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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Miscellaneous
PRRS Disease: Mizoram Government bans import of pigs
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 04 February 2019
Massive mountains discovered under Earth’s Mantle
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 18 February 2019
India's first Agromet Forecast Centre inaugurated in Karnataka
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 18 February 2019
Vande Bharat Express: India’s first semi-high speed train launched
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 16 February 2019
India hosts 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 26 February 2019
Government, IIT Delhi ink MoU for Waste to Wealth Technologies
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 03 May 2019
India’s first solar cruise vessel to be rolled out in Kerala
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 21 June 2019
Sea Snail compound to reduce colorectal cancer risk
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 28 August 2019
Ethiopia skull discovery and clues on human evolvement
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 31 August 2019
Controlling tuberculosis through sniffing Vaccine
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 09 September 2019
Kenya becomes 3rd African nation to introduce Malaria vaccine
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 14 September 2019
Chip fingerprint technology for safer transactions
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 15 September 2019
Skull construction of ancient human ancestor using DNA
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 20 September 2019
Common cold to help in developing vaccination for influenza
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 22 September 2019
Common nutrient supply to help tackle Alzheimer’s disease
Tags: Miscellaneous
Published on: 30 September 2019
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mizoram government has banned import of pigs and piglets from other countries in all of its eight districts as <em>precautionary measure to stop possible outbreak of <strong>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)</strong></em>. The orders were issued as it was suspected that PRRS outbreak in state is due to illegal and even legal import of pigs and piglets from Myanmar where there was reported prevalence of this porcine disease.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PRRS outbreak in Mizoram has always occurred from March to July, during a dry spell after pre-monsoon downpours.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has cost the lives of over 10,000 swines in Mizoram since 2013 (3,806 pig deaths in 2013, 4,699 in 2016 and 2,574 in 2018).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is believed that it happened due to import of pigs and piglets from Myanmar where PRRS disease is prevalent.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is also known as blue-ear pig disease, which affectes domestic pigs. It is highly infectious pig disease. Younger pigs are more affected than older animals.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is caused by virus classified as a member of the genus Arterivirus. Thus, it belongs to genus <em>Arterivirus</em>, family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Symptoms:</strong> It is <em>panzootic disease</em>that causes reproductive failure (such as infertility, abortions, stillbirths, or the birth of weak piglets), respiratory disease in young pigs, pneumonia and increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection in pigs.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is recognised by laboured breathing, fever, loss of appetite and listlessness, red discoloration of body and blue ears.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Treatment:</strong> Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) vaccines are primary immunological tool for its control.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Public Health Risk: </strong><em>There is no evidence of human infection with PRRS virus</em>.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Himalayan Cloud Observatory</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It has been set by Indian Science and Technology Department and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur. It is currently in testing period and will become operational soon.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It will forecast and monitor cloud activities in higher regions of the Himalayas by using different types of parameters such rainfall, temperature, wind speed, wind direction and prepare data.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It will help in easily predicting cloud bursting incidents in future and help to save and stop severe loss of lives and property caused due to this natural calamity.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists from Princeton University in US and Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics in China have discovered massive mountains in Earth’s mantle. This layer has not been named yet and simply is called as “<strong>660 kilometres boundary”</strong>. This new discovery could change understanding of formation of Earth.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Note:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Earth’s interior basically has three layers: <strong>crust, mantle and core</strong> (subdivided inner and outer core). There are also several other layers that scientists have identified within Earth.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This discovery was made by analyzing data from one of biggest earthquakes ever recorded in Bolivia in 1994, measuring 8.2 on Richter scale. It was second-largest deep earthquake ever recorded.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists had used powerful computers and simulated complicated behaviour of scattering earthquake (seismic) waves in deep earth. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Using this data, mountains and other topography on layer located 660 km straight down were discovered. <em>This mountain layer separates upper and lower mantle</em>.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was found that seismic waves scattered while travelling inside earth to constrain roughness of earth's 660-km boundary. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It shows that topography of 660-km boundary was stronger topography than Rocky Mountains or Appalachians.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Researchers also had examined layer 410 km down at top of mid-mantle “transition zone,” and they did not find similar roughness. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The presence of roughness on 660-km boundary has significant implications for understanding how our planet formed and evolved.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'India's first Agromet Forecast Centre inaugurated in Karnataka',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s first agromet forecast centre- North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC) was recently inaugurated on University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) campus in Dharwad, Karnataka. This centre will directly give timely information on weather conditions to farmers. It will help to contain extreme weather and climatic events by providing accurate information on weather to farmers. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been established by Union Ministry of Earth Sciences and India Metrological Department (IMD), in association with UAS, Dharwad.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will conduct observations, forecast, research in agro-meteorological to enhance capacity building in agro-meteorological services in Karnataka.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is aimed at minimizing damage to crops due to vagaries of nature by offering timely information on agro-climatic conditions to farmers, particularly in seven districts in North Karnataka.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will disseminate taluk-wise information about weather condition for next five days, crop pattern, method of harvesting different crops, new technology and other methods to yield better results.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The information decimated by this centre will help farmers prepare fields for sowing, harvesting, protecting crops from pest attacks, drought and floods.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Due to rise in frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climatic events such as droughts, floods, cyclones, heat stress, hailstorms, unpredictable change in pest and disease load under changing climate, farmers and farming systems have become more vulnerable to vagaries of nature. More than 80% of Indian farmers are marginal and small farmers with poor coping capacity who are affected worst by these extreme weather and climatic events.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Vande Bharat Express: India’s first semi-high speed train launched',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off ‘Vande Bharat Express’ (formerly known as Train 18) from New Delhi Railway Station. It is <strong>India’s first semi high speed engineless train</strong> that will run on New Delhi-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi route. Speed, safety and service are prime hallmarks of this train<strong>. </strong>This train will cover distance between New Delhi and Varanasi in 8 hours at speed of 160 kmph and will run on this route all days except Mondays and Thursdays.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Vande Bharat Express (Train18)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been indigenously designed and manufactured by Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai, a Railways Production unit, under Government vision of "Make in India".</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is first long-distance engineless train i.e. without separate locomotive (engine) and is driven by self-propulsion module. It is touted as next generation Shatabdi Express and will connect metros with important cities.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its major systems of train have been designed and built in India.<strong> </strong>Its performance, safety and passenger comfort standards are of global standards and that to less than half of global prices.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is at present country’s fastest train with maximum speed of 160 kmph. It will cut travel time by 15% compared to Shatabdi Express.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 16 coaches with chair car type configuration with two executive class chair cars and 14 chair cars. It is fully air-conditioned train and is equipped with CCTV cameras.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has two executive compartments in middle with 52 seats each and trailer coaches have 78 seats each.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has aerodynamically designed driver cabins at both ends for quicker turn-around at destinations. Besides they also have insulation to keep outside heat and noise to very low levels. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Every coach has pantry with facility to serve hot meals, hot and cold beverages. It has soft lighting, automatic doors, footsteps and GPS-based audio-visual Passenger Information System.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has intelligent regenerative braking system in all coaches<strong> </strong>for better energy efficiency as it can save up to 30% of electrical energy,<strong> </strong>thereby making it energy and environment efficient.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Footstep in coach’s doorway of this train slides outward when train stops at station enabling passengers to board or deboard safely with comfort.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It offers some features to enhance passenger comfort which include inter-connected fully sealed gangways, automatic doors with retractable footsteps.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has onboard Wi-Fi and infotainment, and modular toilets with bio-vacuum systems. It also has provision of Divyang-friendly facilities.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also features rotational seats which can be aligned in direction of travel (executive class), roller blinds and diffused LED lighting, and disabled-friendly toilets.</span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'India hosts 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India hosted 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit in New Delhi. It was organized by Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with World Health Organization (WHO) and Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP). This summit provided common platform to support governments and health system reformers to improve the health and well-being of their citizens through digital technologies.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India and Digital Health</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India had led Digital Health Resolution in 71st World Health Assembly of WHO in April 2018 at Geneva. This resolution had highlighted global attention to potential, challenges and opportunities related to Digital Health Technology and need for close collaboration on the issue globally.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is international collaboration of governments, government agencies and multinational organisations for improving health and well-being of citizens through best use of evidence-based digital technologies.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the only international platform with such wider participation on issue of digital health. It facilitates global collaboration and co-operation in the implementation of digital health services. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides international platform to share policy insights, best practices and evidence based implementation of safe, secure digital technologies to improve quality, accessibility and sustainability of health systems.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Members:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Currently, 23 countries including India are its members. It is supported by World Health Organization (WHO).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Five work streams of GDHP:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) Cyber Security, (ii) Evidence and Evaluation (iii) Policy Environments (iv) Interoperability and (v) Clinical and Consumer Engagement.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Monkey fever claims one in Kerala',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD or monkey fever) has claimed death of one person from Kerala’s Begur tribal hamlet located on Kerala-Karnataka border. It is first KFD death reported in Kerala after 2015 KFD outbreak in Wayanad district of state. Wayanad had witnessed cases of KFD for four years in a row from 2013 onwards till 2016.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Monkey Fever </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also called as Kyasanur forest disease . It is tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is caused by Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of virus family Flaviviridae, which also causes dengue and yellow fever. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is endemic to South Asia. It is named monkey fever because it primarily affects black-faced langurs and red-faced bonnet monkeysand result in their death. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was first isolated in 1957 from sick monkeys captured in Kyasanur forests in Shimoga district of Karnataka. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As monkeys migrated from Karnataka to bordering states, it spread to Kerala, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It causes seasonal outbreaks between December and May along Western Ghats. Most of its cases are reported in western Ghats bordering Karnataka.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Transmission:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Ticks (Hemaphysalis spinigera) is prime vector responsible for its transmission. These ticks are known to thrive in Western Ghats and transmit virus to humans. Humans contract to this virus from bite of nymphs of these tickc. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Symptoms:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It starts with high fever and bodyache, followed by haemorrhagic symptoms, similar to that in dengue. It has a mortality rate of 5 to 10</span>%.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">High fever with headache, followed by haemorrhagic symptoms such as bleeding from throat, nose and gums. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also causes gastrointestinal bleeding, absent reflexes, muscle stiffness, tremors and mental disturbances.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prevention:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Vaccination can help to stop its spread. Besides, preventative measures such as using insect repellents and wearing protective clothes in tick endemic areas.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Zinc deficiency rising in Indians: Study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to new Harvard study titled ‘Inadequate zinc intake in India: past, present and future’, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can accelerate zinc deficiency in crops and thus in human consumption.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Study findings</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Inadequate zinc intake has been rising in India for decades, causing tens of millions of people to become newly deficient in it. Rising CO2 levels in coming decades could accelerate this trend. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The highest rate of inadequate zinc intake was concentrated in the southern and northeastern States with rice-dominated diets: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Manipur and Meghalaya.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National grain fortification programmes, increased dietary diversity, bio-fortified crops, and reduced carbon dioxide emissions could all make a difference to slow or reverse the course.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Zinc </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is essential nutrient for humans and is extensively involved in protein, lipid, nucleic acid metabolism, and gene transcription.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its role within human body is extensive in reproduction, immune function, wound repair, and on microcellular level, macrophage, neutrophil, natural killer cell, and complement activity. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is found in multiple food groups including meat, fish, legumes, and other dietary sources although absorption varies by substrate. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Zinc deficiency can be inherited as absorption difficulties or can manifest from a decreased intake. It is common worldwide, but mostly in developing countries. It presents with infectious, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, or cutaneous involvement. Its treatment is largely through oral replacement usually resulting in quick clinical improvement.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'MARS BASE 1: China launches Mars base simulator',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chinese space company C-Space has launched MARS BASE 1, a Mars base simulator to educate school children. It is not meant for housing astronauts training to live on the red planet. It will simulate speculative China-led mission to Mars.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mars Base 1</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is Mars base simulator located in Gobi desert, some 40 km from Jinchang in China's northwest Gansu province. It aims to create simulated environment similar to Mars to expose teenagers and soon tourists on how life could be like on the Mars.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been developed by C-Space with help from Astronauts Centre of China and China Intercontinental Communication Centre, a state television production organisation.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is white-coloured base and has silver dome and nine modules, including living quarters, control room, greenhouse and airlock. It will also allow teenagers go on treks in nearby desert, where they explore caves in the martian-like landscape.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Gobi Desert</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It covers parts of Northern and Northeastern China and of southern Mongolia. It is the sixth-largest desert in the world and Asia's second largest. It is rain shadow desert, formed by the Tibetan Plateau blocking precipitation from the Indian Ocean reaching the Gobi territory. It is bounded by Altai Mountains and grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on north, by Taklamakan Desert to west, Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to southwest and North China Plain to the southeast. It is overall a cold desert, with frost and occasionally snow occurring on its dunes.</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Government, IIT Delhi ink MoU for Waste to Wealth Technologies',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Government and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT-Delhi) have signed Memorandum of understanding (MoU) to set up Centre of Excellence for Waste to Wealth Technologies. It was signed by Office of Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) of Union and IIT Delhi to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under this MoU</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Government and IIT-Delhi partnership will provide effective platform for stakeholders to bring together integrated approaches for effective recycle, reuse and resource recovery of waste.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Their focus will be to consolidate all possible Waste to Wealth Technologies, learn from best practices followed worldwide and implement them at ground level at Indian cities.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The waste to wealth mission project already has been approved under the recently constituted Prime Minister’s Science Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Moreover, IIT Delhi also has already identified waste to wealth as focus area and many of its faculty members are already working on a variety of projects related to waste management. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Centre of Excellence for Waste to Wealth Technologies</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims aim to bring best of science and technology to implement waste management.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will implement sustainable, scientific and technological solutions for waste management, through validation and deployment of available technologies for transformation of waste to wealth.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Prime Minister’s Science, Technology And Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC)?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is overarching body for assessment, creation and implementation of major scientific, technology and innovation interventions for India. It is 9-member body headed by Principal Scientific Adviser K. Vijay Raghavan. It act as high-level advisory body to several ministries and execute mission-oriented programmes. It also renders advice on all matters related to Science, Technology and Innovation and monitors implementation of Prime Minister’s vision on these issues.