
'id' => (int) 3718,
'title' => 'Kerala opposes alternate route bypassing Bandipur',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Kerala government has opposed in the Supreme Court an alternative route proposed by Karnataka to bypass the night-time traffic ban on the National Highway 212 through the Bandipur National Park.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Karnataka government had banned night time traffic through Bandipur National Park that connects Kerala with the cites of Mysore and Bangalore.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kerala submitted that the alternative route goes through the <strong>Nagarhole</strong> Tiger Reserve in Karnataka and <strong>Tholpetty</strong> wildlife sanctuary in Kerala.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It said that the the ban on night traffic through <strong>NH 212</strong> issued by the District Magistrate was without any study or preparation. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mudumalai, Bandipur Tiger Reserves and Wayanad Wildlife sanctuary make one contiguous tiger territory and tigers move freely within this area. It is illogical and inappropriate to impose enhanced level of restriction only in one part of this tiger territory to protect tigers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kerala argued that, if at all any restrictions of vehicular movement is to be done in wildlife areas, it should be done uniformly across the country under the relevant laws such as the Wildlife Protection Act and not under the Motor Vehicles Act.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bandipur National Park</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bandipur National Park established in 1974 as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger, is a national park located in Karnataka, which is the state with the second highest tiger population in India. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Along with adjacent Nagarhole National Park it is one of the premier Tiger Reserves in the country. It was once a private hunting reserve for the Maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore but has now been upgraded to Bandipur Tiger Reserve.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bandipur is known for its wildlife and has many types of biomes, but dry deciduous forest is dominant. It is a part of<strong> Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The park has a variety of biomes including dry deciduous forests, moist deciduous forests and shrublands. The wide range of habitats help support a diverse range of organisms. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The park is flanked by the <strong>Kabini</strong> river in the north and the <strong>Moyar</strong> river in the south. The <strong>Nugu</strong> river runs through the park. The highest point in the park is on a hill called <strong>Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary',
'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary',
'id' => (int) 3755,
'title' => 'Moyar river bridge',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An illegally constructed bridge along the Moyar River in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) by a section of residents of a village will have a huge impact on the ecosystem and could lead to a boom in tourism in the region, warn conservationists.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bridge built with stones across the river has not been approved by the Forest Department.The bridge blocks the natural flow of water along the Moyar, one of the two rivers emptying into the Bhavani Sagar dam.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This bridge will impact the riverine ecosystem, home to otters, marsh crocodiles and a variety of unique species of fish and other aquatic life.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conservationists say that even the Forest Department cannot grant permission to build a structure without the clearance of the Ministry of Environment and Forest as the area is in a tiger reserve.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The village is still classified as a reserve forest and non-forest activities are completely prohibited.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Moyar river</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Mayar/Moyar</strong> River is one of the tributaries of the <strong>Bhavani</strong> in Tamil Nadu. It forms a natural line of separation between the state of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and a separation between the forest of <strong>Bandipur National Park</strong> and the <strong>Mudumalai sanctuary</strong> to the south. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is checked by Bhavanisagar Dam on the plains near Satyamangalam, along with the Bhavani River.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mudumalai National Park</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mudumalai National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary also a declared tiger reserve, lies on the northwestern side of the Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains), in Nilgiri District, in Tamil Nadu. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It shares its boundaries with the states of Karnataka and Kerala. The sanctuary is divided into <strong>five</strong> ranges – <strong>Masinagudi, Thepakadu, Mudumalai, Kargudi </strong>and<strong> Nellakota.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protected area is home to several endangered and vulnerable species including<strong> Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, gaur </strong>and<strong> Indian leopard</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are at least 266 species of birds in the sanctuary, including critically endangered Indian white-rumped vulture and long-billed vulture.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are three main types of forest in the sanctuary: <strong>tropical moist deciduous</strong> occur in the western Benne Block, where rainfall is higher than in the other blocks. <strong>Tropical dry deciduous forest</strong> occurs in the middle and <strong>southern tropical dry thorn forests</strong> are in the east.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition there are patches of <strong>tropical</strong> <strong>semi-evergreen forest</strong> in the southwest and western part of Mudumalai.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Highway threatens Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> A new highway project has been cleared through yet another tiger reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, the Pakke Tiger Reserve.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government had previously allowed construction of a highway thorugh Namdapha National Park, India’s easternmost tiger reserve.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Documents received in response to an RTI inquiry by reveal that the government in the State plans to build a 692.7 km highway through the 862 sq km Pakke Tiger Reserve (PTR) in <strong>East Kameng</strong> district.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Named the East-West Industrial Corridor, the highway aims to connect Bhairabhunda in West Kameng district and Manmao in Changlang district along Arunachal Pradesh’s border with Assam. The project makes no mention of compensation for people likely to be displaced.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The proposed highway had been realigned to bisect PTR after the NHPC turned down the original proposal to let the corridor pass near its hydroelectric project on the <strong>Subansiri</strong> River.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pakke Tiger Reserve</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakke Tiger Reserve, also known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve, is a Project Tiger reserve in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This Tiger Reserve has won India Biodiversity Award 2016 in the category of 'Conservation of threatened species' for its Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is bounded by <strong>Bhareli</strong> or <strong>Kameng</strong> River in the west and north, and by <strong>Pakke</strong> River in the east. Towards the south and south-east, the sanctuary adjoins reserve forests and Assam's<strong> Nameri National Park</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At least 40 mammal species occur in Pakhui Tiger Reserve (PTR). Three large cats - the <strong>Bengal tiger, Indian leopard </strong>and<strong> clouded leopard</strong> share space with two canids – the <strong>wild dog </strong>and<strong> Asiatic jackal</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the herbivore species, elephant, barking deer, gaur, and sambar are most commonly encountered. The commonest monkeys are the Rhesus macaque, Assamese macaque and the capped langur.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Eravikulam National Park',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Eravikulam National Park is one of the last surviving habitat of Nilgiri Tahr, a species of mountainous goat endemic to Nilgiris.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prior to 1971, the area was managed as a game preserve by the Kanan Devan Hills Produce Company. The government of Kerala resumed control in 1971 (Kannan Devan Hill Produce (Resumption of lands) Act, 1971), and declared the Eravikulam-Rajamala Wildlife Sanctuary in 1975 to protect the habitat of the endangered Nilgiri tahr. It became a National Park in 1978.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eravikulam National Park is a national park located along the Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala . It is the first national park in Kerala.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The terrain consists of high altitude grasslands interspersed with sholas. Anamudi, 2,695 meters, the highest peak in India south of the Himalayas is inside this park. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many perennial streams criss-cross the park. They merge to form tributaries of the Periyar river in the west and of the Cauvery River in the east.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Twenty six species of mammals have been recorded in the park including the largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr, estimated at about 750 individuals. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other ungulates are lion-tailed macaques, gaur, Indian muntjac and sambar deer. Golden jackal, jungle cat, wild dog, dhole, leopard and tiger are the main predators. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some little-known animals such as Nilgiri langur, stripe-necked mongoose, Indian porcupine, Nilgiri marten, small clawed otter, ruddy mongoose, and dusky palm squirrel are also found. Elephants make seasonal visits.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">132 species of birds have been recorded which include endemics like black-and-orange flycatcher, Nilgiri pipit, Nilgiri wood pigeon, white bellied shortwing, Nilgiri flycatcher and Kerala laughingthrush.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Endemic butterflies confined to the shola-grass land ecosystem like the red disk bushbrown and Palni fourring are among the 101 species in the park.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Three major types of plant communities are found in the Park i.e grasslands, shrublands and forests. The terrain above 2000m is covered primarily by grasslands.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
