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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Nanotechnology
Scientists develop microbial fuel cell to treat textile wastewater
Tags: Biotechnology, Nanotechnology
Published on: 03 February 2019
IIT Madras converts petroleum waste toluene into useful product
Tags: Nanotechnology
Published on: 30 March 2019
IIT Madras to set up India’s first Cold Spray SMART Lab
Tags: Nanotechnology
Published on: 10 April 2019
Scientists develop Ultrasensitive Quantum Thermometer
Tags: Nanotechnology
Published on: 29 April 2019
Scientists develop plastic that can be recycled indefinitely
Tags: Nanotechnology
Published on: 16 May 2019
Scientists develop cancer cell detection ‘dots’ from coal
Tags: Nanotechnology
Published on: 20 June 2019
Researchers develop highly sensitive Hydrogen sensors
Tags: Nanotechnology
Published on: 26 August 2019
Differential water-wetting behaviour used for anti-counterfeiting measure
Tags: Nanotechnology
Published on: 05 January 2020
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>How Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) works?</strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In this fuel cell, carefully selected cohort of bacteria is made to act on the textile wastewater placed in it. These bacteria are isolated from very wastewater they are meant to degrade. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They feed on organic material in water and break it down under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions, releasing electrons in process. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The electrons are collected at anode which results in current in circuit. The bacteria forms biofilm on anode making collection of electrons easy at anode.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During this entire process, bacteria act on wastewater and purify it and waste is segregated in the cell. For example, dye present in wastewater is broken to simpler form.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At present this technology has been tested in 200 litre capacity prototype, which can can generate power of around 1 watt per square-metre.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists are also incorporating nanotechnology in it, to add nanotech filter to improve process to keep thickness of biofilm within prescribed limit.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Facts</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Toluene was converted into benzoic acid through selective and controlled oxidation in presence of catalyst — binaphthyl-stabilised platinum nanoparticles (Pt-BNP).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Generally, organic reactions are carried out using organic solvents, which makes it expensive and also generates toxic waste. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">To overcome this problem, scientists used water as solvent to make it environment-friendly. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, green oxidant (70% aqueous tert-butyl hydroperoxide-TBHP) was also used for converting toluene into benzoic acid.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The use of Pt-BNP only produces benzoic acid and no other byproducts such as alcohol, aldehyde or ester is produced which are usually produced when toluene is oxidized.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Discovery</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this extreme conditions, potassium entered into so called chain-melted state, in which atomic chains dissolved into liquid and remaining potassium crystals stayed solid. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This created state in which most of element's atoms form solid lattice structure which is partly solid and partly liquid and represented new stable state of matter.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under the right conditions, over half dozen elements, including sodium and bismuth are capable of existing in newly discovered state of matter. </span></span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'IIT Madras to set up India’s first Cold Spray SMART Lab',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Institute of Technology Madras has established ‘Cold Spray’ SMART (Surface Modification and Additive Research Technologies) Laboratory in collaboration with American conglomerate General Electric (GE). It is <strong>first of its kind High-Pressure Cold Spray (HPCS) facility</strong> in India that will be utilised to develop processes for <em>aero-engine applications</em>. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cold Spray SMART Lab</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The project is funded under Central Government’s ‘Uchchatar Avishkar Yojana’ (UAY), which is intended to boost collaboration between academia and private sector. Union Ministry of Human Resources Development was key investor along with Department of Science and Technology (DST), IIT Madras, and GE.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The laboratory consists of state-of-the-art High-Pressure Cold Spray (HPCS) equipment imported from Plasma Giken, Japan. It will help in strengthening MRO ecosystem in the country. It will also help to develop advanced technology expertise and skill development of engineers in additive technology.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">High pressure cold spray </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is different from other widely used thermal spray processes. In it, there is no melting and oxidation of powders. It produces high quality coatings. Moreover, deposition rates using it are very high which leads to less powder wastage and it can be used for additive manufacturing and repair of components. It has huge potential for depositing protective coatings and repair of components. The technology is already being used for repair of worn out components for defense applications</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Scientists develop Ultrasensitive Quantum Thermometer',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Researchers from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delh have developed ultrasensitive quantum thermometer which can measure very minute micro Kelvin changes in temperature and has quick response time. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ultrasensitive quantum thermometer </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been developed using graphene quantum dots (GQDs) consisting of graphene oxide and mixed with ceramic (aluminium oxide) to produce.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> This thermometer has high sensitivity in measuring different temperatures and can measure very minute (micro Kelvin) changes in temperature. It has extreme quick response time of just about 300 milliseconds (msecs) to register change in temperature from 27 degree C to –196 degree C.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Applications:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The device can be used in cryogenic temperature sensing. It will be useful in pharmaceutical industry, healthcare to measure incubation temperature of biological cells and molecules and automobile industry to measure ignition temperature within internal combustion engine (ICE).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are semiconductor nanoparticles or nanocrystals, usually in range of 2-10 nanometers (10-50 atoms) in size. They are sometimes referred as ‘artificial atoms’. They are miniscule fragments, limited in size, or domains, of single-layer to tens of layers of graphene. They less toxic have photoluminescence, chemical stability. They are widely used for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Scientists develop plastic that can be recycled indefinitely',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists from US have created next-generation plastic named as Poly(Diketoenamine), or PDK that can be fully recycled for indefinite times. It can be fully recycled into new materials of any colour, shape, or form, without loss of performance or quality. It can also be disassembled into its constituent parts at the molecular level.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Problem with conventional Plastics</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">All conventional plastics are made up of large molecules called polymers, which are composed of repeating units of shorter carbon-containing compounds called monomers.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">However, the problem with them is that the chemicals are added to give them specific characteristics — rigidity or flexibility. But these chemicals binds tightly to monomers and stay in the plastic even after it is been processed at recycling plant.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During processing, plastics with different chemical compositions are mixed together and ground into bits. After these mishmash plastics are melted to make new material, it is difficult to predict what properties it will inherit from the original plastic.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">PDK Plastics</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Unlike conventional plastics, monomers of PDK plastic could be recovered and freed from any compounded additives simply by putting material in highly acidic solution. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The acid breaks down PDK polymers into monomers and also allows monomers to be separated from entwined chemical additives that give plastic its look and feel.