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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Miscellaneous
PRRS Disease: Mizoram Government bans import of pigs
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 04 February 2019
Massive mountains discovered under Earth’s Mantle
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 18 February 2019
India's first Agromet Forecast Centre inaugurated in Karnataka
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 18 February 2019
Vande Bharat Express: India’s first semi-high speed train launched
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 16 February 2019
India hosts 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 26 February 2019
Government, IIT Delhi ink MoU for Waste to Wealth Technologies
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 03 May 2019
India’s first solar cruise vessel to be rolled out in Kerala
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 21 June 2019
Sea Snail compound to reduce colorectal cancer risk
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 28 August 2019
Ethiopia skull discovery and clues on human evolvement
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 31 August 2019
Controlling tuberculosis through sniffing Vaccine
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 09 September 2019
Kenya becomes 3rd African nation to introduce Malaria vaccine
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 14 September 2019
Chip fingerprint technology for safer transactions
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 15 September 2019
Skull construction of ancient human ancestor using DNA
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 20 September 2019
Common cold to help in developing vaccination for influenza
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 22 September 2019
Common nutrient supply to help tackle Alzheimer’s disease
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 30 September 2019
Post-apocalyptic fossils show rise in mammals after dinosaurs
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 26 October 2019
Micro protein malfunction can cause major diseases
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 02 November 2019
Natural shield protects certain DNA parts from radiation
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 10 November 2019
Trapped beetle provides earliest evidence of insect pollination
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 13 November 2019
Cotton leaf worm’s response against plant’s defence mechanism
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 03 November 2019
Pakistan introduces vaccine to combat against typhoid
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 17 November 2019
SeeTB: New diagnostic tool for detecting tuberculosis
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 17 November 2019
Environmentally sustainable method to block Dengue virus transmisssion
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 25 November 2019
Infants susceptible to measles infection earlier than assumed
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 25 November 2019
Undersea telecom cables to be used as earthquake monitoring networks
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 30 November 2019
Combination therapy using Malaria drugs to treat TB
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 01 December 2019
Ultrasonic ‘distress screams’ emitted by plants during stress
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 15 December 2019
New molecule for rheumatoid arthritis may help in preventing cartilage destruction
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 16 December 2019
Research shows how mother protects child from chickenpox
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 19 December 2019
Application of Ramanujan’s work in signal processing and Black hole physics
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 23 December 2019
Safer alternative to treat aggressive prostate cancer
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 28 January 2020
Human-to-human transmission of Coronavirus seen in Germany
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 02 February 2020
Flaw observed in paper claiming Coronavirus transmission during incubation period
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 05 February 2020
Project to map India’s genetic diversity gets nod
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 07 February 2020
Indian classical music improves cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 11 February 2020
No evidence of coronavirus spreading from mother to child in womb
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 13 February 2020
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mizoram government has banned import of pigs and piglets from other countries in all of its eight districts as <em>precautionary measure to stop possible outbreak of <strong>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)</strong></em>. The orders were issued as it was suspected that PRRS outbreak in state is due to illegal and even legal import of pigs and piglets from Myanmar where there was reported prevalence of this porcine disease.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PRRS outbreak in Mizoram has always occurred from March to July, during a dry spell after pre-monsoon downpours.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has cost the lives of over 10,000 swines in Mizoram since 2013 (3,806 pig deaths in 2013, 4,699 in 2016 and 2,574 in 2018).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is believed that it happened due to import of pigs and piglets from Myanmar where PRRS disease is prevalent.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is also known as blue-ear pig disease, which affectes domestic pigs. It is highly infectious pig disease. Younger pigs are more affected than older animals.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is caused by virus classified as a member of the genus Arterivirus. Thus, it belongs to genus <em>Arterivirus</em>, family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Symptoms:</strong> It is <em>panzootic disease</em>that causes reproductive failure (such as infertility, abortions, stillbirths, or the birth of weak piglets), respiratory disease in young pigs, pneumonia and increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection in pigs.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is recognised by laboured breathing, fever, loss of appetite and listlessness, red discoloration of body and blue ears.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Treatment:</strong> Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) vaccines are primary immunological tool for its control.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Public Health Risk: </strong><em>There is no evidence of human infection with PRRS virus</em>.</span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Himalayan Cloud Observatory was established in SRT campus Badshahithaul in Tehri district of Uttarakhand. It is second such observatory in India that can function in high-altitudes.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Cloudburst incidents are very frequent in hilly areas of Uttarakhand, resulting in huge loss of life. This observatory will forecast and monitor cloud burst incidents in Himalayan region and help to minimise damage. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Himalayan Cloud Observatory</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It has been set by Indian Science and Technology Department and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur. It is currently in testing period and will become operational soon.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It will forecast and monitor cloud activities in higher regions of the Himalayas by using different types of parameters such rainfall, temperature, wind speed, wind direction and prepare data.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It will help in easily predicting cloud bursting incidents in future and help to save and stop severe loss of lives and property caused due to this natural calamity.</span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Massive mountains discovered under Earth’s Mantle',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists from Princeton University in US and Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics in China have discovered massive mountains in Earth’s mantle. This layer has not been named yet and simply is called as “<strong>660 kilometres boundary”</strong>. This new discovery could change understanding of formation of Earth.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Note:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Earth’s interior basically has three layers: <strong>crust, mantle and core</strong> (subdivided inner and outer core). There are also several other layers that scientists have identified within Earth.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This discovery was made by analyzing data from one of biggest earthquakes ever recorded in Bolivia in 1994, measuring 8.2 on Richter scale. It was second-largest deep earthquake ever recorded.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists had used powerful computers and simulated complicated behaviour of scattering earthquake (seismic) waves in deep earth. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Using this data, mountains and other topography on layer located 660 km straight down were discovered. <em>This mountain layer separates upper and lower mantle</em>.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was found that seismic waves scattered while travelling inside earth to constrain roughness of earth's 660-km boundary. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It shows that topography of 660-km boundary was stronger topography than Rocky Mountains or Appalachians.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Researchers also had examined layer 410 km down at top of mid-mantle “transition zone,” and they did not find similar roughness. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The presence of roughness on 660-km boundary has significant implications for understanding how our planet formed and evolved.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s first agromet forecast centre- North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC) was recently inaugurated on University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) campus in Dharwad, Karnataka. This centre will directly give timely information on weather conditions to farmers. It will help to contain extreme weather and climatic events by providing accurate information on weather to farmers. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been established by Union Ministry of Earth Sciences and India Metrological Department (IMD), in association with UAS, Dharwad.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will conduct observations, forecast, research in agro-meteorological to enhance capacity building in agro-meteorological services in Karnataka.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is aimed at minimizing damage to crops due to vagaries of nature by offering timely information on agro-climatic conditions to farmers, particularly in seven districts in North Karnataka.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will disseminate taluk-wise information about weather condition for next five days, crop pattern, method of harvesting different crops, new technology and other methods to yield better results.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The information decimated by this centre will help farmers prepare fields for sowing, harvesting, protecting crops from pest attacks, drought and floods.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Due to rise in frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climatic events such as droughts, floods, cyclones, heat stress, hailstorms, unpredictable change in pest and disease load under changing climate, farmers and farming systems have become more vulnerable to vagaries of nature. More than 80% of Indian farmers are marginal and small farmers with poor coping capacity who are affected worst by these extreme weather and climatic events.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Vande Bharat Express: India’s first semi-high speed train launched',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off ‘Vande Bharat Express’ (formerly known as Train 18) from New Delhi Railway Station. It is <strong>India’s first semi high speed engineless train</strong> that will run on New Delhi-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi route. Speed, safety and service are prime hallmarks of this train<strong>. </strong>This train will cover distance between New Delhi and Varanasi in 8 hours at speed of 160 kmph and will run on this route all days except Mondays and Thursdays.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Vande Bharat Express (Train18)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been indigenously designed and manufactured by Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai, a Railways Production unit, under Government vision of "Make in India".</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is first long-distance engineless train i.e. without separate locomotive (engine) and is driven by self-propulsion module. It is touted as next generation Shatabdi Express and will connect metros with important cities.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its major systems of train have been designed and built in India.<strong> </strong>Its performance, safety and passenger comfort standards are of global standards and that to less than half of global prices.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is at present country’s fastest train with maximum speed of 160 kmph. It will cut travel time by 15% compared to Shatabdi Express.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 16 coaches with chair car type configuration with two executive class chair cars and 14 chair cars. It is fully air-conditioned train and is equipped with CCTV cameras.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has two executive compartments in middle with 52 seats each and trailer coaches have 78 seats each.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has aerodynamically designed driver cabins at both ends for quicker turn-around at destinations. Besides they also have insulation to keep outside heat and noise to very low levels. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Every coach has pantry with facility to serve hot meals, hot and cold beverages. It has soft lighting, automatic doors, footsteps and GPS-based audio-visual Passenger Information System.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has intelligent regenerative braking system in all coaches<strong> </strong>for better energy efficiency as it can save up to 30% of electrical energy,<strong> </strong>thereby making it energy and environment efficient.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Footstep in coach’s doorway of this train slides outward when train stops at station enabling passengers to board or deboard safely with comfort.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It offers some features to enhance passenger comfort which include inter-connected fully sealed gangways, automatic doors with retractable footsteps.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has onboard Wi-Fi and infotainment, and modular toilets with bio-vacuum systems. It also has provision of Divyang-friendly facilities.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also features rotational seats which can be aligned in direction of travel (executive class), roller blinds and diffused LED lighting, and disabled-friendly toilets.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India hosted 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit in New Delhi. It was organized by Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with World Health Organization (WHO) and Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP). This summit provided common platform to support governments and health system reformers to improve the health and well-being of their citizens through digital technologies.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India and Digital Health</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India had led Digital Health Resolution in 71st World Health Assembly of WHO in April 2018 at Geneva. This resolution had highlighted global attention to potential, challenges and opportunities related to Digital Health Technology and need for close collaboration on the issue globally.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is international collaboration of governments, government agencies and multinational organisations for improving health and well-being of citizens through best use of evidence-based digital technologies.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the only international platform with such wider participation on issue of digital health. It facilitates global collaboration and co-operation in the implementation of digital health services. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides international platform to share policy insights, best practices and evidence based implementation of safe, secure digital technologies to improve quality, accessibility and sustainability of health systems.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Members:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Currently, 23 countries including India are its members. It is supported by World Health Organization (WHO).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Five work streams of GDHP:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) Cyber Security, (ii) Evidence and Evaluation (iii) Policy Environments (iv) Interoperability and (v) Clinical and Consumer Engagement.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD or monkey fever) has claimed death of one person from Kerala’s Begur tribal hamlet located on Kerala-Karnataka border. It is first KFD death reported in Kerala after 2015 KFD outbreak in Wayanad district of state. Wayanad had witnessed cases of KFD for four years in a row from 2013 onwards till 2016.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Monkey Fever </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also called as Kyasanur forest disease . It is tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is caused by Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of virus family Flaviviridae, which also causes dengue and yellow fever. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is endemic to South Asia. It is named monkey fever because it primarily affects black-faced langurs and red-faced bonnet monkeysand result in their death. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was first isolated in 1957 from sick monkeys captured in Kyasanur forests in Shimoga district of Karnataka. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As monkeys migrated from Karnataka to bordering states, it spread to Kerala, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It causes seasonal outbreaks between December and May along Western Ghats. Most of its cases are reported in western Ghats bordering Karnataka.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Transmission:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Ticks (Hemaphysalis spinigera) is prime vector responsible for its transmission. These ticks are known to thrive in Western Ghats and transmit virus to humans. Humans contract to this virus from bite of nymphs of these tickc. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Symptoms:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It starts with high fever and bodyache, followed by haemorrhagic symptoms, similar to that in dengue. It has a mortality rate of 5 to 10</span>%.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">High fever with headache, followed by haemorrhagic symptoms such as bleeding from throat, nose and gums. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also causes gastrointestinal bleeding, absent reflexes, muscle stiffness, tremors and mental disturbances.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prevention:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Vaccination can help to stop its spread. Besides, preventative measures such as using insect repellents and wearing protective clothes in tick endemic areas.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Zinc deficiency rising in Indians: Study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to new Harvard study titled ‘Inadequate zinc intake in India: past, present and future’, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can accelerate zinc deficiency in crops and thus in human consumption.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Study findings</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Inadequate zinc intake has been rising in India for decades, causing tens of millions of people to become newly deficient in it. Rising CO2 levels in coming decades could accelerate this trend. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The highest rate of inadequate zinc intake was concentrated in the southern and northeastern States with rice-dominated diets: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Manipur and Meghalaya.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National grain fortification programmes, increased dietary diversity, bio-fortified crops, and reduced carbon dioxide emissions could all make a difference to slow or reverse the course.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Zinc </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is essential nutrient for humans and is extensively involved in protein, lipid, nucleic acid metabolism, and gene transcription.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its role within human body is extensive in reproduction, immune function, wound repair, and on microcellular level, macrophage, neutrophil, natural killer cell, and complement activity. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is found in multiple food groups including meat, fish, legumes, and other dietary sources although absorption varies by substrate. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Zinc deficiency can be inherited as absorption difficulties or can manifest from a decreased intake. It is common worldwide, but mostly in developing countries. It presents with infectious, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, or cutaneous involvement. Its treatment is largely through oral replacement usually resulting in quick clinical improvement.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chinese space company C-Space has launched MARS BASE 1, a Mars base simulator to educate school children. It is not meant for housing astronauts training to live on the red planet. It will simulate speculative China-led mission to Mars.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mars Base 1</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is Mars base simulator located in Gobi desert, some 40 km from Jinchang in China's northwest Gansu province. It aims to create simulated environment similar to Mars to expose teenagers and soon tourists on how life could be like on the Mars.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been developed by C-Space with help from Astronauts Centre of China and China Intercontinental Communication Centre, a state television production organisation.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is white-coloured base and has silver dome and nine modules, including living quarters, control room, greenhouse and airlock. It will also allow teenagers go on treks in nearby desert, where they explore caves in the martian-like landscape.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Gobi Desert</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It covers parts of Northern and Northeastern China and of southern Mongolia. It is the sixth-largest desert in the world and Asia's second largest. It is rain shadow desert, formed by the Tibetan Plateau blocking precipitation from the Indian Ocean reaching the Gobi territory. It is bounded by Altai Mountains and grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on north, by Taklamakan Desert to west, Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to southwest and North China Plain to the southeast. It is overall a cold desert, with frost and occasionally snow occurring on its dunes.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Government, IIT Delhi ink MoU for Waste to Wealth Technologies',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Government and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT-Delhi) have signed Memorandum of understanding (MoU) to set up Centre of Excellence for Waste to Wealth Technologies. It was signed by Office of Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) of Union and IIT Delhi to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under this MoU</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Government and IIT-Delhi partnership will provide effective platform for stakeholders to bring together integrated approaches for effective recycle, reuse and resource recovery of waste.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Their focus will be to consolidate all possible Waste to Wealth Technologies, learn from best practices followed worldwide and implement them at ground level at Indian cities.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The waste to wealth mission project already has been approved under the recently constituted Prime Minister’s Science Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Moreover, IIT Delhi also has already identified waste to wealth as focus area and many of its faculty members are already working on a variety of projects related to waste management. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Centre of Excellence for Waste to Wealth Technologies</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims aim to bring best of science and technology to implement waste management.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will implement sustainable, scientific and technological solutions for waste management, through validation and deployment of available technologies for transformation of waste to wealth.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Prime Minister’s Science, Technology And Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC)?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is overarching body for assessment, creation and implementation of major scientific, technology and innovation interventions for India. It is 9-member body headed by Principal Scientific Adviser K. Vijay Raghavan. It act as high-level advisory body to several ministries and execute mission-oriented programmes. It also renders advice on all matters related to Science, Technology and Innovation and monitors implementation of Prime Minister’s vision on these issues.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Arunachal Pit Viper: New Snake Species Discovered ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Researchers (Herpetologists) have discovered new species of reddish-brown pit viper from a forest in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It has been named Arunachal pit viper and its scientific name is <em>Trimeresurus arunachalensis</em>. It makes Arunachal Pradesh only Indian state to have pit viper snake species to be named after it.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vipers (Viperidae) are family of venomous snakes found in most parts of the world. They have relatively long, hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of snake venom. Arunachal pit viper is <strong>fifth brown pit viper species found in India</strong>, other four are -Malabar, horseshoe, hump-nosed and Himalayan which were discovered 70 years ago.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Arunachal pit viper</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is species of reddish-brown pit viper. It is venomous snake with unique heat-sensing system. Only one male specimen of this specimen has been found so far, which currently makes it rarest pit viper in the world. More surveys and sightings of this species will gradually give details about its habits, diet and breeding, whether it lays eggs or bears live young.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Arunachal pit viper is second snake species to be discovered in recent times in Arunachal Pradesh after non-venomous crying keelback was discovered in state’s Lepa-Rada district in 2018. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Karnataka approves cloud seeding programme',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Karnataka Cabinet has approved cloud-seeding programme amidst reports that State will face deficit rain this year. The project was approved for proposal for Rs 93. crore and will begin in June 2019. Under it, operations, state government is hoping to influence upcoming monsoon and capture as much water as possible from rain clouds to overcome existing drought situation. It will be replication state government’s Varshadhare project launched in 2017 for cloud seeding.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Cloud seeding</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also known as weather modification technique. It is artificial way to induce moisture in rain bearing clouds so as to cause rainfall.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It uses aeroplanes to spray chemicals over clouds to condense smaller particles into larger rain droplets.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The chemicals used in this process are sodium chloride, silver iodide, potassium iodide or dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These chemical particles act as base (hygroscopic nuclei) for water vapours to settle and condense into larger rain droplets.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Varshadhare project</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was cloud seeding project launched by Karnataka Government in 2017 to enhance amount of precipitation from clouds to generate more rain.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Special aircraft for period of 37 days (286 hours) was used to disperse chemicals to trigger and enhance precipitation.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">State Government claims that it had resulted estimated rainfall enhancement of 27.9% apart from extra inflow of 2.5 tmc into Linganamakki reservoir.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'India’s first solar cruise vessel to be rolled out in Kerala',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India’s first solar-powered cruise boat will be launched in Alappuzha, Kerala by State Water Transport Department (SWTD) in December 2019. The initiative comes close on heels of SWTD’s earlier launch of country’s first solar-powered ferry Aditya in 2016, which is in operation on Vaikom-Thavanakadavu route.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">cruise boat </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is double-deck, double-engine catamaran-type vessel</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> that can car</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">ry 100 passengers. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is hybrid vessel powered by motor that can source energy from solar panels, battery, as well as generator. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its battery has capacity of 80 KWh (kilowatt hour) power backup, as compared to 50 KWh backup in Aditya. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It adheres to norms specified by Indian Registry of Shipping (IRS). It has air-conditioned lower deck and pushback seats.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its upper deck is non-air conditioned and can be used for dining and to get better view of the backwaters. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It does not create air and noise pollution and will help in huge savings in energy expenses. Apart from regular cruise, it can also host parties and conferences.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'India’s first solar cruise vessel to be rolled out in Kerala',
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'title' => 'NFR's Plan Bee wins Best Innovation Award',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Northeast Frontier Railway’s (NFR) Plan Bee won first prize in the best innovation award of Indian Railways for the 2018-19 fiscal. The first prize comprised of citation along with cash award of Rs.</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">3 lakh</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Plan Bee is an amplifying system imitating buzz of a swarm of honey bees to keep wild elephants away from railway tracks. Studies have suggested that elephants are scared of swarming bees.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Large portion of rail tracks of NFR passes through forest areas in Assam. Elephants often come in the way of speeding trains, resulting in their deaths. In a bid to tackle this problem, NFR had launched ‘Plan Bee’, under which devices were installed devices at several level crossings in state to play the sound of buzzing honey bees to drive away elephants from the live rail tracks. This device is designed to generate amplified sound of honey bees from a distance of about 700-800 m. The first instrument was installed at level crossing gate between Azara and Kamakhya stations under Rangiya division. Later it was then installed in several level crossing gates in the vicinity of forest areas. Since then this device has been helpful in diverting herds of elephants, especially when trains are approaching.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Bone implants material from Eggshell',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)</span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> Hyderabad and Dr.B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(NIT) Jalandhar have developed a process by which bone implant</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">materials can be synthesized from waste eggshells</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Bone</span></span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">graft is a surgical procedure to fix problems with bones or joints. Bone grafting, or transplanting of bone tissue, is beneficial in fixing bones that are damaged from trauma or problem joints</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">The bones are usually fixed using natural body materials or artificial and synthetic materials such as </span></span></span><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Plaster of Paris, and more recently, phosphate compounds like hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate </span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">but they can be poisonous in some cases.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Features and Importance of research</span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Large amount of eggshells are dumped as waste across the world but bioceramics made from them exhibit greater biocompatibility than other synthetic powders due to the presence of additional bioactive elemental ions. Eggshells are inexpensive and can be obtained in unlimited quantities</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Researchers have synthesized <strong><em>Tricalcium phosphate </em></strong>nanopowder which is hundred thousand times smaller than the width of a single human hair from eggshells.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">There is always some hesitancy in using synthetic chemicals as bone replacement materials because of the presence of chemical residues that are toxic if not eliminated completely. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Materials like ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) , processed using nitrate compounds can be dangerous for health and needs urgent substitution.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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'id' => (int) 1949,
'title' => 'Human Organ harvesting',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A Japanese biologist sought and won permission from the Japanese government to </span></span><strong><span style="background-color:white">carry out experiments with human-animal embryos<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> The ban that was previously placed on experiments with human embryos was lifted earlier this year.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Human organ harvesting is a widely debated issue with large scale support and opposition. Use of animals for organ harvesting has been tried widely but full scale permission for procedure has been pending. <span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#222222">There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, far exceeding the numbers available.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Human organ harvesting</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Organ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222"> procurement also called organ harvesting is a surgical procedure that removes organs or tissues for reuse, typically for organ transplantation. It is heavily regulated by United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) to prevent unethical allocation of organs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Stem cell scientists have proposed an experiment to grow animal embryos that also contains DNA from human cells. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">These cells will later be implanted into animals, and the animal born and raised to adulthood will be used for obtaining their organs and transplanted into human patients.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issues concerning organ harvesting using Animals</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If these organs are grown successfully, they will be very helpful in addressing the current desperate need for organ donors and lifelong immune suppression. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">We could also use animal-grown human cells or tissue for toxicology studies or drug screening. Surgeons could practice surgery on intact human organs before operating on patients, and we could study aspects of early human development.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> Experts believe that human cells can potentially affect the brain and cognition of the animals born in the process. It is also believed that creating animals for the sole purpose of growing organs for transplants violates their right to life. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2001,