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'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary',
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'title' => 'Tiger dies in Pench reserve',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The death of a 10-year-old ailing male tiger, in the Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) due to respiratory illness has brought the focus on COVID-19 pandemic, which has been found to infect Tigers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A report of a confirmed COVID-19 infection in a tiger at the Bronx Zoo, in New York, United States has created doubts in mind of officials regarding the nature of the infection.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Swabs from the throat and nose to test for rhinotracheitis, a viral infection that afflicts cats and causes respiratory illness were collected.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, it was unlikely to be enough to test for COVID and given the remoteness of the forests and lockdown in effect, would likely degrade and be unsuitable for testing.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The directive to Wildlife Wardens in States and reserves adds that tigers ought to be observed for symptoms consistent with COVID-19 such as respiratory signs of nasal discharge, coughing and laboured breathing and that personnel handling tigers have to be ascertained negative.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pench Tiger Reserve</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pench Tiger Reserve or Pench National Park is one of the premier tiger reserves of India and the first one to straddle across two states - <strong>Madhya</strong> <strong>Pradesh</strong> and <strong>Maharashtra</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pench Tiger Reserve comprises the Indira Priyadarshini <strong>Pench National Park</strong>, the <strong>Pench Mowgli Sanctuary</strong> and a buffer.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pench Tiger reserve recorded <strong>highest number of tigers in India</strong>. It derives its name from its life line-the <strong>River Pench</strong>. Inside the park, the river flows from North to South before going on to join the<strong> Kanhan River</strong>, while splitting the Park into two, and forming the boundary of Seoni District and Chhindwara District districts of Madhya Pradesh.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The general topography of Pench Tiger Reserve is mostly undulating, characterised by small ridges and hills having steep slopes, with a number of seasonal streams and nullahs carving the terrain into many folds and furrows, a result of the folding and upheavals of the past. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Central Indian Highlands have a tropical monsoonal climate, with a distinct monsoon (July to September), winter (November to February) and summer (April to June).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The mean annual rainfall is around 1400 mm, with the south-west monsoon accounting for most of the rainfall in the region.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest estimation of tiger numbers in the Indian Sunderbans indicates an increase in the population of big cats. According to the West Bengal Forest Department, the tiger count for the year 2019-20 rose to 96, from 88 in 2018-19.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunderbans delta, spread over India and Bangladesh, is the only mangrove forest in the world inhabited by tigers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The increase in the number by eight was significant as it was the biggest annual jump reported from the Sunderbans. Previously, the highest yearly increase of tigers in the Sunderbans had been seven.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The estimation revealed that of the 96 tigers, 23 were identified as male and 43 as female, while the sex of 30 big cats could not be determined. The survey also revealed the presence of 11 tiger cubs. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunderban mangrove forest is spread over 2,585 sq. km and includes the Sundarban Tiger Reserve and the 24 Parganas (South) Division. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While 23 tigers were found in 24 Parganas (South) Division, 73 big cats were recorded inside the four divisions of the Sunderban Tiger Reserve.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Estimation of the number of tigers in the Sunderbans, a world heritage as well as a Ramsar site, has always been a challenge because of the difficult terrain that comprises dense mangrove forests, with creeks and rivulets, and floods twice a day during the high tides.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Sunderbans</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the <strong>Ganges</strong>, <strong>Brahmaputra</strong> and <strong>Meghna</strong> Rivers in the Bay of Bengal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It spans from the <strong>Hooghly</strong> River in India's state of West Bengal to the <strong>Baleswar</strong> River in Bangladesh. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, agriculturally used land, mudflats and barren land, and is intersected by multiple tidal streams and channels. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as <strong>UNESCO</strong> <strong>World</strong> <strong>Heritage</strong> <strong>Sites</strong>, viz <strong>Sundarbans National Park</strong>,<strong> Sundarbans West</strong>, <strong>Sundarbans</strong> <strong>South</strong> and <strong>Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuaries</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
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'title' => 'Tiger population rises in Sunderbans',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest estimation of tiger numbers in the Indian Sunderbans indicates an increase in the population of big cats. According to the West Bengal Forest Department, the tiger count for the year 2019-20 rose to 96, from 88 in 2018-19.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunderbans delta, spread over India and Bangladesh, is the only mangrove forest in the world inhabited by tigers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The increase in the number by eight was significant as it was the biggest annual jump reported from the Sunderbans. Previously, the highest yearly increase of tigers in the Sunderbans had been seven.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The estimation revealed that of the 96 tigers, 23 were identified as male and 43 as female, while the sex of 30 big cats could not be determined. The survey also revealed the presence of 11 tiger cubs. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunderban mangrove forest is spread over 2,585 sq. km and includes the Sundarban Tiger Reserve and the 24 Parganas (South) Division. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While 23 tigers were found in 24 Parganas (South) Division, 73 big cats were recorded inside the four divisions of the Sunderban Tiger Reserve.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Estimation of the number of tigers in the Sunderbans, a world heritage as well as a Ramsar site, has always been a challenge because of the difficult terrain that comprises dense mangrove forests, with creeks and rivulets, and floods twice a day during the high tides.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Sunderbans</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the <strong>Ganges</strong>, <strong>Brahmaputra</strong> and <strong>Meghna</strong> Rivers in the Bay of Bengal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It spans from the <strong>Hooghly</strong> River in India's state of West Bengal to the <strong>Baleswar</strong> River in Bangladesh. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, agriculturally used land, mudflats and barren land, and is intersected by multiple tidal streams and channels. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as <strong>UNESCO</strong> <strong>World</strong> <strong>Heritage</strong> <strong>Sites</strong>, viz <strong>Sundarbans National Park</strong>,<strong> Sundarbans West</strong>, <strong>Sundarbans</strong> <strong>South</strong> and <strong>Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuaries</strong>.</span></span></p>
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They store floodwater and protects coastlines from storm surges.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Wetland</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is land area that is saturated or flooded with water either permanently or seasonally. It is transitional land between terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems where land is covered by shallow water or water table is usually at or near surface.<strong> </strong></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It may be manmade or artificial.<strong> </strong>Inland wetland may include marshes, lakes, fens, ponds, rivers, floodplains, and swamps, fish ponds, rice paddies. Coastal wetland includes estuaries, mangroves, saltwater marshes, lagoons, salt fields and even coral reefs. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Wetlands support rich biodiversity and provide wide range of ecosystem services such as water storage, aquifer recharge, water purification, flood mitigation, erosion control, act as carbon sinks and others. </span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ramsar Convention </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was formally known as Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was signed in 1971 at Ramsar, Iran. It is <strong>not legally binding treaty</strong> and is not part of United Nations & UNESCO conventions.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its objectives are conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands and stop encroachment and loss of wetlands. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It aims to raise public awareness on conservation, proper utilisation and management of wetlands and their resources. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also promotes conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation as contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout world.