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Thus, PDK plastic can be disassembled into its constituent parts at molecular level and then reassembled into different shape, texture, and color again and again without loss of performance or quality.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It can find its applications in textiles, 3D printing, and foams. Besides, future research of incorporating PDK plastics with plant-based materials and other sustainable sources is undertaken to make it more environment friendly.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists from CSIR-NEIST Assam have developed chemical process that turns ‘dirty’ coal into biomedical ‘carbon quantum dots (CQDs)’ to help detect cancer cells.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What are CQDs?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CQDs are carbon-based nanomaterials whose size is less than 10 nm, or nanometre. They are used as diagnostic tools for bio-imaging, especially in detecting cancer cells, for chemical sensing and in opto-electronics</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CQDs developed by CSIR-NEIST </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is made from cheap, abundant, low-quality and high-sulphur coals. It has high-stability, good-conductivity, low-toxicity, environmental friendliness, and good optical properties. It has fluorescent, bluish colour. Its price is one-twentieth the cost of imported CQDs. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Researchers develop highly sensitive Hydrogen sensors',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">A sensor that can detect hydrogen gas even when present at extremely low concentration of 1 part per million (ppm) has been developed by researchers at the <strong>Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Jodhpur</strong> in collaboration with <strong>IIT Hyderabad</strong>.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A hydrogen sensor is a gas detector that detects the presence of hydrogen. They contain micro-fabricated point-contact hydrogen sensors and are used to locate hydrogen leaks. They are considered low-cost, compact, durable, and easy to maintain as compared to conventional gas detecting instruments.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The developed sensor has 30% sensitivity to detect hydrogen at 1 ppm concentration and as high as 74% sensitivity when the concentration of the gas is 100 ppm. It takes about 25 seconds to detect hydrogen.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Carbon nanofibres with minute pores are decorated on the zinc oxide semiconductor. The carbon nanofibres increase adsorption of oxygen on the surface of the semiconductor. More oxygen adsorbed would mean the number of electrons available for conduction is reduced leading to increased resistance.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Hydrogen reacts with the adsorbed oxygen (to produce water molecule) thereby making more electrons available for current conduction..</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">In the presence of hydrogen the resistance reduces drastically leading to more current flow, thus suggesting hydrogen gas leakage. When hydrogen is removed, the resistance goes back to the initial state.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The researchers are able to activate the chemical reaction at a relatively lower temperature as carbon nanofibres are used. The nanomaterial increases the surface area and acts as a catalyst to reduce the activation energy.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Importance of discovery</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Hydrogen gas is a pollution-free, renewable source of energy and is seen as a fuel of choice in the future. However, hydrogen is highly explosive and flammable in nature. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">It is a small molecule and can readily mix with air but detecting hydrogen gas leakage become quite difficult particularly as it is colourless and tasteless. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">A sensor that can detect hydrogen even when present at very low concentration becomes essential. And this is where the current work becomes important.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Nanotechnology',
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'id' => (int) 2493,
'title' => 'Oral capsule for insulin intake',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have designed an oral capsule which can deliver insulin and other drugs, that otherwise have to be injected, directly to the lining of the small intestine and release them for uptake into the bloodstream.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many drugs, especially those made of proteins, cannot be taken orally because they are broken down in the gastrointestinal tract before they can take effect.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have designed a new drug capsule that can carry insulin or other protein drugs and protect them from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the capsule reaches the small intestine, it breaks down to reveal dissolvable micro-needles that attach to the intestinal wall and release drug for uptake into the bloodstream.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During tests in pigs, the researchers showed that this capsule could load a comparable amount of insulin to that of an injection, enabling fast uptake into the bloodstream after the micro-needles were released.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To allow their capsule to reach the small intestine and perform these micro-injections, the researchers coated it with a polymer that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach, which has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the capsule reaches the small intestine, the higher pH (around 6) triggers it to break open and three folded arms inside the capsule spring open and attach the needles to the lining to deliver insulin.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Nanotechnology',
'keyword' => 'nanotechnology',
'id' => (int) 2596,
'title' => 'Sensor detects zinc in sweat and soil',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at IIT-Bombay have fabricated a highly sensitive sensor that can detect real-time the presence of zinc over a wide concentration range of 0.1-500 ppm.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Zinc (Zn) is one of the eight essential micronutrients. It is needed by plants in small amounts, but yet crucial to plant development. It plays an important role in a wide range of processes, such as growth hormone production and internode elongation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The electrochemical sensor can be used for detecting zinc in the soil even in the presence of other elements and also at minute levels as seen in human sweat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sensor is mechanically sturdy and so the signal response remains unaffected even when the sensor is bent 180 degrees. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sensor can also be employed over 4-7 pH range, indicating its usefulness for both sweat-based physiological sensing and soil-nutrient assessment.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers are able to detect extremely low concentration (0.1 ppm) of zinc because of the very high surface area and electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Accurate determination of zinc in soil samples will help in soil-nutrient assessment and prevent overuse of fertilisers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Measuring zinc in sweat samples can help signal early onset of muscular fatigue. It can be used as a non-invasive point-of-care sensor. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sensor requires only few microliters of analyte, thus making it possible to detect zinc in sweat samples.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Nanotechnology',
'keyword' => 'nanotechnology',
'id' => (int) 2904,
'title' => 'Material that captures toxic air pollutants',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A team of scientists has developed a metal-organic framework (MOF) material that provides a selective, fully reversible and repeatable capability to capture a toxic air pollutant, nitrogen dioxide, produced by combusting diesel and other fossil fuels.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Capturing greenhouse and toxic gases from the atmosphere has been a challenge because of their relatively low concentrations and because water in the air competes with and can often negatively affect the separation of targeted gas molecules from other gases.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The material then requires only water and air to convert the captured gas into nitric acid for industrial use.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mechanism for the record-breaking gas uptake by the MOFcould lead to air pollution control and remediation technologies that cost-effectively remove the pollutant from the air and convert it into nitric acid for use in producing fertilizer, rocket propellant, nylon and other products.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The material, denoted as MFM-520, can capture atmospheric nitrogen dioxide at ambient pressures and temperatures, even at low concentrations and during flow in the presence of moisture, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the highly reactive nature of the pollutant, MFM-520 proved capable of being fully regenerated multiple times by degassing or by treatment with water from the air.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists used a chemical analysis technique called neutron spectroscopy, and computational techniques to precisely characterise how the new material captured nitrogen dioxide molecules.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ability of neutrons to penetrate solid metal to probe the interactions between the nitrogen dioxide molecules and MFM-520 is helping the researchers validate a computer model of MOF gas separation and conversion processes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such a model could help predict how to produce and tailor other materials to capture a variety of different gases.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Nanotechnology',