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Arunachal Pit Viper: New Snake Species Discovered ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Researchers (Herpetologists) have discovered new species of reddish-brown pit viper from a forest in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It has been named Arunachal pit viper and its scientific name is <em>Trimeresurus arunachalensis</em>. It makes Arunachal Pradesh only Indian state to have pit viper snake species to be named after it.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vipers (Viperidae) are family of venomous snakes found in most parts of the world. They have relatively long, hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of snake venom. Arunachal pit viper is <strong>fifth brown pit viper species found in India</strong>, other four are -Malabar, horseshoe, hump-nosed and Himalayan which were discovered 70 years ago.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Arunachal pit viper</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is species of reddish-brown pit viper. It is venomous snake with unique heat-sensing system. Only one male specimen of this specimen has been found so far, which currently makes it rarest pit viper in the world. More surveys and sightings of this species will gradually give details about its habits, diet and breeding, whether it lays eggs or bears live young.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Arunachal pit viper is second snake species to be discovered in recent times in Arunachal Pradesh after non-venomous crying keelback was discovered in state’s Lepa-Rada district in 2018. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Karnataka approves cloud seeding programme',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Karnataka Cabinet has approved cloud-seeding programme amidst reports that State will face deficit rain this year. The project was approved for proposal for Rs 93. crore and will begin in June 2019. Under it, operations, state government is hoping to influence upcoming monsoon and capture as much water as possible from rain clouds to overcome existing drought situation. It will be replication state government’s Varshadhare project launched in 2017 for cloud seeding.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Cloud seeding</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also known as weather modification technique. It is artificial way to induce moisture in rain bearing clouds so as to cause rainfall.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It uses aeroplanes to spray chemicals over clouds to condense smaller particles into larger rain droplets.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The chemicals used in this process are sodium chloride, silver iodide, potassium iodide or dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These chemical particles act as base (hygroscopic nuclei) for water vapours to settle and condense into larger rain droplets.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Varshadhare project</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was cloud seeding project launched by Karnataka Government in 2017 to enhance amount of precipitation from clouds to generate more rain.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Special aircraft for period of 37 days (286 hours) was used to disperse chemicals to trigger and enhance precipitation.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">State Government claims that it had resulted estimated rainfall enhancement of 27.9% apart from extra inflow of 2.5 tmc into Linganamakki reservoir.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'India’s first solar cruise vessel to be rolled out in Kerala',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India’s first solar-powered cruise boat will be launched in Alappuzha, Kerala by State Water Transport Department (SWTD) in December 2019. The initiative comes close on heels of SWTD’s earlier launch of country’s first solar-powered ferry Aditya in 2016, which is in operation on Vaikom-Thavanakadavu route.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">cruise boat </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is double-deck, double-engine catamaran-type vessel</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> that can car</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">ry 100 passengers. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is hybrid vessel powered by motor that can source energy from solar panels, battery, as well as generator. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its battery has capacity of 80 KWh (kilowatt hour) power backup, as compared to 50 KWh backup in Aditya. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It adheres to norms specified by Indian Registry of Shipping (IRS). It has air-conditioned lower deck and pushback seats.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its upper deck is non-air conditioned and can be used for dining and to get better view of the backwaters. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It does not create air and noise pollution and will help in huge savings in energy expenses. Apart from regular cruise, it can also host parties and conferences.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'India’s first solar cruise vessel to be rolled out in Kerala',
'metakeyword' => 'India’s first solar-powered cruise boat will be launched in Alappuzha, Kerala by State Water Transport Department (SWTD) in December 2019. ',
'metadescription' => 'India’s first solar-powered cruise boat will be launched in Alappuzha, Kerala by State Water Transport Department (SWTD) in December 2019. ',
'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude',
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'title' => 'NFR's Plan Bee wins Best Innovation Award',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Northeast Frontier Railway’s (NFR) Plan Bee won first prize in the best innovation award of Indian Railways for the 2018-19 fiscal. The first prize comprised of citation along with cash award of Rs.</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">3 lakh</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Plan Bee is an amplifying system imitating buzz of a swarm of honey bees to keep wild elephants away from railway tracks. Studies have suggested that elephants are scared of swarming bees.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Large portion of rail tracks of NFR passes through forest areas in Assam. Elephants often come in the way of speeding trains, resulting in their deaths. In a bid to tackle this problem, NFR had launched ‘Plan Bee’, under which devices were installed devices at several level crossings in state to play the sound of buzzing honey bees to drive away elephants from the live rail tracks. This device is designed to generate amplified sound of honey bees from a distance of about 700-800 m. The first instrument was installed at level crossing gate between Azara and Kamakhya stations under Rangiya division. Later it was then installed in several level crossing gates in the vicinity of forest areas. Since then this device has been helpful in diverting herds of elephants, especially when trains are approaching.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 1910,
'title' => 'Bone implants material from Eggshell',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)</span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> Hyderabad and Dr.B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(NIT) Jalandhar have developed a process by which bone implant</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">materials can be synthesized from waste eggshells</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Bone</span></span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">graft is a surgical procedure to fix problems with bones or joints. Bone grafting, or transplanting of bone tissue, is beneficial in fixing bones that are damaged from trauma or problem joints</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">The bones are usually fixed using natural body materials or artificial and synthetic materials such as </span></span></span><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Plaster of Paris, and more recently, phosphate compounds like hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate </span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">but they can be poisonous in some cases.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Features and Importance of research</span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Large amount of eggshells are dumped as waste across the world but bioceramics made from them exhibit greater biocompatibility than other synthetic powders due to the presence of additional bioactive elemental ions. Eggshells are inexpensive and can be obtained in unlimited quantities</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Researchers have synthesized <strong><em>Tricalcium phosphate </em></strong>nanopowder which is hundred thousand times smaller than the width of a single human hair from eggshells.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">There is always some hesitancy in using synthetic chemicals as bone replacement materials because of the presence of chemical residues that are toxic if not eliminated completely. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Materials like ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) , processed using nitrate compounds can be dangerous for health and needs urgent substitution.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 1949,
'title' => 'Human Organ harvesting',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A Japanese biologist sought and won permission from the Japanese government to </span></span><strong><span style="background-color:white">carry out experiments with human-animal embryos<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> The ban that was previously placed on experiments with human embryos was lifted earlier this year.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Human organ harvesting is a widely debated issue with large scale support and opposition. Use of animals for organ harvesting has been tried widely but full scale permission for procedure has been pending. <span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#222222">There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, far exceeding the numbers available.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Human organ harvesting</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Organ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222"> procurement also called organ harvesting is a surgical procedure that removes organs or tissues for reuse, typically for organ transplantation. It is heavily regulated by United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) to prevent unethical allocation of organs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Stem cell scientists have proposed an experiment to grow animal embryos that also contains DNA from human cells. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">These cells will later be implanted into animals, and the animal born and raised to adulthood will be used for obtaining their organs and transplanted into human patients.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issues concerning organ harvesting using Animals</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If these organs are grown successfully, they will be very helpful in addressing the current desperate need for organ donors and lifelong immune suppression. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">We could also use animal-grown human cells or tissue for toxicology studies or drug screening. Surgeons could practice surgery on intact human organs before operating on patients, and we could study aspects of early human development.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> Experts believe that human cells can potentially affect the brain and cognition of the animals born in the process. It is also believed that creating animals for the sole purpose of growing organs for transplants violates their right to life. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Water proofing material using flyash',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad have developed a waterproofing material using fly ash, a cheap byproduct of thermal power plants.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash or flue ash, also known as pulverised fuel ash is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly ash is extremely water-loving (hydrophilic), it turns into a highly water-repelling surface once coated with stearic acid.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The head of stearic acid which is hydrophilic binds to fly ash particles, the water-repelling tail remains free. Numerous free hydrophobic tails of stearic acid makes the fly ash surface water repellent.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The stearic acid-coated fly ash surface can be made to behave like one of the two naturally occurring water-repelling materials which is rose petals or lotus leaves by the varying the surface roughness.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The topography changes completely when fly ash particles of different sizes are used. The smaller particles tend to fill the gap between the larges ones thus resulting in a tighter packing with very little gap between particles.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Other uses and benefits of fly ash</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash can be used as prime material in many cement-based products, such as poured concrete, concrete block, and </span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">brick<span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash can also be used as embankment and mine fill.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly-ash has great potentiality in agriculture due to its efficacy in modification of soil health and crop performance. The high concentration of elements (K, Na, Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe) in fly-ash increases the yield of many agricultural crops.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly ash can also be used as a water retainer in agriculture sector due to its water holding capacity.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 1977,
'title' => 'Oxytocin ban',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The final decision on whether the government can block private pharmaceutical companies from manufacturing and selling vital pregnancy drug oxytocin in India has been deferred. The Supreme Court has decided the issue needs further deliberation.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The health Ministry in April 2018 banned private firms from manufacturing and selling oxytocin to avoid its misuse in veterinary field.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This was seen as controversial as it could lead to shortage of the crucial drug.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Oxytocin</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a pea-sized structure at the base of the brain.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">It's sometimes known as the "cuddle hormone" or the "love hormone," because it is released when people snuggle up or bond socially.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Importance of Oxytocin</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Oxytocin is administered to women during childbirth and is crucial to prevent them from bleeding excessively, which is a common cause of maternal deaths in the world including India.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reasons for Ban</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The unregulated and illegal manufacture of the drug, which is reportedly misused in milch animals.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">It is claimed that drinking milk from oxytocin-treated cattle led to male impotence, early puberty among women and cancers.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The continuous use of oxytocin can make animals addicted to it and thus will fail to produce milk when deprived of it.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Way Forward</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Due to the drug’s importance to both human and veterinary medicine, the Drugs Technical Advisory Board recommended against a ban, instead implementing better surveillance. A ban might lead to scarcity and high drug prices.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Sea Snail compound to reduce colorectal cancer risk',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The remarkable ability of a small sea snail to produce a colourful purple compound to protect its eggs has its potential in a new anti-cancer pharmaceutical. This has been discovered by researchers from Australia.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of the 9.6 million cancer deaths every year, with the World Health Organization reporting 862,000 deaths in 2018.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Compound derived from the substance produced by the mollusc's gland could be used as a preventative in bowel cancer.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Researchers at various universities of Australia have isolated one compound in the gland secretions from the <strong>Australian white rock sea snail</strong> (Dicathasis orbita) which has not only antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities, but important anti-cancer properties.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Research has shown that a specific snail compound can prevent the formation of tumours in a colon cancer model. The scientists were also able to use sophisticated technology to trace the metabolism of the compound inside the body.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This is very important for drug development because it helps demonstrate the absence of potentially toxic side-effects of the compound inside the body.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Snail compound contains bromine like a unique fingerprint to trace how these types of compounds are metabolised inside the body and identify some potentially toxic metabolites from the crude extracts.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The research has potential to be used as a drug that can attack and kill cancer cells that have grown resistant to chemotherapy drugs.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Ethiopia skull discovery and clues on human evolvement',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">A completely intact 3.8-million-year-old skull of an early human has been unearthed in Ethiopia. The discovery that has the potential to alter our understanding of human evolution.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The skull, known as "MRD", was discovered not far from the younger Lucy -- the ancient ancestor of modern humans .</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type:none"> </li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The skull represents a mixture of characteristics of Sahelanthropus like "Toumai" and Ardipithecus like "Ardi" as well as more recent species.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The new skull, MRD, belongs to the species <strong>Australopithecus anamensis</strong>. MRD offers the first real glimpse of the face of Lucy's ancestor," according tthe scientists.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Scientists had thought <strong>A. anamensis (MRD)</strong> was gradually turning into <strong>A. afarensis </strong>(Lucy) over time but MRD reveals that the two species co-existed for about 100,000 years.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Related Information</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Toumai</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black"> (of the species <strong>Sahelanthropus tchadensis</strong>) is around 7 million years old and is considered by some paleontologists to be the first representative of the human lineage. It was discovered in Chad in 2001.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Ardi</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black"> (for <strong>Ardipithecus ramidus</strong>, another species of hominid) was found in Ethiopia in 1994 and is believed to be around 4.5 million years old.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Lucy</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">, the famous <strong>Australopithecus afarensis</strong>, was discovered in Ethiopia in 1974 and is 3.2 million years old.Australopithecus afarensis is one of the longest-lived and most studied early human species.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Anti-biotic resistance in E.coli observed',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Low concentrations of antibiotics can cause resistance to evolve among bacteria. A group of researchers from IISER Pune have conducted research to explore how exactly resistance happens<span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bacteria develop drug resistance both when they are within the body and outside. The fact that antibiotics are unevenly distributed within the body or intake of drugs could be stopped midway can lead to evolution of drug resistance<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have studied how resistance to the antibiotic <strong>rifampicin</strong> evolves in E. coli under two conditions when the antibiotic is present in low or high concentrations, and when there is steady or pulsed supply of antibiotics.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process of evolution of drug resistance appears to be rapid. It was found that E. coli can evolve resistance to rifampicin within a few generations of drug exposure.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A characteristic of some drug-resistant strains of bacteria is that they do not live in isolation but get connected to each other, forming <strong>biofilms</strong>. Using genetics and biochemistry, the researchers found that when under exposure to low concentrations of rifampicin, the E. coli tend to form biofilms.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was also found that biolfilm formation was mediated by the activation of particular gene called the <strong>fim operon promoter</strong>. Activation of the gene allowed the expression of a type of fimbriae, a thread-like structures that help a bacterium attach itself to another bacterium. These are important in the formation of biofilms</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research aims to generate a multi-antibiotic low and high drug concentration genetic map that will point out significant genes and cellular pathways that are responsible for the evolution of resistance at low and high drug respectively.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Drug resistence</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in treating a disease or condition.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'title' => 'Humans and wildlife parasoites',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new research has now pointed out that by changing the land use patterns and introducing livestock in their ecosystem humans are indirectly increasing the parasite diversity in their gastrointestinal system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parasitism is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interactions" title="Biological interactions">relationship</a> between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team looked at over 4,000 mammalian faecal samples collected from 19 forest fragments at the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Analysing the faecal samples, they concluded that the presence of plantations and livestock significantly increased the parasite diversity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These samples belonged to 23 mammalian species including tigers, deer, porcupines, lion-tailed macaques, giant squirrels and otters.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The studied parasites can cause a broad range of infectious diseases and it is important to study the host-parasite interactions at a community level.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that wildlife tends to congregate near human settlements. Herbivores such as deer may find the human settlements as a source of regular food and also as a safe zone where carnivores don't enter. This could also be a reason for pathogen spillover from livestock to wildlife</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As internal niche is affected, many epidemic diseases including the Ebola virus started finding humans as a better new host when their natural habitats were disrupted. Unknown diseases have occured as a result of this anthropogenic land use changes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2101,