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'world-wetland-day-observed-2-February', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/50f9/8mywok811g06kgu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/50f9/8mywok811g06kgu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'World Wetland Day observed on 2 February | World Current Affairs', 'metakeyword' => 'World Wetland Day observed on 2 February | World Current Affairs', 'metadescription' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, World Wetland Day is observed every year on 2 February across the world to raise awareness about value of wetlands for humanity and planet', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/m3jpbwnwprb3h9a/1.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 477, 'title' => 'Uttar Pradesh to conduct first census of Otters', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Uttar Pradesh for the first time has undertaken census of otters in protected areas of the state. The census exercise was started from Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) and will be completed by end of March 2019 covering all protected areas of state.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Otter </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is important part species (mammal) of forest ecosystem. It spends much of its time in or close to water bodies. It lives on fish. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its den is known as holt and it is close to water bodies. <em>Its thriving population indicates healthy river ecosystem and water bodies are pollution-free. </em></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Three species of otters are found in India. </span></em><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is classified as <strong>vulnerable species</strong> on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR)</span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is located in foothills of Himalayas, south of Nepal. It covers area of approximately 800 square kilometres. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It covers parts of Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri and Bahraich districts of Uttar Pradesh. It is rich in water bodies as its considerable area is encircled by Sharda and Ghaghara rivers.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is home to tigers, leopards, elephants, different species of deer and monkeys and reptiles like snakes, mugger crocodiles and gharials.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'uttar-pradesh-conducts-first-census-otters', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0107/aptigoimdr8hf6n6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0107/aptigoimdr8hf6n6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Uttar Pradesh to conduct first census of Otters', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Uttar Pradesh, first time, undertakes, census of otters, protected areas, Pilibhit Tiger Reserve,', 'metadescription' => 'Uttar Pradesh for the first time has undertaken census of otters in protected areas of the state. The census exercise was started from Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (PTR) ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/s1ytcv7b14d0nnc/16_Mar_Uttar_Pradesh_to_conduct_first_census_of_Otters.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 1026, 'title' => 'Bajirao: Mumbai’s last captive white tiger dies', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Mumbai’s last captive white tiger named Bajirao died recently at Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Borivali (Mumbai suburb), Maharashtra. He was 18 years and died due to old age related issues. He was suffering from chronic ankyloses (fusion of bones leads to abnormal stiffening and immobility of joint) on left shoulder and chronic senile generalised arthritis from past four years. He was born at Sanjay Gandhi National Park in 2001.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About White tigers</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are also called Bleached Tiger and are not separate sub-species of tiger. They have white to almost cream colored fur, pink nose, black/grey/chocolate colored stripes and blue.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are basically white in colour i.e. they pigmentation variant of Bengal Tiger. Their white colour is due to lack of pheomelanin pigment which gives Bengal tigers their red-yellow or amber colour.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The white tigers are found only among Indian tigers. The last wild white tiger reported in India was captured in forests of Rewa in Madhya Pradesh. They now only can be found in captivity.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sanjay Gandhi National Park </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a protected area in Borivali suburb in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was earlier known as Borivali National Park. It encloses two lakes namely Vihar Lake and Tulsi Lake and has a protected archaeological site, called ‘Kanheri Caves’ in its centre.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is part of Western Ghats biodiversity and forms roughly 205 of Mumbai’s geographical area. It is home to more than 35 species of mammals, 274 species of birds, 170 species of butterflies, 78 species of reptiles and amphibians and over 1,300 species of plants. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It encloses two lakes namely Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake.</span></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is notable as one of the major national parks existing within metropolis limit and is one of the most visited parks in the world. It is spread over are of 103 sq.km in heart of Mumbai city and surrounded by population of 20 million people. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">2000 year old complex of some 160 rock-cut caves named Kanheri Caves, which were important Buddhist learning centre are situated within this national park and are protected archeological site.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bajirao-mumbai-last-captive-white-tiger-dies', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3890/0tflrioejfxkrbs6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3890/0tflrioejfxkrbs6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bajirao: Mumbai’s last captive white tiger dies', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Mumbai, last, captive white tiger, Bajirao, died, Sanjay Gandhi National Park,Borivali, Mumbai , Maharashtra', 'metadescription' => 'Mumbai’s last captive white tiger named Bajirao died recently at Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Borivali (Mumbai suburb), Maharashtra', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/p23c3ckdcnrsmlk/Bajirao.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 1055, 'title' => 'Odisha’s wildlife Sanctuaries ravaged by Cyclone Fani', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Severe Cyclone Fani has ravaged key Odisha’s wildlife areas such as Balukhand Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoological Park. As per estimate, the cyclone has damaged nearly 55 lakh trees, mostly casuarinas. As many as 20</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of the trees were uprooted, while rest were found snapped and broken. The devastation has rendered around 400 spotted deer homeless. Loss of habitat also has forced hundreds of monkeys into residential areas in periphery of Bhubaneswar</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is located along the Bay of Bengal coast, between the towns of Puri and Konark. The sanctuary includes coastal dunes, sandy beaches, groves of introduced Casuarina trees planted in 1916-17 and cashew plantations. It is home to herd of Blackbuck. Olive Ridley Sea Turtles nest on the beaches</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Nandankanan Zoological Park</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is zoo and botanical garden located in Bhubaneswar. It lies in adjacent to Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary, in the vicinity of Kanjia lake.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the first zoo in the world to breed White tiger. It is also the only conservation breeding centre of Indian Pangolins in the world.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is only zoological park in India to become institutional member of World Association of Zoos and Aquarium (WAZA). </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the only zoo in India after which express train has been named i.e. "Nandankanan Express" (Puri-New Delhi express).</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'odisha-wildlife-sanctuaries-ravaged-cyclone-fani', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0090/q4dgd27sam6pqbd6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0090/q4dgd27sam6pqbd6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Odisha’s wildlife Sanctuaries ravaged by Cyclone Fani', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Severe Cyclone Fani, ravaged, Odisha’s wildlife areas, Balukhand Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary, Nandankanan Zoological Park', 'metadescription' => 'Severe Cyclone Fani has ravaged key Odisha’s wildlife areas such as Balukhand Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoological Park', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/49ebo853s3nt175/Odisha%C6s_wildlife.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 1095, 'title' => 'Herbivores Census conducted in Gir Forest', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Gujarat forest department is conducting census of herbivores in Gir forest and other protected areas, the last abode in the world of Asiatic lions. The purpose of this census is to count herbivores and check availability of prey-base for top predator lions as well as other predators like leopards, hyenas, wolves etc.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Herbivores Census</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is conducted every year by forest department of Gujarat during summer to count herbivores in Gir forest and other protected areas. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is conducted mainly during summer, to spot maximum number of wild animals in the forest as foliage is reduced to its minimum levels in dry and deciduous tropical forests like Gir in this dry season. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The census covers wild ungulates like spotted deer, sambars, blue bulls (nilgais), Indian gazelles (chinkaras), wild boars, four-horned antelopes (choshinga), Indian langurs and peafowl. Wild ungulates and langurs are main prey of Asiatic lions.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It gives the forest department an idea of availability of prey-base for the top predator lions as well as other predators like leopards, hyenas, wolves etc. It helps forest department to notice any changes in food availability for lions and also indicates the health of the forest in general and of fauna in particular.