'keyword' => 'nanotechnology',
'id' => (int) 3168,
'title' => 'Using plant extract, heat to kill cancer cells',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from IIT-Hyderabad have found that lipid-based nanoparticles encapsulating chlorophyll-rich extract of a medicinal plant Anthocephalus cadamba and a near-infrared dye can selectively kill cancer cells when exposed to near-infrared light.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unlike the conventional photothermal therapy that relies on heat to kill cancerous cells, the researchers used heat generated by the dye when exposed to light to destroy the encapsulation and release the extract.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The plant extract generated excess amount of reactive oxygen species, which caused cell death through autophagy (body’s way of removing damaged cells).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The extract showed selectivity in killing only cancer cells but its usage in normal cells caused insignificant cell death. The reason is that the extract did not increase the amount of reactive oxygen species generated inside normal cells thus not causing them through autophagy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers optimised the amount of dye used and the duration of illumination so that the thermal effect is mainly for triggering the release of the extract.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When photothermal therapy alone was used, nearly 50% cancer cells died in about 24 hours. But 45% cancer cells grew back in about a day. But there was no significant growth (about 7.5%) of cancer cells even 48 hours when photothermal therapy was used along with the extract.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Autophagy-mediated cell death was confirmed by using a particular protein that serves as an autophagy marker. The protein marker produced varied depending on the amount of extract used.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tumour volume reduced significantly when treated with the extract along with photothermal therapy compared with controls and cells treated with the extract alone. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanoparticles from extract had no ill effects on body weight of the individual, indicating biocompatibility.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Nanotechnology',
'keyword' => 'nanotechnology',
'id' => (int) 3284,
'title' => 'Differential water-wetting behaviour used for anti-counterfeiting measure',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati have developed a new approach to anti-counterfeiting measures. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have developed a smart interface embedded with two different water wettabilities, extremely water repelling (superhydrophobic) and extremely water loving (superhydrophilic), which can hide information or make it visible under certain definite conditions.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adding a layer of complexity, the researchers used a molecular printer to imprint a pattern of micron size that will become visible only when dipped in water or when moist air is blown.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The coating is not only hydrophobic but is also reactive. Taking advantage of the reactive surface of the coating, the researchers used a chemical (glucamine) to write letters on the coated surface. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The glucamine-treated region becomes selectively and extremely water-loving (superhydrophilic) and hence becomes visible to the naked eyes when dipped in water or when moist air is blown.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the rest of the hydrophobic region of the coated surface is still chemically reactive, they modified it using another chemical (octadecylamine) to make the surface chemically inert.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The pattern which is highly water-loving allows water to get in thus allowing light to pass through without much scattering. This makes the pattern visible when it is wet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rest of the region is highly water-repelling so there is trapped air that scatters light and hence remains opaque.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team found the patterned coating to be physically durable even when exposed to a very high (100 degree C) and very low temperature (10 degree C).</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Nanotechnology',
'keyword' => 'nanotechnology',
'id' => (int) 3423,
'title' => 'Removing heavy metals from water',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at IIT- Bombay have successfully removed heavy metals such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium and mercury from waste water with very high efficiency.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The carbon-based nanostructure that the team fabricated shows 80-90% adsorption efficiency for all the four heavy metals studied.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No electricity is required for the nanostructure to remove heavy metals from water as it allows for gravity-driven purification of the water. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanostructures can be recycled and reused multiple times. While there is an initial drop of about 8% after the first cycle, the efficiency remains constant at 75-85% in the subsequent cycles. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The carbon nanostructure is able to adsorb the heavy metals in the wide range of pH conditions, pH 2 to 13. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanostructure is obtained through a single-step process of chemical vapour deposition followed by removing the silica template.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reason it shows very high adsorption efficiency is its hydrophilic [water-loving nature] nature that allows for extensive and rapid interaction between the heavy metal-containing water and the carbon nanostructure.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the four heavy metals to get adsorbed on the nanostructure the water has to be in contact with the nanostructure for at least 32 seconds.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the heavy metals chemically react and bind to the surface of the nanostructure, they do not leach back into the water. They can be recovered by treating the nanostructure with mild acid.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team tested the ability of the structure to adsorb heavy metals in industrial effluent over a range of pH conditions (pH 2-13). The industrial effluent was simulated by mixing 100 ppm of each metal.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Nanotechnology',
'keyword' => 'nanotechnology',
'id' => (int) 3946,
'title' => 'Superhydrophobic coating to save metallic surfaces',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fascinated by the beauty of water rolling off a lotus leaf, a team of chemical engineers has now created a similar superhydrophobic coating that can be used to save steel from rusting.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team from the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, and Ohio State University used polyurethane and silicon dioxide nanoparticles to create the coating which can be easily spin-coated on steel.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The coating can be done on other metallic surfaces, such as aluminum, copper, brass. They have also successfully developed superhydrophobic coatings for glass, cloth, paper and wood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before applying the coating, the team created a roughness on the steel using a chemical etching process to improve the adhesion strength. Without this, the coating tends to easily peal off due to smoothness of steel.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also tried different methods for the application of the coat on steel and found that spin coating was advantageous and cost-effective compared to immersion coating and spray coating. Spin coating dried quickly and the thickness of the coat could be controlled easily.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The surface of the coating was found to have superhydrophobic property. The coating was also chemically stable in both acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 8) conditions for more than six weeks. It also exhibited thermal stability up to 230 degree C.