'title' => 'Malaria and Heart disease',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Malaria infection is linked with a 30% raised risk of heart failure, according to a small study presented today at ESC Congress 2019 together with the World Congress of Cardiology.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The heart failure is defined as “the pathological state or clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump blood commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues or can do so only with an elevated filling pressure.”</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Although the final common physiological outcome is the same, the underlying mechanisms that cause heart failure are diverse and complex</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Georgia","serif"">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A selected number of patients were inserted with malarial plasmodium and studied. These patients had a 30% increased likelihood of developing heart failure over the follow-up time of 11 years.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">while heart failure risk was increased for patients in the study, there was not a link to heart attack or cardiovascular death.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Recent studies have found that malaria could be a contributor to functional and structural changes in the myocardium, which is the muscle tissue of the heart..</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Experimental studies have also shown that malaria may affect the blood pressure regulatory system causing hypertension, which is a contributor to heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Malaria can also affect vascular pathways that cause inflammation in the heart, which could lead to fibrosis and then heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Importance of research</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A combination of high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease are among the most common risk factors for heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India, along with 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, contributes to about 80% of the global burden of malaria.From 1990s to date the reported malaria incidence inIndia has been around 1.5 to 2.6 million cases and 666–1000 deaths/ annum.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Similarly, Cardiac ailments killed more Indians in 2016 (28%) than any other non-communicable disease.The reserch can contribute towards eradicating deaths that are linked to malarial infection</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 2141,
'title' => 'Controlling tuberculosis through sniffing Vaccine',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new way of delivering TB vaccine through nasal cavity has been tried where the medicine is in the form of aerosol. The efficiency of vaccine has been found to be equally effective.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the most commonly used medication against TB currently. The problem lies with the delivery. while BCG is good for children, it may not be as effective in adults, who get TB of the lungs. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">People react to BCG with some fever and also skin itching at the injection spot, making it uncomfortable to use.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Actually, the whole germ is not needed for antibody generation. Even a part of the molecule is enough for the generation of antibodies by the B Cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A group of researchers has been creatively using these principles to generate an inhalable vaccine against TB.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Scientists administered the synthesised product through the nose of mice. The mice were then infected with Mtb and, after a few weeks the lungs and spleens of the infected mice was tested.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial load was found to be substantially low proving that aerosol administration of medical compound was as protective as a vaccine.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using this route needs no needles, does not need clinically trained persons, cuts down waste and is lower in cost.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This method also provides greater accuracy for treating the disease by directly acting on the pulmonary tract.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>How immunity works</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When pathogenic organism invades the body, it uses a molecule to pierce through and then multiplies to cause havoc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The so-called B Cells there synthesise proteins called antibodies which bind with the invader and disable it. Plus, the host stores this mechanism for future, in case the pathogen attacks at a later time. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'id' => (int) 2167,
'title' => 'Bombay blood group',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Issue </strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the last two weeks, the “Bombay blood group”, a rare blood type, has been gaining attention in Mumbai’s healthcare sector. Demand for the blood type has coincidentally spiked at hospitals, but supply has been scarce.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The four most common blood groups are A, B, AB and O. The rare, Bombay blood group was first discovered in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1952 by Dr Y M Bhende.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hh blood type(Bombay) has an incidence of one in four million all over the world. It has a higher incidence in South Asia and in India, one in 7,600 to 10,000 are born with this type.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This blood type is more common in South Asia than anywhere else because of inbreeding and close community marriages.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is genetically passed and a shared common ancestry among Indians, Sri Lankans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis has led to more cases of hh blood phenotype in this region.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hh blood group is confused with the O group. The difference is that the O group has Antigen H, while the hh group does not.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The counts for haemoglobin, platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells in hh type are similar to the count of others based on their health index.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The individuals with Bombay blood group can only be transfused autologous blood or blood from individuals of Bombay hh phenotype only but hh blood group can donate their blood to ABO blood types<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Kenya becomes 3rd African nation to introduce Malaria vaccine',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kenya<strong> </strong>became the third African country to introduce the vaccine, after Malawi and Ghana. The aim is to reach about 360,000 children per year across the three countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Malaria is a top killer in many African countries. According to the World Health Organization, the region accounted for 92% of the cases and 93% of malaria deaths in 2017. The parasitic disease kills about 435,000 people every year, most of them children under five in Africa.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The vaccine is developed by GlaxoSmithKline(GSK) and partners after a research of more than 30 years , at a cost of around $1 billion. GSK is donating up to 10 million vaccine doses in the current vaccination initiatives.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The malaria vaccine only protects about one-third of children who are immunised and those who get the shots are likely to have less severe cases of malaria.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Challenges</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There has been a surge in malaria cases as cases rise even among adolescents. They reason for it is global warming and longer wet seasons.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Resistance is growing to medicines that treat the disease and mosquitoes are becoming more resistant to insecticides.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Funding for malaria research efforts has come to a stagnant position in recent years<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 2203,
'title' => 'New cancer treatment that prevents hair loss',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study published in the journal EMBO Molecular Medicine describes how damage to the hair follicles caused by taxanes, cancer drugs which can cause permanent hair loss, can be prevented.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chemotherapy treatment drugs have many side effects one among which is hair loss. The effect of the drug on cancer cells spread to hair follicles too, making them die and affecting hair growth.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research team has exploited the properties of a newer class of drugs called <strong>CDK4/6 </strong>inhibitors, which block cell division and are already medically approved as so-called "targeted" cancer therapies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CDK4/6 inhibitors can be used temporarily to halt cell division without promoting additional toxic effects in the hair follicle.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer disease not only affects the physical structure of thge body, it has its effect on psychology of an individual as well.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Loss of hair can certainly create sense of uneasiness among cancer patients and affect their overall chances of being back to normal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This research can surely help patients cope up with the after effects of medicinal treatment.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'id' => (int) 2215,
'title' => 'Chip fingerprint technology for safer transactions',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> IIT Bombay researchers have developed a technology that can be used for protecting chips of devices through fingerprint like identity.This is known as a physically unclonable function.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The emergence of Internet of Things has brought in, rather urgently, a need for low-cost security technology. While passwords and other such forms of encryption are software-based, there is also a need for security at the hardware level.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secure transactions demand security at various levels. For example, credit card has a chip attached to it and the identity is downloaded with the card.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To prevent the card from being cloned, the chip has to have an electronic fingerprint-like identity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Unlike an optical image of a fingerprint that can be lifted easily, this electronic fingerprint has several layers, thus making cloning hard. Such an identity is what the researchers have developed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This technology is currently being developed for Defense Research and Development Organisation , which can enhance its reputation if it succeeds in its working.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increases security in digital transactions by securing chip identity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Creation of indegenous technology that can reduce cost cutting in manufacture of devices.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 28 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2216,
'title' => 'Bacteria that removes pesticides from soil',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian Institute of Technology- Bombay researchers have identified a soil bacterial strain from the campus that helps in “complete remediation” of the carbaryl pesticide.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbaryl pesticide continues to be used in the agricultural sector in spite of experimental studies in laboratory animals suggesting it to be a probable carcinogen to humans.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbaryl is also persistent in nature leading to pollution of both soil and water ecosystems.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The newly isolated bacterial strain utilises the pesticide as its source of carbon and nitrogen for its growth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team was also able to identify the genes responsible and the metabolic path that was involved in the complete metabolism and bioremediation process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial strain, whose species is yet to be identified, comes under the <strong><em>Pseudomonas</em></strong> genus and is able to grow well on medium supplemented with very high concentration of carbaryl compound.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial enzyme ‘carbaryl hydrolase’ acts on carbaryl and generates ‘1-naphthol’ and ‘methylamine’. While 1-naphthol is used as a carbon source, methylamine is used as the nitrogen source.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can completely degrade the pesticide in 12-13 hours, which is four to five times faster than other bacterial strains reported earlier.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacteria are able to adapt themselves to other recently introduced pesticides by acquiring genes through horizontal gene transfer and also evolving some existing genes to perform new functions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2236,
'title' => 'Swine fever in South Korea',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">South Korea<strong> </strong>has reported its first cases of African swine fever, becoming the latest country hit by the disease that has killed pigs worldwide, pushing up pork prices.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pigs were found dead at a farm in Paju, a city near the inter-Korean border and were confirmed to have been infected with the virus. The virus has been prevalent in African countries on a large scale.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The virus is not harmful to humans but causes haemorrhagic fever in pigs that is almost always fatal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no antidote or vaccine and the only known way to prevent the disease from spreading is a mass slaughter of affected livestock.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>African Swine Fever</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This transboundary animal disease (TAD) can be spread by live or dead pigs, domestic or wild, and pork products.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Transmission can also occur via contaminated feed and non-living objects such as shoes, clothes, vehicles, knives, equipment etc., due to the high environmental resistance of ASF virus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no approved vaccine against ASF (unlike classical swine fever ,which is caused by a different virus)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Outbreaks have usually been reported in Africa and parts of Europe, South America, and the Caribbean. More recently the disease has been reported in multiple countries across Africa, Asia and Europe, in both domestic and wild pigs.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2259,
'title' => 'How dust cloud shaped life on earth?',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have said that dust spawned by a gigantic collision in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter 400 million years earlier triggered an ice age on Earth and subsequently shaped life in Marine ecosystem.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The event occurred when life was concentrated in the seas and far before vertebrates first walked on land. This set in motion evolutionary changes in invertebrates fundamental to marine ecosystems that allowed them to adapt to global cooling.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The inner solar system was filled with enormous amounts of dust after an asteroid more than 150 km in diameter was struck by a smaller object perhaps 20 km wide.<br />
Solar radiation reaching Earth's surface was reduced for at least 2 million years by the dust in space and in the planet's atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another cooling mechanism that occured was that the iron-rich meteoritic dust fertilized large parts of the ocean surface leading to increased plankton productivity and fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also found traces of dust in sedimentary rocks formed at the time containing special helium isotopes and rare minerals that revealed its extraterrestrial origin.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cooling event took palce slowly and thus enabled marine life during the Ordovician Period to adapt.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earth's climate changed from being tropical to semitropical worldwide to becoming divided into climate zones as it is today with frozen poles and tropical conditions at the equator.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2267,
'title' => 'Skull construction of ancient human ancestor using DNA',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists say they’ve deciphered features of the skull and some other details of a mysterious, extinct cousin of Neanderthals by analyzing its DNA.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Period of human evolution is dotted with emergence of other sub species which intermixed with the dominant population and passed onto some genes to modern humans. The Denisovans were one such groups to become extinct. Their skeletal remains have been excavated and are being used to recreate their facial features.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DNA analysis can teach scientists about how our forerunners evolved and how their development differed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The genetic material came from the finger bone of a female member of the <strong>Denisovans</strong>, a population known mostly from small bone fragments and teeth recovered in Siberia’s <strong>Denisova Cave</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Denisovan jaw fragment are at least 16,000 years old was reported from in China. But that still gave scientists very little sign of what Denisovans looked like.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Modern-day people did not evolve from Denisovans or Neanderthals, although our species interbred with both and picked up genetic markers that are still detectable in some populations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Neanderthals</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neanderthals are an extinct species or subspecies of ancient humans in the genus Homo, who lived within Eurasia from circa 400,000 until 40,000 years ago. Compared to modern humans, Neanderthals were stockier, with shorter legs and bigger bodies.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2281,
'title' => 'Treating malaria through Psoriasis drugs',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drug used for treating skin disease <strong>Psoriasis</strong> may now be used to effectively treat malaria, suggests recent study.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Malaria is caused by the parasite <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>, which is transmitted to humans from the bite of an infected <strong>Anopheles </strong>mosquito.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers modified a class of molecules called <strong>pantothenamides</strong> to increase their stability in humans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new compounds stop the malaria parasite from replicating in infected humans and from being transmitted to mosquitoes and are effective against malaria parasites resistant to currently available drugs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pantothenamides are extremely potent against the malaria parasite, but they become unstable within biological fluids because an enzyme clips them apart before they can act.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Changing a chemical bond in a pantothenamide molecule prevents this clipping, making it viable for use as a new antimalarial drug.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team found that the modified pantothenamide molecules not only interferes with the development of the malaria parasite during its asexual growth phase in the blood but also prevent transmission of the sexual form of the parasite from human blood to mosquitoes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The major advantage of this drug is that there's no resistance to the drug as yet, and it is effective against many forms of malaria.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2288,
'title' => 'Common cold to help in developing vaccination for influenza',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) is close to finalising three projects worth ?135 crore, involving Indian and European scientists, to develop new influenza vaccines<strong>.</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project makes use of Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) where volunteers who take part in trials will be infected with infectious viruses or bacteria under expert supervision.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This approach will speed up the process whereby scientists can quantify whether potential vaccine candidates can be effective in people and identify the factors that determine why some vaccinated people fall sick and others do not.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The risk in such trials is that intentionally infecting healthy people with an active virus and causing them to be sick is against medical ethics. It also involves putting human lives in danger.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is likely to develop CHIM protocols to study bacterial or enteric viruses (residing in the intestine) such as cholera or typhoid.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If successful, these would serve to create back-ups to the existing cholera and typhoid vaccines. Experience with CHIM could help to create clinical investigators trained in vaccine development.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Traditional vaccination</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vaccines traditionally are made of a weakened form of a disease-causing virus or bacteria and injected into the body to coax the immune system into making antibodies that create immunity against future infection.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Vaccine development has shown that frequently vaccines that work in small groups of people may not always work in large populations or those that are effective in one country may not be in another. CHIM models help vaccine-makers decide whether they should go ahead with investing in expensive trials.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2305,