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'herbivores-census-conducted-gir-forest', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e296/jygy722cj198kb36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e296/jygy722cj198kb36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Herbivores Census conducted in Gir Forest', 'metakeyword' => 'Gujarat forest department is conducting census of herbivores in Gir forest and other protected areas, the last abode in the world of Asiatic lions', 'metadescription' => 'Gujarat forest department is conducting census of herbivores in Gir forest and other protected areas, the last abode in the world of Asiatic lions', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/93y4m6ba3acc3sc/Herbivores_Census.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 1119, 'title' => 'Karnataka notifies Bukkapatna as 2nd Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Karnataka Government has officially notified Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary in the state in Bukkapatna, Tumakuru district. The proposal in this regard was approved by the state board for wildlife under chairmanship of Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy in January 2019 and officially notified recently.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bukkapatna sanctuary</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will be second protected habitat for rare antelope in the state after Yedehalli in Bagalkot district which was notified in 2016. It is spread over area of 148 sq km and is larger than Yedehalli. It is also southernmost tip of the distribution range of chinkara in India.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Chinkara</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is also known as Indian gazelle. Its scientific name is Gazella bennettii. It has reddish-buff summer coat with smooth, glossy fur. Both males and females have horns, but are relatively shorter in females. It lives in arid plains and hills, deserts, dry scrub and light forests. It can go without water for long periods and can get sufficient fluids from plants and dew. It is native to Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. Its 60</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of global population is presently found in western Rajasthan. It is categorized as Least Concerned in IUCN Red List.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bukkapatna-chinkara-wildlife-sanctuary', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0204/zy9bujdqpab4u716g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0204/zy9bujdqpab4u716g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Karnataka notifies Bukkapatna as 2nd Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary', 'metakeyword' => 'Karnataka Government has officially notified Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary in the state in Bukkapatna, Tumakuru district.', 'metadescription' => 'Karnataka Government has officially notified Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary in the state in Bukkapatna, Tumakuru district.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ys9pjv0afp7tnnk/Karnataka.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 1383, 'title' => 'Area around Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zone', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has issued notification declaring the area around the boundary of Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ). This prohibits activities such as commercial mining, setting up of industries, and establishment of major hydro-electric projects. However, this notification, allows commercial establishment of hotels and resorts and construction activities, but makes it more regulated in area varying from 100-1,000 metres around the boundary of sanctuary.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is located on Southern Delhi Ridge of Aravalli hill range on Delhi-Haryana border. It spreads over Southern Delhi as well as northern parts of Faridabad and Gurugram districts of Haryana state. Its name is derived from contiguous Asola village in Delhi. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is part of Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor, an important wildlife corridor which starts from Sariska National Park in Rajasthan, passes through Nuh, Faridabad and Gurugram districts of Haryana and ends at Delhi Ridge.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its protected area contains one of last surviving remnants of Delhi Ridge hill range and its semi-arid forest habitat and its dependent wildlife. Historical place around iy are Surajkund and Anangpur Dam (both in Haryana), Tughlaqabad Fort and Adilabad ruins (both in Delhi), Chhatarpur Temple (in Delhi).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Eco-sensitive zones </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are areas notified by Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), around protected areas , national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The purpose of declaring ESZs is to create some kind of “shock absorbers” to protected areas by regulating and managing the activities around such areas. They also act as transition zone from areas of high protection to areas involving lesser protection.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union government (MoEFCC) is empowered to declare eco-sensitive zones under Environment Protection Act, 1986. However this Act, does not explicitly mentions eco-sensitive zones. But there are following provisions under the act</span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Section 3(2)(v) of the EP Act, 1986</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It empowers Central Government to restrict areas in which any industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Section 5 (1)</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It empowers central government to prohibit or restrict location of industries and carrying on certain operations or processes on basis of considerations like biodiversity of area, maximum allowable limits of concentration of pollutants for area, environmentally compatible land use, and proximity to protected areas. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Based on these provisions MoEFCC has put in place comprehensive set of guidelines laying down parameters and criteria for declaring eco-sensitive zones.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'asola-bhatti-sanctuary-eco-sensitive-zone', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bd71/68rfjqv78e4h6qn6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bd71/68rfjqv78e4h6qn6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zone', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Area around Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zone', 'metadescription' => 'Area around Asola Bhatti sanctuary declared eco-sensitive zoneIn Focus', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4qcxv1czngnq3rb/Area_around.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 302, 'title' => 'New Delhi Declaration signed for trans-boundary conservation of Rhinos', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Five Asian rhino range countries- <strong>India, Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Nepal</strong> have adopted <strong>New Delhi Declaration</strong> to strengthen trans-boundary collaboration among India, Nepal and Bhutan to secure future of Asian rhino species. It was adopted at 2nd Asian Rhino Range States meeting held in New Delhi.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">2nd Asian Rhino Range States meeting</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was organised by Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate change (MoEFCC), and International Union for Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission (IUCN), Asian Rhino Specialist Group along with WWF-India, International Rhino Foundation and Aaranyak, an NGO</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Outcomes of this meeting</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Five Asian rhino range countries agree to review the population of three Asian rhino species (greater one-horned, Javan and Sumatra) in every four years to secure its future. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They also agreed to strengthen protection regimes, intelligence gathering and real time sharing of intelligence information on rhino crime and its horn trade to secure rhino population.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also initiate research on various habitat parameters, including invasive species threatening the suitable habitats of Asian rhinos and take optimally manage the habitats. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has also decided to explore possibilities of expanding rhino ranges within country or between rhino range countries for optimal population management.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They also decided to identify connectivity and corridors across international boundaries and keep them functional, safe and secure for free movement of Asian rhinos and other wildlife.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">New Delhi Declaration </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It underscores trans-boundary collaboration among India, Nepal, and Bhutan for conservation and protection of the greater one-horned rhino. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It gives emphasis on expanding rhino domains within country or between rhino range countries. Indonesia and Malaysia are the other Asian countries where the last of the rhinos live.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Asian rhino range countries will make best use of all available individuals and technologies to accelerate natural and conservation breeding of the critically endangered Sumatran rhino.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Replicate or develop upon Kaziranga rhino conservation success story for Sumatran as well as Javan rhino. Kaziranga had less than 10 rhinos when it was declared protected area for this spieces in 1905.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Rhino Conservation Strategy for India</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: It calls for active engagement between India and Nepal to protect species. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Single population of rhinos in Sukla-Phanta (Nepal), Valmiki Tiger Reserve (India) and Chitwan National Park (Nepal) and Dudhwa (India) is separated by political boundary between two countries.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian one-horned rhinoceros:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Its current global population is 3,584. Assam’s Kaziranga National Park has largest with 2,938 rhinos and Nepal has 646. There are no rhinos in Bhutan, but some from Manas National Park in adjoining Assam or Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal are known to cross over occasionally.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Javan and Sumatran rhinos:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It was once ranging from China to Bangladesh, but now are nearing extinction. Sumatran rhino is smallest of all rhino species and only Asian rhino with two horns. It has become extinct in wild in Malaysia. Only one is found now in Sabah island of Malaysia and Indonesia has few.