'title' => 'Water proofing material using flyash',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad have developed a waterproofing material using fly ash, a cheap byproduct of thermal power plants.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash or flue ash, also known as pulverised fuel ash is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly ash is extremely water-loving (hydrophilic), it turns into a highly water-repelling surface once coated with stearic acid.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The head of stearic acid which is hydrophilic binds to fly ash particles, the water-repelling tail remains free. Numerous free hydrophobic tails of stearic acid makes the fly ash surface water repellent.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The stearic acid-coated fly ash surface can be made to behave like one of the two naturally occurring water-repelling materials which is rose petals or lotus leaves by the varying the surface roughness.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The topography changes completely when fly ash particles of different sizes are used. The smaller particles tend to fill the gap between the larges ones thus resulting in a tighter packing with very little gap between particles.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Other uses and benefits of fly ash</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash can be used as prime material in many cement-based products, such as poured concrete, concrete block, and </span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">brick<span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash can also be used as embankment and mine fill.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly-ash has great potentiality in agriculture due to its efficacy in modification of soil health and crop performance. The high concentration of elements (K, Na, Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe) in fly-ash increases the yield of many agricultural crops.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly ash can also be used as a water retainer in agriculture sector due to its water holding capacity.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 1977,
'title' => 'Oxytocin ban',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The final decision on whether the government can block private pharmaceutical companies from manufacturing and selling vital pregnancy drug oxytocin in India has been deferred. The Supreme Court has decided the issue needs further deliberation.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The health Ministry in April 2018 banned private firms from manufacturing and selling oxytocin to avoid its misuse in veterinary field.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This was seen as controversial as it could lead to shortage of the crucial drug.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Oxytocin</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a pea-sized structure at the base of the brain.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">It's sometimes known as the "cuddle hormone" or the "love hormone," because it is released when people snuggle up or bond socially.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Importance of Oxytocin</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Oxytocin is administered to women during childbirth and is crucial to prevent them from bleeding excessively, which is a common cause of maternal deaths in the world including India.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reasons for Ban</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The unregulated and illegal manufacture of the drug, which is reportedly misused in milch animals.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">It is claimed that drinking milk from oxytocin-treated cattle led to male impotence, early puberty among women and cancers.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The continuous use of oxytocin can make animals addicted to it and thus will fail to produce milk when deprived of it.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Way Forward</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Due to the drug’s importance to both human and veterinary medicine, the Drugs Technical Advisory Board recommended against a ban, instead implementing better surveillance. A ban might lead to scarcity and high drug prices.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2026,
'title' => 'Sea Snail compound to reduce colorectal cancer risk',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The remarkable ability of a small sea snail to produce a colourful purple compound to protect its eggs has its potential in a new anti-cancer pharmaceutical. This has been discovered by researchers from Australia.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of the 9.6 million cancer deaths every year, with the World Health Organization reporting 862,000 deaths in 2018.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Compound derived from the substance produced by the mollusc's gland could be used as a preventative in bowel cancer.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Researchers at various universities of Australia have isolated one compound in the gland secretions from the <strong>Australian white rock sea snail</strong> (Dicathasis orbita) which has not only antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities, but important anti-cancer properties.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Research has shown that a specific snail compound can prevent the formation of tumours in a colon cancer model. The scientists were also able to use sophisticated technology to trace the metabolism of the compound inside the body.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This is very important for drug development because it helps demonstrate the absence of potentially toxic side-effects of the compound inside the body.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Snail compound contains bromine like a unique fingerprint to trace how these types of compounds are metabolised inside the body and identify some potentially toxic metabolites from the crude extracts.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The research has potential to be used as a drug that can attack and kill cancer cells that have grown resistant to chemotherapy drugs.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'title' => 'Ethiopia skull discovery and clues on human evolvement',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">A completely intact 3.8-million-year-old skull of an early human has been unearthed in Ethiopia. The discovery that has the potential to alter our understanding of human evolution.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The skull, known as "MRD", was discovered not far from the younger Lucy -- the ancient ancestor of modern humans .</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type:none"> </li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The skull represents a mixture of characteristics of Sahelanthropus like "Toumai" and Ardipithecus like "Ardi" as well as more recent species.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The new skull, MRD, belongs to the species <strong>Australopithecus anamensis</strong>. MRD offers the first real glimpse of the face of Lucy's ancestor," according tthe scientists.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Scientists had thought <strong>A. anamensis (MRD)</strong> was gradually turning into <strong>A. afarensis </strong>(Lucy) over time but MRD reveals that the two species co-existed for about 100,000 years.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Related Information</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Toumai</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black"> (of the species <strong>Sahelanthropus tchadensis</strong>) is around 7 million years old and is considered by some paleontologists to be the first representative of the human lineage. It was discovered in Chad in 2001.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Ardi</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black"> (for <strong>Ardipithecus ramidus</strong>, another species of hominid) was found in Ethiopia in 1994 and is believed to be around 4.5 million years old.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Lucy</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">, the famous <strong>Australopithecus afarensis</strong>, was discovered in Ethiopia in 1974 and is 3.2 million years old.Australopithecus afarensis is one of the longest-lived and most studied early human species.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2081,
'title' => 'Anti-biotic resistance in E.coli observed',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Low concentrations of antibiotics can cause resistance to evolve among bacteria. A group of researchers from IISER Pune have conducted research to explore how exactly resistance happens<span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bacteria develop drug resistance both when they are within the body and outside. The fact that antibiotics are unevenly distributed within the body or intake of drugs could be stopped midway can lead to evolution of drug resistance<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have studied how resistance to the antibiotic <strong>rifampicin</strong> evolves in E. coli under two conditions when the antibiotic is present in low or high concentrations, and when there is steady or pulsed supply of antibiotics.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process of evolution of drug resistance appears to be rapid. It was found that E. coli can evolve resistance to rifampicin within a few generations of drug exposure.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A characteristic of some drug-resistant strains of bacteria is that they do not live in isolation but get connected to each other, forming <strong>biofilms</strong>. Using genetics and biochemistry, the researchers found that when under exposure to low concentrations of rifampicin, the E. coli tend to form biofilms.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was also found that biolfilm formation was mediated by the activation of particular gene called the <strong>fim operon promoter</strong>. Activation of the gene allowed the expression of a type of fimbriae, a thread-like structures that help a bacterium attach itself to another bacterium. These are important in the formation of biofilms</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research aims to generate a multi-antibiotic low and high drug concentration genetic map that will point out significant genes and cellular pathways that are responsible for the evolution of resistance at low and high drug respectively.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Drug resistence</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in treating a disease or condition.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'title' => 'Humans and wildlife parasoites',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new research has now pointed out that by changing the land use patterns and introducing livestock in their ecosystem humans are indirectly increasing the parasite diversity in their gastrointestinal system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parasitism is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interactions" title="Biological interactions">relationship</a> between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team looked at over 4,000 mammalian faecal samples collected from 19 forest fragments at the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Analysing the faecal samples, they concluded that the presence of plantations and livestock significantly increased the parasite diversity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These samples belonged to 23 mammalian species including tigers, deer, porcupines, lion-tailed macaques, giant squirrels and otters.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The studied parasites can cause a broad range of infectious diseases and it is important to study the host-parasite interactions at a community level.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that wildlife tends to congregate near human settlements. Herbivores such as deer may find the human settlements as a source of regular food and also as a safe zone where carnivores don't enter. This could also be a reason for pathogen spillover from livestock to wildlife</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As internal niche is affected, many epidemic diseases including the Ebola virus started finding humans as a better new host when their natural habitats were disrupted. Unknown diseases have occured as a result of this anthropogenic land use changes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 2101,
'title' => 'Malaria and Heart disease',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Malaria infection is linked with a 30% raised risk of heart failure, according to a small study presented today at ESC Congress 2019 together with the World Congress of Cardiology.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The heart failure is defined as “the pathological state or clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump blood commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues or can do so only with an elevated filling pressure.”</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Although the final common physiological outcome is the same, the underlying mechanisms that cause heart failure are diverse and complex</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Georgia","serif"">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A selected number of patients were inserted with malarial plasmodium and studied. These patients had a 30% increased likelihood of developing heart failure over the follow-up time of 11 years.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">while heart failure risk was increased for patients in the study, there was not a link to heart attack or cardiovascular death.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Recent studies have found that malaria could be a contributor to functional and structural changes in the myocardium, which is the muscle tissue of the heart..</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Experimental studies have also shown that malaria may affect the blood pressure regulatory system causing hypertension, which is a contributor to heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Malaria can also affect vascular pathways that cause inflammation in the heart, which could lead to fibrosis and then heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Importance of research</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A combination of high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease are among the most common risk factors for heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India, along with 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, contributes to about 80% of the global burden of malaria.From 1990s to date the reported malaria incidence inIndia has been around 1.5 to 2.6 million cases and 666–1000 deaths/ annum.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Similarly, Cardiac ailments killed more Indians in 2016 (28%) than any other non-communicable disease.The reserch can contribute towards eradicating deaths that are linked to malarial infection</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Controlling tuberculosis through sniffing Vaccine',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new way of delivering TB vaccine through nasal cavity has been tried where the medicine is in the form of aerosol. The efficiency of vaccine has been found to be equally effective.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the most commonly used medication against TB currently. The problem lies with the delivery. while BCG is good for children, it may not be as effective in adults, who get TB of the lungs. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">People react to BCG with some fever and also skin itching at the injection spot, making it uncomfortable to use.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Actually, the whole germ is not needed for antibody generation. Even a part of the molecule is enough for the generation of antibodies by the B Cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A group of researchers has been creatively using these principles to generate an inhalable vaccine against TB.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Scientists administered the synthesised product through the nose of mice. The mice were then infected with Mtb and, after a few weeks the lungs and spleens of the infected mice was tested.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial load was found to be substantially low proving that aerosol administration of medical compound was as protective as a vaccine.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using this route needs no needles, does not need clinically trained persons, cuts down waste and is lower in cost.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This method also provides greater accuracy for treating the disease by directly acting on the pulmonary tract.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>How immunity works</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When pathogenic organism invades the body, it uses a molecule to pierce through and then multiplies to cause havoc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The so-called B Cells there synthesise proteins called antibodies which bind with the invader and disable it. Plus, the host stores this mechanism for future, in case the pathogen attacks at a later time. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'id' => (int) 2167,
'title' => 'Bombay blood group',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Issue </strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the last two weeks, the “Bombay blood group”, a rare blood type, has been gaining attention in Mumbai’s healthcare sector. Demand for the blood type has coincidentally spiked at hospitals, but supply has been scarce.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The four most common blood groups are A, B, AB and O. The rare, Bombay blood group was first discovered in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1952 by Dr Y M Bhende.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hh blood type(Bombay) has an incidence of one in four million all over the world. It has a higher incidence in South Asia and in India, one in 7,600 to 10,000 are born with this type.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This blood type is more common in South Asia than anywhere else because of inbreeding and close community marriages.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is genetically passed and a shared common ancestry among Indians, Sri Lankans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis has led to more cases of hh blood phenotype in this region.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hh blood group is confused with the O group. The difference is that the O group has Antigen H, while the hh group does not.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The counts for haemoglobin, platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells in hh type are similar to the count of others based on their health index.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The individuals with Bombay blood group can only be transfused autologous blood or blood from individuals of Bombay hh phenotype only but hh blood group can donate their blood to ABO blood types<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
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'title' => 'Kenya becomes 3rd African nation to introduce Malaria vaccine',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kenya<strong> </strong>became the third African country to introduce the vaccine, after Malawi and Ghana. The aim is to reach about 360,000 children per year across the three countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Malaria is a top killer in many African countries. According to the World Health Organization, the region accounted for 92% of the cases and 93% of malaria deaths in 2017. The parasitic disease kills about 435,000 people every year, most of them children under five in Africa.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The vaccine is developed by GlaxoSmithKline(GSK) and partners after a research of more than 30 years , at a cost of around $1 billion. GSK is donating up to 10 million vaccine doses in the current vaccination initiatives.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The malaria vaccine only protects about one-third of children who are immunised and those who get the shots are likely to have less severe cases of malaria.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Challenges</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There has been a surge in malaria cases as cases rise even among adolescents. They reason for it is global warming and longer wet seasons.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Resistance is growing to medicines that treat the disease and mosquitoes are becoming more resistant to insecticides.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Funding for malaria research efforts has come to a stagnant position in recent years<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
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'title' => 'New cancer treatment that prevents hair loss',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study published in the journal EMBO Molecular Medicine describes how damage to the hair follicles caused by taxanes, cancer drugs which can cause permanent hair loss, can be prevented.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chemotherapy treatment drugs have many side effects one among which is hair loss. The effect of the drug on cancer cells spread to hair follicles too, making them die and affecting hair growth.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research team has exploited the properties of a newer class of drugs called <strong>CDK4/6 </strong>inhibitors, which block cell division and are already medically approved as so-called "targeted" cancer therapies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CDK4/6 inhibitors can be used temporarily to halt cell division without promoting additional toxic effects in the hair follicle.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer disease not only affects the physical structure of thge body, it has its effect on psychology of an individual as well.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Loss of hair can certainly create sense of uneasiness among cancer patients and affect their overall chances of being back to normal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This research can surely help patients cope up with the after effects of medicinal treatment.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2215,
'title' => 'Chip fingerprint technology for safer transactions',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> IIT Bombay researchers have developed a technology that can be used for protecting chips of devices through fingerprint like identity.This is known as a physically unclonable function.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The emergence of Internet of Things has brought in, rather urgently, a need for low-cost security technology. While passwords and other such forms of encryption are software-based, there is also a need for security at the hardware level.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secure transactions demand security at various levels. For example, credit card has a chip attached to it and the identity is downloaded with the card.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To prevent the card from being cloned, the chip has to have an electronic fingerprint-like identity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Unlike an optical image of a fingerprint that can be lifted easily, this electronic fingerprint has several layers, thus making cloning hard. Such an identity is what the researchers have developed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This technology is currently being developed for Defense Research and Development Organisation , which can enhance its reputation if it succeeds in its working.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increases security in digital transactions by securing chip identity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Creation of indegenous technology that can reduce cost cutting in manufacture of devices.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2216,
'title' => 'Bacteria that removes pesticides from soil',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian Institute of Technology- Bombay researchers have identified a soil bacterial strain from the campus that helps in “complete remediation” of the carbaryl pesticide.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbaryl pesticide continues to be used in the agricultural sector in spite of experimental studies in laboratory animals suggesting it to be a probable carcinogen to humans.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbaryl is also persistent in nature leading to pollution of both soil and water ecosystems.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The newly isolated bacterial strain utilises the pesticide as its source of carbon and nitrogen for its growth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team was also able to identify the genes responsible and the metabolic path that was involved in the complete metabolism and bioremediation process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial strain, whose species is yet to be identified, comes under the <strong><em>Pseudomonas</em></strong> genus and is able to grow well on medium supplemented with very high concentration of carbaryl compound.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial enzyme ‘carbaryl hydrolase’ acts on carbaryl and generates ‘1-naphthol’ and ‘methylamine’. While 1-naphthol is used as a carbon source, methylamine is used as the nitrogen source.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can completely degrade the pesticide in 12-13 hours, which is four to five times faster than other bacterial strains reported earlier.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacteria are able to adapt themselves to other recently introduced pesticides by acquiring genes through horizontal gene transfer and also evolving some existing genes to perform new functions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2236,
'title' => 'Swine fever in South Korea',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">South Korea<strong> </strong>has reported its first cases of African swine fever, becoming the latest country hit by the disease that has killed pigs worldwide, pushing up pork prices.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pigs were found dead at a farm in Paju, a city near the inter-Korean border and were confirmed to have been infected with the virus. The virus has been prevalent in African countries on a large scale.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The virus is not harmful to humans but causes haemorrhagic fever in pigs that is almost always fatal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no antidote or vaccine and the only known way to prevent the disease from spreading is a mass slaughter of affected livestock.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>African Swine Fever</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This transboundary animal disease (TAD) can be spread by live or dead pigs, domestic or wild, and pork products.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Transmission can also occur via contaminated feed and non-living objects such as shoes, clothes, vehicles, knives, equipment etc., due to the high environmental resistance of ASF virus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no approved vaccine against ASF (unlike classical swine fever ,which is caused by a different virus)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Outbreaks have usually been reported in Africa and parts of Europe, South America, and the Caribbean. More recently the disease has been reported in multiple countries across Africa, Asia and Europe, in both domestic and wild pigs.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 30 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
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'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2259,
'title' => 'How dust cloud shaped life on earth?',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have said that dust spawned by a gigantic collision in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter 400 million years earlier triggered an ice age on Earth and subsequently shaped life in Marine ecosystem.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The event occurred when life was concentrated in the seas and far before vertebrates first walked on land. This set in motion evolutionary changes in invertebrates fundamental to marine ecosystems that allowed them to adapt to global cooling.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The inner solar system was filled with enormous amounts of dust after an asteroid more than 150 km in diameter was struck by a smaller object perhaps 20 km wide.<br />
Solar radiation reaching Earth's surface was reduced for at least 2 million years by the dust in space and in the planet's atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another cooling mechanism that occured was that the iron-rich meteoritic dust fertilized large parts of the ocean surface leading to increased plankton productivity and fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also found traces of dust in sedimentary rocks formed at the time containing special helium isotopes and rare minerals that revealed its extraterrestrial origin.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cooling event took palce slowly and thus enabled marine life during the Ordovician Period to adapt.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earth's climate changed from being tropical to semitropical worldwide to becoming divided into climate zones as it is today with frozen poles and tropical conditions at the equator.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'id' => (int) 2267,
'title' => 'Skull construction of ancient human ancestor using DNA',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists say they’ve deciphered features of the skull and some other details of a mysterious, extinct cousin of Neanderthals by analyzing its DNA.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Period of human evolution is dotted with emergence of other sub species which intermixed with the dominant population and passed onto some genes to modern humans. The Denisovans were one such groups to become extinct. Their skeletal remains have been excavated and are being used to recreate their facial features.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DNA analysis can teach scientists about how our forerunners evolved and how their development differed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The genetic material came from the finger bone of a female member of the <strong>Denisovans</strong>, a population known mostly from small bone fragments and teeth recovered in Siberia’s <strong>Denisova Cave</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Denisovan jaw fragment are at least 16,000 years old was reported from in China. But that still gave scientists very little sign of what Denisovans looked like.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Modern-day people did not evolve from Denisovans or Neanderthals, although our species interbred with both and picked up genetic markers that are still detectable in some populations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Neanderthals</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neanderthals are an extinct species or subspecies of ancient humans in the genus Homo, who lived within Eurasia from circa 400,000 until 40,000 years ago. Compared to modern humans, Neanderthals were stockier, with shorter legs and bigger bodies.</span></span></p>
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'id' => (int) 2281,
'title' => 'Treating malaria through Psoriasis drugs',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drug used for treating skin disease <strong>Psoriasis</strong> may now be used to effectively treat malaria, suggests recent study.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Malaria is caused by the parasite <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>, which is transmitted to humans from the bite of an infected <strong>Anopheles </strong>mosquito.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers modified a class of molecules called <strong>pantothenamides</strong> to increase their stability in humans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new compounds stop the malaria parasite from replicating in infected humans and from being transmitted to mosquitoes and are effective against malaria parasites resistant to currently available drugs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pantothenamides are extremely potent against the malaria parasite, but they become unstable within biological fluids because an enzyme clips them apart before they can act.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Changing a chemical bond in a pantothenamide molecule prevents this clipping, making it viable for use as a new antimalarial drug.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team found that the modified pantothenamide molecules not only interferes with the development of the malaria parasite during its asexual growth phase in the blood but also prevent transmission of the sexual form of the parasite from human blood to mosquitoes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The major advantage of this drug is that there's no resistance to the drug as yet, and it is effective against many forms of malaria.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2288,
'title' => 'Common cold to help in developing vaccination for influenza',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) is close to finalising three projects worth ?135 crore, involving Indian and European scientists, to develop new influenza vaccines<strong>.</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project makes use of Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) where volunteers who take part in trials will be infected with infectious viruses or bacteria under expert supervision.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This approach will speed up the process whereby scientists can quantify whether potential vaccine candidates can be effective in people and identify the factors that determine why some vaccinated people fall sick and others do not.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The risk in such trials is that intentionally infecting healthy people with an active virus and causing them to be sick is against medical ethics. It also involves putting human lives in danger.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is likely to develop CHIM protocols to study bacterial or enteric viruses (residing in the intestine) such as cholera or typhoid.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If successful, these would serve to create back-ups to the existing cholera and typhoid vaccines. Experience with CHIM could help to create clinical investigators trained in vaccine development.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Traditional vaccination</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vaccines traditionally are made of a weakened form of a disease-causing virus or bacteria and injected into the body to coax the immune system into making antibodies that create immunity against future infection.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Vaccine development has shown that frequently vaccines that work in small groups of people may not always work in large populations or those that are effective in one country may not be in another. CHIM models help vaccine-makers decide whether they should go ahead with investing in expensive trials.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2305,