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mechanical stability of the coating was tested with water jet, floating, bending, sand abrasion tests and was found to be highly stable.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another useful property exhibited by the coating was of self-cleaning. When water droplets were made to fall on an uncoated surface they stuck to it and made a messy surface. However, in the case of a coated sample, water droplets roll away while collecting dust from the surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The chemicals used to make the coating are easily available in our country and they are environmental friendly too. When mass-produced on commercial scale, the cost of coating will further reduce.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Now the team is working on developing an antimicrobial superhydrophobic coating for biomedical applications.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fascinated by the beauty of water rolling off a lotus leaf, a team of chemical engineers has now created a similar superhydrophobic coating that can be used to save steel from rusting.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The coating can be done on other metallic surfaces, such as aluminum, copper, brass. They have also successfully developed superhydrophobic coatings for glass, cloth, paper and wood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before applying the coating, the team created a roughness on the steel using a chemical etching process to improve the adhesion strength. Without this, the coating tends to easily peal off due to smoothness of steel.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also tried different methods for the application of the coat on steel and found that spin coating was advantageous and cost-effective compared to immersion coating and spray coating. Spin coating dried quickly and the thickness of the coat could be controlled easily.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The surface of the coating was found to have superhydrophobic property. The coating was also chemically stable in both acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 8) conditions for more than six weeks. It also exhibited thermal stability up to 230 degree C.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mechanical stability of the coating was tested with water jet, floating, bending, sand abrasion tests and was found to be highly stable.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another useful property exhibited by the coating was of self-cleaning. When water droplets were made to fall on an uncoated surface they stuck to it and made a messy surface. However, in the case of a coated sample, water droplets roll away while collecting dust from the surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The chemicals used to make the coating are easily available in our country and they are environmental friendly too. When mass-produced on commercial scale, the cost of coating will further reduce.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Now the team is working on developing an antimicrobial superhydrophobic coating for biomedical applications.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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wastewater', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have developed microbial fuel cell (MFC) to treat textile wastewater and generate power during degradation process. It uses simple principle to degrade wastewater. This energy-efficient technology can be also used with any other industrial wastewater.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>How Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) works?</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In this fuel cell, carefully selected cohort of bacteria is made to act on the textile wastewater placed in it. These bacteria are isolated from very wastewater they are meant to degrade. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They feed on organic material in water and break it down under anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions, releasing electrons in process. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The electrons are collected at anode which results in current in circuit. The bacteria forms biofilm on anode making collection of electrons easy at anode.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During this entire process, bacteria act on wastewater and purify it and waste is segregated in the cell. For example, dye present in wastewater is broken to simpler form.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At present this technology has been tested in 200 litre capacity prototype, which can can generate power of around 1 watt per square-metre.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists are also incorporating nanotechnology in it, to add nanotech filter to improve process to keep thickness of biofilm within prescribed limit.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'microbial-fuel-cell-to-treat-textile-wastewater', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/edf9/fwqy46c1ew91btc6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/edf9/fwqy46c1ew91btc6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientist develop microbial fuel cell to treat textile wastewater', 'metakeyword' => 'Scientist develop microbial fuel cell to treat textile wastewater', 'metadescription' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Scientists develop microbial fuel cell to treat textile wastewater', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/4xom8zbmcip1h39/4.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 595, 'title' => 'IIT Madras converts petroleum waste toluene into useful product', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras have successfully converted petroleum waste-product toluene into benzoic acid. It uses environment friendly conversion process by using green catalyst and water instead of organic acid as solvent. Benzoic acid is used as food preservative (E210) and medicine for fungal and bacterial infection.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Facts</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Toluene was converted into benzoic acid through selective and controlled oxidation in presence of catalyst — binaphthyl-stabilised platinum nanoparticles (Pt-BNP).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Generally, organic reactions are carried out using organic solvents, which makes it expensive and also generates toxic waste. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">To overcome this problem, scientists used water as solvent to make it environment-friendly. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, green oxidant (70% aqueous tert-butyl hydroperoxide-TBHP) was also used for converting toluene into benzoic acid.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The use of Pt-BNP only produces benzoic acid and no other byproducts such as alcohol, aldehyde or ester is produced which are usually produced when toluene is oxidized.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iit-madras-converts-petroleum-waste-toluene-into-useful-product', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6d4e/gv38ivqjhz6p6dt6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6d4e/gv38ivqjhz6p6dt6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'IIT Madras converts petroleum waste toluene into useful product', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, IIT Madras converts petroleum waste toluene into useful product', 'metadescription' => 'IIT Madras converts petroleum waste toluene into useful product. Scientists from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras have successfully converted petroleum', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ucqmbld3nvq57gb/IIT_Madras_converts.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 725, 'title' => 'Scientists discover new state of matter', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists have discovered new state of physical matter recently which is solid and liquid at the same time. The new state shows that atoms can exist as both solid and liquid simultaneously. Prior to this discovery, it was unclear if unusual structures represented distinct state of matter or existed as transition stages between two distinct states.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Discovery</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The new state of matter was discovered after applying high pressures (20,000 and 40,000 times atmospheric pressure) and temperatures ((260 to 980 degrees Fahrenheit), to Potassium (K), a simple metal. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this extreme conditions, potassium entered into so called chain-melted state, in which atomic chains dissolved into liquid and remaining potassium crystals stayed solid. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This created state in which most of element's atoms form solid lattice structure which is partly solid and partly liquid and represented new stable state of matter.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under the right conditions, over half dozen elements, including sodium and bismuth are capable of existing in newly discovered state of matter. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'scientists-discover-new-state-of-matter', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ea22/65b7uoba8l4pg9w6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ea22/65b7uoba8l4pg9w6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists discover new state of matter | Daily Current Affairs', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Scientists discover new state of matter', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists discover new state of matter, scientists have discovered new state of physical matter recently which is solid and liquid at the same time.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/xix76tcj987ukkz/Scientists_discover.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 723, 'title' => 'IIT Madras to set up India’s first Cold Spray SMART Lab', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Institute of Technology Madras has established ‘Cold Spray’ SMART (Surface Modification and Additive Research Technologies) Laboratory in collaboration with American conglomerate General Electric (GE). It is <strong>first of its kind High-Pressure Cold Spray (HPCS) facility</strong> in India that will be utilised to develop processes for <em>aero-engine applications</em>. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cold Spray SMART Lab</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The project is funded under Central Government’s ‘Uchchatar Avishkar Yojana’ (UAY), which is intended to boost collaboration between academia and private sector. Union Ministry of Human Resources Development was key investor along with Department of Science and Technology (DST), IIT Madras, and GE.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The laboratory consists of state-of-the-art High-Pressure Cold Spray (HPCS) equipment imported from Plasma Giken, Japan. It will help in strengthening MRO ecosystem in the country. It will also help to develop advanced technology expertise and skill development of engineers in additive technology.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">High pressure cold spray </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is different from other widely used thermal spray processes. In it, there is no melting and oxidation of powders. It produces high quality coatings. Moreover, deposition rates using it are very high which leads to less powder wastage and it can be used for additive manufacturing and repair of components. It has huge potential for depositing protective coatings and repair of components. The technology is already being used for repair of worn out components for defense applications</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iit-madras-set-up-india-first-cold-spray-mart-lab', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9804/cgaqudz0lb5pgd36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9804/cgaqudz0lb5pgd36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'IIT Madras to set up India’s first Cold Spray SMART Lab', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, IIT Madras to set up India’s first Cold Spray SMART Lab', 'metadescription' => 'IIT Madras to set up India’s first Cold Spray SMART Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Madras has established ‘Cold Spray’ SMART (Surface Modification and Additive Research Technologies) ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ullks6a1u9njaca/IIT_Madras_to_set_up_India_s.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 936, 'title' => 'Scientists develop Ultrasensitive Quantum Thermometer', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Researchers from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delh have developed ultrasensitive quantum thermometer which can measure very minute micro Kelvin changes in temperature and has quick response time. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ultrasensitive quantum thermometer </span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been developed using graphene quantum dots (GQDs) consisting of graphene oxide and mixed with ceramic (aluminium oxide) to produce.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> This thermometer has high sensitivity in measuring different temperatures and can measure very minute (micro Kelvin) changes in temperature. It has extreme quick response time of just about 300 milliseconds (msecs) to register change in temperature from 27 degree C to –196 degree C.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Applications:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The device can be used in cryogenic temperature sensing. It will be useful in pharmaceutical industry, healthcare to measure incubation temperature of biological cells and molecules and automobile industry to measure ignition temperature within internal combustion engine (ICE).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs)</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They are semiconductor nanoparticles or nanocrystals, usually in range of 2-10 nanometers (10-50 atoms) in size. They are sometimes referred as ‘artificial atoms’. They are miniscule fragments, limited in size, or domains, of single-layer to tens of layers of graphene. They less toxic have photoluminescence, chemical stability. They are widely used for biological, opto-electronics, energy and environmental applications.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ultrasensitive-quantum-thermometer', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fe63/eugapqbdcb532dr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fe63/eugapqbdcb532dr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists develop Ultrasensitive Quantum Thermometer', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Researchers, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delh, develop, ultrasensitive quantum thermometer, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) ', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delh have developed ultrasensitive quantum thermometer', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/iro4y5stacs2eqr/Scientists_develop.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 1107, 'title' => 'Scientists develop plastic that can be recycled indefinitely', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists from US have created next-generation plastic named as Poly(Diketoenamine), or PDK that can be fully recycled for indefinite times. It can be fully recycled into new materials of any colour, shape, or form, without loss of performance or quality. It can also be disassembled into its constituent parts at the molecular level.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Problem with conventional Plastics</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">All conventional plastics are made up of large molecules called polymers, which are composed of repeating units of shorter carbon-containing compounds called monomers.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">However, the problem with them is that the chemicals are added to give them specific characteristics — rigidity or flexibility. But these chemicals binds tightly to monomers and stay in the plastic even after it is been processed at recycling plant.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During processing, plastics with different chemical compositions are mixed together and ground into bits. After these mishmash plastics are melted to make new material, it is difficult to predict what properties it will inherit from the original plastic.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">PDK Plastics</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Unlike conventional plastics, monomers of PDK plastic could be recovered and freed from any compounded additives simply by putting material in highly acidic solution. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The acid breaks down PDK polymers into monomers and also allows monomers to be separated from entwined chemical additives that give plastic its look and feel.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Thus, PDK plastic can be disassembled into its constituent parts at molecular level and then reassembled into different shape, texture, and color again and again without loss of performance or quality.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It can find its applications in textiles, 3D printing, and foams. Besides, future research of incorporating PDK plastics with plant-based materials and other sustainable sources is undertaken to make it more environment friendly.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => ' pdk-plastic-recycled-indefinitely', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/23ca/7adgn78d814dxek6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/23ca/7adgn78d814dxek6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists develop plastic that can be recycled indefinitely', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Scientists,US, created, next-generation plastic,s Poly (Diketoenamine), PDK , fully , recycled, indefinite times', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists from US have created next-generation plastic named as Poly(Diketoenamine), or PDK  that can be fully recycled for indefinite times. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/38rycduaeojb78m/Scientists_develop.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 1491, 'title' => 'Scientists develop cancer cell detection ‘dots’ from coal', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists from CSIR-NEIST Assam have developed chemical process that turns ‘dirty’ coal into biomedical ‘carbon quantum dots (CQDs)’ to help detect cancer cells.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What are CQDs?