'title' => 'Technology to reverse baldness',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new non invasive, low-cost hair-growth-stimulating technology tested successfully on mice has shown signs of reversing baldness, which increasingly affects human males.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Baldness is a major cause of concern for humans especially males. About 2% of males suffer from baldness and related condition in some stage of their lives. The study thus becomes important.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Based on devices that gather energy from a body’s day-to-day motion, the hair-growth technology<em> </em>stimulates the skin with gentle, low-frequency electric pulses, which coax dormant follicles to reactivate hair production.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The devices don’t cause hair follicles to sprout anew in smooth skin. Instead they reactivate hair-producing structures that have gone dormant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The technology can be used as an intervention for people in the early stages of pattern baldness, but it would not work in case someone who has been bald for several years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main advantage of this technology is that it does not require bulky equipments. It instead uses body energy to generate electric pulses that simulate hair follicles to grow.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Baldness</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Baldness is hair loss, or absence of hair. It's also called<strong> alopecia</strong>. Baldness is usually most noticeable on the scalp, but it can happen anywhere on the body where hair grows. The cause of male-pattern hair loss is a combination of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">male hormones</a>.</span></span></p>
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'id' => (int) 2308,
'title' => 'Enhancing BCG vaccine efficacy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study carried out on mice models has found that curcumin in nanoparticle form has the potential to enhance the efficacy of BCG vaccine such that it confers protection against adult pulmonary TB.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BCG vaccine is effective against disseminated and meningeal TB in young children. But the protection does not last for long as the host-protective immune responses that the vaccine induces diminishes over time. Thus the vaccine is not protective in adults.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that injecting curcumin nanoparticles soon after vaccinating the mice with BCG produced an enhancement of immune memory cells (T central memory cells) responsible for long-term protection against TB infection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In children, the vaccine induces two types of immune cells, <strong>effector memory T cells</strong> and <strong>central memory T cells</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> While the effector memory T cells play a crucial role in mounting an immediate immune response against virulent TB bacteria and kill them, the central memory T cells help in long-term protection in children from childhood TB.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central memory cells ultimately diminish. As a result, the protection does not last beyond childhood and adults become vulnerable to TB infection despite BCG vaccination.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Altering the ratio to increase the number of central memory cells will help in enhancing the efficacy of the BCG vaccine.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanocurcumin blocks the channel which in turn prevents the conversion of central memory cells into effector memory cells and long term TB memory is prevented from terminating.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Curcumin also helps in the activation of innate immune cells known as macrophages and dendritic cells. TB bacteria reside and grow inside the macrophages. But once activated by curcumin nanoparticles, the macrophages and dendritic cells clear the bacteria and also enhance the level of TB-specific acquired immune cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
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'title' => 'Drug resistance in dengue virus',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong><br />
Researchers discovered that the dengue virus changes its shape through mutations in envelope protein to evade vaccines and therapeutics.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This study is a first step towards gaining more insight into how <strong>DENV2 </strong>reacts and adapts to the host's immunological defences.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DENV2 (a dengue virus) exists as smooth spherical surface particles while growing at the mosquito's physiological temperature (29 degrees Celsius). It then changes to bumpy surfaced particles at human physiological temperature (37 degrees Celsius).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This ability to morph helps the virus to evade the immune system of the human host.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A laboratory-developed DENV2 strain, mutations in the virus’ E protein causes its transformation into bumpy particles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These structural changes can cause vaccines and therapeutics to be ineffective against the virus.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also helped to predict why particles from different DENV2 strains are more or less adept at morphing from the smooth to bumpy structures.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scope</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By better understanding the interactions between the virus and the host, scientists can develop better therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent infections, and contribute to public health outcomes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This study is a first step towards gaining more insight into how DENV2 reacts and adapts to the host's immunological defences.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2364,
'title' => 'Affordable insulin',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, philanthropist and founder of Biocon, said she would enable universal access to high quality insulin by making available recombinant human Insulin (rh-Insulin) at less than 10 U.S. cents /day in low and middle-income countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ms. Mazumdar-Shaw made the above personal commitment at a United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) meeting on innovation and universal health access, convened by UNAIDS Health Innovation Exchange.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets and is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of carbohydrates, especially glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Abnormality in Insulin</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If beta cells are destroyed by an autoimmune reaction, insulin can no longer be synthesized or be secreted into the blood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This results in type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose concentrations, and generalized body wasting.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In type 2 diabetes mellitus the destruction of beta cells is less pronounced than in type 1 diabetes, and is not due to an autoimmune process. Instead there is an accumulation of amyloid in the pancreatic islets, which likely disrupts their anatomy and physiology.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high rates of glucagon secretion into the blood which are unaffected by, and unresponsive to the concentration of glucose in the blood.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Artificial Insulin synthesis</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biosynthetic human insulin (insulin human rDNA, INN) for clinical use is manufactured by recombinant DNA technology.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biosynthetic human insulin has increased purity when compared with extractive animal insulin, enhanced purity reducing antibody formation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2383,
'title' => 'Common nutrient supply to help tackle Alzheimer’s disease',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a new study, researchers have revealed that a lifelong dietary regimen of choline holds the potential to prevent Alzheimer's Disease (AD).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Choline is a safe and easy-to-administer nutrient that is naturally present in some foods and can be used as a dietary supplement.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers found transgenerational benefits of Alzheimer’s like symptoms in mice whose mothers were supplemented with choline. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest work expands this line of research by exploring the effects of choline administered in adulthood rather than in fetal mice.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Due to the higher prevalence of AD in human females, the study sought to establish the findings in female mice.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Results showed that when these mice are given high choline in their diet throughout life, they exhibit improvements in spatial memory, compared with those receiving a normal choline regimen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Choline acts to protect the brain from Alzheimer's disease in at least two ways:</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">First, choline blocks the production of amyloid-beta plaques. Amyloid-beta plaques are the hallmark pathology observed in Alzheimer's disease.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, choline supplementation reduces the activation of microglia. Over-activation of microglia causes brain inflammation and can eventually lead to neuronal death which leads to reduced neural function.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Alzheimer’s disease</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Brain cell connections and the cells themselves degenerate and die, eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Memory loss and confusion are the main symptoms.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Women are at a particular increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On average, a person with Alzheimer's lives four to eight years after diagnosis, but can live as long as 20 years, depending on other factors.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No cure exists, but medication and management strategies may temporarily improve symptoms. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2376,
'title' => 'Ranitidine drug',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s drug regulator this week began looking into concerns of potential cancer-causing substances contaminating popular acidity drug ranitidine.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This decision has been taken after the US Food and Drug Administration flagged the issue to American patients.Some companies have suspended sales of the product worldwide, and some other countries have ordered recalls of the product.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ranitidine, popularly known through brand names like Aciloc, Zinetac, Rantac and Rantac-OD, R-Loc and Ranitin , is a prescription antacid used in the treatment of acid reflux and peptic ulcer diseases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is commonly used to relieve acid-related indigestion and heartburn by decreasing stomach acid production.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US FDA found out that some ranitidine medicines contained “low levels” of a substance called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NDMA is an environmental contaminant found in water and foods and has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probably carcinogenic to humans, which means it has the potential to cause cancer.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NDMA may cause harm in large amounts but the levels the NDMA finding in ranitidine from preliminary tests barely exceed amounts that we might expect to find in common foods.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While India and the US are still looking into the issue, regulators of around 15 countries are learnt to have called for recalls of ranitidine sold in their markets. These include Singapore, Canada, Italy, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Switzerland and Pakistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drug regulator in India</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation(CDSCO)under Directorate General of Health Services,Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,Government of India is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of India.</span></span></p>
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(int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2418,
'title' => 'UK particle accelerator discovery',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A leading science facility in the English countryside is helping in an attempt to decipher Roman-era scrolls carbonised in the deadly eruption of Mount Vesuvius nearly 2,000 years ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scrolls were discovered between 1752 and 1754 during excavations at the <strong>Herculaneum</strong> site near the Bay of Naples in southern Italy, in a house believed to have belonged to the family of Julius Caesar.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city of Herculaneum was struck by a fiery cloud, which covered the city with ash, entombing everything intact.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They were preserved by the ashes but carbonised and therefore impossible to unroll.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ancient scrolls can’t be unrolled because the carbonisation makes them completely brittle and that brittle nature would damage it completely if it is tried to be bent.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Diamond facility acts like a giant microscope, producing light 10 billion times brighter than the sun that allows scientists to study anything from fossils and jet engines to viruses and vaccines.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the beam goes through the sample, it creates the possibility of an image that cannot be created in any other way.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scanning Electron Microscope</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions reveal information about the sample including external morphology (texture), chemical composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2449,
'title' => 'Photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune have successfully converted the highly unstable <strong>perovskite</strong> into a highly stable photocatalyst capable of decomposing toxic organic pollutants commonly present in water.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the first time perovskite-based composite material as a photocatalyst has been used for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants such as antibiotics, dyes etc. It will be a cost-effective method to produce clean water.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers tested the composite’s photocatalytic property to degrade organic pollutants in water in three organic commonly seen pollutants — methyl orange, methyl red and nitorfurazone antibiotic.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The catalyst that becomes active when exposed to sunlight was synthesised by encapsulating nanocrystals of organic-inorganic perovskite inside a metal-organic framework (MOF).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When exposed to sunlight, the perovskite nanocrystals release electrons into water thus producing hydroxyl radicals. The hydroxyl radicals are highly active species that decomposes the organic pollutant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers utilised the hydrophobic nature of the MOF material to render greater chemical stability to perovskite nanocrystals that form inside the MOF cavities.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The composites remained stable in water even when at boiling temperature for 20 days.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rate of degradation of organic pollutants is not high compared with other standard materials.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared with other materials, perovskite is inexpensive. It is also possible to scale up its production easily.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is possible to increase the degradation rate by using different perovskite and MOF materials through further research.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2485,
'title' => 'Declining Maternal Mortality Ratio',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There has been acceleration in decline of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) and the Infant Mortality Rate since the launch of the National Health Mission (NHM)/National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. At the current rate of decline, India should able to reach its SDG target in this area much before the due year.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A maternal death refers to a female death from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for mortality</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Direct causes</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">infections (usually after childbirth)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">complications from delivery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">unsafe abortion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indirect causes </strong>are malaria, anaemia,[9] HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular disease, all of which may complicate pregnancy or be aggravated by it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Risk factors</strong> associated with increased maternal death include the age of the mother, obesity before becoming pregnant, other pre-existing chronic medical conditions, and cesarean delivery.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Preventing mortality.</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Prenatal care</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is recommended that expectant mothers receive at least four antenatal visits to check and monitor the health of mother and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Skilled birth attendance </strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Emergency backup such as doctors, nurses and midwives who have the skills to manage normal deliveries and recognize the onset of complications.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Emergency obstetric care </strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To address the major causes of maternal death which are hemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders and obstructed labour. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Postnatal care </strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Providing care till six weeks following delivery. During this time, bleeding, sepsis and hypertensive disorders can occur, and newborns are extremely vulnerable in the immediate aftermath of birth.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2520,
'title' => 'Effect of oxygen levels on cell metabolism',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine this year was awarded to three scientists, for their discovery of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Three scientists have uncovered the genetic mechanisms that allow cells to respond to varying levels of oxygen. While oxygen is essential for the survival of cells, excess or too little oxygen can lead to adverse health consequences.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oxygen is used by all cells to convert food to useful energy. Oxygen supply temporarily reduces in muscles during intense exercise and under such conditions the cells adapt their metabolism to low oxygen levels. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Proper growth of the foetus and placenta depends on the ability of the cells to sense oxygen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drugs have already been developed to treat anaemia by making the body produce increased number of red blood cells. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many diseases can be treated by increasing the function of a particular pathway of the oxygen-sensing machinery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inhibiting or blocking the pathway will have implications in treating cancer, heart attack, stroke and pulmonary hypertension.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance in Cancer research</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancers are known to hijack the oxygen-regulation machinery to stimulate blood vessel formation and also re-programme the metabolism in order to adapt to low oxygen conditions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reprogramming of metabolism gives cancer cells the ability to shift from a state where they have limited potential to cause cancer to a state when they have greater potential for long-term growth. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Efforts are under way to develop drugs that can block the oxygen-sensing machinery of cancer cells to kill them.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Typhoid disease could be extinct soon',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new vaccine against typhoid has been approved by WHO. This paves way for universal immunisation from the disease which can soon make it extinct.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About one-third of global vaccines are manufactured and developed in India. Earlier it would be through license manufacturing of foreign formulas but now the trend has shifted towards research and development locally.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WHO has approved a vaccine against typhoid fever, called Typbar TCV, short for typhoid conjugate vaccine. It is the only vaccine deemed safe enough for use in infants starting at 6 months of age. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This vaccine is the first <strong>conjugate vaccine</strong> , a vaccine in which a weak antigen (of the typhoid germ) is attached to a strong antigen (from the tetanus germ) to elicit antibody responses against a bacterial disease (in this case typhoid) that affects up to 20 million people annually.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This vaccine has been extensively tried on humans and found to be more effective in comparison to its competitors.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Till recently vaccine against typhoid was made by injecting live, but grossly weakened typhoid germs into the human body, provoking the body to mount immunochemical called antibodies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists found that it was not good to use live germs, since there are unwanted side-effects. Hence, they started using an important molecular component (the polymer that coats the surface of the germ) which can elicit the same antibody from the injected host, but the treatment was not as effective or strong as we want.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => 'A new vaccine against typhoid has been approved by WHO. This paves way for universal immunisation from the disease which can soon make it extinct.