'title' => 'Technology to reverse baldness',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new non invasive, low-cost hair-growth-stimulating technology tested successfully on mice has shown signs of reversing baldness, which increasingly affects human males.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Baldness is a major cause of concern for humans especially males. About 2% of males suffer from baldness and related condition in some stage of their lives. The study thus becomes important.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Based on devices that gather energy from a body’s day-to-day motion, the hair-growth technology<em> </em>stimulates the skin with gentle, low-frequency electric pulses, which coax dormant follicles to reactivate hair production.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The devices don’t cause hair follicles to sprout anew in smooth skin. Instead they reactivate hair-producing structures that have gone dormant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The technology can be used as an intervention for people in the early stages of pattern baldness, but it would not work in case someone who has been bald for several years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main advantage of this technology is that it does not require bulky equipments. It instead uses body energy to generate electric pulses that simulate hair follicles to grow.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Baldness</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Baldness is hair loss, or absence of hair. It's also called<strong> alopecia</strong>. Baldness is usually most noticeable on the scalp, but it can happen anywhere on the body where hair grows. The cause of male-pattern hair loss is a combination of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">male hormones</a>.</span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Enhancing BCG vaccine efficacy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study carried out on mice models has found that curcumin in nanoparticle form has the potential to enhance the efficacy of BCG vaccine such that it confers protection against adult pulmonary TB.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BCG vaccine is effective against disseminated and meningeal TB in young children. But the protection does not last for long as the host-protective immune responses that the vaccine induces diminishes over time. Thus the vaccine is not protective in adults.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that injecting curcumin nanoparticles soon after vaccinating the mice with BCG produced an enhancement of immune memory cells (T central memory cells) responsible for long-term protection against TB infection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In children, the vaccine induces two types of immune cells, <strong>effector memory T cells</strong> and <strong>central memory T cells</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> While the effector memory T cells play a crucial role in mounting an immediate immune response against virulent TB bacteria and kill them, the central memory T cells help in long-term protection in children from childhood TB.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central memory cells ultimately diminish. As a result, the protection does not last beyond childhood and adults become vulnerable to TB infection despite BCG vaccination.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Altering the ratio to increase the number of central memory cells will help in enhancing the efficacy of the BCG vaccine.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanocurcumin blocks the channel which in turn prevents the conversion of central memory cells into effector memory cells and long term TB memory is prevented from terminating.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Curcumin also helps in the activation of innate immune cells known as macrophages and dendritic cells. TB bacteria reside and grow inside the macrophages. But once activated by curcumin nanoparticles, the macrophages and dendritic cells clear the bacteria and also enhance the level of TB-specific acquired immune cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 2309,
'title' => 'Drug resistance in dengue virus',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong><br />
Researchers discovered that the dengue virus changes its shape through mutations in envelope protein to evade vaccines and therapeutics.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This study is a first step towards gaining more insight into how <strong>DENV2 </strong>reacts and adapts to the host's immunological defences.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DENV2 (a dengue virus) exists as smooth spherical surface particles while growing at the mosquito's physiological temperature (29 degrees Celsius). It then changes to bumpy surfaced particles at human physiological temperature (37 degrees Celsius).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This ability to morph helps the virus to evade the immune system of the human host.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A laboratory-developed DENV2 strain, mutations in the virus’ E protein causes its transformation into bumpy particles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These structural changes can cause vaccines and therapeutics to be ineffective against the virus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also helped to predict why particles from different DENV2 strains are more or less adept at morphing from the smooth to bumpy structures.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scope</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By better understanding the interactions between the virus and the host, scientists can develop better therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent infections, and contribute to public health outcomes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This study is a first step towards gaining more insight into how DENV2 reacts and adapts to the host's immunological defences.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2364,
'title' => 'Affordable insulin',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, philanthropist and founder of Biocon, said she would enable universal access to high quality insulin by making available recombinant human Insulin (rh-Insulin) at less than 10 U.S. cents /day in low and middle-income countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ms. Mazumdar-Shaw made the above personal commitment at a United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) meeting on innovation and universal health access, convened by UNAIDS Health Innovation Exchange.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets and is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of carbohydrates, especially glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Abnormality in Insulin</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If beta cells are destroyed by an autoimmune reaction, insulin can no longer be synthesized or be secreted into the blood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This results in type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose concentrations, and generalized body wasting.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In type 2 diabetes mellitus the destruction of beta cells is less pronounced than in type 1 diabetes, and is not due to an autoimmune process. Instead there is an accumulation of amyloid in the pancreatic islets, which likely disrupts their anatomy and physiology.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high rates of glucagon secretion into the blood which are unaffected by, and unresponsive to the concentration of glucose in the blood.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Artificial Insulin synthesis</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biosynthetic human insulin (insulin human rDNA, INN) for clinical use is manufactured by recombinant DNA technology.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biosynthetic human insulin has increased purity when compared with extractive animal insulin, enhanced purity reducing antibody formation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Common nutrient supply to help tackle Alzheimer’s disease',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a new study, researchers have revealed that a lifelong dietary regimen of choline holds the potential to prevent Alzheimer's Disease (AD).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Choline is a safe and easy-to-administer nutrient that is naturally present in some foods and can be used as a dietary supplement.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers found transgenerational benefits of Alzheimer’s like symptoms in mice whose mothers were supplemented with choline. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest work expands this line of research by exploring the effects of choline administered in adulthood rather than in fetal mice.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Due to the higher prevalence of AD in human females, the study sought to establish the findings in female mice.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Results showed that when these mice are given high choline in their diet throughout life, they exhibit improvements in spatial memory, compared with those receiving a normal choline regimen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Choline acts to protect the brain from Alzheimer's disease in at least two ways:</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">First, choline blocks the production of amyloid-beta plaques. Amyloid-beta plaques are the hallmark pathology observed in Alzheimer's disease.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, choline supplementation reduces the activation of microglia. Over-activation of microglia causes brain inflammation and can eventually lead to neuronal death which leads to reduced neural function.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Alzheimer’s disease</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Brain cell connections and the cells themselves degenerate and die, eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Memory loss and confusion are the main symptoms.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Women are at a particular increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On average, a person with Alzheimer's lives four to eight years after diagnosis, but can live as long as 20 years, depending on other factors.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No cure exists, but medication and management strategies may temporarily improve symptoms. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2376,
'title' => 'Ranitidine drug',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s drug regulator this week began looking into concerns of potential cancer-causing substances contaminating popular acidity drug ranitidine.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This decision has been taken after the US Food and Drug Administration flagged the issue to American patients.Some companies have suspended sales of the product worldwide, and some other countries have ordered recalls of the product.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ranitidine, popularly known through brand names like Aciloc, Zinetac, Rantac and Rantac-OD, R-Loc and Ranitin , is a prescription antacid used in the treatment of acid reflux and peptic ulcer diseases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is commonly used to relieve acid-related indigestion and heartburn by decreasing stomach acid production.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US FDA found out that some ranitidine medicines contained “low levels” of a substance called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NDMA is an environmental contaminant found in water and foods and has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probably carcinogenic to humans, which means it has the potential to cause cancer.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NDMA may cause harm in large amounts but the levels the NDMA finding in ranitidine from preliminary tests barely exceed amounts that we might expect to find in common foods.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While India and the US are still looking into the issue, regulators of around 15 countries are learnt to have called for recalls of ranitidine sold in their markets. These include Singapore, Canada, Italy, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Switzerland and Pakistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drug regulator in India</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation(CDSCO)under Directorate General of Health Services,Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,Government of India is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of India.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'title' => 'UK particle accelerator discovery',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A leading science facility in the English countryside is helping in an attempt to decipher Roman-era scrolls carbonised in the deadly eruption of Mount Vesuvius nearly 2,000 years ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scrolls were discovered between 1752 and 1754 during excavations at the <strong>Herculaneum</strong> site near the Bay of Naples in southern Italy, in a house believed to have belonged to the family of Julius Caesar.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city of Herculaneum was struck by a fiery cloud, which covered the city with ash, entombing everything intact.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They were preserved by the ashes but carbonised and therefore impossible to unroll.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ancient scrolls can’t be unrolled because the carbonisation makes them completely brittle and that brittle nature would damage it completely if it is tried to be bent.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Diamond facility acts like a giant microscope, producing light 10 billion times brighter than the sun that allows scientists to study anything from fossils and jet engines to viruses and vaccines.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the beam goes through the sample, it creates the possibility of an image that cannot be created in any other way.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scanning Electron Microscope</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions reveal information about the sample including external morphology (texture), chemical composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2449,
'title' => 'Photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune have successfully converted the highly unstable <strong>perovskite</strong> into a highly stable photocatalyst capable of decomposing toxic organic pollutants commonly present in water.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the first time perovskite-based composite material as a photocatalyst has been used for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants such as antibiotics, dyes etc. It will be a cost-effective method to produce clean water.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers tested the composite’s photocatalytic property to degrade organic pollutants in water in three organic commonly seen pollutants — methyl orange, methyl red and nitorfurazone antibiotic.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The catalyst that becomes active when exposed to sunlight was synthesised by encapsulating nanocrystals of organic-inorganic perovskite inside a metal-organic framework (MOF).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When exposed to sunlight, the perovskite nanocrystals release electrons into water thus producing hydroxyl radicals. The hydroxyl radicals are highly active species that decomposes the organic pollutant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers utilised the hydrophobic nature of the MOF material to render greater chemical stability to perovskite nanocrystals that form inside the MOF cavities.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The composites remained stable in water even when at boiling temperature for 20 days.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rate of degradation of organic pollutants is not high compared with other standard materials.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared with other materials, perovskite is inexpensive. It is also possible to scale up its production easily.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is possible to increase the degradation rate by using different perovskite and MOF materials through further research.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2485,
'title' => 'Declining Maternal Mortality Ratio',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There has been acceleration in decline of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) and the Infant Mortality Rate since the launch of the National Health Mission (NHM)/National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. At the current rate of decline, India should able to reach its SDG target in this area much before the due year.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A maternal death refers to a female death from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for mortality</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Direct causes</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">infections (usually after childbirth)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">complications from delivery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">unsafe abortion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indirect causes </strong>are malaria, anaemia,[9] HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular disease, all of which may complicate pregnancy or be aggravated by it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Risk factors</strong> associated with increased maternal death include the age of the mother, obesity before becoming pregnant, other pre-existing chronic medical conditions, and cesarean delivery.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Preventing mortality.</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Prenatal care</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is recommended that expectant mothers receive at least four antenatal visits to check and monitor the health of mother and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Skilled birth attendance </strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Emergency backup such as doctors, nurses and midwives who have the skills to manage normal deliveries and recognize the onset of complications.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Emergency obstetric care </strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To address the major causes of maternal death which are hemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders and obstructed labour. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Postnatal care </strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Providing care till six weeks following delivery. During this time, bleeding, sepsis and hypertensive disorders can occur, and newborns are extremely vulnerable in the immediate aftermath of birth.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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'metadescription' => 'There has been acceleration in decline of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) and the Infant Mortality Rate since',
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(int) 43 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 2520,
'title' => 'Effect of oxygen levels on cell metabolism',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine this year was awarded to three scientists, for their discovery of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Three scientists have uncovered the genetic mechanisms that allow cells to respond to varying levels of oxygen. While oxygen is essential for the survival of cells, excess or too little oxygen can lead to adverse health consequences.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oxygen is used by all cells to convert food to useful energy. Oxygen supply temporarily reduces in muscles during intense exercise and under such conditions the cells adapt their metabolism to low oxygen levels. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Proper growth of the foetus and placenta depends on the ability of the cells to sense oxygen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drugs have already been developed to treat anaemia by making the body produce increased number of red blood cells. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many diseases can be treated by increasing the function of a particular pathway of the oxygen-sensing machinery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inhibiting or blocking the pathway will have implications in treating cancer, heart attack, stroke and pulmonary hypertension.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance in Cancer research</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancers are known to hijack the oxygen-regulation machinery to stimulate blood vessel formation and also re-programme the metabolism in order to adapt to low oxygen conditions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reprogramming of metabolism gives cancer cells the ability to shift from a state where they have limited potential to cause cancer to a state when they have greater potential for long-term growth. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Efforts are under way to develop drugs that can block the oxygen-sensing machinery of cancer cells to kill them.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Effect of oxygen levels on cell metabolism',
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(int) 44 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2523,
'title' => 'Typhoid disease could be extinct soon',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new vaccine against typhoid has been approved by WHO. This paves way for universal immunisation from the disease which can soon make it extinct.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About one-third of global vaccines are manufactured and developed in India. Earlier it would be through license manufacturing of foreign formulas but now the trend has shifted towards research and development locally.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WHO has approved a vaccine against typhoid fever, called Typbar TCV, short for typhoid conjugate vaccine. It is the only vaccine deemed safe enough for use in infants starting at 6 months of age. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This vaccine is the first <strong>conjugate vaccine</strong> , a vaccine in which a weak antigen (of the typhoid germ) is attached to a strong antigen (from the tetanus germ) to elicit antibody responses against a bacterial disease (in this case typhoid) that affects up to 20 million people annually.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This vaccine has been extensively tried on humans and found to be more effective in comparison to its competitors.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Till recently vaccine against typhoid was made by injecting live, but grossly weakened typhoid germs into the human body, provoking the body to mount immunochemical called antibodies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists found that it was not good to use live germs, since there are unwanted side-effects. Hence, they started using an important molecular component (the polymer that coats the surface of the germ) which can elicit the same antibody from the injected host, but the treatment was not as effective or strong as we want.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => 'A new vaccine against typhoid has been approved by WHO. This paves way for universal immunisation from the disease which can soon make it extinct.
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(int) 45 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2534,
'title' => 'Golden ratio in human skull',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A golden ratio has been discovered in the human skull, which has created fascination among researchers, who are trying to figure out mystery of the nature.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For centuries, the golden ratio has fascinated all kinds of people, not just mathematicians. Physicists and biologists have studied it, architects and artists have used it, and worshippers have described it as a divine design.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio divides a line into two unequal parts. If we draw an arc across the top of the skull and divide it at a key junction over the brain, the two arc-segments are approximately in the golden ratio.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At a junction in skull called the<strong> bregma</strong>, which is the meeting point of two important connective tissue joints, the arc was divided into two sub-arcs that respectively accounted for 61.8% and 38.2% of the total arc length. The fractions observed were in golden ratio.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>What is golden ratio?</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
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style="float:left; height:169px; width:237px" />Suppose a line is divided into two unequal segments. When the ratio between the two lengths (the longer segment divided by the shorter one) happens to be the same as the ratio between the entire line and the longer segment, then the line is said to be divided in the golden ratio.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For this condition to hold good, the ratio needs to be 1.61803… with the digits after the decimal going on forever.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio is an irrational number and is represented by the Greek letter phi.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio frequently shows itself in nature, whether directly or indirectly.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To cite a few examples, the golden ratio appears in the seeds of sunflowers, the scales of pineapples, the arrangement of petals on a rose, DNA structures, the anatomy of the heart etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
'posturl' => 'golden-ratio-in-human-skull',
'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b9b6/9wk86m6ey0zvryj6g.jpg',
'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b9b6/9wk86m6ey0zvryj6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Golden ratio in human skull',
'metakeyword' => 'Golden ratio in human skull',
'metadescription' => 'A golden ratio has been discovered in the human skull, which has created fascination among researchers, who are trying to figure out mystery of the nature.',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/48au9u51jgzu3n4/Golden_ratio_in_human_skull.pdf/file',
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(int) 46 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2559,
'title' => 'Crop growing on Mars',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have produced crops in Mars and lunar soil simulant developed by NASA. This has proved that it is possible to grow food on the Red Planet and the Moon to feed future settlers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To sustain life beyond earth, it is necessary to arrange for food needs of the population. Agriculture outside the earth is always said to be difficult to achieve considering differences in soil composition.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists cultivated ten different crops, including garden cress, tomato, radish, rye, quinoa, spinach, chives, and peas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers simulated the properties of Lunar and Martian regolith and normal soil potting soil from Earth which was used as a control.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nine of the ten crops sown grew well and edible parts were harvested from them except spinach.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Total biomass production per tray was the highest for the Earth control and Mars soil simulant and differed significantly from Moon soil simulant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The seeds produced by three species ,radish, rye and garden cress were tested successfully for germination.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When future humans colonise Mars or Moon, the food products need not be transported from earth. Instead only necessary ingredients like seeds can be transported.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plants could well start the begining of life on Mars, with large habitat available for their sustainance.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
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'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/89c1/kgqoycws3j1kscr6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Crop growing on Mars',
'metakeyword' => 'When future humans colonise Mars or Moon,',
'metadescription' => 'When future humans colonise Mars or Moon, the food products need not be transported from earth. Instead only necessary ingredients like seeds can be transported.',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/acr5iwgrxtjd76y/Crop_growing_on_Mars.pdf/file',
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(int) 47 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2576,
'title' => 'Human ability to grow cartilages',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Researchers from Duke University have shown that compounds called microRNAs , which are found in humans may help in cartilage regeneration.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Organisms like salamanders, zebrafish and Mexican walking fish are known to be experts at regenerating lost limbs. They execute this extraordinary feat by using a circuit of microRNA (miRNA) in their body.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The same microRNA, which has lately been discovered in humans can be further utilized to regenerate lost body parts.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team studied the human lower limb cartilages and found that the microRNAs were highest in ankles compared to knees and hips.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The top layer of cartilage had a higher concentration compared to deeper layers of cartilage.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Understanding of this 'salamander-like' regenerative capacity in humans, and the critically missing components of this regulatory circuit, could provide the foundation for new approaches to repair joint tissues and possibly whole human limbs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also quantified the expression of three miRNA (miR-21, miR-31, and miR-181c) in the cartilage and found that they help activate the collagen proteins.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They studied and analysed different proteins in the cartilages and their ages and noted that the newly formed ones had few or no amino acid conversions and older proteins had many.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cartilage in the ankles were young, and those at the knee were middle-aged whereas hips had the oldest cartilage, which explains why ankles heals quickly in comparison to hips and knees.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 48 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2591,
'title' => 'Understanding how plant root regenerates',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram has pointed out that a protein called <strong>PLETHORA 2</strong> (PLT 2) is the essential ingredient for primary and lateral root regeneration.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plants are known to regenerate lost tissues or organs throughout their bodies.The new research has identified a protein that helps plant roots regrow its cut tips.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers studied a road-side plant of the mustard family and noticed that within eight hours of cutting its root tip, a high build-up of certain protein at the site of damage. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using real-time live imaging the team was able to track the behaviour of the protein and found that the protein was distributed in the form of a gradient with the highest concentration in the root tip.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also noted that the entire plant root was not competent to regenerate and it was confined only to the tip of the root. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using the PLT2 protein, regeneration can be triggered even in non-competent root cells, which have stopped dividing.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protein was found to work only at the right dose and exposure, beyond which its regeneration potential decreased.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Regeneration is of immense importance to agronomically important plant species like carrot, radish or beetroot. This research will help address any growth related issues in these plants.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aerial organs such as leaves and stems often encounter injuries and their quick repair is essential for the survival of plants. These proteins can be used to allow these plants to repair and regrow.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2594,
'title' => 'Liver transplant registry',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s first voluntary liver transplant registry that started on August 15 has picked up pace. In a span of a little over two months, it has received data of 74 transplants carried out by 11 hospitals across six States.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Initiated by the Liver Transplantation Society of India, the registry aims to collate national data of the procedures and their outcomes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Liver transplantation is a treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure, although availability of donor organs is a major limitation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nearly 2,000 liver transplants are carried out in the country annually, highest in the world, yet there is no India-specific data. This forces doctors to take help from the evolved U.S. and the U.K. registries.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Consultative discussions were carried on various important aspects like patient confidentiality, data sharing techniques, designing a user-friendly interface, which can later be shared selectively.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Liver transplant</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A liver transplant is a surgical procedure that removes a liver that no longer functions properly (liver failure) and replaces it with a healthy liver from a living or deceased donor.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Risks in transplant</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Graft rejection</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After a liver transplantation, immune-mediated rejection (also known as rejection) of the allograft may happen at any time.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bile duct </strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bile duct complications, including bile duct leaks or shrinking of the bile ducts</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bleeding</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Improper surgical procedure can cause internal bleeding that can further complicate problems.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Blood clots</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Due to fat deposition, blood clots can be formed in the arteries that may hinder normal function of liver.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Failure of donated liver</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The donated liver may fail to adjust into the new body and may soon dysfunction, leading to its removal.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Infection</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The infection may spread to new transplanted liver leading to its failure.</span></span></p>
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(int) 50 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2622,
'title' => 'Immune cells repair brains during sleep',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have found that immune cells play an important role in reorganising the connections between nerve cells, fighting infections, and repairing damage, primarily while we sleep.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The immune cells called <strong>Microglia</strong> serve as the brain’s first responders, patrolling the brain and spinal cord and springing into action to stamp out infections or gobble up debris from dead cell tissue.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research shows that the signals in our brain that modulate the sleep and awake state also act as a switch that turns the immune system off and on.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The microglia help maintain the health<strong> </strong>and function of the synapses and prune connections between nerve cells when they are no longer necessary for brain function.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The current study points to the role of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that signals arousal and stress in the central nervous system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This chemical is present in low levels in the brain while we sleep, but when production ramps up it arouses our nerve cells, causing us to wake up and become alert.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study showed that norepinephrine also acts on a specific receptor, the beta2 adrenergic receptor, which is expressed at high levels in microglia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study, which employed an advanced imaging technology that allows researchers to observe activity in the living brain. When exposed to high levels of norepinephrine, the microglia became inactive and were unable to respond to local injuries and pulled back from their role in rewiring brain networks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This research also shows that microglia are exquisitely sensitive to signals that modulate brain function and that microglial dynamics and functions are modulated by the behavioural state of the animal.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2641,