</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CQDs are carbon-based nanomaterials whose size is less than 10 nm, or nanometre. They are used as diagnostic tools for bio-imaging, especially in detecting cancer cells, for chemical sensing and in opto-electronics</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CQDs developed by CSIR-NEIST </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is made from cheap, abundant, low-quality and high-sulphur coals. It has high-stability, good-conductivity, low-toxicity, environmental friendliness, and good optical properties. It has fluorescent, bluish colour. Its price is one-twentieth the cost of imported CQDs. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'scientists-develop-cancer-cell-detection-dots', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bb73/nyk1r7bdz1fdlfd6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bb73/nyk1r7bdz1fdlfd6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists develop cancer cell detection ‘dots’ from coal', 'metakeyword' => 'Scientists from CSIR-NEIST Assam have developed chemical process that turns ‘dirty’ coal into biomedical ‘carbon quantum dots (CQDs)’ to help detect cancer cells.', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists from CSIR-NEIST Assam have developed chemical process that turns ‘dirty’ coal into biomedical ‘carbon quantum dots (CQDs)’ to help detect cancer cells.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qjh3k8f8u16nuw8/Scientists_develop.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 2008, 'title' => 'Researchers develop highly sensitive Hydrogen sensors', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">A sensor that can detect hydrogen gas even when present at extremely low concentration of 1 part per million (ppm) has been developed by researchers at the <strong>Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Jodhpur</strong> in collaboration with <strong>IIT Hyderabad</strong>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A hydrogen sensor is a gas detector that detects the presence of hydrogen. They contain micro-fabricated point-contact hydrogen sensors and are used to locate hydrogen leaks. They are considered low-cost, compact, durable, and easy to maintain as compared to conventional gas detecting instruments.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The developed sensor has 30% sensitivity to detect hydrogen at 1 ppm concentration and as high as 74% sensitivity when the concentration of the gas is 100 ppm. It takes about 25 seconds to detect hydrogen.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Carbon nanofibres with minute pores are decorated on the zinc oxide semiconductor. The carbon nanofibres increase adsorption of oxygen on the surface of the semiconductor. More oxygen adsorbed would mean the number of electrons available for conduction is reduced leading to increased resistance.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Hydrogen reacts with the adsorbed oxygen (to produce water molecule) thereby making more electrons available for current conduction..</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">In the presence of hydrogen the resistance reduces drastically leading to more current flow, thus suggesting hydrogen gas leakage. When hydrogen is removed, the resistance goes back to the initial state.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The researchers are able to activate the chemical reaction at a relatively lower temperature as carbon nanofibres are used. The nanomaterial increases the surface area and acts as a catalyst to reduce the activation energy.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Importance of discovery</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Hydrogen gas is a pollution-free, renewable source of energy and is seen as a fuel of choice in the future. However, hydrogen is highly explosive and flammable in nature. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">It is a small molecule and can readily mix with air but detecting hydrogen gas leakage become quite difficult particularly as it is colourless and tasteless. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">A sensor that can detect hydrogen even when present at very low concentration becomes essential. And this is where the current work becomes important.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'researchers-develop-highly-sensitive-hydrogen-sensors', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2369/0hmu1o53qiiiwnu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2369/0hmu1o53qiiiwnu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Researchers develop highly sensitive Hydrogen sensors', 'metakeyword' => 'Researchers develop highly sensitive Hydrogen sensors, Hydrogen sensors', 'metadescription' => 'A sensor that can detect hydrogen gas even when present at extremely low concentration of 1 part per million (ppm) has been developed by researchers ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/rohj00jgkexwlcd/researchers_develop_highly.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 2493, 'title' => 'Oral capsule for insulin intake', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have designed an oral capsule which can deliver insulin and other drugs, that otherwise have to be injected, directly to the lining of the small intestine and release them for uptake into the bloodstream.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many drugs, especially those made of proteins, cannot be taken orally because they are broken down in the gastrointestinal tract before they can take effect.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have designed a new drug capsule that can carry insulin or other protein drugs and protect them from the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the capsule reaches the small intestine, it breaks down to reveal dissolvable micro-needles that attach to the intestinal wall and release drug for uptake into the bloodstream.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During tests in pigs, the researchers showed that this capsule could load a comparable amount of insulin to that of an injection, enabling fast uptake into the bloodstream after the micro-needles were released.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To allow their capsule to reach the small intestine and perform these micro-injections, the researchers coated it with a polymer that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach, which has a pH of 1.5 to 3.5.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the capsule reaches the small intestine, the higher pH (around 6) triggers it to break open and three folded arms inside the capsule spring open and attach the needles to the lining to deliver insulin.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'oral-capsule-for-insulin-intake', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/caf5/somh85cajpkp5bo6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/caf5/somh85cajpkp5bo6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Oral capsule for insulin intake', 'metakeyword' => 'Oral capsule for insulin intake', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists have designed an oral capsule which can deliver insulin and other drugs, that otherwise have to be injected, ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/md156xltk660ev4/Oral_capsule_for_insulin_intake.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 2596, 'title' => 'Sensor detects zinc in sweat and soil', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at IIT-Bombay have fabricated a highly sensitive sensor that can detect real-time the presence of zinc over a wide concentration range of 0.1-500 ppm.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Zinc (Zn) is one of the eight essential micronutrients. It is needed by plants in small amounts, but yet crucial to plant development. It plays an important role in a wide range of processes, such as growth hormone production and internode elongation.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The electrochemical sensor can be used for detecting zinc in the soil even in the presence of other elements and also at minute levels as seen in human sweat.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sensor is mechanically sturdy and so the signal response remains unaffected even when the sensor is bent 180 degrees. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sensor can also be employed over 4-7 pH range, indicating its usefulness for both sweat-based physiological sensing and soil-nutrient assessment.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers are able to detect extremely low concentration (0.1 ppm) of zinc because of the very high surface area and electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Accurate determination of zinc in soil samples will help in soil-nutrient assessment and prevent overuse of fertilisers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Measuring zinc in sweat samples can help signal early onset of muscular fatigue. It can be used as a non-invasive point-of-care sensor. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sensor requires only few microliters of analyte, thus making it possible to detect zinc in sweat samples.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'sensor-detects-zinc-in-sweat-and-soil', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3479/c7x32ljy17qq30z6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3479/c7x32ljy17qq30z6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Sensor detects zinc in sweat and soil', 'metakeyword' => 'Sensor detects zinc in sweat and soil', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers at IIT-Bombay have fabricated a highly sensitive sensor that can detect real-time the presence of zinc over a wide concentration range of 0.1-500 ppm.