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(int) 45 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2534,
'title' => 'Golden ratio in human skull',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A golden ratio has been discovered in the human skull, which has created fascination among researchers, who are trying to figure out mystery of the nature.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For centuries, the golden ratio has fascinated all kinds of people, not just mathematicians. Physicists and biologists have studied it, architects and artists have used it, and worshippers have described it as a divine design.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio divides a line into two unequal parts. If we draw an arc across the top of the skull and divide it at a key junction over the brain, the two arc-segments are approximately in the golden ratio.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At a junction in skull called the<strong> bregma</strong>, which is the meeting point of two important connective tissue joints, the arc was divided into two sub-arcs that respectively accounted for 61.8% and 38.2% of the total arc length. The fractions observed were in golden ratio.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>What is golden ratio?</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
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style="float:left; height:169px; width:237px" />Suppose a line is divided into two unequal segments. When the ratio between the two lengths (the longer segment divided by the shorter one) happens to be the same as the ratio between the entire line and the longer segment, then the line is said to be divided in the golden ratio.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For this condition to hold good, the ratio needs to be 1.61803… with the digits after the decimal going on forever.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio is an irrational number and is represented by the Greek letter phi.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio frequently shows itself in nature, whether directly or indirectly.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To cite a few examples, the golden ratio appears in the seeds of sunflowers, the scales of pineapples, the arrangement of petals on a rose, DNA structures, the anatomy of the heart etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
'posturl' => 'golden-ratio-in-human-skull',
'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b9b6/9wk86m6ey0zvryj6g.jpg',
'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b9b6/9wk86m6ey0zvryj6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Golden ratio in human skull',
'metakeyword' => 'Golden ratio in human skull',
'metadescription' => 'A golden ratio has been discovered in the human skull, which has created fascination among researchers, who are trying to figure out mystery of the nature.',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/48au9u51jgzu3n4/Golden_ratio_in_human_skull.pdf/file',
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(int) 46 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Miscellaneous',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7',
'id' => (int) 2559,
'title' => 'Crop growing on Mars',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have produced crops in Mars and lunar soil simulant developed by NASA. This has proved that it is possible to grow food on the Red Planet and the Moon to feed future settlers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To sustain life beyond earth, it is necessary to arrange for food needs of the population. Agriculture outside the earth is always said to be difficult to achieve considering differences in soil composition.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists cultivated ten different crops, including garden cress, tomato, radish, rye, quinoa, spinach, chives, and peas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers simulated the properties of Lunar and Martian regolith and normal soil potting soil from Earth which was used as a control.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nine of the ten crops sown grew well and edible parts were harvested from them except spinach.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Total biomass production per tray was the highest for the Earth control and Mars soil simulant and differed significantly from Moon soil simulant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The seeds produced by three species ,radish, rye and garden cress were tested successfully for germination.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When future humans colonise Mars or Moon, the food products need not be transported from earth. Instead only necessary ingredients like seeds can be transported.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plants could well start the begining of life on Mars, with large habitat available for their sustainance.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
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'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/89c1/kgqoycws3j1kscr6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Crop growing on Mars',
'metakeyword' => 'When future humans colonise Mars or Moon,',
'metadescription' => 'When future humans colonise Mars or Moon, the food products need not be transported from earth. Instead only necessary ingredients like seeds can be transported.',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/acr5iwgrxtjd76y/Crop_growing_on_Mars.pdf/file',
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'[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'cacategories' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'id' => (int) 13, 'name' => 'Persons in News', 'parent_id' => (int) 2, 'description' => '', 'keyword' => 'persons-in-news', 'sortorder' => (int) 0, 'status' => (int) 1, 'metatitle' => 'Persons in News | Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News', 'metakeyword' => 'Persons in News, Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News', 'metadescription' => 'Persons in News, Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News, and all the daily current affairs news you will get here with complete information', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'cacategories' } ] $breadcrumb = [ (int) 0 => [ 'name' => 'Home', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/' ], (int) 1 => [ 'name' => 'Miscellaneous', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/miscellaneous-7' ] ] $currentaffairs = [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 57, 'title' => 'PRRS Disease: Mizoram Government bans import of pigs', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mizoram government has banned import of pigs and piglets from other countries in all of its eight districts as <em>precautionary measure to stop possible outbreak of <strong>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)</strong></em>. The orders were issued as it was suspected that PRRS outbreak in state is due to illegal and even legal import of pigs and piglets from Myanmar where there was reported prevalence of this porcine disease.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PRRS outbreak in Mizoram has always occurred from March to July, during a dry spell after pre-monsoon downpours.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has cost the lives of over 10,000 swines in Mizoram since 2013 (3,806 pig deaths in 2013, 4,699 in 2016 and 2,574 in 2018).</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is believed that it happened due to import of pigs and piglets from Myanmar where PRRS disease is prevalent.</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is also known as blue-ear pig disease, which affectes domestic pigs. It is highly infectious pig disease. Younger pigs are more affected than older animals.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is caused by virus classified as a member of the genus Arterivirus. Thus, it belongs to genus <em>Arterivirus</em>, family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Symptoms:</strong> It is <em>panzootic disease</em>that causes reproductive failure (such as infertility, abortions, stillbirths, or the birth of weak piglets), respiratory disease in young pigs, pneumonia and increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection in pigs.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is recognised by laboured breathing, fever, loss of appetite and listlessness, red discoloration of body and blue ears.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Treatment:</strong> Modified Live Vaccines (MLV) vaccines are primary immunological tool for its control.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Public Health Risk: </strong><em>There is no evidence of human infection with PRRS virus</em>.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'mizoram-government-bans-import-of-pigs', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ee89/sactua2vus6k7ww6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ee89/sactua2vus6k7ww6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'PRRS Disease: Mizoram Government bans import of pigs | Study IQ', 'metakeyword' => 'PRRS Disease, Mizoram Government bans import of pigs', 'metadescription' => 'Mizoram government has banned import of pigs and piglets from other countries in all of its eight districts as precautionary measure to stop possible outbreak of PRRS', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/zalm9oz81aabql2/current_affair_6.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 140, 'title' => 'Himalayan Cloud Observatory set up in Tehri', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Himalayan Cloud Observatory was established in SRT campus Badshahithaul in Tehri district of Uttarakhand. It is second such observatory in India that can function in high-altitudes.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Cloudburst incidents are very frequent in hilly areas of Uttarakhand, resulting in huge loss of life. This observatory will forecast and monitor cloud burst incidents in Himalayan region and help to minimise damage. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">Himalayan Cloud Observatory</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It has been set by Indian Science and Technology Department and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur. It is currently in testing period and will become operational soon.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It will forecast and monitor cloud activities in higher regions of the Himalayas by using different types of parameters such rainfall, temperature, wind speed, wind direction and prepare data.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"quicksand",serif">It will help in easily predicting cloud bursting incidents in future and help to save and stop severe loss of lives and property caused due to this natural calamity.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'himalayan-cloud-observatory-tehri', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/498c/oenzzpn85tbstl86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/498c/oenzzpn85tbstl86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Himalayan Cloud Observatory set up in Tehri', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Himalayan Cloud Observatory, Tehri, Uttarakhand, Disaster Management,', 'metadescription' => 'Himalayan Cloud Observatory was established in SRT campus Badshahithaul in Tehri district of Uttarakhand. It is second such observatory in India that can function in high-altitudes. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/aytodc4wg33lbxx/13feb_Himalayan_Cloud_Observatory.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 194, 'title' => 'Massive mountains discovered under Earth’s Mantle', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists from Princeton University in US and Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics in China have discovered massive mountains in Earth’s mantle. This layer has not been named yet and simply is called as “<strong>660 kilometres boundary”</strong>. This new discovery could change understanding of formation of Earth.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Note:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Earth’s interior basically has three layers: <strong>crust, mantle and core</strong> (subdivided inner and outer core). There are also several other layers that scientists have identified within Earth.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This discovery was made by analyzing data from one of biggest earthquakes ever recorded in Bolivia in 1994, measuring 8.2 on Richter scale. It was second-largest deep earthquake ever recorded.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists had used powerful computers and simulated complicated behaviour of scattering earthquake (seismic) waves in deep earth. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Using this data, mountains and other topography on layer located 660 km straight down were discovered. <em>This mountain layer separates upper and lower mantle</em>.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was found that seismic waves scattered while travelling inside earth to constrain roughness of earth's 660-km boundary. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It shows that topography of 660-km boundary was stronger topography than Rocky Mountains or Appalachians.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Researchers also had examined layer 410 km down at top of mid-mantle “transition zone,” and they did not find similar roughness. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The presence of roughness on 660-km boundary has significant implications for understanding how our planet formed and evolved.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'massive-mountains-discovered-under-earths-mantle', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bc3a/2p5y852tqjxjp766g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bc3a/2p5y852tqjxjp766g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists discover massive mountains under Earth’s crust', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Scientists discover massive mountains in Earth’s mantle. This layer has not been named yet and simply is called as 660 kilometres boundary. ', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists from Princeton University in US and Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics in China have discovered massive mountains in Earth’s mantle. This layer has not been named yet and simply is called as 660 kilometres boundary. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/eaf1d519135e4xv/18feb_Massive_mountains_discovered.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 188, 'title' => 'India's first Agromet Forecast Centre inaugurated in Karnataka', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s first agromet forecast centre- North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC) was recently inaugurated on University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) campus in Dharwad, Karnataka. This centre will directly give timely information on weather conditions to farmers. It will help to contain extreme weather and climatic events by providing accurate information on weather to farmers. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been established by Union Ministry of Earth Sciences and India Metrological Department (IMD), in association with UAS, Dharwad.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will conduct observations, forecast, research in agro-meteorological to enhance capacity building in agro-meteorological services in Karnataka.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is aimed at minimizing damage to crops due to vagaries of nature by offering timely information on agro-climatic conditions to farmers, particularly in seven districts in North Karnataka.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will disseminate taluk-wise information about weather condition for next five days, crop pattern, method of harvesting different crops, new technology and other methods to yield better results.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The information decimated by this centre will help farmers prepare fields for sowing, harvesting, protecting crops from pest attacks, drought and floods.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Due to rise in frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climatic events such as droughts, floods, cyclones, heat stress, hailstorms, unpredictable change in pest and disease load under changing climate, farmers and farming systems have become more vulnerable to vagaries of nature. More than 80% of Indian farmers are marginal and small farmers with poor coping capacity who are affected worst by these extreme weather and climatic events.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indias-first-agromet-forecast-centre-karnataka', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4b48/xuzxv3q321shky36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4b48/xuzxv3q321shky36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India's first Agromet Forecast Centre inaugurated in Karnataka', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, India’s first, agromet forecast centre, North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre, University of Agricultural Sciences, UAS campus, Dharwad, Karnataka', 'metadescription' => 'India’s first agromet forecast centre- North Karnataka Agromet Forecasting and Research Centre (NKAFC) was recently inaugurated on University of Agricultural Sciences campus in Dharwad, Karnataka', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/b6ofbi19y7e585h/18feb_India%2527s_first_Agromet_Forecast.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 178, 'title' => 'Vande Bharat Express: India’s first semi-high speed train launched', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off ‘Vande Bharat Express’ (formerly known as Train 18) from New Delhi Railway Station. It is <strong>India’s first semi high speed engineless train</strong> that will run on New Delhi-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi route. Speed, safety and service are prime hallmarks of this train<strong>. </strong>This train will cover distance between New Delhi and Varanasi in 8 hours at speed of 160 kmph and will run on this route all days except Mondays and Thursdays.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Vande Bharat Express (Train18)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been indigenously designed and manufactured by Integral Coach Factory (ICF), Chennai, a Railways Production unit, under Government vision of "Make in India".</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is first long-distance engineless train i.e. without separate locomotive (engine) and is driven by self-propulsion module. It is touted as next generation Shatabdi Express and will connect metros with important cities.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its major systems of train have been designed and built in India.<strong> </strong>Its performance, safety and passenger comfort standards are of global standards and that to less than half of global prices.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is at present country’s fastest train with maximum speed of 160 kmph. It will cut travel time by 15% compared to Shatabdi Express.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 16 coaches with chair car type configuration with two executive class chair cars and 14 chair cars. It is fully air-conditioned train and is equipped with CCTV cameras.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has two executive compartments in middle with 52 seats each and trailer coaches have 78 seats each.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has aerodynamically designed driver cabins at both ends for quicker turn-around at destinations. Besides they also have insulation to keep outside heat and noise to very low levels. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Every coach has pantry with facility to serve hot meals, hot and cold beverages. It has soft lighting, automatic doors, footsteps and GPS-based audio-visual Passenger Information System.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has intelligent regenerative braking system in all coaches<strong> </strong>for better energy efficiency as it can save up to 30% of electrical energy,<strong> </strong>thereby making it energy and environment efficient.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Footstep in coach’s doorway of this train slides outward when train stops at station enabling passengers to board or deboard safely with comfort.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It offers some features to enhance passenger comfort which include inter-connected fully sealed gangways, automatic doors with retractable footsteps.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has onboard Wi-Fi and infotainment, and modular toilets with bio-vacuum systems. It also has provision of Divyang-friendly facilities.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also features rotational seats which can be aligned in direction of travel (executive class), roller blinds and diffused LED lighting, and disabled-friendly toilets.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'vande-bharat-express-launched', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5a5c/teahmjhpv0ccp426g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5a5c/teahmjhpv0ccp426g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Vande Bharat Express India’s first semi-high speed train launched', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, Vande Bharat Express, Train 18, New Delhi, India’s first semi high speed train, first long-distance engineless train', 'metadescription' => 'Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off ‘Vande Bharat Express’ (formerly known as Train 18) from New Delhi Railway Station. It is India’s first semi high speed engineless train', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/h4iz5x2fwygceqq/16feb_Vande_Bharat_Express.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 253, 'title' => 'India hosts 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India hosted 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit in New Delhi. It was organized by Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with World Health Organization (WHO) and Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP). This summit provided common platform to support governments and health system reformers to improve the health and well-being of their citizens through digital technologies.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India and Digital Health</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India had led Digital Health Resolution in 71st World Health Assembly of WHO in April 2018 at Geneva. This resolution had highlighted global attention to potential, challenges and opportunities related to Digital Health Technology and need for close collaboration on the issue globally.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global Digital Health Partnership (GDHP) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is international collaboration of governments, government agencies and multinational organisations for improving health and well-being of citizens through best use of evidence-based digital technologies.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the only international platform with such wider participation on issue of digital health. It facilitates global collaboration and co-operation in the implementation of digital health services. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides international platform to share policy insights, best practices and evidence based implementation of safe, secure digital technologies to improve quality, accessibility and sustainability of health systems.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Members:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Currently, 23 countries including India are its members. It is supported by World Health Organization (WHO).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Five work streams of GDHP:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) Cyber Security, (ii) Evidence and Evaluation (iii) Policy Environments (iv) Interoperability and (v) Clinical and Consumer Engagement.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-hosts-4th-global-digital-health-partnership-summit', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/129d/ha5v1bzvlai6kd36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/129d/ha5v1bzvlai6kd36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India host 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit | GK News', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, India,hosts, 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit, New Delhi. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, WHO, Global Digital Health Partnership, GDHP', 'metadescription' => 'India hosted 4th Global Digital Health Partnership Summit in New Delhi. It was organized by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with World Health Organization (WHO) ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/x9x1pu4mxs9jghm/26feb_India_hosts_4th_Global_Digital.