'title' => 'Two wild strains of polio virus eradicated',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The World Health Organisation (WHO) has announced that the wild <strong>TYPE 3</strong> poliovirus has been eradicated completely from the world.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The achievement of polio eradication will be a milestone for global health. Commitment from partners and countries, coupled with innovation, means that of the three wild polio serotypes, only<strong> type one</strong> remains.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Type 2 was eradicated back in 2015 and the last case of type 3 polio surfaced in northern Nigeria in 2012 and the virus hasn’t been seen since. A poliovirus can be considered eradicated if it hasn’t been detected for three years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are three individual and immunologically distinct wild poliovirus strains: wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1), wild poliovirus type 2 (WPV2) and wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All three strains are identical as they cause irreversible paralysis or even death. But there are genetic and virological differences, which make these three strains three separate viruses that must each be eradicated individually.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Today, only type 1 remains at large , in Afghanistan and Pakistan. If it’s eradicated, polio will join smallpox as the only two human epidemics wiped off the face of the planet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the two countries where the type 1 virus is still endemic, Pakistan and Afghanistan, ongoing political conflicts continue to challenge the eradication efforts.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Vaccine-derived polioviruses</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) are rare strains of poliovirus that have genetically mutated from the strain contained in the oral polio vaccine.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The oral polio vaccine contains a live, attenuated(weakened) vaccine-virus. When a child is vaccinated,the weakened vaccine-virus replicates in the intestine and enters into the bloodstream, triggering a protective immune response in the child.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If a population is seriously under-immunized, there are enough susceptible children for the excreted vaccine-derived polioviruses to begin circulating in the community.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If the vaccine-virus is able to circulate for a prolonged period of time uninterrupted, it can mutate and, over the course of 12-18 months, reacquire neurovirulence. These viruses are called <strong>circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV)</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 52 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2642,
'title' => 'Gut bacteria found in foetus',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study in humans and mice demonstrated that a fetus has its own microbiome, or communities of bacteria living in the gut, which are known to play important roles in the immune system and metabolism.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research has established that specific microbiome characteristics play causal roles in obesity, allergy, asthma, diabetes, autoimmune disease, depression and a variety of cancers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Establishing a dynamic microbiome in the fetus ensures that controlled exposure to microbes trains the developing immune system and metabolism.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Study provided strong proof that a complex microbiome is transmitted from the mother to the foetus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists can now pursue ways to boost the development of the fetal immune system and metabolism by stimulating mom's microbiome.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Gut bacteria</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Human gastrointestinal microbiota, also known as gut flora or gut microbiota, are the microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The four dominant bacterial phyla in the human gut are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2645,
'title' => 'Post-apocalyptic fossils show rise in mammals after dinosaurs',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists working on pre-historic events have discovered a surge in mammal fossils immediately after the apolcalyptic meteroid impact that destroyed dinosaurs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fossils, described by scientists, date from the first million years after the calamity and show that the surviving terrestrial mammalian and plant lineages grew drastically. Mammals attained dominance and plant life diversified impressively.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The skulls and bones of 16 mammal species were identified and are related to modern-day hoofed mammals like pigs, cows and deer. The fossils also consisted of pollen, leaf impressions and petrified wood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The asteroid strike, which ended the Cretaceous Period and opened the Paleogene Period, laid waste to the world, eradicating the dinosaurs except their bird descendants, seagoing reptiles that dominated the oceans, and important marine invertebrates and numerous plant species.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With dinosaurs no longer eating them, mammals made quick evolutionary strides, assuming new forms and lifestyles and taking over ecological niches vacated by extinct competitors.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mammals had lived in the large shadow of the dinosaurs, never getting bigger than a small dog until the mass extinction.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mammals that survived the asteroid were mainly small omnivores - the largest being the size of a rat and weighing about a pound.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plant life also was hit hard by the global environmental catastrophe that followed the crash of the six-mile-wide (10-km) asteroid off Mexico’s coast.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The largest mammal among the Colorado fossils was wolf-sized Eoconodon, followed by Taeniolabis, the size of a capybara. The largest predators were 5-foot-long crocodilians.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The asteroid that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs was the second-worst mass extinction on the planet, but set in motion the evolutionary events that much later led to the rise of primates and eventually the appearance of Homo sapiens, or humans<span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Georgia","serif""><span style="color:#3e3e3e">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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'title' => 'Indian Brain Atlas',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">‘Indian Brain Atlas’ created by researchers of the International Institute of Information Technology-Hyderabad (IIITH) has found out that Indian brain is smaller by height, width and volume in comparison to Western and eastern population.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) and International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) had created the first digital human brain atlas in 1993 and had also released other brain atlases, widely used as a standard in neuroscience studies.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The standard brain templates were created using Caucasian brains and are not ideal to analyse brain differences from other ethnicities such as the Indian population.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The differences are found even at the structure level like the volume of hippocampus and so on. But overall, the ‘IBA 100 is more’ comparable to the Chinese and Korean atlases than the distant Caucasian one.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IIITH team made a maiden effort at creating an Indian-specific brain atlas involving 50 subjects selected across genders.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MRI scans of these subjects’ brains were taken at three different hospitals across three different scanners to rule out variations found in scanning machines.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After a successful pilot study, the team recruited 100 willing participants in construction of Indian Brain Atlas or ‘IBA 100’.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scans collected were from an equal number of healthy male and female subjects 21-30 years age group when the brain is said to be ‘mature’. The constructed atlas was validated against the other atlases available for various populations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With number of aged persons increasing, there are more incidences of Alzheimer’s and Dementia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is important to understand structurally what is normal too, so as to catch such conditions early on.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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(int) 55 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2663,
'title' => 'Measles resets body’s immune system',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at Harvard have found that the measles virus erases the body's memory of previous pathogens, effectively wiping its immunity memory.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Globally, measles affects more than 7 million people each year and causes more than 100,000 deaths. Reduced vaccination rates have led to a nearly 300% increase in measles infections since 2018.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists had inferred a longer-term impact on the immune system because deaths from other infections were seen to go up after a measles outbreak, as virus directly attacks the immune system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The virus eliminated between 11 and 73% of the children's protective antibodies, blood proteins responsible for remembering previous encounters with disease.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This left some of the children with immunity close to that of a newborn baby. In order to rebuild their defences, they will need to be exposed to numerous pathogens as they were in their infancy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research found that the MMR vaccine itself did not produce immune suppression, meaning that recipients get the benefit of lifelong immunity to measles infection without the damaging effects of natural infection.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Immunity</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To tackle previously unseen infections, the immune system relies on constantly pumping out a diverse range of immune cells, thousands of different varieties, each with slightly different receptors on their surfaces, with a collective ability to recognise almost any pathogen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The immune system also creates long-lived memory cells, which remain permanently in circulation, allowing the body to rapidly recognise and eliminate previously encountered infections.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Measles</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Measles, also known as rubella, is a respiratory disease characterized by a rash all over the body in addition to fever, runny nose, and cough. It is typically a childhood illness that can be complicated by ear infection or pneumonia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The disease spreads through the air by respiratory droplets produced from coughing or sneezing.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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(int) 56 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2664,
'title' => 'Method to kill dormant TB bacteria',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Method to kill dormant TB bacteria</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have found that inhibiting lipid synthesis inside stem cells can help in killing TB bacteria that are found inside the stem cells in a dormant state.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TB bacteria inside the macrophages actively divide whereas microbes inside stem cells lie dormant and also make the stem cells less likely to replicate thus surviving for an extended period of time.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research showed that the two cells are programmed very differently to support active and dormant TB bacteria infection.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TB bacteria are free in the intracellular fluid (cytosol) of the mesenchymal stem cells while they are surrounded by the macrophage cell membrane on being engulfed. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This allows the bacteria to promote rapid synthesis of lipids inside the stem cells and hide within the lipid droplets so created.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em>S</em>tudies using human mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages and mice model studies helped to understand how TB bacteria hijack the cellular mechanism to stop the stem cells from replicating and turn themselves dormant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacteria instruct the stem cells to synthesise lipids and hide inside them. The stem cells don’t kill microbes that are inside lipid droplets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When inhibitors to block lipid synthesis were used, there was reduced expression of genes that regulate dormancy of TB bacteria and replication of stem cells. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This helped confirm that TB bacteria induce lipid synthesis in stem cells and hide inside the lipid cells to escape from anti-TB drugs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Killing the bacteria and preventing disease reactivation can be achieved by inducing autophagy (mechanism by which cells removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components) along with anti-TB drugs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inducing autophagy led to elimination of TB bacteria from stem cells. Addition of autophagy-inducing drug along with isoniazid led to sterile cure of TB and prevention of disease reactivation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 57 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2665,
'title' => 'Micro protein malfunction can cause major diseases',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have discovered that a micro protein called PIGBOS found in the powerhouse of the cells mitochondria contributes to mitigating stress happening within the cells.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While an average protein molecule present in the human body has around 300 chemical units called amino acids, the micro proteins had fewer than 100 of the building blocks.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study indicated that the micro protein could be a target for cell stress based human diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To track and find the functions of proteins, researchers attach a jelly fish derived probe called the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to them, which glows and indicates the protein’s presence in cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers of the current study ran into a roadblock when they tried to mark PIGBOS with GFP as the micro protein was too small relative to the size of the fluorescent tag.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They solved the problem using a less common approach called split GFP where they fused just a small part of GFP, called a beta strand, to PIGBOS.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With the new set up, the researchers could see PIGBOS, and study how it interacted with other proteins.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They mapped the micro protein’s location and found that it sat on the outer membrane of the mitochondria and made contact with proteins on other organelles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This may lead to the cell trying to clear out the irregular proteins, failing which it may initiate a self-destruct sequence and die.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new understanding of PIGBOS could open the door for future therapies targeting cell stress.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 58 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2672,
'title' => 'Protection against Nipah virus',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Kerala is preparing to launch an all-out campaign across the State, to create awareness of Nipah virus transmission.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kerala battled Nipah virus for two consecutive years. As the next breeding season of bats approaches there is a possibility of third encounter with the deadly virus.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a known fact that fruit bats (Pteropus/flying fox) harbour Nipah virus and that they are common in the State.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The attempt is to build on that knowledge and take a public health approach, focussing on knowledge building, awareness creation and preparedness.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The challenge is to see if through a massive public awareness campaign, to prevent direct infection from animal to humans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The No-Nipah or Zero Nipah campaign, expected to be launched next month, which will have a disease surveillance and knowledge-building component.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There will also be efforts to amp up the infection control protocols and guidelines and the general preparedness in hospitals.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is an assumption that the infection could have crossed over from bats to humans via fruits. Spreading awareness regarding keeping away from fallen fruits or damaged fruits is being carried out.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Nipah Virus</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus (it is transmitted from animals to humans) and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In infected people, it causes a range of illnesses from asymptomatic (subclinical) infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The virus can also cause severe disease in animals such as pigs, resulting in significant economic losses for farmers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The disease was first identified in 1998 during an outbreak in Malaysia while the virus was isolated in 1999. It is named after a village in Malaysia, Sungai Nipah.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 59 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2687,
'title' => 'Stubble burning and rice bioparks',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eminent agricultural scientist M.S. Swaminathan suggested that the Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh governments could set up 'Rice BioParks', where farmers could convert stubble into income and employment.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As Delhi<strong> </strong>and its neighbouring areas continue to be severely hit by pollution due to stubble burning in neighbouring States. This has caused serious levels of air deterioration, leading to health emergencies.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mr. Swaminathan noted that the air pollution in Delhi has become a matter of public health concern nationally and internationally and farmers were being blamed by many for burning stubble and thereby causing atmospheric pollution.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He suggested that we should adopt a do-ecology approach with farmers to convert rice stubble into income rather than making them agents of eco-disaster.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recently, the Chennai-based M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) established a Rice BioPark at Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, funded by the Union Ministry of External Affairs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rice Biopark showed how stubble can be utilized to make products including paper, cardboard and animal feed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for stubble burning</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Farmers are ill-equipped to deal with waste because they <em>cannot afford the new technology</em>that is available to handle the waste material.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cheaper in comparison to removing mechanically or manually.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kills weeds, pests like slugs and can reduce nitrogen tie-up.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Solutions </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Remove and convert the residues into enriched organic manure through composting.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mixing the crop residue in soil can help retain the moisture as well as increase the productivity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Use the crop residues to develop alternative product, which is sustainable as well as affordable.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2708,
'title' => 'NGT orders to prohibit use of certain RO systems',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has given an ultimatum to the Union Environment Ministry to issue notifications pertaining to prohibition on the use of RO (reverse osmosis) systems, which result in wastage of almost 80% of water.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NGT was referring to an order passed by it in May this year where it had directed the use of RO on the condition of recovery of water to the extent of more than 60%.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bench had ordered the Environment Ministry to issue appropriate notification prohibiting the use of RO where Total Dissolved Solids in water is less than 500 mg/l.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also said that provision must be laid down for recovery of water up to 75% and use of such RO reject water for purposes such as utensil washing, flushing, gardening, cleaning of vehicles and mopping.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In response the Ministry had asked the CPCB to frame a holistic policy for use of RO technology and submit a draft notification, which has not yet been done.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>National Green Tribunal (NGT)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The stated objective of the Central Government was to provide a specialized forum for effective and speedy disposal of cases pertaining to environment protection, conservation of forests and for seeking compensation for damages caused to people or property due to violation of environmental laws or conditions specified while granting permissions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NGT has been established in the National Capital – New Delhi, with regional benches in Pune (Western Zone Bench), Bhopal (Central Zone Bench), Chennai (Southern Bench) and Kolkata (Eastern Bench).</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Structure</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chairperson of the NGT is a retired Judge of the Supreme Court. Other Judicial members are retired Judges of High Courts. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each bench of the NGT will comprise of at least one Judicial Member and one Expert Member.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Expert members should have a professional qualification and a minimum of 15 years experience in the field of environment/forest conservation and related subjects.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Jurisdiction</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act. These include the following:</span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991;</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reverse Osmosis</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a special type of filtration that uses a semi-permeable, thin membrane with pores small enough to pass pure water through while rejecting larger molecules such as dissolved salts (ions) and other impurities such as bacteria. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reverse osmosis is used to produce highly purified water for drinking water systems, industrial boilers, food and beverage processing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical production, seawater desalination, and many other applications.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Working</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">RO works by reversing the principle of osmosis, the natural tendency of water with dissolved salts to flow through a membrane from lower to higher salt concentration.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rejected salts and impurities concentrate above the membrane and are passed from the system to drain or onto other processes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Does not require hazardous chemicals.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">?Reduces water and sewage use costs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Energy efficient, especially when used instead of distillation to produce high-purity water.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ability to remove many dissolved substances efficiently yet produces good tasting finished water.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Osmosis</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Illustration</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><img alt="NGT orders to prohibit use of certain RO systems" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5c39/ott7bp5sjb48w3e6g.jpg" style="height:243px; width:448px" /></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2717,
'title' => 'Ape fossil gives clues of bipedalism',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fossils unearthed in southern Germany of an ape may dramatically alter the understanding of the evolutionary origins of a fundamental human trait of walking upright on two legs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovery suggests that bipedalism originated in a common ancestor of humans and the great apes , a group that includes chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans that inhabited Europe rather than an ancestor from Africa.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists said that the ape, called <strong>Danuvius guggenmosi</strong>, combined attributes of humans which is straight lower limbs adapted for bipedalism with those of apes, long arms able to stretch out to grasp tree branches. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This indicates that Danuvius was able to walk upright on two legs and also use all four limbs while clambering through trees.It is the oldest-known example of upright walking in apes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The oldest fossil evidence of bipedalism in humankind’s evolutionary tree dated to about 6 million years ago which is fossils from Kenya of an extinct member of the human lineage called Orrorin tugenensis as well as footprints on the Mediterranean island of Crete.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If Danuvius turns out to be ancestral to humans, that would mean that some of its descendants at some point made their way to Africa.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovery of Danuvius may shatter the prevailing notion of how bipedalism evolved which till now believed that perhaps 6 million years ago in East Africa a chimpanzee-like ancestor started to walk on two legs after environmental changes created open landscapes and savannahs where forests once dominated.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Danuvius indicates that upright walking originated in the trees, not on the ground, and that humankind’s last common ancestor with apes did not go through a stage of hunched knuckle-walking, as previously thought.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fossils of at least four Danuvius individuals were found in the Allg?u region of Bavaria, including many key elements but no complete skull.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The completely preserved limb bones, vertebra, finger and toe bones enabled the researchers to reconstruct the way the creature moved about in its environment.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bipedalism</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2715,
'title' => 'New strain of HIV virus discovered',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research group at Abbott has discovered a new strain of human immunodeficiency virus or HIV, the first to be identified in 19 years.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">HIV has several different subtypes or strains, and like other viruses, it has the ability to change and mutate over time. This is the first new Group M HIV strain identified since guidelines for classifying subtypes were established in 2000.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new strain, called HIV-1 group M subtype L, is extremely rare and can be detected by Abbott’s current screening system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The danger from the virus persists as a radically new viral strain could evade detection in the blood supply, avoid being controlled by drugs and render future vaccines ineffective.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For scientists to be able to declare that this was a new subtype, three cases of it must be detected independently. The first two were found in the Democratic Republic of Congo in the 1983 and 1990.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third sample found in Congo was collected in 2001 as a part of a HIV viral diversity study. Scientists were able to fully sequence the sample and determine that it was, in fact, subtype L of Group M.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists assure that current HIV treatments can fight a wide variety of virus strains, and it is believed that these treatments can fight this newly named one.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>HIV Virus</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">HIV is a virus that damages the immune system. The immune system helps the body fight off infections. Untreated HIV infects and kills CD4 cells, which are a type of immune cell called T cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Over time, as HIV kills more CD4 cells, the body is more likely to get various types of infections and cancers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids that include blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, breast milk. The virus doesn’t spread in air or water, or through casual contact.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">HIV is a lifelong condition and currently there is no cure, although many scientists are working to find one. However, with medical care, including treatment called antiretroviral therapy, it’s possible to manage HIV and live with the virus for many years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Without treatment, a person with HIV is likely to develop a serious condition called AIDS. At that point, the immune system is too weak to fight off other diseases and infections.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 63 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2731,
'title' => 'Superbug crisis',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the most significant challenges the world faces today. This makes most of the anti-biotics ineffective against bacterial infections.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Globally, thousands succumb to untreatable superbug infections on a daily basis. Irrational antibiotic usage is a major reason behind this.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Excessive usage of antibiotics creates resistance, and doctors are notorious for this. But over two-thirds of the antibiotics manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry are used as growth promoters for poultry and cattle. Globally 73% of all antimicrobials sold are used in animals raised for food.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Antibiotic stewardship is considered to be the most important intervention to tackle super bug crisis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A remarkable, though unachievable, 100% success of antibiotic stewardship among doctors to rationalise antibiotic use can correct only one-tenth of the global antibiotic misuse.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the last 10 years, antibiotic stewardship efforts by various medical societies in our country and other stakeholders have significantly raised awareness of the super bug problem among the medical community.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rational antibiotic usage for choosing the right drug at the right dose at the right time is needed to correct the superbug challenge.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tackling superbug crisis</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Improving cleanliness in hospitals and sanitation in the community is much more important than antibiotic stewardship.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no conclusive evidence to support antibiotic stewardship as an effective measure to reduce the Gram-negative superbug bacteria, such as <em>E. coli </em>and <em>Klebsiella,</em> the most prevalent group in South Asia.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Superbugs</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">“Superbugs" is a term used to describe strains of bacteria that are resistant to the majority of antibiotics commonly used today.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Threats</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics, our medications become less and less effective. Without them, ordinary infections such as strep throat will be considered potentially life-threatening.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Diseases that are currently rare in the developed world, such as tuberculosis, could return at epidemic proportions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Superbugs are especially threatening to populations like the elderly or immunodeficient who are more susceptible to bacterial infections.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Anti-biotic stewardship</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Anti-biotic stewardship is the systematic effort to educate and persuade prescribers of antimicrobials to follow evidence-based prescribing, in order to stem antibiotic overuse, and thus antimicrobial resistance</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2732,
'title' => 'WHO initiative to make insulin affordable',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The World Health Organisation (WHO) is launching an initiative to expand access to affordable insulin, ahead of the World Diabetes Day on November 14.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">More than 420 million people worldwide, mostly in low- and middle-income countries, live with diabetes. WHO noted that many who require insulin do not have access, often due to high costs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The global report on diabetes shows that essential medicines and technologies, including insulin, are generally available in only 1 in 3 of the poorest countries.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has recommended that access to insulin should be treated as a matter of life or death and that improving access to medicines in general should be a priority.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, China has the largest number of patients(11.43 cr.) followed by India (7.29 cr.) in 2017.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The factors responsible for increase in diabetes are unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, harmful use of alcohol, over-weight/obesity, tobacco use etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The goverment is focused on creating awareness for behaviour and life-style changes, screening and early diagnosis of persons with high level of risk factors and their treatment and referral (if required) to higher facilities.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Diabetes</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose is your main source of energy and comes from the food you eat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/Dictionary/I/insulin">Insulin</a>, a <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/Dictionary/H/hormone">hormone</a> made by the <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/Dictionary/P/pancreas">pancreas</a>, helps glucose from food get into the cells to be used for energy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sometimes the body doesn’t make enough or any insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Glucose then stays in the blood and doesn’t reach the cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Types of Diabetes</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Type 1 diabetes</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/type-1-diabetes">type 1 diabetes</a>, body does not make insulin. The <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/Dictionary/I/immune-system">immune system</a> attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults, although it can appear at any age. People with type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day to stay alive.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Type 2 diabetes<a name="type2diabetes"></a></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In <a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/type-2-diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>, body does not make or use insulin well. We can develop type 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood. However, this type of diabetes occurs most often in middle-aged and older people. <strong>Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes</strong>.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Gestational diabetes</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/gestational">Gestational diabetes</a> develops in some women when they are pregnant. Most of the time, this type of diabetes goes away after the baby is born.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> However, if you’ve had gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Sometimes diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy is actually type 2 diabetes.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2733,