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'new-delhi-declaration-trans-boundary-conservation-rhinos', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/afc5/7yle6o73wmoo5q56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/afc5/7yle6o73wmoo5q56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'New Delhi Declaration signed for conservation of Rhinos', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, New Delhi Declaration, trans-boundary conservation, Rhinos, Asian rhino range countries- India, Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Nepal ', 'metadescription' => 'Five Asian rhino range countries- India, Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Nepal have adopted New Delhi Declaration to strengthen trans-boundary collaboration among India, Nepal and Bhutan to secure future of Asian rhino species', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/tdkrrljyuh0soz2/1Mar_New_Delhi_Declaration_signed.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 1712, 'title' => 'Measures to protect Ganges River Dolphin', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Ministry of Shipping has informed parliament that it is plannig to safeguard population of Ganges River Dolphin along National Waterway-1 </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">stretch </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">in Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS) by restricting speeds of vessels and blowing sirens and horns. It has suggested various mitigation measures based on Comprehensive Environmental and Social lmpact Assessment (ESIA) study on National Waterway-I including on stretches falling within VGDS. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Measures taken by Ministry of Shipping are</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vessel speed restricted to 2.7 knots in VGDS area to reduce the noise generation from propeller. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">lf any aquatic mammal/dolphin is spotted, then sirens/signals will be given to push it away dolphins from ship.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vessels will be fitted with propeller guards and dolphin deflectors to minimise dolphin accidents. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Non-toxic paints will be used for painting vessels. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the only dolphin sanctuary in the country. Itis located in Bhagalpur District of Bihar. It stretches around 50km from Sultanganj to Kahalganj on River Ganga in Bihar. It was designated in 1991. The population of Ganges dolphin in VGDS is peggedfrom 150 to 200. National Waterway-1 connecting Haldia to Varanasi passes through the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (VGDS). This sanctuary also contains rich diversity of other threatened aquatic wildlife, including gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), Indian smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) and 135 species of waterfowl</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Ganges river dolphin is National Aquatic Animal of India. It is official animal of Guwahati city of Assam.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'measures-protect-ganges-river-dolphin', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a832/tdaz412sh6lhfxz6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a832/tdaz412sh6lhfxz6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Measures to protect Ganges River Dolphin', 'metakeyword' => 'Union Ministry of Shipping, safeguard, population, Ganges River Dolphin, National Waterway-1, stretch, Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary', 'metadescription' => 'Union Ministry of Shipping, safeguard, population, Ganges River Dolphin, National Waterway-1, stretch, Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/vf86quah90kqby3/Measures_to_protect_Ganges_River_Dolphin.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 2379, 'title' => 'Restoring Sunderbans', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increasing anthropogenic activities along with natural stresses have led to massive degradation of one of India’s World Heritage Site , the Sunderbans.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A group of researchers performed a task of identifying the major reasons for the decline and also devising new restoration strategies. They surveyed 19 shoreline mangrove patches, collected soil and water samples and studied them and highlighted that lack of essential nutrients and increasing salinity were the main problems in Sunderbans declining.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nutrient depletion especially phosphorus and nitrogen was found to be directly connected with the decline in forest cover.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also saw a change in the species distribution like salt-sensitive ones such as <em>Heriteira fomes, Xylocarpus </em>species and <em>Phoenix paludosa</em> were not able to cope up with the increase in the salinity and declined while the tolerant varieties thrived.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers stabilised the site of restoration by planting four native salt-tolerant varieties of grass. These grasses proved to exhibit the highest survival in the lower and middle intertidal zone.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the last five years (2014–2019) almost about one-hectare area of the degraded patch has been restored by the growth of these grasses.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The grass rhizosphere also provided a nutritive atmosphere to the colonizing mangroves because this root zone decomposes microbes and helps release more nutrients in the mudflat soil. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These grasses also provided protection from high energy waves and subsequent erosion of soil. The team also used native plant growth-promoting bacteria to enrich the degraded land.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">High salt-tolerant varieties were planted near the shoreline and the moderate ones farther. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Biorestoration</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biorestoration is a process by which a piece of land is returned to its normal state by making use of plants, microbes and other natural methods to increse its fertility.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Sunderbans</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sundarbans is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> area in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(river)" title="Delta (river)">delta</a> formed by the confluence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna Rivers</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It spans from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s state of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleswar_River" title="Baleswar River">Baleswar River</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, viz <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans West</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans South</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans East</a> Wildlife Sanctuaries. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'restoring-sunderbans', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2d48/bqk0wtd85anzpzo6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2d48/bqk0wtd85anzpzo6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Restoring Sunderbans', 'metakeyword' => 'Restoring Sunderbans', 'metadescription' => 'Increasing anthropogenic activities along with natural stresses have led to massive degradation of one of India’s World Heritage Site , the Sunderbans.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/q29tw1jcj2n8d7p/Restoring_Sunderbans.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 2410, 'title' => 'Kerala- Karnataka highway closure', 'description' => '<p><strong>Issue</strong></p> <p> Kerala’s Wayanad district has witnessed a series of protests against a ban on night traffic on the forest stretch of NH 766, a key highway between Karnataka and Kerala that passes through the Bandipur Tiger Reserve in Karnataka.</p> <p> </p> <p>Background</p> <p>Supreme Court had directed to the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change and the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) to suggest alternative routes so that NH 766 could be shut down permanently.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Details </strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>The district administration of Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, banned night traffic on the 19-km forest leg of NH 766, after the project officer of Bandipur Tiger Reserve had prepared a report on the number of animals being hit by vehicles at night.</p> </li> <li> <p>The report said night traffic would affect behaviour biology such as breeding and parental care of animals, disrupt their life cycle and make them stray to human habitats.</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Implications</strong></p> <p>A blanket ban on traffic would impact the economic development of Wayanad. Besides, the alternative road is 35 km away, which would cost time and money besides raising prices of commodities.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Bandipur Tiger reserve</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Bandipur Tiger Reserve is part of interconnected forests that include <strong>Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary </strong>(Tamil Nadu), <strong>Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary</strong> (Kerala) and <strong>Nagarhole National Park</strong> (Karnataka).</p> </li> <li> <p>A large variety of wildlife including the elephant moves from one stretch to another, cutting the states.</p> </li> <li> <p>Bandipur is one of the oldest tiger reserves in the country, having been declared as such in 1973 and a national park in 1984. Bandipur has 140 tigers, 1,600 elephants and 25,000 spotted deer.</p> </li> <li> <p>Bandipur is known for its wildlife and has many types of biomes, but dry deciduous forest is dominant.</p> </li> <li> <p>The park is flanked by the Kabini river in the north and the <strong>Moyar</strong> river in the south. The <strong>Nugu</strong> river runs through the park.</p> </li> <li> <p>The highest point in the park is on a hill called <strong>Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta</strong>.</p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'keral-karnataka-highway-closure', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ded9/aoawlwt0bfbv1le6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ded9/aoawlwt0bfbv1le6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Keral- Karnataka highway closure', 'metakeyword' => 'besides raising prices of commodities.', 'metadescription' => 'A blanket ban on traffic would impact the economic development of Wayanad. Besides, the alternative road is 35 km away, which would cost time and money ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4nu1iqhg2n1zcwf/Kerala-_Karnataka_highway_closure.