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 542, 'title' => 'Monkey fever claims one in Kerala', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD or monkey fever) has claimed death of one person from Kerala’s Begur tribal hamlet located on Kerala-Karnataka border. It is first KFD death reported in Kerala after 2015 KFD outbreak in Wayanad district of state. Wayanad had witnessed cases of KFD for four years in a row from 2013 onwards till 2016.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Monkey Fever </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also called as Kyasanur forest disease . It is tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is caused by Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), a member of virus family Flaviviridae, which also causes dengue and yellow fever. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is endemic to South Asia. It is named monkey fever because it primarily affects black-faced langurs and red-faced bonnet monkeysand result in their death. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was first isolated in 1957 from sick monkeys captured in Kyasanur forests in Shimoga district of Karnataka. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As monkeys migrated from Karnataka to bordering states, it spread to Kerala, Goa, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It causes seasonal outbreaks between December and May along Western Ghats. Most of its cases are reported in western Ghats bordering Karnataka.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Transmission:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Ticks (Hemaphysalis spinigera) is prime vector responsible for its transmission. These ticks are known to thrive in Western Ghats and transmit virus to humans. Humans contract to this virus from bite of nymphs of these tickc. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Symptoms:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It starts with high fever and bodyache, followed by haemorrhagic symptoms, similar to that in dengue. It has a mortality rate of 5 to 10</span>%.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">High fever with headache, followed by haemorrhagic symptoms such as bleeding from throat, nose and gums. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also causes gastrointestinal bleeding, absent reflexes, muscle stiffness, tremors and mental disturbances.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prevention:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Vaccination can help to stop its spread. Besides, preventative measures such as using insect repellents and wearing protective clothes in tick endemic areas.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'monkey-fever-claims-one-kerala', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e32b/1t2j56p2bdcgim26g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e32b/1t2j56p2bdcgim26g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Monkey fever claims one in Kerala | State Current Affairs, News', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Kyasanur Forest Disease, KFD, monkey fever, Kerala, Begur tribal hamlet, Kerala-Karnataka border', 'metadescription' => 'Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD or monkey fever) has claimed death of one person from Kerala’s Begur tribal hamlet located on Kerala-Karnataka border', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/oe5ukaa3rxa42sa/Monkey_fever_claims_one_in_Kerala.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 782, 'title' => 'Zinc deficiency rising in Indians: Study', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to new Harvard study titled ‘Inadequate zinc intake in India: past, present and future’, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can accelerate zinc deficiency in crops and thus in human consumption.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Study findings</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Inadequate zinc intake has been rising in India for decades, causing tens of millions of people to become newly deficient in it. Rising CO2 levels in coming decades could accelerate this trend. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The highest rate of inadequate zinc intake was concentrated in the southern and northeastern States with rice-dominated diets: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Manipur and Meghalaya.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National grain fortification programmes, increased dietary diversity, bio-fortified crops, and reduced carbon dioxide emissions could all make a difference to slow or reverse the course.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Zinc </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is essential nutrient for humans and is extensively involved in protein, lipid, nucleic acid metabolism, and gene transcription.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its role within human body is extensive in reproduction, immune function, wound repair, and on microcellular level, macrophage, neutrophil, natural killer cell, and complement activity. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is found in multiple food groups including meat, fish, legumes, and other dietary sources although absorption varies by substrate. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Zinc deficiency can be inherited as absorption difficulties or can manifest from a decreased intake. It is common worldwide, but mostly in developing countries. It presents with infectious, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, or cutaneous involvement. Its treatment is largely through oral replacement usually resulting in quick clinical improvement.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'zinc-deficiency-rising-indians-smitudy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a08c/lq6i40pztxufhzv6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a08c/lq6i40pztxufhzv6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Zinc deficiency rising in Indians: Study', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Harvard study, rising, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, accelerate , zinc deficiency, crops and thus in human consumption.', 'metadescription' => 'According to new Harvard study titled ‘Inadequate zinc intake in India: past, present and future’, rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can accelerate zinc deficiency in crops and thus in human consumption.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/vny7mr3exkelvrv/Zinc_deficiency.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 803, 'title' => 'MARS BASE 1: China launches Mars base simulator', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chinese space company C-Space has launched MARS BASE 1, a Mars base simulator to educate school children. It is not meant for housing astronauts training to live on the red planet. It will simulate speculative China-led mission to Mars.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mars Base 1</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is Mars base simulator located in Gobi desert, some 40 km from Jinchang in China's northwest Gansu province. It aims to create simulated environment similar to Mars to expose teenagers and soon tourists on how life could be like on the Mars.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been developed by C-Space with help from Astronauts Centre of China and China Intercontinental Communication Centre, a state television production organisation.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is white-coloured base and has silver dome and nine modules, including living quarters, control room, greenhouse and airlock. It will also allow teenagers go on treks in nearby desert, where they explore caves in the martian-like landscape.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Gobi Desert</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It covers parts of Northern and Northeastern China and of southern Mongolia. It is the sixth-largest desert in the world and Asia's second largest. It is rain shadow desert, formed by the Tibetan Plateau blocking precipitation from the Indian Ocean reaching the Gobi territory. It is bounded by Altai Mountains and grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on north, by Taklamakan Desert to west, Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to southwest and North China Plain to the southeast. It is overall a cold desert, with frost and occasionally snow occurring on its dunes.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'mars-base-1-china-launches-mars-base-simulator', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ffc1/wawwun8p9c2ga0p6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ffc1/wawwun8p9c2ga0p6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'MARS BASE 1: China launches Mars base simulator', 'metakeyword' => 'C Space, launches, MARS BASE 1, Mars base simulator, educate school children', 'metadescription' => 'C-Space launches MARS BASE 1, Mars base simulator , educate school children', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/d9x3k0n3tfhph19/MARS_BASE_1.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 1000, 'title' => 'Government, IIT Delhi ink MoU for Waste to Wealth Technologies', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Government and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT-Delhi) have signed Memorandum of understanding (MoU) to set up Centre of Excellence for Waste to Wealth Technologies. It was signed by Office of Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) of Union and IIT Delhi to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under this MoU</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Government and IIT-Delhi partnership will provide effective platform for stakeholders to bring together integrated approaches for effective recycle, reuse and resource recovery of waste.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Their focus will be to consolidate all possible Waste to Wealth Technologies, learn from best practices followed worldwide and implement them at ground level at Indian cities.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The waste to wealth mission project already has been approved under the recently constituted Prime Minister’s Science Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC).</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Moreover, IIT Delhi also has already identified waste to wealth as focus area and many of its faculty members are already working on a variety of projects related to waste management. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Centre of Excellence for Waste to Wealth Technologies</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims aim to bring best of science and technology to implement waste management.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will implement sustainable, scientific and technological solutions for waste management, through validation and deployment of available technologies for transformation of waste to wealth.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Prime Minister’s Science, Technology And Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC)?</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is overarching body for assessment, creation and implementation of major scientific, technology and innovation interventions for India. It is 9-member body headed by Principal Scientific Adviser K. Vijay Raghavan. It act as high-level advisory body to several ministries and execute mission-oriented programmes. It also renders advice on all matters related to Science, Technology and Innovation and monitors implementation of Prime Minister’s vision on these issues.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'govt-iit-delhi-ink-mou-for-waste-to-wealth-technologies', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/29e6/vsr17oisc4xc0016g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/29e6/vsr17oisc4xc0016g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Govt, IIT Delhi ink MoU for Waste to Wealth Technologies', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, Government, IIT-Delhi, MoU, Centre of Excellence for Waste to Wealth Technologies', 'metadescription' => 'Union Government and Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT-Delhi) have signed Memorandum of understanding (MoU) to set up Centre of Excellence for Waste to Wealth Technologies', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/z1h0kmce5krogze/Government%2C_IIT_Delhi.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 1066, 'title' => 'Arunachal Pit Viper: New Snake Species Discovered ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Researchers (Herpetologists) have discovered new species of reddish-brown pit viper from a forest in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It has been named Arunachal pit viper and its scientific name is <em>Trimeresurus arunachalensis</em>. It makes Arunachal Pradesh only Indian state to have pit viper snake species to be named after it.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Vipers (Viperidae) are family of venomous snakes found in most parts of the world. They have relatively long, hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of snake venom. Arunachal pit viper is <strong>fifth brown pit viper species found in India</strong>, other four are -Malabar, horseshoe, hump-nosed and Himalayan which were discovered 70 years ago.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Arunachal pit viper</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is species of reddish-brown pit viper. It is venomous snake with unique heat-sensing system. Only one male specimen of this specimen has been found so far, which currently makes it rarest pit viper in the world. More surveys and sightings of this species will gradually give details about its habits, diet and breeding, whether it lays eggs or bears live young.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Arunachal pit viper is second snake species to be discovered in recent times in Arunachal Pradesh after non-venomous crying keelback was discovered in state’s Lepa-Rada district in 2018. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'arunachal-pit-viper-new-snake-species', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9bad/43p21d856sr2h336g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9bad/43p21d856sr2h336g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Arunachal Pit Viper: New Snake Species Discovered ', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, new species , reddish-brown pit viper, West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, Arunachal pit viper, scientific name, Trimeresurus arunachalensis.', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers have discovered new species of reddish-brown pit viper from a forest in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It has been named Arunachal pit viper', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/6s9lllj6pt5yl1l/Arunachal_Pit_Viper.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 1240, 'title' => 'Karnataka approves cloud seeding programme', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Karnataka Cabinet has approved cloud-seeding programme amidst reports that State will face deficit rain this year. The project was approved for proposal for Rs 93. crore and will begin in June 2019. Under it, operations, state government is hoping to influence upcoming monsoon and capture as much water as possible from rain clouds to overcome existing drought situation. It will be replication state government’s Varshadhare project launched in 2017 for cloud seeding.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Cloud seeding</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also known as weather modification technique. It is artificial way to induce moisture in rain bearing clouds so as to cause rainfall.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It uses aeroplanes to spray chemicals over clouds to condense smaller particles into larger rain droplets.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The chemicals used in this process are sodium chloride, silver iodide, potassium iodide or dry ice (solid carbon dioxide). </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These chemical particles act as base (hygroscopic nuclei) for water vapours to settle and condense into larger rain droplets.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Varshadhare project</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was cloud seeding project launched by Karnataka Government in 2017 to enhance amount of precipitation from clouds to generate more rain.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Special aircraft for period of 37 days (286 hours) was used to disperse chemicals to trigger and enhance precipitation.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">State Government claims that it had resulted estimated rainfall enhancement of 27.9% apart from extra inflow of 2.5 tmc into Linganamakki reservoir.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'karnataka-approves-cloud-seeding-programme', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0f28/vlzwggvna5syic56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0f28/vlzwggvna5syic56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Karnataka approves cloud seeding programme, ', 'metakeyword' => 'Karnataka approves cloud seeding programme', 'metadescription' => 'Karnataka approves cloud seeding programme, Karnataka Cabinet has approved cloud-seeding programme amidst reports that State will face deficit rain this year.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/1whpe2k7hghy1nu/Karnataka_approves_cloud_seeding_programme.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 1498, 'title' => 'India’s first solar cruise vessel to be rolled out in Kerala', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India’s first solar-powered cruise boat will be launched in Alappuzha, Kerala by State Water Transport Department (SWTD) in December 2019. The initiative comes close on heels of SWTD’s earlier launch of country’s first solar-powered ferry Aditya in 2016, which is in operation on Vaikom-Thavanakadavu route.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of </span></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">cruise boat </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is double-deck, double-engine catamaran-type vessel</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> that can car</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">ry 100 passengers. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is hybrid vessel powered by motor that can source energy from solar panels, battery, as well as generator. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its battery has capacity of 80 KWh (kilowatt hour) power backup, as compared to 50 KWh backup in Aditya. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It adheres to norms specified by Indian Registry of Shipping (IRS). It has air-conditioned lower deck and pushback seats.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its upper deck is non-air conditioned and can be used for dining and to get better view of the backwaters. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It does not create air and noise pollution and will help in huge savings in energy expenses. Apart from regular cruise, it can also host parties and conferences.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-1st-solar-cruise-vessel-rolled-out-kerala', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1e83/9rzkq01ek4y083r6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1e83/9rzkq01ek4y083r6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India’s first solar cruise vessel to be rolled out in Kerala', 'metakeyword' => 'India’s first solar-powered cruise boat will be launched in Alappuzha, Kerala by State Water Transport Department (SWTD) in December 2019. ', 'metadescription' => 'India’s first solar-powered cruise boat will be launched in Alappuzha, Kerala by State Water Transport Department (SWTD) in December 2019. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/52la3k1yqlx62er/India%C6s_first.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 1678, 'title' => 'NFR's Plan Bee wins Best Innovation Award', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Northeast Frontier Railway’s (NFR) Plan Bee won first prize in the best innovation award of Indian Railways for the 2018-19 fiscal. The first prize comprised of citation along with cash award of Rs.</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">3 lakh</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Plan Bee is an amplifying system imitating buzz of a swarm of honey bees to keep wild elephants away from railway tracks. Studies have suggested that elephants are scared of swarming bees.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Large portion of rail tracks of NFR passes through forest areas in Assam. Elephants often come in the way of speeding trains, resulting in their deaths. In a bid to tackle this problem, NFR had launched ‘Plan Bee’, under which devices were installed devices at several level crossings in state to play the sound of buzzing honey bees to drive away elephants from the live rail tracks. This device is designed to generate amplified sound of honey bees from a distance of about 700-800 m. The first instrument was installed at level crossing gate between Azara and Kamakhya stations under Rangiya division. Later it was then installed in several level crossing gates in the vicinity of forest areas. Since then this device has been helpful in diverting herds of elephants, especially when trains are approaching.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'nfr-plan-bee-best-innovation-award', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b1ce/s8o844kurr7n8gl6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b1ce/s8o844kurr7n8gl6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'NFR's Plan Bee wins 'Best Innovation Award', 'metakeyword' => 'Northeast Frontier Railway’s (NFR) Plan Bee won first prize in the best innovation award of Indian Railways for the 2018-19 fiscal.', 'metadescription' => 'Northeast Frontier Railway’s (NFR) Plan Bee won first prize in the best innovation award of Indian Railways for the 2018-19 fiscal.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9xloz19a33kyly1/NFR%27s_Plan_Bee_wins_Best_Innovation_Award.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 1910, 'title' => 'Bone implants material from Eggshell', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)</span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> Hyderabad and Dr.B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">(NIT) Jalandhar have developed a process by which bone implant</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">materials can be synthesized from waste eggshells</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Bone</span></span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">graft is a surgical procedure to fix problems with bones or joints. Bone grafting, or transplanting of bone tissue, is beneficial in fixing bones that are damaged from trauma or problem joints</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">The bones are usually fixed using natural body materials or artificial and synthetic materials such as </span></span></span><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Plaster of Paris, and more recently, phosphate compounds like hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate </span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">but they can be poisonous in some cases.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Features and Importance of research</span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Large amount of eggshells are dumped as waste across the world but bioceramics made from them exhibit greater biocompatibility than other synthetic powders due to the presence of additional bioactive elemental ions. Eggshells are inexpensive and can be obtained in unlimited quantities</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Researchers have synthesized <strong><em>Tricalcium phosphate </em></strong>nanopowder which is hundred thousand times smaller than the width of a single human hair from eggshells.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">There is always some hesitancy in using synthetic chemicals as bone replacement materials because of the presence of chemical residues that are toxic if not eliminated completely. </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Materials like ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) , processed using nitrate compounds can be dangerous for health and needs urgent substitution.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bone-implants-material-from-eggshell', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/83c3/3q5r6bgslnjehdb6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/83c3/3q5r6bgslnjehdb6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bone implants material from Eggshell', 'metakeyword' => 'Bone implants, Bone implants material', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad and Dr.B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar have developed a process', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/r9j14qgau362dp5/Bone_implants_material_from_Eggshell.