'title' => 'Natural shield protects certain DNA parts from radiation',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study by researchers at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bengaluru have shown that regions of the genome rich in four-stranded DNA made of guanine nucleotide base , G-quadruplexes (G4-DNA) , are more resistant to irradiation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is well known that ionizing radiation can break the double-stranded DNA in one or both the strands. The research showed that there are fewer DNA breaks seen in G-quadruplexes when exposed to radiation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The lower sensitivity to radiation was seen in studies carried out <em>in vitro</em> and inside cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers observed that contrary to the general notion that radiation-induced DNA breaks are random in nature and can occur throughout the genome, the breaks are sequence-dependent.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Certain regions of the genome were found to be resistant to radiation with fewer strand breaks in the DNA, and these regions are rich in G-quadruplexes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">G-quadruplexes typically consist of three-guanine nucleotide base found together and repeated four times.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When a guanine nucleotide gets repeated it tends to fold itself into a four-stranded DNA.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are 3.5 to 7 lakh G-quadruplexes in the human genome, and these are found in certain regions of the genome such as the telomeres that act as caps on either end of the chromosomes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During study, when single DNA strands made entirely of one of the four nucleotides , adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine , were exposed to gamma radiation, all except the strand made of guanine were sensitive to radiation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the case of a single DNA strand containing only thymine in one half and guanine in the other half, the guanine half alone showed better resistance to radiation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Guanine loses its resistance when paired into double-strands and exposed to radiation. This showed that guanine was resistant to radiation when present in a single strand but becoming sensitive to radiation when present in a double-strand form.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the researchers tested the radiation resistance of G-quadruplex inside cells, they found that there were fewer DNA breaks in the G-quadruplex present in telomeres compared with centromere [another part of the chromosome]. This suggests that G-quadruplex offers radioprotection inside the cell too.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 66 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2770,
'title' => 'Trapped beetle provides earliest evidence of insect pollination',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The earliest-known example of a pollinating insect has been found preserved in amber dating back to around 99 million years ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from earliest known direct evidence of insect pollination of flowering plants, this specimen perfectly illustrates the cooperative evolution of plants and animals during this time period.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fossilised <strong>tumbling flower beetle</strong> was found with pollen still stuck to its legs preserved in amber from deep inside a mine in northern <strong>Myanmar</strong>'s Hukawng Valley.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The find pushes back the earliest-documented instance of insect pollination to around 50 million years earlier than previously thought.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The preserved insect is a newly discovered species of beetle which researchers have named <em>Angimordella burmitina</em>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists analysed the 62 pollen grains found with the beetle preserved in the amber and found out that they had evolved specifically to be spread through contact with such insects.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research determined that the beetle was a pollinator based on its body shape and having pollen-feeding mouth-parts, which they studied using a microscopic imaging method called X-ray micro-computed tomography.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prior to this study, the earliest physical evidence for insects pollinating flowering plants came from 50 million years ago, in the so-called Middle Eocene period.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 67 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2673,
'title' => 'Cotton leaf worm’s response against plant’s defence mechanism',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have discovered a new side to the triangular story of interactions among plant, pest and predatory insect in cotton plants.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the first study showing the impact of plant volatiles on cellular immunity of the worm [<em>S. litura</em>], causing elevated defense against natural enemies.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team finds a link between the boosting of immunity levels in pest (cotton leaf worm, <em>Spodoptera litura</em>) and exposure to plant volatiles, which are aromatic vapours released by the plant when the worm chews the leaves.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the worm feeds on the cotton plant’s leaves, the leaves release aromatic and volatile vapours into the air. These volatiles waft in the air and attract the wasps, which harm the cotton leaf worm.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Though the adult wasp is an independent entity, the wasp lays its eggs on the skin of the worm, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae feed on the worm itself, thereby ending up killing it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In order to make this possible, the wasp first injects a toxic substance into the worm which immobilises it, so that the wasp can take time to lay its eggs on the skin of the worm.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another example of such a triangle is the Cabbage worm <em>Plutella xylostella, </em>and the wasp <em>Cotesia vestalis.</em> In this case, the wasp injects the eggs into the body of the worm and the eggs hatch inside and feed on the worm as they grow.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During research, it was observed that the worm obtains immunity from plant volatiles. The worm is not immobilised by the wasp’s sting and thus prevents the wasp from laying its eggs on the worm.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The elevated defense caused trade-offs like reduced pupal size and adult life-span in these primed larvae compared to controls.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 68 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2813,
'title' => 'Upside-down landing of flies',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers studying insect behaviour have been successful in identifying the reasons and movements that allow a fly to land upside-down.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nervous coordination is brought about by means of Stimuli Receptors of nervous system which is the quickest way of communication CNS Effectors in the body of an animal by electro-chemical messages called nerve Response impulse.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team of researchers lists out four steps that take place in the complex process which includes upward acceleration towards the landing site and then based on visual inputs it begins to rotate - pitch and roll.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It then flings all six legs and prepares to land, and in the final stage does a leg-assisted body swing and lands firmly.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It involves visual, neurobiological and gyroscopic inputs. The researchers concluded that they have to initiate deceleration at 40 microseconds speed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If the fly missed initiating the landing response within this window, it ended up colliding with the substrate.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To orient itself in an inverted position, a fly can either perform a roll rotation or a pitch rotation or a combination of both.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study will help to gain insights into how the nervous system acquires and integrates inputs from multiple sensory modalities to execute a fast but precise behaviour.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 69 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 2804,
'title' => 'Pakistan introduces vaccine to combat against typhoid',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakistan became the first country in the world to introduce a new typhoid vaccine in an effort to combat a drug-resistant strain of the potentially fatal disease.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakistani health officials have reported an ongoing outbreak of an extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever that began in the country in November 2016. The strain of <em>Salmonella Typhi</em> bacteria, which has become a so-called “superbug”, has so far infected around 11,000 people in the country.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakistan has become the first country in the world to introduce TCV (Typhoid conjugate Vaccine) into its routine immunisation programme through a campaign mode in Sindh.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The vaccine, approved by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2018, will initially be used during a two-week immunisation campaign.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two-week campaign, launched with the support of Geneva-based Gavi vaccine alliance. GAVI vaccine alliance is backed by several global organisation, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the WHO, the World Bank and the UNICEF.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TCV is a one-dose vaccine, injected intramuscularly, that is lower in cost and has higher efficacy. It is expected to provide long lasting immunity in adults, children and infants older than 9 months of age.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Typhoid</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Typhoid is an infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhi). The bacterium lives in the intestines and bloodstream of humans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It spreads between individuals by direct contact with the feces of an infected person. No animals carry this disease, so transmission is always human to human.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Symptoms include rashes, fever, muscle aches, diarrhea etc.</span></span></p>
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(int) 70 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2806,
'title' => 'SeeTB: New diagnostic tool for detecting tuberculosis',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have developed a small device called as SeeTB, that can be attached to a simple optical microscope to convert it into a fluorescence microscope, thus enabling better TB diagnosis at the point-of-care.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major healthcare burden for most developing countries, and India still leads the list with the largest number of cases. The World Health Organization has aimed at eliminating TB by 2035, and the Indian government has vouched to do this by 2025. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The device is battery operated and allows quick identification of the bacteria. The team has also developed a clearing reagent called CLR which helps in thinning the collected sputum thus enhancing the bacteria detection. A patent has been filed for both the reagent and the device.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The currently used fluorescence microscopy requires infrastructure, an air-conditioned room, trained professionals and is functional only in tertiary health care centers. SeeTB can be used at the primary health care centres in the villages, and once diagnosed, the treatment can be started.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CLR-SeeTB is a highly economical platform and is most suited for a country like India which has a high TB burden.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results during diagnosis showed that compared to fluorescence microscopy, the CLR-SeeTB system had higher sensitivity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the performance was compared against <strong>GeneXpert</strong>, another diagnosis tool that looks for DNA markers of TB bacteria, SeeTB showed improved sensitivity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Also, while GeneXpert method takes about two hours, SeeTB can help find the bacteria in about 30 minutes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team used 3D printing to rapidly prototype this compact optical platform, and now are using injection moulding to produce these components in large scale. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This can help drastically bring down the cost, thus making it feasible for large scale distributions across the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tuberculosis</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but they can also damage other parts of the body. TB spreads through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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(int) 71 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2884,
'title' => 'Environmentally sustainable method to block Dengue virus transmisssion',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An effective yet environmentally sustainable method has proved useful in blocking the transmission of mosquito-borne dengue virus.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The intervention succeeded despite ongoing pesticide applications and other challenges that can make it hard for the Wolbachia to become established.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using a strain of the bacteria Wolbachia, which inhibit mosquitoes from transmitting viruses to humans, researchers were able to successfully<strong> </strong>reduce cases of dengue.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Their data shows that mosquitoes carrying the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia, when released into the wild, had the effect of reducing the incidence of dengue cases by 40 percent<strong>.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This team of researchers has shown that the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia is stable and effective,<strong> </strong>even in daily peak temperatures of 36° Celsius and higher.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers released batches of <strong>Aedes aegypti</strong> mosquitoes carrying the wAlbB strain of <strong>Wolbachia</strong> into the wild, in six different sites with high levels of dengue transmission.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Wolbachia carrying mosquitoes ,both male and female then went on to mate with the wild mosquito population, resulting in the spread and establishment of the virus-inhibiting bacteria.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In some sites, Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes were measured at over 90 percent frequency more than a year after the mosquito releases ended.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dengue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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'metatitle' => 'Environmentally sustainable method to block Dengue virus transmisssion',
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2881,
'title' => 'Infants susceptible to measles infection earlier than assumed',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study has shown that antibodies from the mother, which protects the child against measles, almost disappear by the end of three months and not six months as earlier thought.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Measles is a highly infectious acute viral illness that can lead to severe complications, such as pneumonia, encephalitis and death. Children younger than five years who get infected with measles have higher rates of complications, hospitalisation and even death.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Currently, as per the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation, children in countries like India with ongoing transmission of measles are vaccinated only at 9-12 months of age.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In countries with no ongoing transmission, the first dose is administered when the baby is 12-15 months of age.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This would mean that babies would remain susceptible to measles infection for a longer period of time before they get vaccinated with the first dose.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The authors also found that the probability of infants getting infected increased with maternal age. This is because pregnant mothers remain protected through vaccination and not through natural infection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They predict that a one-month-old infant has 25% probability of getting infected with measles if the mother is 25 years old but the probability increases to 40% if the mother is 40 years old.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies carried out in measles-endemic settings, as in the case of India, show that many mothers gain immunity through natural infection and are also continually exposed to the virus, leading to repeated immunologic boosting and more robust antibody levels.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But in countries where measles has been eliminated or is close to elimination, mothers gain immunity through childhood vaccination, which has been associated with lower antibody levels compared with natural infection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Infants born to mothers in countries where measles virus has been eliminated have lower maternal antibodies and these antibodies quickly fall below the threshold of protection leaving them to susceptible to infection before they receive the first measles vaccination dose.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore, the best strategy for protecting infants against measles, according to the researchers is adequate community protection delivered through high coverage [over 95%] of two doses of measles-containing vaccine.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2909,
'title' => 'Formalin laced fishes',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Formalin laced fishes were seized from various fish markets of the city of Thiruvananthapuram. These fishes were especially brought from other states.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fish has a small shelf life due to which they are susceptible to spoil within few hours of the catch. Various chemicals, including formalin is used to increase its shelf life.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Formalin</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH?O. It is the simplest of the aldehydes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The common name of this substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid. Formaldehyde is an important precursor to many other materials and chemical compounds and is a chief cancer causing agent. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is used chiefly as a preservative for biological specimens.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Formalin consumption</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While formalin can cause nausea, coughing and burning sensation in eyes, nose and throat in the short term, it can cause cancer if consumed over a long period of time.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Avoiding formalin in fish</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Consumers should wash fish thoroughly with running tap water, as formaldehyde is soluble in water.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cook fish thoroughly to an internal temperature of 75°C or above, as heat from cooking can also aid the removal of formaldehyde.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Consumers can check the fish for adulteration using rapid detection kit.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 74 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2915,
'title' => 'Obesity in children of India',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to the World Obesity<strong> </strong>Federation, around 28 million children in India will be obese by the year 2030 and the country would rank second in the world in terms of the high number of obese people.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. Children who are obese are above the normal weight for their age and height.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Obesity has always been the root cause of many metabolic disorders like diabetes, hypertension, heart and liver problems, respiratory and joint pain issues. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The studies have revealed that obesity is also associated with infertility, and is considered the number one cause of cancer across the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Obesity</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Obesity means having too much body fat. It is different from being overweight, which means weighing too much. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The weight may come from muscle, bone, fat, and/or body water. Both terms mean that a person's weight is greater than what's considered healthy for his or her height.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. A few cases are caused primarily by genes, endocrine disorders, medications, or mental disorder.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choices. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods, such as those high in fat or sugars, and by increasing the intake of dietary fiber.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2939,
'title' => 'Undersea telecom cables to be used as earthquake monitoring networks',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fibre-optic cables that make up the global undersea telecommunications network may help researchers assess offshore earthquakes, and hidden geologic structures in the depths of the ocean.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The study describes an experiment which turned a 20 kilometre section of undersea fibre-optic cable into the equivalent of 10,000 seismic stations monitoring quakes along the ocean floor. Researchers recorded a 3.5 magnitude earthquake, and seismic scattering from underwater fault zones during their experiment.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers used a technique where a device with components for creating, manipulating and detecting light sent short pulses of laser down the cable, and detected how this was backscattered due to strain in the cable caused by stretching.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers then measured the scattering at every two metres of the cable, and turned a 20-kilometre section into 10,000 individual motion sensors.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The technique could be used to map a previously unknown fault system, and observe several dynamic tidal and storm-driven processes in the water column above.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The technique called Distributed Acoustic Sensing, was earlier tested with fibre-optic cables on land, but can now be used to obtain data on quakes happening under the sea, where few seismic stations exist.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers said the new system is sensitive to changes of nanometres to hundreds of picometres for every metre of cable length, a change happening at the scale of one part in a billion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists hope to use the dense fibre-optic networks around the world, spanning more than 10 million kilometers, on both land and under the sea to measure the sensitive seismic movements on the Earth.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance of research</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is important to know when and where earthquakes occur and their magnitude. Using seismic-wave velocity data collected from networks of stations around the world, researchers produce and analyze three-dimensional images of the rock through which those waves propagated. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The images provide insight into processes that include the convection of slowly deforming rock in the mantle, the movement of tectonic plates, and earthquakes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nearly all the seismic networks, however, are located on land, which precludes seismologists from getting a complete picture of the planet’s internal churning.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adding instrumentation to the 71% of Earth’s surface covered by oceans would dramatically improve the data density and provide seismologists with close-up, unseen detail of mantle plumes, fault lines, and deep-sea earthquakes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2929,
'title' => 'Motions that keeps cells in shape',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A team of scientists has found the health of cells is maintained in part by two types of movement of their nucleoli. This dual motion adds to our understanding of what contributes to healthy cellular function.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recent discoveries have shown that some cellular compartments don't have membranes. Researchers have since sought to understand the forces that maintain the integrity of these building blocks of life that are absent in these membranes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">understanding the processes responsible for the maintenance of nucleolar shape and motion might help in the creation of new diagnostics and therapies for certain human afflictions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compartments in cells act as liquid droplets made of a material that does not mix with the fluid around them- similar to oil and water.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This process, known as liquid-liquid phase separation, has now been established as one of the key cellular organizing principles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To better understand this, the scientists examined the motion and fusion of human nucleoli in live human cells, while monitoring their shape, size, and smoothness of their surface. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study showed two types of nucleolar pair movements: an unexpected correlated motion prior to their fusion and separate independent motion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They found that the smoothness of the nucleolar interface is susceptible to both changes in gene expression and the packing state of the genome, which surrounds the nucleoli.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since nucleoli are surrounded by fluid that contains our genome, their movement stirs genes around them. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Consequently, because the genome in the surrounding fluid and nucleoli exist in a sensitive balance, a change in one can influence the other. Disrupting this state can potentially lead to disease.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 77 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2953,
'title' => 'Combination therapy using Malaria drugs to treat TB',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have demonstrated that a drug combination that prevents the bacteria from inducing TB drugs toleration mechanism leads to almost complete clearance of the bacteria from the mice lungs in just two months of therapy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have made an important discovery of the mechanism used by TB bacteria to tolerate TB drugs, which necessitates longer treatment of six-nine months.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The common notion is that only the non-replicating or slowly metabolising TB bacteria become tolerant to anti-TB drugs but a team found a fraction of the bacteria inside the macrophages was able to tolerate anti-TB drugs even when actively multiplying.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They found that using an already approved anti-malaria drug chloroquine in combination with a TB drug isoniazid can almost clear all the bacteria from the lungs of mice and guinea pigs in just eight weeks. In addition, the drug combination also reduces the chances of TB relapse. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reducing the pH to make it acidic is the first-line of defence by macrophages when infected with pathogens. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But the researchers found that instead of controlling the TB bacteria, the mildly acidic pH was actually facilitating a fraction of the bacteria to continue multiplying and develop drug tolerance.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They found that anti-TB drugs induce oxidative stress to kill bacteria inside macrophages. However, the drug tolerant bacteria have a remarkable ability to counter oxidative stress.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Also, the drug-tolerant bacteria induce efflux pumps to expel antibiotics as an additional mechanism to reduce antibiotic efficacy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists assumed that reverting the pH within macrophages to its normal state could probably make the bacteria sensitive to antibiotics.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>chloroquine </strong>drug, which is actively used in treating Malaria, neutralises the pH within the macrophages. This prevents the bacteria from inducing the mechanism to protect themselves from oxidative stress. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So no drug-tolerant TB bacteria emerge. Once the pH is neutralised, the isoniazid drug is able to eradicate TB from animals.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They observed threefold reduction when combined chloroquine with <strong>rifampicin</strong> and fivefold reduction when they used chloroquine-<strong>isoniazid</strong> combination, both of which are anti-TB drugs.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 78 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3093,
'title' => 'Ultrasonic ‘distress screams’ emitted by plants during stress',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have for the first time found evidence of plants making airborne emission of ultrasound screams when subjected to stresses.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers experimented with tomato and tobacco plants and subjected them to two different stresses, drought and cutting of stems.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sound contains information that can reveal the state of the plant<strong> </strong>emitting it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ultrasound emitted is in the range 20-100 kHz and can be detected from a distance of 3-5 metres. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers speculates that if stressed plants can emit ultrasound, then neighbouring plants should be equipped to hear these distress sounds too.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers say that plants' response to pollinator sounds involves their flowers, but the receptors to ultrasound would be in the vegetative parts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many moths, which use tomato and tobacco plants as hosts for their larvae, are already known to hear and react to ultrasound at frequencies emitted by the plants and may then potentially avoid laying their eggs on a plant that had emitted stress sounds.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers suspect that the sounds are generated by a process called cavitation, where air bubbles form, expand and explode in the xylem causing vibrations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tomato and tobacco plants emitted ultrasound at different mean peak frequencies when subjected to the two stresses. In general, the two plants emitted sounds at a higher peak frequency when the stem was cut than when under drought.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plants belonging to two different taxa also emitted ultrasound when subjected to the same stresses.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists are currently extending the work to additional species and conditions and are also in the process of examining the potential agricultural applications of the findings, which would likely be more diverse than the original research.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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(int) 79 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3094,
'title' => 'New molecule for rheumatoid arthritis may help in preventing cartilage destruction',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A specific fragment of a protein secreted by the parasitic worm liver fluke<em> (Fasciola)</em> has been found to protect the articular cartilage of joints from being destroyed by the body’s aberrant immune system, thus preventing rheumatoid arthritis from progressing. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research team also found that the protein prevented the joint bone from being destroyed. In rheumatoid arthritis, the joint bone starts getting destroyed following cartilage destruction.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Liver flukes secrete certain specialised proteins that help the parasites to evade recognition by the host immune system and also blunt the killing machinery of the immune system by dialling down the inflammatory responses.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protein,Fasciola helminth defence molecule-1 (FhHDM-1), secreted by liver fluke has similarity with a human protein that mitigates inflammatory responses.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The peptide rapidly stops damage to the cartilage. The cartilage that has already been damaged is not repaired because the damage is irreversible in the case of rheumatoid arthritis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In contrast to the currently used anti-rheumatic drug (methotrexate), the biggest advantage of using the liver fluke peptide is that it does not produce a wholesale suppression of the immune system. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even the monoclonal antibodies that act against individual inflammatory molecules have inherent problems.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The monoclonal antibodies target and suppress the tumour necrosis factor (TNF alpha), which is the first line of defence against <em>Mycobacterium.</em> </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In such case, the anti-rheumatic drug and even the monoclonal antibodies that target TNF alpha will leave the person susceptible to infections, including TB.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The liver fluke peptide only produces selective protection to the joints and does not alter the systemic immune system. So the body’s ability to combat bacterial pathogens will remain intact. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 80 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3107,