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4ru79n9j9y0n19z/Sensor_detects_zinc_in_sweat_and_soil.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 2904, 'title' => 'Material that captures toxic air pollutants', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A team of scientists has developed a metal-organic framework (MOF) material that provides a selective, fully reversible and repeatable capability to capture a toxic air pollutant, nitrogen dioxide, produced by combusting diesel and other fossil fuels.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Capturing greenhouse and toxic gases from the atmosphere has been a challenge because of their relatively low concentrations and because water in the air competes with and can often negatively affect the separation of targeted gas molecules from other gases.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The material then requires only water and air to convert the captured gas into nitric acid for industrial use.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mechanism for the record-breaking gas uptake by the MOFcould lead to air pollution control and remediation technologies that cost-effectively remove the pollutant from the air and convert it into nitric acid for use in producing fertilizer, rocket propellant, nylon and other products.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The material, denoted as MFM-520, can capture atmospheric nitrogen dioxide at ambient pressures and temperatures, even at low concentrations and during flow in the presence of moisture, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the highly reactive nature of the pollutant, MFM-520 proved capable of being fully regenerated multiple times by degassing or by treatment with water from the air.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists used a chemical analysis technique called neutron spectroscopy, and computational techniques to precisely characterise how the new material captured nitrogen dioxide molecules.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ability of neutrons to penetrate solid metal to probe the interactions between the nitrogen dioxide molecules and MFM-520 is helping the researchers validate a computer model of MOF gas separation and conversion processes.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such a model could help predict how to produce and tailor other materials to capture a variety of different gases.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'material-that-captures-toxic-air-pollutants', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/54e7/15c3envgxu3bwbj6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/54e7/15c3envgxu3bwbj6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Material that captures toxic air pollutants', 'metakeyword' => 'Material that captures toxic air pollutants', 'metadescription' => 'A team of scientists has developed a metal-organic framework (MOF) material that provides a selective, fully reversible and repeatable capability to capture', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5gumkag8vd6yffb/Material_that_captures_toxic_air_pollutants.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 3168, 'title' => 'Using plant extract, heat to kill cancer cells', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from IIT-Hyderabad have found that lipid-based nanoparticles encapsulating chlorophyll-rich extract of a medicinal plant Anthocephalus cadamba and a near-infrared dye can selectively kill cancer cells when exposed to near-infrared light.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unlike the conventional photothermal therapy that relies on heat to kill cancerous cells, the researchers used heat generated by the dye when exposed to light to destroy the encapsulation and release the extract.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The plant extract generated excess amount of reactive oxygen species, which caused cell death through autophagy (body’s way of removing damaged cells).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The extract showed selectivity in killing only cancer cells but its usage in normal cells caused insignificant cell death. The reason is that the extract did not increase the amount of reactive oxygen species generated inside normal cells thus not causing them through autophagy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers optimised the amount of dye used and the duration of illumination so that the thermal effect is mainly for triggering the release of the extract.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When photothermal therapy alone was used, nearly 50% cancer cells died in about 24 hours. But 45% cancer cells grew back in about a day. But there was no significant growth (about 7.5%) of cancer cells even 48 hours when photothermal therapy was used along with the extract.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Autophagy-mediated cell death was confirmed by using a particular protein that serves as an autophagy marker. The protein marker produced varied depending on the amount of extract used.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tumour volume reduced significantly when treated with the extract along with photothermal therapy compared with controls and cells treated with the extract alone. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanoparticles from extract had no ill effects on body weight of the individual, indicating biocompatibility.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'using-plant-extract-heat-to-kill-cancer-cells', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9cbe/cxm3dez7nlsrl926g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9cbe/cxm3dez7nlsrl926g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Using plant extract, heat to kill cancer cells', 'metakeyword' => 'Using plant extract, heat to kill cancer cells', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers from IIT-Hyderabad have found that lipid-based nanoparticles encapsulating chlorophyll-rich extract of a medicinal plant Anthocephalus', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pg6pfk28ctq06vz/Using_plant_extract%2C_heat_to_kill_cancer_cells.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 3284, 'title' => 'Differential water-wetting behaviour used for anti-counterfeiting measure', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati have developed a new approach to anti-counterfeiting measures. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have developed a smart interface embedded with two different water wettabilities, extremely water repelling (superhydrophobic) and extremely water loving (superhydrophilic), which can hide information or make it visible under certain definite conditions.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adding a layer of complexity, the researchers used a molecular printer to imprint a pattern of micron size that will become visible only when dipped in water or when moist air is blown.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The coating is not only hydrophobic but is also reactive. Taking advantage of the reactive surface of the coating, the researchers used a chemical (glucamine) to write letters on the coated surface. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The glucamine-treated region becomes selectively and extremely water-loving (superhydrophilic) and hence becomes visible to the naked eyes when dipped in water or when moist air is blown.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the rest of the hydrophobic region of the coated surface is still chemically reactive, they modified it using another chemical (octadecylamine) to make the surface chemically inert.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The pattern which is highly water-loving allows water to get in thus allowing light to pass through without much scattering. This makes the pattern visible when it is wet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rest of the region is highly water-repelling so there is trapped air that scatters light and hence remains opaque.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team found the patterned coating to be physically durable even when exposed to a very high (100 degree C) and very low temperature (10 degree C).</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'differential-water-wetting-behaviour', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b153/lvjipx3iy3yghn16g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b153/lvjipx3iy3yghn16g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Differential water-wetting behaviour used for anti-counterfeiting', 'metakeyword' => 'Differential water-wetting behaviour used for anti-counterfeiting measure', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati have developed a new approach to anti-counterfeiting measures. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9ynl5j3zmi0ty9f/Differential_water-wetting_behaviour_used_for_anti-counterfeiting_measure.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 3423, 'title' => 'Removing heavy metals from water', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at IIT- Bombay have successfully removed heavy metals such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium and mercury from waste water with very high efficiency.