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 1949, 'title' => 'Human Organ harvesting', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A Japanese biologist sought and won permission from the Japanese government to </span></span><strong><span style="background-color:white">carry out experiments with human-animal embryos<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> The ban that was previously placed on experiments with human embryos was lifted earlier this year.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Human organ harvesting is a widely debated issue with large scale support and opposition. Use of animals for organ harvesting has been tried widely but full scale permission for procedure has been pending. <span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#222222">There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for transplantation, far exceeding the numbers available.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Human organ harvesting</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Organ</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222"> procurement also called organ harvesting is a surgical procedure that removes organs or tissues for reuse, typically for organ transplantation. It is heavily regulated by United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) to prevent unethical allocation of organs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Stem cell scientists have proposed an experiment to grow animal embryos that also contains DNA from human cells. </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">These cells will later be implanted into animals, and the animal born and raised to adulthood will be used for obtaining their organs and transplanted into human patients.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issues concerning organ harvesting using Animals</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">If these organs are grown successfully, they will be very helpful in addressing the current desperate need for organ donors and lifelong immune suppression. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">We could also use animal-grown human cells or tissue for toxicology studies or drug screening. Surgeons could practice surgery on intact human organs before operating on patients, and we could study aspects of early human development.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> Experts believe that human cells can potentially affect the brain and cognition of the animals born in the process. It is also believed that creating animals for the sole purpose of growing organs for transplants violates their right to life. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'human-organ-harvesting', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3df3/kmhdl3sxs65549m6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3df3/kmhdl3sxs65549m6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Human Organ harvesting', 'metakeyword' => 'Human Organ harvesting', 'metadescription' => 'A Japanese biologist sought and won permission from the Japanese government to carry out experiments with human-animal embryos. The ban that was previously', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/v0dil2g0vccp7ds/Human_Organ_harvesting.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2001, 'title' => 'Water proofing material using flyash', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad have developed a waterproofing material using fly ash, a cheap byproduct of thermal power plants.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash or flue ash, also known as pulverised fuel ash is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly ash is extremely water-loving (hydrophilic), it turns into a highly water-repelling surface once coated with stearic acid.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The head of stearic acid which is hydrophilic binds to fly ash particles, the water-repelling tail remains free. Numerous free hydrophobic tails of stearic acid makes the fly ash surface water repellent.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The stearic acid-coated fly ash surface can be made to behave like one of the two naturally occurring water-repelling materials which is rose petals or lotus leaves by the varying the surface roughness.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">The topography changes completely when fly ash particles of different sizes are used. The smaller particles tend to fill the gap between the larges ones thus resulting in a tighter packing with very little gap between particles.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Other uses and benefits of fly ash</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash can be used as prime material in many cement-based products, such as poured concrete, concrete block, and </span></span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">brick<span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#222222">Fly ash can also be used as embankment and mine fill.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly-ash has great potentiality in agriculture due to its efficacy in modification of soil health and crop performance. The high concentration of elements (K, Na, Zn, Ca, Mg and Fe) in fly-ash increases the yield of many agricultural crops.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2e2e2e">Fly ash can also be used as a water retainer in agriculture sector due to its water holding capacity.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'water-proofing-material-using-flyash', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1452/ie7esfrz1vudbla6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1452/ie7esfrz1vudbla6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Water proofing material using flyash', 'metakeyword' => 'Water proofing material using flyash', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad have developed a waterproofing material using fly ash, a cheap byproduct of thermal power plants', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/z203bz5v1n6xh8s/Water_proofing_material_using_flyash.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 1977, 'title' => 'Oxytocin ban', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The final decision on whether the government can block private pharmaceutical companies from manufacturing and selling vital pregnancy drug oxytocin in India has been deferred. The Supreme Court has decided the issue needs further deliberation.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The health Ministry in April 2018 banned private firms from manufacturing and selling oxytocin to avoid its misuse in veterinary field.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This was seen as controversial as it could lead to shortage of the crucial drug.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Oxytocin</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, a pea-sized structure at the base of the brain.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">It's sometimes known as the "cuddle hormone" or the "love hormone," because it is released when people snuggle up or bond socially.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Importance of Oxytocin</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Oxytocin is administered to women during childbirth and is crucial to prevent them from bleeding excessively, which is a common cause of maternal deaths in the world including India.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reasons for Ban</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The unregulated and illegal manufacture of the drug, which is reportedly misused in milch animals.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">It is claimed that drinking milk from oxytocin-treated cattle led to male impotence, early puberty among women and cancers.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The continuous use of oxytocin can make animals addicted to it and thus will fail to produce milk when deprived of it.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Way Forward</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Due to the drug’s importance to both human and veterinary medicine, the Drugs Technical Advisory Board recommended against a ban, instead implementing better surveillance. A ban might lead to scarcity and high drug prices.</span></span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'oxytocin-ban', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/cd84/36cj6gmx5yr32dr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/cd84/36cj6gmx5yr32dr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Oxytocin ban | Oxytocin', 'metakeyword' => 'Oxytocin ban, Oxytocin', 'metadescription' => 'The final decision on whether the government can block private pharmaceutical companies from manufacturing and selling vital pregnancy drug oxytocin', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/p4ols97n7h7oheu/Oxytocin_ban.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2026, 'title' => 'Sea Snail compound to reduce colorectal cancer risk', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The remarkable ability of a small sea snail to produce a colourful purple compound to protect its eggs has its potential in a new anti-cancer pharmaceutical. This has been discovered by researchers from Australia.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of the 9.6 million cancer deaths every year, with the World Health Organization reporting 862,000 deaths in 2018.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Compound derived from the substance produced by the mollusc's gland could be used as a preventative in bowel cancer.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Researchers at various universities of Australia have isolated one compound in the gland secretions from the <strong>Australian white rock sea snail</strong> (Dicathasis orbita) which has not only antibacterial and anti-inflammatory qualities, but important anti-cancer properties.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Research has shown that a specific snail compound can prevent the formation of tumours in a colon cancer model. The scientists were also able to use sophisticated technology to trace the metabolism of the compound inside the body.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This is very important for drug development because it helps demonstrate the absence of potentially toxic side-effects of the compound inside the body.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Snail compound contains bromine like a unique fingerprint to trace how these types of compounds are metabolised inside the body and identify some potentially toxic metabolites from the crude extracts.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The research has potential to be used as a drug that can attack and kill cancer cells that have grown resistant to chemotherapy drugs.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'sea-snail-compound-to-reduce-colorectal', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7cfc/4yvu54icyrmz1so6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7cfc/4yvu54icyrmz1so6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Sea Snail compound to reduce colorectal cancer risk', 'metakeyword' => 'Sea Snail compound to reduce colorectal cancer risk', 'metadescription' => 'The remarkable ability of a small sea snail to produce a colourful purple compound to protect its eggs has its potential in a new anti-cancer pharmaceutical', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4s9owbif20ll7gy/Sea_Snail_compound_to.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2064, 'title' => 'Ethiopia skull discovery and clues on human evolvement', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">A completely intact 3.8-million-year-old skull of an early human has been unearthed in Ethiopia. The discovery that has the potential to alter our understanding of human evolution.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The skull, known as "MRD", was discovered not far from the younger Lucy -- the ancient ancestor of modern humans .</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="list-style-type:none"> </li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The skull represents a mixture of characteristics of Sahelanthropus like "Toumai" and Ardipithecus like "Ardi" as well as more recent species.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The new skull, MRD, belongs to the species <strong>Australopithecus anamensis</strong>. MRD offers the first real glimpse of the face of Lucy's ancestor," according tthe scientists.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Scientists had thought <strong>A. anamensis (MRD)</strong> was gradually turning into <strong>A. afarensis </strong>(Lucy) over time but MRD reveals that the two species co-existed for about 100,000 years.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Related Information</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Toumai</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black"> (of the species <strong>Sahelanthropus tchadensis</strong>) is around 7 million years old and is considered by some paleontologists to be the first representative of the human lineage. It was discovered in Chad in 2001.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Ardi</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black"> (for <strong>Ardipithecus ramidus</strong>, another species of hominid) was found in Ethiopia in 1994 and is believed to be around 4.5 million years old.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">Lucy</span></span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:black">, the famous <strong>Australopithecus afarensis</strong>, was discovered in Ethiopia in 1974 and is 3.2 million years old.Australopithecus afarensis is one of the longest-lived and most studied early human species.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ethiopia-skull-discovery', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0ac7/uyw2szimbn4mten6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0ac7/uyw2szimbn4mten6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ethiopia skull discovery and clues on human evolvement', 'metakeyword' => 'Ethiopia skull discovery and clues on human evolvement', 'metadescription' => 'A completely intact 3.8-million-year-old skull of an early human has been unearthed in Ethiopia. The discovery that has the potential to alter our understanding ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/824mi11vmb20xiy/Ethiopia_skull_discovery.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2081, 'title' => 'Anti-biotic resistance in E.coli observed', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Low concentrations of antibiotics can cause resistance to evolve among bacteria. A group of researchers from IISER Pune have conducted research to explore how exactly resistance happens<span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bacteria develop drug resistance both when they are within the body and outside. The fact that antibiotics are unevenly distributed within the body or intake of drugs could be stopped midway can lead to evolution of drug resistance<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have studied how resistance to the antibiotic <strong>rifampicin</strong> evolves in E. coli under two conditions when the antibiotic is present in low or high concentrations, and when there is steady or pulsed supply of antibiotics.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process of evolution of drug resistance appears to be rapid. It was found that E. coli can evolve resistance to rifampicin within a few generations of drug exposure.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A characteristic of some drug-resistant strains of bacteria is that they do not live in isolation but get connected to each other, forming <strong>biofilms</strong>. Using genetics and biochemistry, the researchers found that when under exposure to low concentrations of rifampicin, the E. coli tend to form biofilms.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was also found that biolfilm formation was mediated by the activation of particular gene called the <strong>fim operon promoter</strong>. Activation of the gene allowed the expression of a type of fimbriae, a thread-like structures that help a bacterium attach itself to another bacterium. These are important in the formation of biofilms</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research aims to generate a multi-antibiotic low and high drug concentration genetic map that will point out significant genes and cellular pathways that are responsible for the evolution of resistance at low and high drug respectively.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Drug resistence</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in treating a disease or condition.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'anti-biotic-resistance-in-ecol-observed', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f704/uftii1j8jye0qq36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f704/uftii1j8jye0qq36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Anti-biotic resistance in E.coli observed', 'metakeyword' => 'Anti-biotic resistance in E.coli observed', 'metadescription' => 'Low concentrations of antibiotics can cause resistance to evolve among bacteria. A group of researchers from IISER Pune have conducted research', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/lavxzarif099r1r/Anti-biotic_resistance.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2082, 'title' => 'Humans and wildlife parasoites', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new research has now pointed out that by changing the land use patterns and introducing livestock in their ecosystem humans are indirectly increasing the parasite diversity in their gastrointestinal system.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parasitism is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interactions" title="Biological interactions">relationship</a> between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a>, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team looked at over 4,000 mammalian faecal samples collected from 19 forest fragments at the Anamalai Hills of the Western Ghats.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Analysing the faecal samples, they concluded that the presence of plantations and livestock significantly increased the parasite diversity.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These samples belonged to 23 mammalian species including tigers, deer, porcupines, lion-tailed macaques, giant squirrels and otters.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The studied parasites can cause a broad range of infectious diseases and it is important to study the host-parasite interactions at a community level.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that wildlife tends to congregate near human settlements. Herbivores such as deer may find the human settlements as a source of regular food and also as a safe zone where carnivores don't enter. This could also be a reason for pathogen spillover from livestock to wildlife</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As internal niche is affected, many epidemic diseases including the Ebola virus started finding humans as a better new host when their natural habitats were disrupted. Unknown diseases have occured as a result of this anthropogenic land use changes.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'humans-and-wildlife-parasoites', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d0e8/g184utjcgt63q426g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d0e8/g184utjcgt63q426g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Humans and wildlife parasoites', 'metakeyword' => 'Humans and wildlife parasoites', 'metadescription' => 'A new research has now pointed out that by changing the land use patterns and introducing livestock in their ecosystem humans are indirectly increasing', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5c5r8wfxg7qphg5/Humans_and_wildlife_parasoites.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2101, 'title' => 'Malaria and Heart disease', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Malaria infection is linked with a 30% raised risk of heart failure, according to a small study presented today at ESC Congress 2019 together with the World Congress of Cardiology.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The heart failure is defined as “the pathological state or clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump blood commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues or can do so only with an elevated filling pressure.”</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Although the final common physiological outcome is the same, the underlying mechanisms that cause heart failure are diverse and complex</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Georgia","serif"">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A selected number of patients were inserted with malarial plasmodium and studied. These patients had a 30% increased likelihood of developing heart failure over the follow-up time of 11 years.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">while heart failure risk was increased for patients in the study, there was not a link to heart attack or cardiovascular death.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Recent studies have found that malaria could be a contributor to functional and structural changes in the myocardium, which is the muscle tissue of the heart..</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Experimental studies have also shown that malaria may affect the blood pressure regulatory system causing hypertension, which is a contributor to heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Malaria can also affect vascular pathways that cause inflammation in the heart, which could lead to fibrosis and then heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Importance of research</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A combination of high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease are among the most common risk factors for heart failure.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">India, along with 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, contributes to about 80% of the global burden of malaria.From 1990s to date the reported malaria incidence inIndia has been around 1.5 to 2.6 million cases and 666–1000 deaths/ annum.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11.5pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Similarly, Cardiac ailments killed more Indians in 2016 (28%) than any other non-communicable disease.The reserch can contribute towards eradicating deaths that are linked to malarial infection</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'malaria-and-heart-disease', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b5c0/n1h5a5cc8xtb8x66g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b5c0/n1h5a5cc8xtb8x66g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Malaria and Heart disease', 'metakeyword' => 'Malaria and Heart disease', 'metadescription' => 'Malaria infection is linked with a 30% raised risk of heart failure, according to a small study presented today at ESC Congress 2019 together', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/c116trc4xhab48r/Malaria_and_Heart_disease.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2141, 'title' => 'Controlling tuberculosis through sniffing Vaccine', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new way of delivering TB vaccine through nasal cavity has been tried where the medicine is in the form of aerosol. The efficiency of vaccine has been found to be equally effective.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is the most commonly used medication against TB currently. The problem lies with the delivery. while BCG is good for children, it may not be as effective in adults, who get TB of the lungs. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">People react to BCG with some fever and also skin itching at the injection spot, making it uncomfortable to use.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Actually, the whole germ is not needed for antibody generation. Even a part of the molecule is enough for the generation of antibodies by the B Cells.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A group of researchers has been creatively using these principles to generate an inhalable vaccine against TB.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Scientists administered the synthesised product through the nose of mice. The mice were then infected with Mtb and, after a few weeks the lungs and spleens of the infected mice was tested.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial load was found to be substantially low proving that aerosol administration of medical compound was as protective as a vaccine.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using this route needs no needles, does not need clinically trained persons, cuts down waste and is lower in cost.