'title' => 'Atmospheric water generator',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The South Central Railway has installed “Atmospheric Water Generator” kiosk in Secunderabad Railway station.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This kiosk is installed as part of the green initiatives & water conservation measures and developed under “make in India” concept by ‘Maithri Aquatech’ and named as “<strong>MEGHDOOT</strong>”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mechanism</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In this system, instead of taking source water for filtration and consumption, the water is directly harvested from the air through a series of steps.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under this, air flows into the machine through a filtration system duly filtering out the contaminants present in the moisture laden air.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Then the filtered air passes through cooling chamber where in the air will be condensed. The condensed air is converted into water and drops into a storage tank provided for the purpose.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The dropped water from the tank passes through multiple level filtration which removes odour and any other impurities and then it passes through Ultra Violet (UV) system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The filtered water is dosed with essential minerals which are beneficial before it can be dispensed for consumption.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The water produced under this system fulfils the WHO norms and also Indian standards for consumption. It is also approved by Ministry of Jal Shakti as a safe and healthy drinking water.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Benefits</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Industries which require travel, such as the military, can use an atmospheric water generator to create water when resources run low.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the biggest advantages of Atmospheric Water Generators are the cost efficiency of the device.There is no additional operating expenses, and because the atmospheric water generator is autonomous.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are no contamination by heavy metals or microbes as in the case of ground or surface water sources.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">Working model</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828"><img alt="Atmospheric water generator upsc optional" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/975f/ebzm2oj6hf1pexb6g.jpg" style="height:424px; width:646px" /></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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(int) 81 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3124,
'title' => 'Research shows how mother protects child from chickenpox',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mothers with a past history of chickenpox infection may transmit chickenpox viral DNA to their babies during pregnancy, thereby stimulating their immunity against this infection, according to a new study.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The findings will revolutionise the present day understanding of how babies are protected against infections like chickenpox in childhood.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This mother-to-child transfer of viral DNA may be responsible for the long-lasting protection against serious chickenpox infection seen during childhood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study states that chickenpox reactivation after surgical stress is known. Scientists have also demonstrated that the stress of space travel can induce subclinical reactivation of chickenpox in astronauts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The present understanding is that mothers provide their babies protection against a variety of common infections by transferring readymade antibodies to them. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protection to the baby lasts for 12 to 15 months. If the baby encounters the infection while it is partially protected by maternal antibodies, the illness is mild. The baby then develops their own, long-lasting immunity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Babies develop more long-lasting active immunity with the transfer of chickenpox DNA from mothers, more than the short-term passive protection provided by the transfer of readymade antibodies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the absence of vaccines, chickenpox spreads easily in the population and repeated exposure to the virus acts like booster doses.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vaccination, on the other hand, will reduce person to person spread of natural <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/1074-1073/disease/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank">disease<strong> </strong></a>and the antibody titres are not boosted, and so there is little protection provided to the next generation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Chickenpox</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chickenpox is primarily a disease of the temperate regions, where it occurs throughout the year, commonly in children between 1 and 14 years of age.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chickenpox is also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with <strong>varicella</strong> <strong>zoster</strong> <strong>virus</strong> (VZV). The disease results in a characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters, which eventually scab over.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 3146,
'title' => 'Obesity contributes to extra carbon dioxide',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research from The Obesity Society has revealed that obese people account for about 1.6 per cent of all man-made greenhouse gas emissions.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The society used greenhouse gas emission data, demographic data, and obesity prevalence statistics to estimate that obesity is responsible for 20 per cent more greenhouse gas emissions compared with people of a normal weight.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is due to a combination of higher metabolic rates and the environmental impact of both producing the food and the increased fuel required to transport obese people, according to the researchers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Obesity has previously been linked to higher oxidative metabolism, the set of chemical reactions in our cells that use oxygen to convert food to energy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Total carbon dioxide production from any species is linked to average metabolic rate, average body size and the total number of individuals of the species. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increasing average body size of people on Earth may further challenge attempts to reduce man-made carbon dioxide emissions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared with an individual with normal weight, obese people were found to produce an extra 81kg per year of carbon dioxide emissions from higher metabolism, an extra 593kg per year from greater food and drink consumption and an extra 476kg per year from car and air transportation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Energy requirements of humankind, and subsequently worldwide food demand, are now expected to increase not only because of a growing population but also due to the increasing body weight generally, creating a vicious cycle where food production will go up.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Meanwhile, transportation of heavier people is associated with increased production of fossil fuels, resulting in more carbon dioxide emissions from food production and transportation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Obesity and its effect</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Obesity is when the body has too much fat. Obesity can cause a lot of damage to the body. People with severe obesity are more likely to have other diseases. These include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, and many more.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 3158,
'title' => 'Application of Ramanujan’s work in signal processing and Black hole physics',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ramanujan’s mathematics<strong>, </strong>done over a hundred years ago, finds applications today in areas other than pure mathematics, which were not even established during his time. Two among these are signal processing and Black Hole physics.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Srinivasa<strong> </strong>Ramanujan was an Indian mathematician whose contributions to the theory of numbers include pioneering discoveries of the properties of the partition function.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">His papers were published in English and European journals, and in 1918 he was elected to the Royal Society of London.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Signals processing</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Examples of signals that are processed digitally include obvious ones like speech and music and more research-oriented ones such as DNA and protein sequences. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All these have certain patterns that repeat over and over again and are called periodic patterns. For example, a DNA molecule is made up of a 4 bases (Adenine Guanine, Thymine and Cytosine).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In real life, more complex repeating patterns may need to be identified as they bear significance to health conditions. So, in signal processing, one thing we are interested in is extracting and identifying such periodic information.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A mathematical operation similar to a sieve is used to separate out the periodic regions in the signal. Some of the best-known methods to extract periodic components in signals involve Fourier analysis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further research showed that using these patterns gave a method that worked better than Fourier analysis when the region of periodicity is short.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Black hole Physics</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ramanujan’s interest in the number of ways one can partition an integer (a whole number) is famous. For instance, the integer 3 can be written as 1+1+1 or 2+1. Thus, there are two ways of partitioning the integer 3. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The seemingly simple mathematical calculation is related to a very sophisticated method to reveal the properties of black holes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A separate concept in physics, entropy, explains why heat flows from a hot body to a cold body and not the other way around. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results of Ramanujan and Hardy on partitions and the former’s subsequent work on what are called mock theta functions have come to play an important role in understanding the very quantum structure of spacetime , in particular the quantum entropy of a type of Black Hole in string theory.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Carbon dots help detect herbicide pollution',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from Assam have used the commonly found invasive plant water hyacinth to produce carbon nanoparticles. These extremely tiny (less than 10 nanometre) particles can be used for detecting a commonly used herbicide, pretilachlor. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Assam, every water body is infested with water hyacinth, and it is an easy and cheap option to explore. So use of the plant for carbon dot production was common.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers harvested water hyacinth leaves, removed the chlorophyll, dried and powdered it. The sieved powder underwent several treatments including heating at 150 degree Celsius to convert it to carbon dots.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The carbon dots were able to give a green fluorescence under UV light. The extremely small oxygen functional groups on the surface of the dot are responsible for the fluorescence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The herbicide pretilachlor is mixed with water and carbon dots, and studied using special equipment. The fluorescence intensity increases in the presence of the herbicide. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After successful testing in the laboratory conditions, the team collected soil samples from different places across the State and proved the efficiency of the carbon dots in detecting pretilachor in soil samples.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research also describes the mechanism by which electron transfer happens between the dot and the herbicide which enables the fluorescence enhancement.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This experiment is commercially viable option when compared with the sensors currently available in the market, as the raw material for the construction of the sensor, the water hyacinth is readily available and is practically a waste material. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pretilachor</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pretilachlor is one of well known synthetic selective herbicide. Pretilachlor was colourless liquid, and stock solution was prepared freshly in dimethylsulfoxide. (DMSO) before use. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pretilachlor is used to control annual grasses, broad-leaved weeds and sedges in rice and works by inhibiting cell division.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 3167,
'title' => 'Mutation in smell gene associated with asthma',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A multi-institutional study by Indian researchers has shown that a variant of an olfactory gene (OR2AG2) is a novel candidate for asthma. This is the first time in India a four-generation large family with high asthma prevalence has been studied for the said purpose.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The gene was validated in a north Indian cohort of 141 children with asthma and 130 controls. About 80% of children with asthma carried a copy of the gene variant.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Twenty individuals representing the four generations were selected for studying. Of the 20 persons studied, 14 had asthma and the rest served as a control group. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While whole genome genotyping helps in detecting variations across the genome, the exome sequencing allows variations in the protein-coding region of any gene to be identified.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers turned to computer modelling to narrow down the possible variants that might be responsible for asthma and finally confirmed the genetic variant through conventional sequencing.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mutation in the sensory pathway such as <strong>olfaction</strong> is a plausible mechanism for increased asthma risk because of inability to mount an appropriate counter response. The inability to mount a counter response could lead to lung damage.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The inability to smell was assumed be a potential mechanism for lung damage and further study was conducted in this regard.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers evaluated the ability of the 20 participants to smell a sweet odour and the concentration at which they could identify the odour. All 14 family members with asthma had one copy of the gene variant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Healthy individuals and those with asthma were able to identify and differentiate different smells, but those with asthma could detect smells only at higher concentrations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To validate the hypothesis, the researchers directly measured the gene expression in lung samples of those with asthma and normal subjects. In people with asthma, there was significant reduction in the expression of the gene.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is either a genetic defect in the OR2AG2 gene at birth leading to suppressed expression or there is acquired suppression of gene expression later in life due to inflammation or environmental factors.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3208,
'title' => 'Protein that repairs damaged DNA',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Institute of Technology - Hyderabad researchers have explained the working of a protein that repairs damaged DNA.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With increasing awareness of the impact of DNA damage on almost all diseases and maladies, there is a worldwide effort to understand how these repair proteins work, both as an academic exercise and as the foundation for therapeutic interventions.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nature has evolved techniques to not only protect DNA, but also repair damaged DNA so that a catastrophic damage can be averted.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In humans, one such repair mechanism involves activation of a special class of proteins called “<strong>DNA repair proteins</strong>”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DNA is the blueprint of life form and encodes directions that the life form must take in order to survive and evolve.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is thus essential for the survival of every cell and is usually kept well-protected within the nucleus of cells, and in some non-nuclear parts like the mitochondria.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Any damage to DNA can result in outcomes that can range from mild changes that cannot be perceived like a sudden appearance of a harmless mole to catastrophic diseases like cancer.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers firstly discovered the mechanism by which these DNA repair proteins assemble when DNA is under threat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They studied the action of one specific protein called alkB homolog 3, or ALKBH3. It is known that ALKBH3 repairs alkylated DNA containing 1-methyladenosine and 3-methylcytosine through oxidative demethylation, but the mechanism had remained unclear.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further study found that ALKBH3 has a direct protein-protein interaction with another protein called RAD51C and this interaction stimulates ALKBH3-mediated repair of methyl-adduct located within 3′- tailed DNA.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The knowledge gained from the studies might, in the long term, be beneficial from a cancer therapeutic perspective<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 3231,
'title' => 'SnowEx mission by NASA',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA has launched a seasonal campaign called SnowEx, for a better understanding of how much water is contained in each winter’s snowfall and how much will be available when it melts in the spring.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Snow is a vital source of water for drinking, agriculture, and electrical power in the western United States and other locations around the world. To know how much water will be available the following spring, water resource managers and hydrologists need to know where snow has fallen, how much there is and how is characteristics change as it melts.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The geographical focus of SnowEx is North America and NASA’s overall target is optimal strategies for mapping global snow water equivalent (SWE) with remote sensing and models leading to a Decadal Survey “Earth System Explorer” mission.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tracking snow-water equivalent (SWE) across the season helps hydrologists and water resource managers know what water will be available when it melts in the spring, as well as plan for possible floods or droughts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Within its geographic range, SnowEx assesses where snow has fallen, how much there is and how its characteristics change as it melts. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It uses airborne measurements, ground measurements and computer modelling. The airborne campaign will fly RADAR and LIDAR (light detection and ranging) to measure snow depth, microwave radar and radiometers to measure SWE, optical cameras to photograph the surface, infrared radiometers to measure surface temperature, and hyperspectral imagers for snow cover and composition. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ground teams will measure snow depth, density, accumulation layers, temperature, wetness and snow grain size, the size of a typical particle. This year, real-time computer modelling will be integrated into the campaign as well.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NASA currently has no global satellite mission to track and study SWE. It acknowledges any future snow satellite mission will require observations from an international collection of satellites.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'SnowEx mission by NASA',
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(int) 88 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3233,
'title' => 'Biomarkers for glioma brain tumour found',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have found potential gene biomarkers that can be used for prognosis and early diagnosis of the most aggressive form of primary brain tumour called glioblastoma.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The biomarkers can help in knowing if the tumour is at an initial stage (low-grade) or advanced stage (high-grade).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers looked at immune cells called macrophages in the tumour microenvironment to understand their role in suppressing or boosting the immune system to keep the tumour under check.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The role of certain macrophages in suppressing the immune system leading to progression of cancers such as breast, prostate, bladder and cervical cancers is already known.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">the researchers identified two macrophages, M1 and M2, that were associated with the tumour. These were identified using hallmark gene markers. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The M1 macrophage is protective for glioma while the M2 macrophage is not. The M2 macrophage control the immune response and intimately interacts with the tumour and supports tumour progression.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the glioma progresses from low-grade to high-grade, the amount of M1 macrophages reduced and the amount of M2 macrophages increases. Thus the ratio of M2 macrophage marker CD163 versus M1 macrophage marker CCL3 can ascertain the glioma progression.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the low-grade glioma, the ratio of M2/M1 macrophages is less while it is high in the case of high-grade glioma tumour.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In low-grade glioma there is presence of both M1 and M2 macrophages. But if there are more M2 macrophages (as indicated by the gene marker expression) than M1 macrophages, the survival is less. Likewise if there are more M1 macrophages then the patient has better chances of survival.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared with healthy individuals, there was elevated level of M2 macrophages in peripheral blood too. This indicates that the influence of glioma is so prominent that M2 macrophages can be found in the blood.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 89 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3234,
'title' => 'addressing-child-malnutrition',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Globally over 200 million children below five years of age are chronically malnourished causing persistent problem in middle- and low-income countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> India’s National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) show that there has been a decline in child malnutrition numbers in the country but various studies show that the rate of decline is very slow, and India is still fighting a tough battle.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new study assessed district-level trends in the prevalence of malnutrition and how wealth disparity plays a role in five important malnutrition indicators such as stunting, underweight, wasting, low birth weight, and anaemia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers analysed data of 2015-16 and noted that among the four indicators, anaemia was highly prevalent at 54.6%, across the poorest of the poor in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Telangana.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Wealth disparities in underweight children were seen across all districts with Gujarat, Jharkhand and Bihar having the worst disparities and Mizoram, Nagaland and Manipur having the least.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For stunting and underweight, the north and central region of India which includes Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand were composed primarily of “pitfall” and “intensity” districts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Districts where the prevalence of malnutrition is uniformly high likely require a different intervention strategy compared with districts where prevalence is high but disproportionately shouldered amongst poorer households within the district.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Malnutrition</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems. It may involve calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamins or minerals.</span></span></p>
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(int) 90 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3251,
'title' => 'New drug prevents progression of Osteoarthritis',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have found that “MIV-711”, a novel selective cathepsin K inhibitor can reduce disease progression in osteoarthritis.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Osteoarthritis of the knee is a painful, disabling condition affecting more than 14 million people in the US and hundreds of millions worldwide.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The pain of knee osteoarthritis arises from a series of pathologic processes involving articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovium, meniscus, and other joint structures, ultimately leading to joint failure and pain-related functional limitations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A team of researchers sought to test the hypothesis that cathepsin K inhibitor could alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms by reducing degeneration of bone and cartilage.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the study, 244 patients with primary knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to receive either 100 or 200 mg daily of MIV-711 or matched placebo for 26 weeks to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of MIV-711.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary endpoint of the study was change in pain score, but changes in disease progression were also assessed using quantitative MRI outcomes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that compared with placebo, MIV-711 was associated with less bone remodelling, less cartilage volume loss, and lower levels of bone resorption and collagen loss. However, it showed no beneficial effects on osteoarthritic knee pain.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further evaluation was needed to confirm the structural benefits of MIV-711 and to determine whether these translate to more tangible benefits on disease symptoms.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 91 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3258,
'title' => 'Intravenous TB vaccine improves efficacy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research has found that intravenous (IV) injection of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides almost 100 percent protection against Tuberculosis (TB) bacteria and concurrent lung inflammation in monkeys. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BCG is a commercially available human TB vaccine made of a live, weakened form of TB bacteria found in cattle. BCG is among the most widely used vaccines in the world, but its efficacy varies widely and contributes to the high death rates associated with TB.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death from infection worldwide<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1817-8#ref-CR1" title="World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report
https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/
(2018).">1</a>. The only available vaccine, BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin), is given intradermally and has variable efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis, the major cause of mortality and disease transmission</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers discovered that intravenous TB vaccination is highly protective against infection in rhesus macaques compared to the standard injection directly into the skin, which offers minimal protection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Moreover, intravenous immunization induced a high frequency of antigen-responsive T cells across all lung parenchymal tissues.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Monkeys that received the standard human dose all had persistent lung inflammation and the other injected and inhaled vaccines offered similarly modest TB protection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reason the IV route is so effective is that the vaccine travels quickly through the bloodstream to the lungs, the lymph nodes and the spleen and it primes the T cells before it gets killed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers plan to continue to develop their findings by testing whether lower doses of IV BCG could offer the same level of protection without the side effects.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 92 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3282,
'title' => 'Mystery disease from China hits Hong Kong',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hong Kong’s hospital authorities activated the “serious response” level in public hospitals as part of its newly launched Preparedness and Response Plan for Novel Infectious Disease of Public Significance.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The response plan was launched along with the activation of the response level from “alert” to “serious” amid fears that a mystery infectious disease was brought to Hong Kong by visitors to the city of Wuhan in mainland China.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hong Kong’s Department of Health has said that a number of viral pneumonia cases with unknown causes have been identified since last December, the symptoms of which include fever and shortness of breath.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chinese health authorities have been investigating the cause of several cases of viral pneumonia that were reported in Wuhan. There was some speculation initially that the infection may be linked to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chinese officials had covered up the SARS outbreak for weeks, before the rising death toll and increasingly loud whispers forced the government to reveal the outbreak of the epidemic.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Epidemiological investigations have revealed that some patients who have contracted the mystery infection are business operators at the seafood market.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The causative pathogen and potential cause of the infection are still under investigation. Influenza viruses, avian influenza viruses, and some other common respiratory diseases such as adenovirus have been ruled out.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As part of the serious response level, more stringent infection control measures are enforced in public hospitals. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This plan is activated when the risk of health impact caused by the novel infection is moderate. It reflects a situation of a limited spread of the disease in the local population.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In late 2017, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Yunnan province. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Initial symptoms are flu-like and may include fever, muscle pain, lethargy symptoms, cough, sore throat, and other nonspecific symptoms. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SARS may eventually lead to shortness of breath and pneumonia; either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no vaccine for SARS. Isolation and quarantine remain the most effective means to prevent the spread of SARS.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Mystery disease from China hits Hong Kong',
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3285,
'title' => 'EVALI disease',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The number of deaths in the US caused due to the mysterious respiratory illness, named as EVALI, linked to vaping and e-cigarettes rose immensely.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian government has banned the production, import, distribution, and sale of electronic cigarettes, with penalties ranging from Rs 1-5 lakh fine and 1-3 years imprisonment.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The CDC is tentatively referring to the disease as EVALI (e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">E-cigarettes, also called ‘vapes’ or ‘electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)’, are battery-run devices that were originally marketed as a safer alternative to smoking traditional cigarettes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Minors have been particularly affected, with a survey showing that as many one in five and one in 20 students going to high school and middle school respectively using e-cigarettes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US administration has said that all e-cigarettes would have to undergo a Food and Drug Authority (FDA) review, and only those that can demonstrate a benefit for public health would be allowed to stay on the market.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>EVALI</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The disease ‘EVALI’ is unknown to doctors, and a link between vaping and the lung illness is yet to be concretely established. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Symptoms are those in common with other respiratory illnesses, including coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, extreme fever or fatigue.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Vaping</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vaping is the inhaling of a vapor created by an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) or other vaping device. E-cigarettes are battery-powered smoking devices. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have cartridges filled with a liquid that usually contains nicotine, flavorings, and chemicals. The liquid is heated into a vapor, which the person inhales.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 94 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3286,
'title' => 'Smog tower',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gautam Gambhir, former cricketer and MP from East Delhi, inaugurated a prototype air purifier at Lajpat Nagar in the national capital.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In November, the Supreme Court had directed the Centre and the Delhi government to prepare a plan to install ‘smog towers’ across the capital to deal with air pollution.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Smog towers are structures designed to work as large-scale air purifiers. They are usually fitted with multiple layers of air filters, which clean the air of pollutants as it passes through them.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The smog tower is capable of treating 6,00,000 cubic metres of air per day and can collect more than 75 per cent of particulate matters (PM) 2.5 and 10. After the cleaning, the tower releases clean air.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Large-scale air filters shall draw in the air through fans installed at the top before passing it through the filters and releasing it near the ground.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The filters installed in the tower will use carbon nanofibres as a major component and will be fitted along its peripheries. The tower will focus on reducing particulate matter load.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project is a collaboration between the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, IIT-Delhi and the University of Minnesota, the latter having helped design a similar tower of over 100 metres in China’s Xi’an city. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other similar installations</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China, which has been battling air pollution for years, has two smog towers, in its capital Beijing and in the northern city of Xi’an.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Xi’an tower is dubbed the world’s largest, and has reportedly brought down PM 2.5 by 19% in an area of around 6 sq km in its vicinity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tower has produced 10 million cubic metres of clean air every day since its launch, and on severely polluted days, is able to bring down smog close to moderate levels.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tower in Beijing, has been able to compress the carbon waste generated during purification to produce gemstones.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 95 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3329,