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The carbon-based nanostructure that the team fabricated shows 80-90% adsorption efficiency for all the four heavy metals studied.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No electricity is required for the nanostructure to remove heavy metals from water as it allows for gravity-driven purification of the water. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanostructures can be recycled and reused multiple times. While there is an initial drop of about 8% after the first cycle, the efficiency remains constant at 75-85% in the subsequent cycles. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The carbon nanostructure is able to adsorb the heavy metals in the wide range of pH conditions, pH 2 to 13. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanostructure is obtained through a single-step process of chemical vapour deposition followed by removing the silica template.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reason it shows very high adsorption efficiency is its hydrophilic [water-loving nature] nature that allows for extensive and rapid interaction between the heavy metal-containing water and the carbon nanostructure.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the four heavy metals to get adsorbed on the nanostructure the water has to be in contact with the nanostructure for at least 32 seconds.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the heavy metals chemically react and bind to the surface of the nanostructure, they do not leach back into the water. They can be recovered by treating the nanostructure with mild acid.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team tested the ability of the structure to adsorb heavy metals in industrial effluent over a range of pH conditions (pH 2-13). The industrial effluent was simulated by mixing 100 ppm of each metal.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'removing-heavy-metals-from-water', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/71a7/uk21zcjobg8o9x26g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/71a7/uk21zcjobg8o9x26g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Removing heavy metals from water', 'metakeyword' => 'Removing heavy metals from water', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers at IIT- Bombay have successfully removed heavy metals such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium and mercury from waste water with very high', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/tb53ruof6fsxx4q/Removing_heavy_metals_from_water.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Nanotechnology', 'keyword' => 'nanotechnology', 'id' => (int) 3946, 'title' => 'Superhydrophobic coating to save metallic surfaces', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fascinated by the beauty of water rolling off a lotus leaf, a team of chemical engineers has now created a similar superhydrophobic coating that can be used to save steel from rusting.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team from the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, and Ohio State University used polyurethane and silicon dioxide nanoparticles to create the coating which can be easily spin-coated on steel.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The coating can be done on other metallic surfaces, such as aluminum, copper, brass. They have also successfully developed superhydrophobic coatings for glass, cloth, paper and wood.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before applying the coating, the team created a roughness on the steel using a chemical etching process to improve the adhesion strength. Without this, the coating tends to easily peal off due to smoothness of steel.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also tried different methods for the application of the coat on steel and found that spin coating was advantageous and cost-effective compared to immersion coating and spray coating. Spin coating dried quickly and the thickness of the coat could be controlled easily.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The surface of the coating was found to have superhydrophobic property. The coating was also chemically stable in both acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 8) conditions for more than six weeks. It also exhibited thermal stability up to 230 degree C.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mechanical stability of the coating was tested with water jet, floating, bending, sand abrasion tests and was found to be highly stable.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another useful property exhibited by the coating was of self-cleaning. When water droplets were made to fall on an uncoated surface they stuck to it and made a messy surface. However, in the case of a coated sample, water droplets roll away while collecting dust from the surface.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The chemicals used to make the coating are easily available in our country and they are environmental friendly too. When mass-produced on commercial scale, the cost of coating will further reduce.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Now the team is working on developing an antimicrobial superhydrophobic coating for biomedical applications.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'superhydrophobic-coating-to-save', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Superhydrophobic coating to save metallic surfaces', 'metakeyword' => 'Superhydrophobic coating to save metallic surfaces', 'metadescription' => 'Fascinated by the beauty of water rolling off a lotus leaf, a team of chemical engineers has now created a similar superhydrophobic coating that can be used to save steel from rusting.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' 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style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fascinated by the beauty of water rolling off a lotus leaf, a team of chemical engineers has now created a similar superhydrophobic coating that can be used to save steel from rusting.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team from the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, and Ohio State University used polyurethane and silicon dioxide nanoparticles to create the coating which can be easily spin-coated on steel.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The coating can be done on other metallic surfaces, such as aluminum, copper, brass. They have also successfully developed superhydrophobic coatings for glass, cloth, paper and wood.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before applying the coating, the team created a roughness on the steel using a chemical etching process to improve the adhesion strength. Without this, the coating tends to easily peal off due to smoothness of steel.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also tried different methods for the application of the coat on steel and found that spin coating was advantageous and cost-effective compared to immersion coating and spray coating. Spin coating dried quickly and the thickness of the coat could be controlled easily.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The surface of the coating was found to have superhydrophobic property. The coating was also chemically stable in both acidic (pH 5) and alkaline (pH 8) conditions for more than six weeks. It also exhibited thermal stability up to 230 degree C.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mechanical stability of the coating was tested with water jet, floating, bending, sand abrasion tests and was found to be highly stable.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another useful property exhibited by the coating was of self-cleaning. When water droplets were made to fall on an uncoated surface they stuck to it and made a messy surface. However, in the case of a coated sample, water droplets roll away while collecting dust from the surface.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The chemicals used to make the coating are easily available in our country and they are environmental friendly too. When mass-produced on commercial scale, the cost of coating will further reduce.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Now the team is working on developing an antimicrobial superhydrophobic coating for biomedical applications.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'superhydrophobic-coating-to-save', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Superhydrophobic coating to save metallic surfaces', 'metakeyword' => 'Superhydrophobic coating to save metallic surfaces', 'metadescription' => 'Fascinated by the beauty of water rolling off a lotus leaf, a team of chemical engineers has now created a similar superhydrophobic coating that can be used to save steel from rusting.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ '*' => true ], '[dirty]' => [], '[original]' => [], '[virtual]' => [], '[errors]' => [], '[invalid]' => [], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' } $tags = '<a href="https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a>'include - ROOT/plugins/Studyiq/src/Template/Pages/tags.ctp, line 65 Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196 Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157 Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765 Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 108 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 104 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 98 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 81