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 2908, 'title' => 'Migratory birds arrive at Kolleru lake', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Atapaka Bird Sanctuary on the West Godavari-Krishna district border at Kaikaluru in Kolleru Lake has become the lone safe breeding ground for the two migratory bird species.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Atapaka village is the only location in the lake where bird lovers can have a glimpse of the Painted Storks from close and it’s the prime spot for photographers.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Grey Pelicans and Painted Storks have made the Atapaka Sanctuary their winter home for breeding. The Sanctuary, surrounded by an artificial pond, has a good vegetation cover supporting for arranging nests.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The present water level in Kolleru Lake, including Atapaka Sanctuary, is posing a slight challenge for the birds to hunt their prey in the deep waters. However, the water level is expected to start recceding in the coming weeks.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Birds’ census in Kolleru Lake is likely to be carried out in early January, documenting the number of bird species that arrive at the lake, and the status of breeding.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kolleru Bird sanctuary</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kolleru Bird Sanctuary is a sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established in November 1999, under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. The sanctuary protects part of the <strong>Kolleru Lake wetland</strong>, which gained Ramsar Convention for International importance in 2002.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Migratory birds arrive at Kolleru lake daily current affairs" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8a80/swchrey1w54u0jh6g.jpg" style="float:left; height:267px; width:243px" /></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'migratory-birds-arrive-at-kolleru-lake', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2b61/4w20b365ynic9w56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2b61/4w20b365ynic9w56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Migratory birds arrive at Kolleru lake', 'metakeyword' => 'Migratory birds arrive at Kolleru lake', 'metadescription' => 'The Atapaka Bird Sanctuary on the West Godavari-Krishna district border at Kaikaluru in Kolleru Lake has become the lone safe breeding ground', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hv70bm1ye8a8p51/Migratory_birds_arrive_at_Kolleru_lake.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 3357, 'title' => 'Kaziranga records 96 wetland bird species', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kaziranga, home of the world's most one-horned rhinos, has 96 species of wetland birds, which is one of the highest for wildlife preserves in India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Officials of the Kaziranga National Park and avian specialists conducted the second wetland bird count on January 9-10. The teams counted a total of 19,225 birds belonging to 96 species under 80 families.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With 6,181 individuals, the bar-headed goose led the species count, followed by the common teal at 1,557 and northern pintail at 1,359. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other species with sizeable numbers include gadwall, common coot, lesser whistling duck, Indian spot-billed duck, little cormorant, ferruginous duck, tufted duck, Eurasian wigeon, Asian openbill, northern lapwing, ruddy shelduck and spot-billed pelican.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Data on avian wealth is important because the wetlands nourish Kaziranga's ecosystem. Increase or decrease in the number of birds is indicative of the park's health.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 2018 census had yielded 2,413 rhinos and approximately 1,100 elephants. The tiger census of 2014 said Kaziranga had an estimated 103 tigers, the third highest population of the striped cat in India after Jim Corbett National Park (215) in Uttarakhand and Bandipur National Park (120) in Karnataka.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kaziranga is also home to nine of the 14 species of primates found in the Indian subcontinent.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kaziranga National Park</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat, Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam. The sanctuary, which hosts two-thirds of the world's great one-horned rhinoceroses, is a <strong>World Heritage Site</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kaziranga is a vast expanse of tall elephant grass, marshland, and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The park area is circumscribed by the <strong>Brahmaputra</strong> River, which forms the northern and eastern boundaries, and the<strong> Mora Diphlu</strong>, which forms the southern boundary. Other notable rivers within the park are the <strong>Diphlu</strong> and <strong>Mora Dhansiri</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'kaziranga-records-96-wetland-bird-species', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/27a3/5irvg94aalhk6ce6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/27a3/5irvg94aalhk6ce6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Kaziranga records 96 wetland bird species', 'metakeyword' => 'Kaziranga records 96 wetland bird species', 'metadescription' => 'Kaziranga, home of the world's most one-horned rhinos, has 96 species of wetland birds, which is one of the highest for wildlife preserves in India.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/st6nmt6wnb1r9if/Kaziranga_records_96_wetland_bird_species.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 3510, 'title' => 'African Cheetahs to be introduced in India', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has allowed the Centre to reintroduce the African cheetah to a suitable habitat in India. Reintroduction of a species means releasing it in an area where it is capable of surviving.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With India’s own cheetahs vanishing, a plea for this had been filed by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), seeking permission to introduce the African cheetah from Namibia.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In May 2012, the apex court had stalled the plan to initiate the foreign cheetahs into the Palpur Kuno sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh fearing they may come into conflict with a parallel and a much-delayed project to reintroduce lions into the same sanctuary. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court was also worried whether the African cheetahs would find the sanctuary a favourable climate as far as abundance of prey is concerned.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For now, the animals will be brought in on an experimental basis to see if they can adapt to Indian conditions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before Namibia, India had approached Iran for Asiatic cheetahs, but had been refused. The Asiatic cheetah is classified as a “<strong>critically endangered</strong>” species by the <strong>IUCN Red List</strong>, and is believed to survive only in Iran.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reintroductions of large carnivores have increasingly been recognised as a strategy to conserve threatened species and restore ecosystem functions.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Palpur Kino National Park</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kuno National Park is a protected area in Madhya Pradesh in the Sheopur and Morena districts. It is part of the <strong>Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests </strong>ecoregion.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was selected as a possible site to implement the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which aimed at establishing a second lion population in India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary was also proposed as a possible site for Cheetah reintroduction in India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most of the original inhabitants of the designated park area were the <strong>Saharia</strong> tribal people.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The vegetation of the protected area includes Anogeissus pendula forest and scrub, Boswellia and Butea forest, dry savanna forest and <strong>grassland</strong> and <strong>tropical riverine forest</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'african-cheetahs-to-be-introduced-in-india', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c91d/9plibgtx9w7uo496g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c91d/9plibgtx9w7uo496g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'African Cheetahs to be introduced in India', 'metakeyword' => 'African Cheetahs to be introduced in India', 'metadescription' => 'The Supreme Court has allowed the Centre to reintroduce the African cheetah to a suitable habitat in India. Reintroduction of a species means releasing it', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/j9lk9iwk21nksmq/African_Cheetahs_to_be_introduced_in_India.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 3718, 'title' => 'Kerala opposes alternate route bypassing Bandipur', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Kerala government has opposed in the Supreme Court an alternative route proposed by Karnataka to bypass the night-time traffic ban on the National Highway 212 through the Bandipur National Park.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Karnataka government had banned night time traffic through Bandipur National Park that connects Kerala with the cites of Mysore and Bangalore.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kerala submitted that the alternative route goes through the <strong>Nagarhole</strong> Tiger Reserve in Karnataka and <strong>Tholpetty</strong> wildlife sanctuary in Kerala.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It said that the the ban on night traffic through <strong>NH 212</strong> issued by the District Magistrate was without any study or preparation. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mudumalai, Bandipur Tiger Reserves and Wayanad Wildlife sanctuary make one contiguous tiger territory and tigers move freely within this area. It is illogical and inappropriate to impose enhanced level of restriction only in one part of this tiger territory to protect tigers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kerala argued that, if at all any restrictions of vehicular movement is to be done in wildlife areas, it should be done uniformly across the country under the relevant laws such as the Wildlife Protection Act and not under the Motor Vehicles Act.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bandipur National Park</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bandipur National Park established in 1974 as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger, is a national park located in Karnataka, which is the state with the second highest tiger population in India. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Along with adjacent Nagarhole National Park it is one of the premier Tiger Reserves in the country. It was once a private hunting reserve for the Maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore but has now been upgraded to Bandipur Tiger Reserve.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bandipur is known for its wildlife and has many types of biomes, but dry deciduous forest is dominant. It is a part of<strong> Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The park has a variety of biomes including dry deciduous forests, moist deciduous forests and shrublands. The wide range of habitats help support a diverse range of organisms. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The park is flanked by the <strong>Kabini</strong> river in the north and the <strong>Moyar</strong> river in the south. The <strong>Nugu</strong> river runs through the park. The highest point in the park is on a hill called <strong>Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'kerala-opposes-alternate-route', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7d73/1bxt8jdo2fywra26g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7d73/1bxt8jdo2fywra26g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Kerala opposes alternate route bypassing Bandipur', 'metakeyword' => 'Kerala opposes alternate route bypassing Bandipur', 'metadescription' => 'The Kerala government has opposed in the Supreme Court an alternative route proposed by Karnataka to bypass the night-time traffic ban on the National', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3bizfr6fibhjxja/Kerala_opposes_alternate_route_bypassing_Bandipur.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 3755, 'title' => 'Moyar river bridge', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An illegally constructed bridge along the Moyar River in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) by a section of residents of a village will have a huge impact on the ecosystem and could lead to a boom in tourism in the region, warn conservationists.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bridge built with stones across the river has not been approved by the Forest Department.The bridge blocks the natural flow of water along the Moyar, one of the two rivers emptying into the Bhavani Sagar dam.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This bridge will impact the riverine ecosystem, home to otters, marsh crocodiles and a variety of unique species of fish and other aquatic life.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conservationists say that even the Forest Department cannot grant permission to build a structure without the clearance of the Ministry of Environment and Forest as the area is in a tiger reserve.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The village is still classified as a reserve forest and non-forest activities are completely prohibited.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Moyar river</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Mayar/Moyar</strong> River is one of the tributaries of the <strong>Bhavani</strong> in Tamil Nadu. It forms a natural line of separation between the state of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and a separation between the forest of <strong>Bandipur National Park</strong> and the <strong>Mudumalai sanctuary</strong> to the south. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is checked by Bhavanisagar Dam on the plains near Satyamangalam, along with the Bhavani River.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mudumalai National Park</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mudumalai National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary also a declared tiger reserve, lies on the northwestern side of the Nilgiri Hills (Blue Mountains), in Nilgiri District, in Tamil Nadu. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It shares its boundaries with the states of Karnataka and Kerala. The sanctuary is divided into <strong>five</strong> ranges – <strong>Masinagudi, Thepakadu, Mudumalai, Kargudi </strong>and<strong> Nellakota.</strong></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protected area is home to several endangered and vulnerable species including<strong> Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, gaur </strong>and<strong> Indian leopard</strong>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are at least 266 species of birds in the sanctuary, including critically endangered Indian white-rumped vulture and long-billed vulture.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are three main types of forest in the sanctuary: <strong>tropical moist deciduous</strong> occur in the western Benne Block, where rainfall is higher than in the other blocks. <strong>Tropical dry deciduous forest</strong> occurs in the middle and <strong>southern tropical dry thorn forests</strong> are in the east.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition there are patches of <strong>tropical</strong> <strong>semi-evergreen forest</strong> in the southwest and western part of Mudumalai.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'moyar-river-bridge', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/93be/desr1vqvz441adg6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/93be/desr1vqvz441adg6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Moyar river bridge | Moyar River in the Mudumalai ', 'metakeyword' => 'Moyar river bridge, Moyar River in the Mudumalai, Moyar River in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve', 'metadescription' => 'An illegally constructed bridge along the Moyar River in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) by a section of residents of a village will have a huge impact on the ecosystem and could lead', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0ghixn96yi8p0uz/Moyar_river_bridge.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 3754, 'title' => 'Highway threatens Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> A new highway project has been cleared through yet another tiger reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, the Pakke Tiger Reserve.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government had previously allowed construction of a highway thorugh Namdapha National Park, India’s easternmost tiger reserve.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Documents received in response to an RTI inquiry by reveal that the government in the State plans to build a 692.7 km highway through the 862 sq km Pakke Tiger Reserve (PTR) in <strong>East Kameng</strong> district.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Named the East-West Industrial Corridor, the highway aims to connect Bhairabhunda in West Kameng district and Manmao in Changlang district along Arunachal Pradesh’s border with Assam. The project makes no mention of compensation for people likely to be displaced.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The proposed highway had been realigned to bisect PTR after the NHPC turned down the original proposal to let the corridor pass near its hydroelectric project on the <strong>Subansiri</strong> River.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pakke Tiger Reserve</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakke Tiger Reserve, also known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve, is a Project Tiger reserve in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This Tiger Reserve has won India Biodiversity Award 2016 in the category of 'Conservation of threatened species' for its Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is bounded by <strong>Bhareli</strong> or <strong>Kameng</strong> River in the west and north, and by <strong>Pakke</strong> River in the east. Towards the south and south-east, the sanctuary adjoins reserve forests and Assam's<strong> Nameri National Park</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At least 40 mammal species occur in Pakhui Tiger Reserve (PTR). Three large cats - the <strong>Bengal tiger, Indian leopard </strong>and<strong> clouded leopard</strong> share space with two canids – the <strong>wild dog </strong>and<strong> Asiatic jackal</strong>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the herbivore species, elephant, barking deer, gaur, and sambar are most commonly encountered. The commonest monkeys are the Rhesus macaque, Assamese macaque and the capped langur.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'highway-threatens-pakke-tiger-reserve-in-ap', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c560/x4b65xfma4201yy6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c560/x4b65xfma4201yy6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Highway threatens Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh', 'metakeyword' => 'Highway threatens Pakke Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh', 'metadescription' => ' A new highway project has been cleared through yet another tiger reserve in Arunachal Pradesh, the Pakke Tiger Reserve.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qjnwtkyyjgio34m/Highway_threatens_Pakke_Tiger_Reserve_in_Arunachal_Pradesh.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 3836, 'title' => 'Eravikulam National Park', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Eravikulam National Park is one of the last surviving habitat of Nilgiri Tahr, a species of mountainous goat endemic to Nilgiris.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prior to 1971, the area was managed as a game preserve by the Kanan Devan Hills Produce Company. The government of Kerala resumed control in 1971 (Kannan Devan Hill Produce (Resumption of lands) Act, 1971), and declared the Eravikulam-Rajamala Wildlife Sanctuary in 1975 to protect the habitat of the endangered Nilgiri tahr. It became a National Park in 1978.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eravikulam National Park is a national park located along the Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala . It is the first national park in Kerala.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The terrain consists of high altitude grasslands interspersed with sholas. Anamudi, 2,695 meters, the highest peak in India south of the Himalayas is inside this park. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many perennial streams criss-cross the park. They merge to form tributaries of the Periyar river in the west and of the Cauvery River in the east.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Twenty six species of mammals have been recorded in the park including the largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr, estimated at about 750 individuals. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other ungulates are lion-tailed macaques, gaur, Indian muntjac and sambar deer. Golden jackal, jungle cat, wild dog, dhole, leopard and tiger are the main predators. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some little-known animals such as Nilgiri langur, stripe-necked mongoose, Indian porcupine, Nilgiri marten, small clawed otter, ruddy mongoose, and dusky palm squirrel are also found. Elephants make seasonal visits.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">132 species of birds have been recorded which include endemics like black-and-orange flycatcher, Nilgiri pipit, Nilgiri wood pigeon, white bellied shortwing, Nilgiri flycatcher and Kerala laughingthrush.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Endemic butterflies confined to the shola-grass land ecosystem like the red disk bushbrown and Palni fourring are among the 101 species in the park.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Three major types of plant communities are found in the Park i.e grasslands, shrublands and forests. The terrain above 2000m is covered primarily by grasslands.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'eravikulam-national-park', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c6bd/kd7oe3p1dt5r9r86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c6bd/kd7oe3p1dt5r9r86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Eravikulam National Park', 'metakeyword' => 'Eravikulam National Park', 'metadescription' => 'The Eravikulam National Park is one of the last surviving habitat of Nilgiri Tahr, a species of mountainous goat endemic to Nilgiris.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/xl3tzbq7ol9rdh1/Eravikulam_National_Park.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 4163, 'title' => 'Tiger dies in Pench reserve', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The death of a 10-year-old ailing male tiger, in the Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) due to respiratory illness has brought the focus on COVID-19 pandemic, which has been found to infect Tigers.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A report of a confirmed COVID-19 infection in a tiger at the Bronx Zoo, in New York, United States has created doubts in mind of officials regarding the nature of the infection.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Swabs from the throat and nose to test for rhinotracheitis, a viral infection that afflicts cats and causes respiratory illness were collected.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, it was unlikely to be enough to test for COVID and given the remoteness of the forests and lockdown in effect, would likely degrade and be unsuitable for testing.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The directive to Wildlife Wardens in States and reserves adds that tigers ought to be observed for symptoms consistent with COVID-19 such as respiratory signs of nasal discharge, coughing and laboured breathing and that personnel handling tigers have to be ascertained negative.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pench Tiger Reserve</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pench Tiger Reserve or Pench National Park is one of the premier tiger reserves of India and the first one to straddle across two states - <strong>Madhya</strong> <strong>Pradesh</strong> and <strong>Maharashtra</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pench Tiger Reserve comprises the Indira Priyadarshini <strong>Pench National Park</strong>, the <strong>Pench Mowgli Sanctuary</strong> and a buffer.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pench Tiger reserve recorded <strong>highest number of tigers in India</strong>. It derives its name from its life line-the <strong>River Pench</strong>. Inside the park, the river flows from North to South before going on to join the<strong> Kanhan River</strong>, while splitting the Park into two, and forming the boundary of Seoni District and Chhindwara District districts of Madhya Pradesh.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The general topography of Pench Tiger Reserve is mostly undulating, characterised by small ridges and hills having steep slopes, with a number of seasonal streams and nullahs carving the terrain into many folds and furrows, a result of the folding and upheavals of the past. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Central Indian Highlands have a tropical monsoonal climate, with a distinct monsoon (July to September), winter (November to February) and summer (April to June).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The mean annual rainfall is around 1400 mm, with the south-west monsoon accounting for most of the rainfall in the region.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'tiger-dies-in-pench-reserve', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2e21/bxi2hnanv27446h6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2e21/bxi2hnanv27446h6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Tiger dies in Pench reserve', 'metakeyword' => 'Tiger dies in Pench reserve', 'metadescription' => 'The death of a 10-year-old ailing male tiger, in the Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) due to respiratory illness has brought the focus on COVID-19 pandemic, which has been', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/r5cg23njoc3c7ot/2.Tiger_dies_in_Pench_reserve.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary', 'keyword' => 'national-park-and-wildlife-sanctuary', 'id' => (int) 4487, 'title' => 'Tiger population rises in Sunderbans', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest estimation of tiger numbers in the Indian Sunderbans indicates an increase in the population of big cats. According to the West Bengal Forest Department, the tiger count for the year 2019-20 rose to 96, from 88 in 2018-19.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunderbans delta, spread over India and Bangladesh, is the only mangrove forest in the world inhabited by tigers.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The increase in the number by eight was significant as it was the biggest annual jump reported from the Sunderbans. Previously, the highest yearly increase of tigers in the Sunderbans had been seven.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The estimation revealed that of the 96 tigers, 23 were identified as male and 43 as female, while the sex of 30 big cats could not be determined. The survey also revealed the presence of 11 tiger cubs. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunderban mangrove forest is spread over 2,585 sq. km and includes the Sundarban Tiger Reserve and the 24 Parganas (South) Division. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While 23 tigers were found in 24 Parganas (South) Division, 73 big cats were recorded inside the four divisions of the Sunderban Tiger Reserve.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Estimation of the number of tigers in the Sunderbans, a world heritage as well as a Ramsar site, has always been a challenge because of the difficult terrain that comprises dense mangrove forests, with creeks and rivulets, and floods twice a day during the high tides.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Sunderbans</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the <strong>Ganges</strong>, <strong>Brahmaputra</strong> and <strong>Meghna</strong> Rivers in the Bay of Bengal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It spans from the <strong>Hooghly</strong> River in India's state of West Bengal to the <strong>Baleswar</strong> River in Bangladesh. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, agriculturally used land, mudflats and barren land, and is intersected by multiple tidal streams and channels. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as <strong>UNESCO</strong> <strong>World</strong> <strong>Heritage</strong> <strong>Sites</strong>, viz <strong>Sundarbans National Park</strong>,<strong> Sundarbans West</strong>, <strong>Sundarbans</strong> <strong>South</strong> and <strong>Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuaries</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'tiger-population-rises-in-sunderbans', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Tiger population rises in Sunderbans', 'metakeyword' => 'Tiger population rises in Sunderbans', 'metadescription' => 'The latest estimation of tiger numbers in the Indian Sunderbans indicates an increase in the population of big cats. 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According to the West Bengal Forest Department, the tiger count for the year 2019-20 rose to 96, from 88 in 2018-19.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunderbans delta, spread over India and Bangladesh, is the only mangrove forest in the world inhabited by tigers.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The increase in the number by eight was significant as it was the biggest annual jump reported from the Sunderbans. Previously, the highest yearly increase of tigers in the Sunderbans had been seven.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The estimation revealed that of the 96 tigers, 23 were identified as male and 43 as female, while the sex of 30 big cats could not be determined. The survey also revealed the presence of 11 tiger cubs. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunderban mangrove forest is spread over 2,585 sq. km and includes the Sundarban Tiger Reserve and the 24 Parganas (South) Division. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While 23 tigers were found in 24 Parganas (South) Division, 73 big cats were recorded inside the four divisions of the Sunderban Tiger Reserve.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Estimation of the number of tigers in the Sunderbans, a world heritage as well as a Ramsar site, has always been a challenge because of the difficult terrain that comprises dense mangrove forests, with creeks and rivulets, and floods twice a day during the high tides.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Sunderbans</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sundarbans is a mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the <strong>Ganges</strong>, <strong>Brahmaputra</strong> and <strong>Meghna</strong> Rivers in the Bay of Bengal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It spans from the <strong>Hooghly</strong> River in India's state of West Bengal to the <strong>Baleswar</strong> River in Bangladesh. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It comprises closed and open mangrove forests, agriculturally used land, mudflats and barren land, and is intersected by multiple tidal streams and channels. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as <strong>UNESCO</strong> <strong>World</strong> <strong>Heritage</strong> <strong>Sites</strong>, viz <strong>Sundarbans National Park</strong>,<strong> Sundarbans West</strong>, <strong>Sundarbans</strong> <strong>South</strong> and <strong>Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuaries</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'tiger-population-rises-in-sunderbans', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Tiger population rises in Sunderbans', 'metakeyword' => 'Tiger population rises in Sunderbans', 'metadescription' => 'The latest estimation of tiger numbers in the Indian Sunderbans indicates an increase in the population of big cats. 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