'title' => 'Smoking tobacco linked to depression',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new study reveals that smoking may be linked to depression. Researchers surveyed more than 2,000 students about their smoking habits and depressive symptoms.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study revealed that students who were considered smokers were two to three times more likely to suffer from clinical depression than non-smoking students.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the study 19% of smokers suffered from depression compared to 11% of nonsmokers. The researchers also factored in the students’ economic and socio-political backgrounds in the study.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The participants provided information about their social and economic backgrounds such as their age, social status, place of birth, and parents' education as well as information on any preexisting chronic conditions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also provided information about their habits and lifestyle, such as smoking status, alcohol use, exercise levels, and eating habits.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A 2017 study conducted by researchers had found that 66.3% of patients with moderate or severe depression who quit smoking experienced no or minimal symptoms of depression a year after quitting.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have found that people who had never smoked generally have a better health-related quality of life (HRQoL), as well as less <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/info/anxiety/" title="What is Anxiety?">anxiety</a> and depression.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 96 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3338,
'title' => 'Coronavirus',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new virus identified by Chinese researchers is said to be<strong> </strong>responsible for a new pneumonia-like illness that has swept Wuhan since last month, leaving 59 ill and created panic.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers described the infectious agent as a “coronavirus”, identified in a hospitalised person with pneumonia in Wuhan. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coronaviruses are a specific family of viruses, with some of them causing less-severe damage, such as the common cold, and others causing respiratory and intestinal diseases. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A coronavirus has many “regularly arranged” protrusions on its surface, because of which the entire virus particle looks like an emperor’s crown, hence the name “coronavirus”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from human beings, coronaviruses can affect mammals including pigs, cattle, cats, dogs, martens, camels, hedgehogs and some birds.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So far, there are four known disease-causing coronaviruses, among which the best known are the SARS corona virus and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, both of which can cause severe respiratory diseases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per studies, the new coronavirus is different from human coronaviruses already known.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">there are four known disease-causing coronaviruses, among which the best known are the SARS corona virus and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, both of which can cause severe respiratory diseases.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>SARS</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Initial symptoms are flu-like and may include fever, muscle pain, lethargy symptoms, cough, sore throat, and other nonspecific symptoms. The only symptom common to all patients appears to be a fever above 38 °C (100 °F). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">SARS may eventually lead to shortness of breath and pneumonia; either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3358,
'title' => 'H9N2 virus',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian scientists have detected the country’s first case of infection with a rare variant of the virus that causes avian influenza, or bird flu.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists of the National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune, have reported avian influenza A(H9N2) virus infection in a 17-month-old boy in Maharashtra.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The virus was picked up in February 2019 during a community-based surveillance study in 93 villages of Korku tribes in Melghat district of Maharashtra.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Identification of the first clinical human case of H9N2 virus infection highlights the importance of systemic surveillance in humans and animals to monitor this threat to human health.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>H9N2</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">H9N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus, which causes human influenza as well as bird flu. The H9N2 subtype was isolated for the first time in Wisconsin, US in 1966 from turkey flocks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">H9N2 viruses are found worldwide in wild birds and are endemic in poultry in many areas. However, they are somewhat neglected.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With avian influenza viruses circulating in poultry, there is a risk for sporadic infection and small clusters of human cases due to exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">H9N2 virus infections in humans are rare, but likely under-reported due to typically mild symptoms of the infections. Cases of human infection have been observed in Hong Kong, China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Egypt.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'New Virus emerges in China',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China has informed the World Health Organization (WHO) of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chinese public health officials have began carrying out environmental assessments at a wholesale market and trying to identify the microbe causing the outbreak.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WHO issued a statement saying Chinese researchers have made preliminary determination of the virus as a novel coronavirus in a person with pneumonia. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers were able to determine the virus by sequencing the genome of the novel virus using an isolate taken from an infected patient.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Coronaviruses</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses with some causing less severe common cold to more severe diseases such as the Severe acute respiratory syndrome (<strong>SARS</strong>) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (<strong>MERS</strong>).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While SARS coronavirus was transmitted from civet cats to humans in China in 2002, MERS coronavirus was from dromedary camels to humans in Saudi Arabia in 2012.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The clinical signs and symptoms of the patients are mainly fever and fatigue, accompanied by dry cough, with a few having difficulty in breathing, and chest radiographs showing fluid in both lungs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So far the virus doesn’t seem to have the ability to spread from one person to another as the infection has not been found in any of the close contacts. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China has shared the whole genome sequence data with WHO and submitted them to the Global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) platform to allow researchers across the world to access the data. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sharing the data with GISAID will hep other countries to quickly identify the virus in infected people and provide care, and also develop specific diagnostic kits, drugs and even vaccines. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'title' => 'Yada Yada virus',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A novel virus detected in Australian mosquitoes has been provisionally named the Yada Yada virus (YYV), after the catchphrase made famous by the American sitcom Seinfeld.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Cambridge dictionary defines the phrase Yada Yada as an informal exclamation used to describe boring speech. The first known usage of the phrase was in 1967, and it is considered to be the alteration of an earlier word “yatata”, which meant idle chatter. In the Hebrew language, the word “yada” means to “know”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the team of researchers extracted RNA from a large number of mosquitoes in Australia’s Victoria state, they found a new alphavirus, which belonged to a group that includes other alphaviruses such as chikungunya virus and the astern equine encephalitis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The novel virus poses no threat to human beings, because it is a part of a group of viruses that only infect mosquitoes. Other viruses in the same group include the Tai forest alphavirus and the Agua Salud alphavirus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the discovery of the virus does not have any direct implications for human beings, in the papers, the authors have mentioned that YYV’s discovery expands the “diversity and geographic range” of mosquito-specific alphavirus complexes, which may help in revealing the origin of the virus and “host switching”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mosquito-specific viruses can help us understand how viruses evolved and can be really useful for vaccine production and diagnostics<span style="color:#3e3e3e">.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Truenat: High accuracy TB diagnostic test',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The World Health Organization (WHO) had mentioned that the India-made Truenat MTB, a molecular diagnostic test for pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB and rifampicin-resistant TB, has high accuracy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Truenat is developed by the Goa-based Molbio Diagnostics. The company was provided with technical assistance and resources by the Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) to help commercialise Truenat. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Truenat will be cheaper per test than Xpert. The equipment and cartridges cost more in the case of Xpert. Truenat is robust and most suited for Indian conditions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While sputum microscopy has only about 50% sensitivity, Truenat has been found to have higher sensitivity and specificity. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The overall sensitivity of the Truenat MTB assay is 83% and specificity is 99%. In the case of Truenat MTBPlus, which uses two targets to diagnose TB bacteria, the sensitivity increases to 89% and the specificity is 98%.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In comparison, Xpert, which is also a molecular diagnostic test and has been widely used across the world, the sensitivity is 85% and specificity is 98%.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In cases where the sample is found to be positive, tests can be done to know if the TB bacteria are already resistant to rifampicin, a drug used as part of first-line treatment. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Truenat MTB-RIF test for knowing the resistance has 93% sensitivity and 95% specificity.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages of Truenat</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Xpert needs reliable electricity supply and air-conditioning, Truenat is battery operated and portable, hence, it can be used in remote places. Truenat takes about 25 minutes to extract the DNA and another 35 minutes for diagnosis. Testing for rifampicin resistance takes an hour and is done only if the sample tests positive for TB.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the case of Xpert, it takes two hours to complete the diagnosis and test for rifampicin resistance.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only when samples test positive will the test for rifampicin resistance be carried out in the case of Truenat. This is unlike Xpert where both TB diagnosis and rifampicin resistance test are done in one go. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hence the use of reagents may be reduced and will help make the testing cheaper when Truenat is used.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Lab grown alternative meat',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Impossible Foods, a California-based alternative meat producer, unveiled the “Impossible Pork”, a plant-based pork substitute that is kosher and halal, and which claims to have the taste, texture, and mouth feel of the real thing.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Startups around the world are presenting technological solutions to replace traditional meat, seafood, milk (and dairy products), and eggs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plant-based alternative “mock meats” made of soya, jackfruit, mushrooms etc., have been around for a while but the difference now is the extent and sophistication of the technological intervention to create “meat” that is remarkably similar to the real thing in taste and texture.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many plant-based meat companies achieve this by combining plant proteins derived from rice, beans etc. with fats from coconut or sunflower oil, cocoa butter, etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With rising availability and consumer demand in the US and Europe, investors are backing what is seen as the next big thing in food tech.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Benefits of alternate meat</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Environmental sustainability is the most compelling reason. Industrial livestock farming is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, and is a huge drain on land and water resources. Plant-based and lab-grown meats on the same scale will have a much smaller carbon footprint.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Health is another aspect foe supporting this idea. Aside from high cholesterol, antibiotic resistance is a concern, since animals on factory farms are given massive doses of antibiotics to stave off diseases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third reason is moral. Arguments for vegetarian or veganism as a way to reduce cruelty to animals may find more takers if alternative meats that closely mimic the taste and texture of real meat is easily available.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3503,
'title' => 'Coronavirus may have been transmitted from snakes',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The novel Chinese coronavirus, which has so far claimed several lives and infected hundreds of people, likely resided in snakes before being transmitted to humans, according to a new study.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study offers insights on the origins of the most recent outbreak of pneumonia caused by the virus, which started in the middle of December 2019 in the city of Wuhan in China.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers said that patients who became infected with the coronavirus, named <strong>2019-nCoV</strong> by the World Health Organization (WHO), were exposed to wildlife animals at a wholesale market, where seafood, poultry, snake, bats, and farm animals were sold.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conducting a detailed genetic analysis of the <strong>2019-nCoV</strong>, and comparing it with those of different coronaviruses from various geographic locations and host species found that the new virus formed from a combination of CoV found in bats, and another of unknown origin.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new virus developed a mix, or “recombination”, of a viral protein which recognises and binds to host cells. This recognition is the key to allow viruses to enter host cells, and cause infection and disease<strong>.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On further analysis, the researchers found evidence that the 2019-nCoV may have resided in snakes before being transmitted to humans. The findings suggest that snake is the most probable wildlife animal reservoir for the 2019-nCoV.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers also said that there is very likely to be an intermediate non-bat host which would have picked up the virus from bats.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They said recombination within the viral receptor-binding protein may have allowed for cross-species transmission from snake to humans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new virus is similar to the one which caused the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, the study noted that unlike the SARS-CoV, the 2019-nCoV causes a mild form of viral pneumonia, and has limited capability for person-person spread.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Coronavirus</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that causes illnesses ranging from the common cold to acute respiratory syndromes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Common symptoms of the 2019-nCoV strain include respiratory ailments such as fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 103 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3494,
'title' => 'Kangaroo mother care improves infant survival',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research by a team in Haryana showed that kangaroo mother care improved survival by 30% and 25%, in babies till 28 days and six months of age, respectively. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Though previous studies have shown that keeping the baby in contact with the mother improves survival in babies when compared to standard hospital care, global data show that barely 5% receive such care.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kangaroo mother care (KMC) or the intervention where babies are placed in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers and exclusively breast fed has been recommended worldwide for stable low-birthweight newborns.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Stable babies are defined as babies who do not need respiratory support or intravenous fluids and can accept oral feeds.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paper adds that such care for all infants with low birthweight could substantially reduce neonatal and infant mortality.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About 97% of the world’s low-weight babies are born in developing countries, and India accounts for about 40% of this, implying an urgent need of effective interventions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The care improves exclusive breast feeding, duration of breast feeding, and also reduces infections. It also promotes growth and development of the child and increases mother child bonding, and also reduces stress in both mother and baby.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mothers are advised to keep the babies as long as possible, preferably 24 hours in day and night and till 28 days of age. An average of 11 hours of skin-to-skin contact was achieved, and mothers reported giving kangaroo mother care till 27 days of baby’s age.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">WHO recommends that it be continued till baby attains a weight of 2.5 kg or till babies wriggle out, indicating that they do not need kangaroo mother care any further.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paper adds that kangaroo mother care has the potential to prevent thousands of neonatal deaths in our country if 90% coverage can be achieved.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Kangaroo mother care improves infant survival',
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'metadescription' => 'Research by a team in Haryana showed that kangaroo mother care improved survival by 30% and 25%, in babies till 28 days and six months of age, respectively. ',
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(int) 104 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3501,
'title' => 'Safer alternative to treat aggressive prostate cancer',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study shows why drugs used for treating prostate cancer<strong> </strong>which functions by blocking the activity of androgen receptor signalling or stopping the production of androgen or testosterone is actually counterproductive in the long term.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study sheds light into why the FDA-approved drugs against androgen signalling to treat prostate cancer can backfire after initial success.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research team has found a mechanism by which the cancer growth at aggressive stage can be safely reduced.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several studies have already shown how stopping the production of androgen or androgen signalling through ‘androgen deprivation therapy’ at some point unintentionally helps the prostate cancer cells to become resistant towards this therapy and progress further to lethal forms. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team found how administering anti-androgen drugs (<strong>enzalutamide</strong> and <strong>apalutamide</strong>) results in increase in the expression of a particular gene (SPINK1) which is generally associated with the aggressive type of prostate cancer.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There was also an increase in the levels of neuroendocrine markers which are only found in most aggressive form of prostate cancer. These results reflect a catastrophic situation similar to prostate cancer patients undergoing anti-androgen therapy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also found the <strong>SPINK1</strong> gene is also responsible for maintaining the characteristic features of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. The tumour becomes aggressive when the <strong>SPINK1</strong> protein level increases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition to androgen receptor, the researchers found that REST, which is a cofactor of androgen receptor, too, has repressive action on SPINK1 gene.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the REST level increases there is a reduction in the SPINK1 protein level accompanied with a reduction in the oncogene properties of prostate cancer cells. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Treating prostate cancer cells showing elevated SPINK1 with a drug against Casein Kinase 1 show reduced cancer cell growth as well as aggressiveness.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study also warns about the possible adverse effect of androgen-deprivation therapies, and the benefits must be considered against treatment, before putting the patients on this therapy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3551,
'title' => 'How Bats harbouring Viruses do not get sick?',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study carried out last has<em> </em>revealed the mechanism responsible for bats to harbour numerous viruses without themselves getting affected and also live long.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bats serves as natural hosts for numerous viruses including Ebola virus, Nipah virus, coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the 2019 novel coronavirus , but rarely has this caused harmul effects in the bats.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reason why bats can harbour these viruses without getting affected is simply because bats can avoid excessive virus-induced inflammation, which often causes severe diseases in animals and people infected with viruses.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When pathogens infect humans and mice, the immune system gets activated and typical inflammatory response to fight the microbes is seen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While controlled inflammatory response to fight infection helps keep humans healthy, it can contribute to the damage caused by infectious diseases, and also age-related diseases when the inflammatory response becomes excessive.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that the inflammatory response is dampened in bats regardless of the variety of viruses that are present and the viral load.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This supports an enhanced innate immune tolerance rather than an enhanced antiviral defence in bats. This is in complete contrast to what is seen in mice and humans for disease-causing zoonotic viruses.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that significantly reduced inflammation in bats was because activation of an important protein, <strong>NLRP3</strong>, that recognises both cellular stress and viral/bacterial infections was significantly dampened in bat immune cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reduced activation of the NLRP3 protein was in turn due to impaired production of <strong>mRNA</strong> (transcript). Since mRNA production is impaired the NLRP3 protein production gets compromised leading to less amount of the protein being produced.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NLRP3 protein is found as four variants in bats. The researchers found that the function of all the four variants in bats was dampened compared with human NLRP3.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 106 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3549,
'title' => 'Human-to-human transmission of Coronavirus seen in Germany',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The case of a German adult who acquired novel coronavirus infection locally in Munich from a Chinese is the second reported case of a person human-to-human transmission in the incubation period.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also reports the first known case of fourth-generation transmission of the novel virus outside China. A study sheds more light on how people who are asymptomatic for the virus can infect others.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Though nine cases of human-to-human transmission have been reported from five countries, Vietnam, Germany, Japan, the U.S. and South Korea, all local transmission had occurred only among people who had come in contact with an infected person who had recently visited China.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The persons recovering from illness can have huge viral load. This raises concern about prolonged shedding of the virus even after recovery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chinese researchers have also warned that the novel virus might be spreading even during the incubation period when symptoms do not show up.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the case of SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) people began spreading the virus only after they developed symptoms. But the novel coronavirus seems to be behaving like influenza and measles where people can spread the virus even before symptoms show up.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unlike in the case of Ebola where the virus spread happens only after symptoms show up, symptomless spreaders like the novel coronavirus will make it difficult to contain the spread. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Also, while Ebola spreads only through contact with body fluids, the novel coronavirus, SARS and influenza can spread through air droplets, making it even more easy for the virus to spread and even more difficult to contain the spread.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Human-to-human transmission of Coronavirus seen',
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'metadescription' => 'The case of a German adult who acquired novel coronavirus infection locally in Munich from a Chinese is the second reported case of a person',
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(int) 107 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3580,
'title' => 'Flaw observed in paper claiming Coronavirus transmission during incubation period',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Correspondence published in the <em>The New England Journal of Medicine</em> (NEJM) about an asymptomatic Chinese woman infecting a German during the incubation period of the novel coronavirus turns out to be wrong as it was based on inaccurate information.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development is significant given that China’s National Health Commission Minister had first warned that the novel virus might be spreading even during the incubation period when symptoms do not show up.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Government authorities spoke to the Chinese woman after NEJM published the finding. And it turns out that the Chinese woman did indeed have symptoms during her stay in Germany, when she came in contact with the German who fell sick. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But no tests were carried out in Germany to confirm if she was infected with the novel virus. She underwent testing for the novel coronavirus after her return to China and tested positive for the virus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NEJM paper confirming it meant that the novel virus indeed has the capability to infect people even before symptoms show up overtly. If it were true, it would mean that there is a possibility that people could spread the virus long before they know they have been infected.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The finding establishes that the virus was not transmitted by the Chinese woman during the incubation period and that the German man was not infected as a result of such transmission. The transmission had happened after the incubation period and when she was exhibiting symptoms.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">WHO said that, asymptomatic infection may be rare, and transmission from an asymptomatic person is very rare with other coronaviruses, such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main driver of novel coronavirus transmission is people who exhibit overt symptoms. Such people will spread the virus more readily through coughing and sneezing.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Flaw observed in paper claiming Coronavirus transmission',
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3599,
'title' => 'Project to map India’s genetic diversity gets nod',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government has cleared an ambitious gene-mapping project that is being described as the “first scratching of the surface of the vast genetic diversity of India”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project is said to be among the most significant of its kind in the world because of its scale and the diversity it would bring to genetic studies. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ‘Genome India’ project will involve 20 leading institutions including the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru and a few IITs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first stage of the project will look at samples of 10,000 persons from all over the country to form a grid that will enable the development of a reference genome.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mapping the diversity of India’s genetic pool will lay the bedrock of personalised medicine and put it on the global map. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Considering the diversity of population in our country, and the disease burden of complex disorders, including diabetes, mental health, etc., it may be possible to take action before the onset of a disease through genome studies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mapping of India’s genetic landscape is critical for next generation medicine, agriculture and for bio-diversity management.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project may help to get a sharper understanding of diseases transmitted genetically down the line as well as some healthy attributes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 3611,
'title' => 'Cancer gene map',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A series of new papers in the journal Nature has revealed the most comprehensive gene map ever of the genes whose mutations can trigger a cascade of genetic misbehaviours that eventually lead to cancer.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a major international collaboration called the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG), in which researchers have published a series of papers after analysing 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PCAWG researchers use the information obtained from whole-genome sequencing to delineate more precisely the parameters that influence tumour evolution, and how it shapes the cancer genome. Looking at cancer through an evolutionary lens can give clues into metastasis and therapy response and resistance.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the largest genome study ever of primary cancer. Various kinds of cancers required to be studied separately because cancers of different parts of the body often behave very differently from one another.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previous studies had focused on the 1 per cent of the genome that codes for proteins. The Pan-Cancer Project explored, in considerably greater detail, the remaining 99 per cent of the genome, including key regions that control switching genes on and off.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This switching on and off of genes is the most important regulatory mechanism in the body so that it functions normally and diseases are kept at bay.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers identified 16 types of structural variation signatures in the genes ultimately leading to cancer. Structural variations mean deletion, amplification or reorganisation of genomic segments that range in size from just a few bases to whole chromosomes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mutations identified by the team have been catalogued. The catalogue, which is already available online, allows doctors and researchers from all over the world to look things up, consult and find information about the cancer of a given patient.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The PCAWG has discovered causes of previously unexplained cancers, pinpointed cancer-causing events and zeroed in on mechanisms of development, opening new vistas of personalised cancer treatment to strike at the root of the problem.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process of drug development will have to now kick in with pharmaceutical companies first identifying the compound(s) that target these gene mutations and then it being subjected to the rigours of clinical trials to prove its safety and efficacy. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3632,
'title' => 'New way of getting sense of time flow',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Professor from the Physics Department of IIT Kanpur has come up with a different way of defining the arrow of time.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Time, as we experience it, flows only in one direction – forward. We cannot easily reverse the ‘arrow of time’ as it is called.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The laws of elementary particle physics remain the same when time is reversed. That is, take the questions which govern gravitational, electromagnetic and strong-nuclear forces and replace “t” by “–t” and the equations are invariant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">We do not see it in practice, hence there must be something defining the arrow of time. This is the second law of thermodynamics, which says that a quantity known as the entropy of the system will either remain a constant or increase with time. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entropy is directly related to the disorder in a system. So, the direction of increasing entropy determines the arrow of time. This is a popular way of defining the arrow of time.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such alternative definitions of arrow of time are needed, for example, in cosmology to explain cosmological models like the oscillating universe.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The second law of thermodynamics encounters difficulties in explaining cosmological arrow of time for oscillating universe. However, energy transfers can predict the arrow of time for the collapsing universe.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a gravitating system, such as the collapsing universe, cluster or star formation is somewhat similar to the formation of cyclones or hurricanes. For such systems, the clustering or structure formation is in the forward direction of time.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Pre-historic extinct elephant species in Kutch',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists carrying out excavation in Kutch region of Gujarat stumbled upon a premolar tooth, Which belonged to an extinct ancient elephant called <strong><em>Deinotherium indicum</em></strong><em>.</em></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the region’s first occurrence of the mammal which, hitherto only known from two or three localities of <strong>Tapar</strong> in Gujarat, <strong>Haritalyangar</strong> in Himachal Pradesh, and <strong>Piram</strong> Island off the coast of Gujarat.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using a technique called biostratigraphy, it was noted that <em>D. indicum </em>lived roughly between 11 and 7 seven million years ago in India. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In biostratigraphy, the presence of certain species from a known time period can be used to estimate the age of a deposit containing the same species in a different locality. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Remains of <em>D. indicum </em>have been found in well-dated Siwalik deposits from Haritalyangar of Himachal Pradesh.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These species were similar to modern elephant when it comes to their large bodies and limbs but they had flatter skulls, and a set of downwards pointing, curved tusks only on the lower jaw. Analyses of their skulls have shown that they probably also had a short, slightly bulbous trunk.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This species was a fairly distant relative of today’s elephants, both evolutionarily and in time. The <strong>deinotheriidae</strong> was first found in the fossil record approximately 28 million years old in Africa.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team plans to continue their studies in the Tapar beds of Kutch as it may be hiding many more fossils. There are also plans to create a dataset of species occurrences through time in western India and compare the trends in diversity seen there with those seen in the well-studied fossil record from the Siwaliks.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 3618,
'title' => 'Genome mapping',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recently the government has given clearance to an ambitious gene-mapping project, estimated to be worth Rs 238 crore, known as ‘The Genome India Project’.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Genome refers to an organism’s complete set of DNA, which includes all its genes and mapping these genes simply means finding out the location of these genes in a chromosome.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Genome mapping essentially means figuring out the location of a specific gene on a particular region of the chromosome and also determining the location of and relative distances between other genes on that chromosome.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Genome mapping enables scientists to gather evidence if a disease transmitted from the parent to the child is linked to one or more genes. Furthermore, mapping also helps in determining the particular chromosome which contains that gene and the location of that gene in the chromosome.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance of decoding genome</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Genome maps have been used to find out genes that are responsible for relatively rare, single-gene inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Genetic maps may also point out scientists to the genes that play a role in more common disorders and diseases such as asthma, <a href="https://indianexpress.com/about/cancer/">cancer</a> and heart disease among others.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Human Genome Project (HGP)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the most comprehensive genome mapping projects in the world is the Human Genome Project (HGP), which began in 1990 and reached completion in 2003. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The international project, which was coordinated by the National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Energy, was undertaken with the aim of sequencing the human genome and identifying the genes that contain it. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project was able to identify the locations of many human genes and provide information about their structure and organisation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 113 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3630,
'title' => 'Indian classical music improves cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from NIMHANS have found that listening to Indian classical music has beneficial effects in improving cognitive functions of patients with schizophrenia.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study was carried out in the Music Cognition Laboratory at NIMHANS by a team of researchers and titled “Effect of music listening on P300 event-related potential in patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study” .</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers, who claimed that this was a first of its kind study, examined the effects of Indian classical music on 20 male patients between 18 and 45 years diagnosed with schizophrenia. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The patients were recruited from the out-patient and in-patient clinical services of the institute. They were made to listen to instrumental rendition Hindustani Classical Raag Bhoopali by musicians Pandit Shivkumar Sharma and Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia for 10 minutes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Brain electrical activity was recorded using 32 channels through Electroencephalograph Evoked Response Potential (ERP) method.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">P300 is an indication of brain activity 300 milliseconds after a specific stimulus, indicating attention and working memory. Patients also showed improved reaction time and better performance on attention tasks after listening to music.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Future studies on similar lines can be helpful in providing a scientific basis for music-based interventions to target cognitive deficits and emotional deficit patients suffering from neuropsychiatric conditions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So far, music therapy in schizophrenia has been predominantly carried out from a social science model targeting overall mental health, quality of life as well as positive and negative symptoms and not much from a neuroscience model targeting cognitive functions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3652,
'title' => 'No evidence of coronavirus spreading from mother to child in womb',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is currently no evidence that the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) causes severe adverse outcomes in newborn babies or that it can pass to the child while in the womb, according to a study.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new study comes after the news of a newborn testing positive for COVID-19 infection within 36 hours of birth, which prompted questions about whether the virus could be contracted in the womb.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study also found that symptoms from COVID-19 infection in pregnant women were similar to those reported in non-pregnant adults, and no women in the study developed severe pneumonia or died.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the women gave birth via C-section, doctors collected samples of amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood and breast milk, as well as samples from the newborn's throat. All of these samples were taken in the operating room at the time of birth so that they would best represent the conditions in the womb.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The authors of the study caution that their findings are based on a limited number of cases, over a short period of time, and only included women who were late in their pregnancy and gave birth by caesarean section.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The effects of mothers being infected with the virus during the first or second trimester of pregnancy and the subsequent outcomes for their offspring remain unclear, as well as whether the virus can be passed from mother to child during vaginal birth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some infections can pass from a mother to child during pregnancy, although exactly how this happens is often unclear. Pathogens may pass to the child through the placenta during pregnancy, or through contact with bodily fluids during delivery.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 3659,
'title' => 'Bilingual brain capability',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">More than half of the world’s population is bilingual —an extraordinary and complex ability that few have properly understood. How are two languages able to coexist in the same brain is a yet to be completely understood.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Neuropsychologist Albert Costa addresses these questions by focusing on the cognitive and neural underpinnings of language processing.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Costa uses neuro-linguistic research to investigate the impact of bilingualism on daily life, from infancy to old age. His studies show that newborn children, who are only hours old, are able to detect a change of language. At four to six months, toddlers can distinguish between languages by looking at the speaker’s mouth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Knowing two languages has many upsides like bilingual children have a lower egocentric bias, the tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own perspective. They have better attentional control, and also a greater cognitive reserve.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Trials have reported the onset of dementia in bilingual children up to four years later than others. Being bilingual also has flip sides, however. For instance, such individuals have a smaller vocabulary in their two languages as compared to monolinguals.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bilingualism rewires the brain and improves the executive system, boosting people’s “cognitive reserve”. It means that as parts of the brain succumb to damage, bilinguals can compensate more easily.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Evolution of language</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Language evolution can be compared to biological evolution, but whereas genetic change is driven by environmental pressures, languages change and develop through social pressures.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Then, in order to communicate with other groups, for trade, travel and so on – it would have been necessary for some members of a family or band to speak other tongues.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3670,
'title' => 'Saliva of patients contain COVID-19 virus',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 can also be found in saliva, according to a study carried out on 12 patients admitted in hospitals with laboratory-confirmed infection.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study carried out by researchers in Hong Kong and published in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases has demonstrated the potential of using saliva as a non-invasive specimen for confirming infection and for viral load monitoring during the period of hospitalisation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The use of saliva is preferred over nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal specimens because this would reduce the discomfort to the patient and reduce the health hazards to healthcare workers during repeated sampling.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The virus taken from the patients was also cultured in the lab. Three viral cultures tested positive for the virus, while two tested negative. This confirms that saliva contain live novel virus SARS-CoV-2.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The presence of live virus in saliva, as confirmed by positive culture, indicates that this body fluid may allow the spread of the virus. Besides direct or indirect contact, the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be transmitted through droplets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Not only saliva secreted by salivary glands, the saliva specimens can also contain secretions coming down from the nasopharynx, or coming up from the lung via the action of cilia lining the airway.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Viral load often peaked at day 10 after symptom onset. Thus early detection and isolation of cases was strategic for infection control.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Quitting smoking can reverse cancer risk',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> A study published in the journal Nature says quitting can help reverse the potential risk by replenishing the cells that can actually resemble those of a person who has never smoked.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A human body is structured to bear damage, but only for some time. A cigarette has 60 carcinogens that can damage or mutate DNA in the human body, and can cause 1,000 to 10,000 mutations per cell.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers identified “driver mutations” as being more frequent in people smoking or with a history of smoking.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Driver mutation is like a biochemical causing cell to mutate and lead to cancer. The key finding was that gradually the cell mutation burden in ex-smokers becomes similar to that of non-smokers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ex-smokers have many cells with lots of mutations that non-smokers don’t have, but importantly a large fraction of the cells (up to 40%) don’t have mutations — meaning healthy cells are gradually replacing the mutated or damaged cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By stopping smoking in middle age or earlier, smokers avoid most of the risk of tobacco-associated lung cancer. This benefit begins to emerge almost immediately and accrues steadily with time.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The key message from the research is that stopping smoking, at any age, is important and rapidly reduces risk of getting lung cancer. Emphysema if caused, however, is irreversible.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects of smoking</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The constant damage to the cells lining the airway and lungs can lead to cancers in the lungs, oesophagus, larynx and pharynx. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lung cancer is the most common, and 80-90% deaths due to it are attributed to tobacco, the study found. Chemicals in cigarette can also enter the bloodstream and affect multiple organs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can also cause cancer in the liver, pancreas, stomach, kidney and blood, but these are rare. Smoking also causes emphysema, damage of air sacs in lungs, which is irreversible.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'title' => 'Regulatory molecules generation in plants',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru, and SASTRA University, Thanjavur, have discovered how small molecules called microRNAs are made in plants. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>MicroRNAs</strong> are small molecules, about 21 nucleotides long, and help in controlling the levels of proteins in the cell. This finding makes it much easier for studying processes in plants.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All aspects of growth and development of plants, whether it is initiation of flowering or control and distribution of hormones in response to external stress, are regulated at various levels in the cell. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such regulation is always mediated by proteins. At one level, regulation of the processes is about controlling the amount of specific proteins being made in the cells. This is achieved by the microRNAs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In order to decrease the level of a particular protein in specific cells, the microRNAs destroy the messenger RNA molecules that help with the production of that specific protein in the cell. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The microRNA molecules do this by cutting down that particular messenger RNA thereby destroying it. This process is called the silencing of the messenger RNA.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The best way to study the effect of a gene in the DNA is to silence or “knockout” the gene. Knocking out a gene does not mean removing the entire gene. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In knocking out processes, those RNA that induce the gene to produce proteins are destroyed or their levels are reduced by the microRNA.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>MicroRNA structure</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team has found that microRNAs have a high occurrence of the bases G and C and this helps their formation and abundance in the cells. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further, there is a position-specific bias for these bases in the microRNAs. This is recognised by a specific RNA-binding protein.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The present way to silence genes is by introducing artificial microRNA which binds to the messenger RNA of interest and prevents the production of protein. This is done in a deliberate process of trial and error.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers try out several artificial microRNAs, introduce them into plants one by one in a cumbersome process and then pick the best one which can remove most messenger RNAs of the gene of interest.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 119 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 3687,
'title' => 'Convalescent plasma therapy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> A pharmaceutical company in China has turned to plasma taken from people who have recovered from the infection to treat critically ill patients.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Treatment with convalescent plasma is a classical, time-tested method. It has been used against measles, chickenpox, and rabies. In the case of rabies, it is acts as passive immunisation after dog bite and before disease develops.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Convalescent plasma has been listed as a therapeutic method by China’s National Health Commission.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">People who have recovered from COVID-19 disease would have antibodies against the virus. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Infusing the antibodies to critically ill patients is expected to improve the chances of survival. The plasma that is transfused contains the antibodies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The company had collected plasma from some recovered patients to prepare therapeutic products including convalescent plasma and immune globulin.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Improvement in clinical symptoms includes key indicators such as blood oxygen saturation and significant reduction in inflammatory indicators.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is not the first time that plasma from recovered patients has been used to treat people infected with certain viruses for which drugs are not available. When Ebola struck Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia in 2014, the World Health Organization prioritised the evaluation of treatment with convalescent plasma derived from patients who have recovered from the disease.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Best time to give convalescent plasma containing antibodies is before disease develops. In the case of COVID-19, by the time pneumonia is diagnosed it is too late. That is the reason why therapy using convalescent plasma is not popular for other viral diseases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Antibodies in the plasma bind to the virus and prevent them from entering the cells. But by the time it is given, many cells have already been infected.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
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'title' => 'Structure of SARS-CoV-19 key protein mapped',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the National Institutes of Health, U.S., have produced a 3D atomic scale map of the protein of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that binds to and infects human cells.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mapping the 3D structure of the protein, spike (S) glycoprotein, will allow better understanding of how the virus binds to the human cells. Knowing the structure of the spike protein will, in turn, allow scientists to develop vaccines and antivirals against the virus and even better diagnostics.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 virus particles are spherical and have mushroom-shaped proteins called spikes protruding from their surface, giving the particles a crown-like appearance. The spike binds and fuses to human cells, allowing the virus to gain entry.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The spike protein of the novel coronovirus shares 98% sequence identity with the spike protein of the bat coronavirus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also found that like in the case of the SARS coronavirus, the spike protein of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 disease binds to the cellular receptor called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which serves as the entry point into human cells. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But unlike in the case of SARS, the spike protein of the novel coronavirus binds to the cell receptor with much higher affinity, 10- to 20-fold higher.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The much greater binding affinity to the cell receptor explains the apparent high human-to-human transmissibility of the virus compared with the SARS coronavirus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers tested three monoclonal antibodies specific to SARS virus for their ability to bind to the novel coronavirus. But none of the three antibodies tested were found to be effective in inhibiting the novel coronavirus from binding to the human receptor.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Knowing the atomic-level structure of the 2019-nCoV spike will allow for additional protein engineering efforts that could improve antigenicity and protein expression for vaccine development.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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'title' => 'Structure of SARS-CoV-19 key protein mapped',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin and the National Institutes of Health, U.S., have produced a 3D atomic scale map of the protein of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that binds to and infects human cells.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mapping the 3D structure of the protein, spike (S) glycoprotein, will allow better understanding of how the virus binds to the human cells. Knowing the structure of the spike protein will, in turn, allow scientists to develop vaccines and antivirals against the virus and even better diagnostics.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 virus particles are spherical and have mushroom-shaped proteins called spikes protruding from their surface, giving the particles a crown-like appearance. The spike binds and fuses to human cells, allowing the virus to gain entry.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The spike protein of the novel coronovirus shares 98% sequence identity with the spike protein of the bat coronavirus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also found that like in the case of the SARS coronavirus, the spike protein of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 disease binds to the cellular receptor called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which serves as the entry point into human cells. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But unlike in the case of SARS, the spike protein of the novel coronavirus binds to the cell receptor with much higher affinity, 10- to 20-fold higher.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The much greater binding affinity to the cell receptor explains the apparent high human-to-human transmissibility of the virus compared with the SARS coronavirus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers tested three monoclonal antibodies specific to SARS virus for their ability to bind to the novel coronavirus. But none of the three antibodies tested were found to be effective in inhibiting the novel coronavirus from binding to the human receptor.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Knowing the atomic-level structure of the 2019-nCoV spike will allow for additional protein engineering efforts that could improve antigenicity and protein expression for vaccine development.</span></span></p>
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[[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'cacategories' } ] $breadcrumb = [ (int) 0 => [ 'name' => 'Home', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/' ], (int) 1 => [ 'name' => 'Miscellaneous', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/miscellaneous-7' ] ] $currentaffairs = [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 57, 'title' => 'PRRS Disease: Mizoram Government bans import of pigs', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mizoram government has banned import of pigs and piglets from other countries in all of its eight districts as <em>precautionary measure to stop possible outbreak of <strong>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)</strong></em>. The orders were issued as it was suspected that PRRS outbreak in state is due to illegal and even legal import of pigs and piglets from Myanmar where there was reported prevalence of this porcine disease.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PRRS outbreak in Mizoram has always occurred from March to July, during a dry spell after pre-monsoon downpours.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has cost the lives of over 10,000 swines in Mizoram since 2013 (3,806 pig deaths in 2013, 4,699 in 2016 and 2,574 in 2018).</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is believed that it happened due to import of pigs and piglets from Myanmar where PRRS disease is prevalent.</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is also known as blue-ear pig disease, which affectes domestic pigs. It is highly infectious pig disease. Younger pigs are more affected than older animals.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is caused by virus classified as a member of the genus Arterivirus. Thus, it belongs to genus <em>Arterivirus</em>, family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Symptoms:</strong> It is <em>panzootic disease</em>that causes reproductive failure (such as infertility, abortions, stillbirths, or the birth of weak piglets), respiratory disease in young pigs, pneumonia and increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection in pigs.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is recognised by laboured breathing, fever, loss of appetite and listlessness, red discoloration of body and blue ears.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Treatment:</strong> Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) vaccines are primary immunological tool for its control.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Public Health Risk: </strong><em>There is no evidence of human infection with PRRS virus</em>.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'mizoram-government-bans-import-of-pigs', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ee89/sactua2vus6k7ww6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ee89/sactua2vus6k7ww6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'PRRS Disease: Mizoram Government bans import of pigs | Study IQ', 'metakeyword' => 'PRRS Disease, Mizoram Government bans import of pigs', 'metadescription' => 'Mizoram government has banned import of pigs and piglets from other countries in all of its eight districts as precautionary measure to stop possible outbreak of PRRS', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/zalm9oz81aabql2/current_affair_6.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 140, 'title' => 'Himalayan Cloud Observatory set up in Tehri', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Himalayan Cloud Observatory was established in SRT campus Badshahithaul in Tehri district of Uttarakhand. It is second such observatory in India that can function in high-altitudes.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Cloudburst incidents are very frequent in hilly areas of Uttarakhand, resulting in huge loss of life. This observatory will forecast and monitor cloud burst incidents in Himalayan region and help to minimise damage. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Himalayan Cloud Observatory</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It has been set by Indian Science and Technology Department and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur. It is currently in testing period and will become operational soon.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It will forecast and monitor cloud activities in higher regions of the Himalayas by using different types of parameters such rainfall, temperature, wind speed, wind direction and prepare data.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It will help in easily predicting cloud bursting incidents in future and help to save and stop severe loss of lives and property caused due to this natural calamity.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'himalayan-cloud-observatory-tehri', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/498c/oenzzpn85tbstl86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/498c/oenzzpn85tbstl86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Himalayan Cloud Observatory set up in Tehri', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Himalayan Cloud Observatory, Tehri, Uttarakhand, Disaster Management,', 'metadescription' => 'Himalayan Cloud Observatory was established in SRT campus Badshahithaul in Tehri district of Uttarakhand. It is second such observatory in India that can function in high-altitudes. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/aytodc4wg33lbxx/13feb_Himalayan_Cloud_Observatory.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 194, 'title' => 'Massive mountains discovered under Earth’s Mantle', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists from Princeton University in US and Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics in China have discovered massive mountains in Earth’s mantle. This layer has not been named yet and simply is called as “<strong>660 kilometres boundary”</strong>. This new discovery could change understanding of formation of Earth.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Note:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Earth’s interior basically has three layers: <strong>crust, mantle and core</strong> (subdivided inner and outer core). There are also several other layers that scientists have identified within Earth.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This discovery was made by analyzing data from one of biggest earthquakes ever recorded in Bolivia in 1994, measuring 8.2 on Richter scale. It was second-largest deep earthquake ever recorded.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists had used powerful computers and simulated complicated behaviour of scattering earthquake (seismic) waves in deep earth. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Using this data, mountains and other topography on layer located 660 km straight down were discovered. <em>This mountain layer separates upper and lower mantle</em>.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was found that seismic waves scattered while travelling inside earth to constrain roughness of earth's 660-km boundary. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It shows that topography of 660-km boundary was stronger topography than Rocky Mountains or Appalachians.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Researchers also had examined layer 410 km down at top of mid-mantle “transition zone,” and they did not find similar roughness. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The presence of roughness on 660-km boundary has significant implications for understanding how our planet formed and evolved.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'massive-mountains-discovered-under-earths-mantle', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bc3a/2p5y852tqjxjp766g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bc3a/2p5y852tqjxjp766g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists discover massive mountains under Earth’s crust', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Scientists discover massive mountains in Earth’s mantle. This layer has not been named yet and simply is called as 660 kilometres boundary. ', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists from Princeton University in US and Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics in China have discovered massive mountains in Earth’s mantle. This layer has not been named yet and simply is called as 660 kilometres boundary. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/eaf1d519135e4xv/18feb_Massive_mountains_discovered.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 188, 'title' => 'India's first Agromet Forecast Centre inaugurated in Karnataka', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s first agromet forecast centre- North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC) was recently inaugurated on University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) campus in Dharwad, Karnataka. This centre will directly give timely information on weather conditions to farmers. It will help to contain extreme weather and climatic events by providing accurate information on weather to farmers. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been established by Union Ministry of Earth Sciences and India Metrological Department (IMD), in association with UAS, Dharwad.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will conduct observations, forecast, research in agro-meteorological to enhance capacity building in agro-meteorological services in Karnataka.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is aimed at minimizing damage to crops due to vagaries of nature by offering timely information on agro-climatic conditions to farmers, particularly in seven districts in North Karnataka.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will disseminate taluk-wise information about weather condition for next five days, crop pattern, method of harvesting different crops, new technology and other methods to yield better results.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The information decimated by this centre will help farmers prepare fields for sowing, harvesting, protecting crops from pest attacks, drought and floods.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Due to rise in frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climatic events such as droughts, floods, cyclones, heat stress, hailstorms, unpredictable change in pest and disease load under changing climate, farmers and farming systems have become more vulnerable to vagaries of nature. More than 80% of Indian farmers are marginal and small farmers with poor coping capacity who are affected worst by these extreme weather and climatic events.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indias-first-agromet-forecast-centre-karnataka', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4b48/xuzxv3q321shky36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4b48/xuzxv3q321shky36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India's first Agromet Forecast Centre inaugurated in Karnataka', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, India’s first, agromet forecast centre, North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre, University of Agricultural Sciences, UAS campus, Dharwad, Karnataka', 'metadescription' => 'India’s first agromet forecast centre- North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC) was recently inaugurated on University of Agricultural Sciences campus in Dharwad, Karnataka', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/b6ofbi19y7e585h/18feb_India%2527s_first_Agromet_Forecast.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 178, 'title' => 'Vande Bharat Express: India’s first semi-high speed train launched', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off ‘Vande Bharat Express’ (formerly known as Train 18) from New Delhi Railway Station. It is <strong>India’s first semi high speed engineless train</strong> that will run on New Delhi-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi route. Speed, safety and service are prime hallmarks of this train<strong>. </strong>This train will cover distance between New Delhi and Varanasi in 8 hours at speed of 160 kmph and will run on this route all days except Mondays and Thursdays.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&am