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This method also provides greater accuracy for treating the disease by directly acting on the pulmonary tract.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>How immunity works</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When pathogenic organism invades the body, it uses a molecule to pierce through and then multiplies to cause havoc.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The so-called B Cells there synthesise proteins called antibodies which bind with the invader and disable it. Plus, the host stores this mechanism for future, in case the pathogen attacks at a later time. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'controlling-tuberculosis-through-sniffing-vaccine', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fa51/zj6egxhqu144xkp6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fa51/zj6egxhqu144xkp6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Controlling tuberculosis through sniffing Vaccine', 'metakeyword' => 'Controlling tuberculosis through sniffing Vaccine', 'metadescription' => 'A new way of delivering TB vaccine through nasal cavity has been tried where the medicine is in the form of aerosol. The efficiency of vaccine has been found ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/l12purwazefqu99/Controlling_tuberculosis_through_sniffing_Vaccine.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2167, 'title' => 'Bombay blood group', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Issue </strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the last two weeks, the “Bombay blood group”, a rare blood type, has been gaining attention in Mumbai’s healthcare sector. Demand for the blood type has coincidentally spiked at hospitals, but supply has been scarce.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The four most common blood groups are A, B, AB and O. The rare, Bombay blood group was first discovered in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1952 by Dr Y M Bhende.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hh blood type(Bombay) has an incidence of one in four million all over the world. It has a higher incidence in South Asia and in India, one in 7,600 to 10,000 are born with this type.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This blood type is more common in South Asia than anywhere else because of inbreeding and close community marriages.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is genetically passed and a shared common ancestry among Indians, Sri Lankans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis has led to more cases of hh blood phenotype in this region.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hh blood group is confused with the O group. The difference is that the O group has Antigen H, while the hh group does not.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The counts for haemoglobin, platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells in hh type are similar to the count of others based on their health index.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The individuals with Bombay blood group can only be transfused autologous blood or blood from individuals of Bombay hh phenotype only but hh blood group can donate their blood to ABO blood types<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bombay-blood-group', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c2ea/ttqv7s7496f2l9h6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c2ea/ttqv7s7496f2l9h6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bombay blood group', 'metakeyword' => 'The counts for haemoglobin, platelets, white blood cells', 'metadescription' => 'The counts for haemoglobin, platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells in hh type are similar to the count of others based on their health index.blood cells', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/sygy6qzmnll9ci6/Bombay_blood_group.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2201, 'title' => 'Kenya becomes 3rd African nation to introduce Malaria vaccine', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kenya<strong> </strong>became the third African country to introduce the vaccine, after Malawi and Ghana. The aim is to reach about 360,000 children per year across the three countries.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Malaria is a top killer in many African countries. According to the World Health Organization, the region accounted for 92% of the cases and 93% of malaria deaths in 2017. The parasitic disease kills about 435,000 people every year, most of them children under five in Africa.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The vaccine is developed by GlaxoSmithKline(GSK) and partners after a research of more than 30 years , at a cost of around $1 billion. GSK is donating up to 10 million vaccine doses in the current vaccination initiatives.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The malaria vaccine only protects about one-third of children who are immunised and those who get the shots are likely to have less severe cases of malaria.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Challenges</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There has been a surge in malaria cases as cases rise even among adolescents. They reason for it is global warming and longer wet seasons.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Resistance is growing to medicines that treat the disease and mosquitoes are becoming more resistant to insecticides.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Funding for malaria research efforts has come to a stagnant position in recent years<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'kenya-becomes-3rd-african-nation-to-introduce-malaria-vaccine', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/01f1/pykv4njxs91dwc06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/01f1/pykv4njxs91dwc06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Kenya becomes 3rd African nation to introduce Malaria', 'metakeyword' => 'There has been a surge in malaria cases as cases', 'metadescription' => 'There has been a surge in malaria cases as cases rise even among adolescents. They reason for it is global warming and longer wet seasons. Resistance is ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5149xd79drhoe8c/Kenya_becomes_3rd_African_nation_to_introduce.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2203, 'title' => 'New cancer treatment that prevents hair loss', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study published in the journal EMBO Molecular Medicine describes how damage to the hair follicles caused by taxanes, cancer drugs which can cause permanent hair loss, can be prevented.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chemotherapy treatment drugs have many side effects one among which is hair loss. The effect of the drug on cancer cells spread to hair follicles too, making them die and affecting hair growth.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research team has exploited the properties of a newer class of drugs called <strong>CDK4/6 </strong>inhibitors, which block cell division and are already medically approved as so-called "targeted" cancer therapies.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CDK4/6 inhibitors can be used temporarily to halt cell division without promoting additional toxic effects in the hair follicle.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancer disease not only affects the physical structure of thge body, it has its effect on psychology of an individual as well.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Loss of hair can certainly create sense of uneasiness among cancer patients and affect their overall chances of being back to normal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This research can surely help patients cope up with the after effects of medicinal treatment.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'new-cancer-treatment-that-prevents-hair-loss', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d7f4/4ob3pckdto1yrcw6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d7f4/4ob3pckdto1yrcw6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'New cancer treatment that prevents hair loss', 'metakeyword' => 'permanent hair loss, can be prevented.The study publishe', 'metadescription' => 'The study published in the journal EMBO Molecular Medicine describes how damage to the hair follicles caused by taxanes, cancer drugs which can cause ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/vg9prb7h56bztlr/New_cancer_treatment_that_prevents_hair_loss.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2215, 'title' => 'Chip fingerprint technology for safer transactions', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> IIT Bombay researchers have developed a technology that can be used for protecting chips of devices through fingerprint like identity.This is known as a physically unclonable function.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The emergence of Internet of Things has brought in, rather urgently, a need for low-cost security technology. While passwords and other such forms of encryption are software-based, there is also a need for security at the hardware level.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secure transactions demand security at various levels. For example, credit card has a chip attached to it and the identity is downloaded with the card.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To prevent the card from being cloned, the chip has to have an electronic fingerprint-like identity.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Unlike an optical image of a fingerprint that can be lifted easily, this electronic fingerprint has several layers, thus making cloning hard. Such an identity is what the researchers have developed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This technology is currently being developed for Defense Research and Development Organisation , which can enhance its reputation if it succeeds in its working.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increases security in digital transactions by securing chip identity.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Creation of indegenous technology that can reduce cost cutting in manufacture of devices.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chip-fingerprint-technology-for-safer-transactions', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4242/mfugz9jr16ndqb46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4242/mfugz9jr16ndqb46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Chip fingerprint technology for safer transactions', 'metakeyword' => 'This technology is currently being developed for ', 'metadescription' => 'This technology is currently being developed for Defense Research and Development Organisation , which can enhance its reputation if it succeeds in its working.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3qwn8lejorx0rr8/Chip_fingerprint_technology_for_safer_transactions.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 28 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2216, 'title' => 'Bacteria that removes pesticides from soil', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian Institute of Technology- Bombay researchers have identified a soil bacterial strain from the campus that helps in “complete remediation” of the carbaryl pesticide.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbaryl pesticide continues to be used in the agricultural sector in spite of experimental studies in laboratory animals suggesting it to be a probable carcinogen to humans.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbaryl is also persistent in nature leading to pollution of both soil and water ecosystems.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The newly isolated bacterial strain utilises the pesticide as its source of carbon and nitrogen for its growth.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team was also able to identify the genes responsible and the metabolic path that was involved in the complete metabolism and bioremediation process.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial strain, whose species is yet to be identified, comes under the <strong><em>Pseudomonas</em></strong> genus and is able to grow well on medium supplemented with very high concentration of carbaryl compound.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacterial enzyme ‘carbaryl hydrolase’ acts on carbaryl and generates ‘1-naphthol’ and ‘methylamine’. While 1-naphthol is used as a carbon source, methylamine is used as the nitrogen source.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can completely degrade the pesticide in 12-13 hours, which is four to five times faster than other bacterial strains reported earlier.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacteria are able to adapt themselves to other recently introduced pesticides by acquiring genes through horizontal gene transfer and also evolving some existing genes to perform new functions.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bacteria-that-removes-pesticides-from-soil', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a839/2fdvprq60epo50d6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a839/2fdvprq60epo50d6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bacteria that removes pesticides from soil', 'metakeyword' => 'Carbaryl pesticide continues to be used in the agricultural ', 'metadescription' => 'Carbaryl pesticide continues to be used in the agricultural sector in spite of experimental studies in laboratory animals suggesting it to be a probable carcinogen to humans', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dz7eem3h1g5kqu1/Bacteria_that_removes_pesticides_from_soil.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2236, 'title' => 'Swine fever in South Korea', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">South Korea<strong> </strong>has reported its first cases of African swine fever, becoming the latest country hit by the disease that has killed pigs worldwide, pushing up pork prices.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pigs were found dead at a farm in Paju, a city near the inter-Korean border and were confirmed to have been infected with the virus. The virus has been prevalent in African countries on a large scale.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The virus is not harmful to humans but causes haemorrhagic fever in pigs that is almost always fatal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no antidote or vaccine and the only known way to prevent the disease from spreading is a mass slaughter of affected livestock.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>African Swine Fever</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">African swine fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This transboundary animal disease (TAD) can be spread by live or dead pigs, domestic or wild, and pork products.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Transmission can also occur via contaminated feed and non-living objects such as shoes, clothes, vehicles, knives, equipment etc., due to the high environmental resistance of ASF virus.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no approved vaccine against ASF (unlike classical swine fever ,which is caused by a different virus)</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Outbreaks have usually been reported in Africa and parts of Europe, South America, and the Caribbean. More recently the disease has been reported in multiple countries across Africa, Asia and Europe, in both domestic and wild pigs.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'swine-fever-in-south-korea', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ba27/8o91tnl7rhdo8p46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ba27/8o91tnl7rhdo8p46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Swine fever in South Korea', 'metakeyword' => 'Transmission environmental resistance of ASF virus.', 'metadescription' => 'Transmission can also occur via contaminated feed and non-living objects such as shoes, clothes, vehicles, knives, equipment etc., due to the high ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/xw3h6euqbldjpm0/Swine_fever_in_South_Korea.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 30 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2259, 'title' => 'How dust cloud shaped life on earth?', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have said that dust spawned by a gigantic collision in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter 400 million years earlier triggered an ice age on Earth and subsequently shaped life in Marine ecosystem.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The event occurred when life was concentrated in the seas and far before vertebrates first walked on land. This set in motion evolutionary changes in invertebrates fundamental to marine ecosystems that allowed them to adapt to global cooling.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The inner solar system was filled with enormous amounts of dust after an asteroid more than 150 km in diameter was struck by a smaller object perhaps 20 km wide.<br /> Solar radiation reaching Earth's surface was reduced for at least 2 million years by the dust in space and in the planet's atmosphere.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another cooling mechanism that occured was that the iron-rich meteoritic dust fertilized large parts of the ocean surface leading to increased plankton productivity and fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also found traces of dust in sedimentary rocks formed at the time containing special helium isotopes and rare minerals that revealed its extraterrestrial origin.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cooling event took palce slowly and thus enabled marine life during the Ordovician Period to adapt.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earth's climate changed from being tropical to semitropical worldwide to becoming divided into climate zones as it is today with frozen poles and tropical conditions at the equator.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'how-dust-cloud-shaped-life', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a53d/9khsqt4ky9ezqya6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a53d/9khsqt4ky9ezqya6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'How dust cloud shaped life on earth?', 'metakeyword' => 'Scientists have said that dust spawned by ', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists have said that dust spawned by a gigantic collision in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter 400 million years earlier triggered an ice age on ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7ou4g7ak5c1yzks/How_dust_cloud_shaped_life_on_earth.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 31 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2267, 'title' => 'Skull construction of ancient human ancestor using DNA', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists say they’ve deciphered features of the skull and some other details of a mysterious, extinct cousin of Neanderthals by analyzing its DNA.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Period of human evolution is dotted with emergence of other sub species which intermixed with the dominant population and passed onto some genes to modern humans. The Denisovans were one such groups to become extinct. Their skeletal remains have been excavated and are being used to recreate their facial features.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DNA analysis can teach scientists about how our forerunners evolved and how their development differed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The genetic material came from the finger bone of a female member of the <strong>Denisovans</strong>, a population known mostly from small bone fragments and teeth recovered in Siberia’s <strong>Denisova Cave</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Denisovan jaw fragment are at least 16,000 years old was reported from in China. But that still gave scientists very little sign of what Denisovans looked like.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Modern-day people did not evolve from Denisovans or Neanderthals, although our species interbred with both and picked up genetic markers that are still detectable in some populations.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Neanderthals</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neanderthals are an extinct species or subspecies of ancient humans in the genus Homo, who lived within Eurasia from circa 400,000 until 40,000 years ago. Compared to modern humans, Neanderthals were stockier, with shorter legs and bigger bodies.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'skull-construction-of-ancient-human-ancestor-using-dna', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1667/uyg8vn10b6hmna66g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1667/uyg8vn10b6hmna66g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Skull construction of ancient human ancestor', 'metakeyword' => 'Period of human evolution is dotted with emergence of', 'metadescription' => 'Period of human evolution is dotted with emergence of other sub species which intermixed with the dominant population and passed onto some genes to ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ni3hrjc32ttlbiu/Skull_construction_of_ancient_human_ancestor_using_DNA.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 32 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2281, 'title' => 'Treating malaria through Psoriasis drugs', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drug used for treating skin disease <strong>Psoriasis</strong> may now be used to effectively treat malaria, suggests recent study.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Malaria is caused by the parasite <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>, which is transmitted to humans from the bite of an infected <strong>Anopheles </strong>mosquito.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers modified a class of molecules called <strong>pantothenamides</strong> to increase their stability in humans.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new compounds stop the malaria parasite from replicating in infected humans and from being transmitted to mosquitoes and are effective against malaria parasites resistant to currently available drugs.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pantothenamides are extremely potent against the malaria parasite, but they become unstable within biological fluids because an enzyme clips them apart before they can act.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Changing a chemical bond in a pantothenamide molecule prevents this clipping, making it viable for use as a new antimalarial drug.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team found that the modified pantothenamide molecules not only interferes with the development of the malaria parasite during its asexual growth phase in the blood but also prevent transmission of the sexual form of the parasite from human blood to mosquitoes.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The major advantage of this drug is that there's no resistance to the drug as yet, and it is effective against many forms of malaria.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'treating-malaria-through-psoriasis-drugs', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3f88/xal9wmump1v5x7c6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3f88/xal9wmump1v5x7c6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Treating malaria through Psoriasis drugs', 'metakeyword' => 'parasites resistant to currently available drugs.', 'metadescription' => 'The new compounds stop the malaria parasite from replicating in infected humans and from being transmitted to mosquitoes and are effective against malaria ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/q01s4mme6cu3j40/Treating_malaria_through_Psoriasis_drugs.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2288, 'title' => 'Common cold to help in developing vaccination for influenza', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) is close to finalising three projects worth ?135 crore, involving Indian and European scientists, to develop new influenza vaccines<strong>.</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The project makes use of Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) where volunteers who take part in trials will be infected with infectious viruses or bacteria under expert supervision.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This approach will speed up the process whereby scientists can quantify whether potential vaccine candidates can be effective in people and identify the factors that determine why some vaccinated people fall sick and others do not.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The risk in such trials is that intentionally infecting healthy people with an active virus and causing them to be sick is against medical ethics. It also involves putting human lives in danger.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is likely to develop CHIM protocols to study bacterial or enteric viruses (residing in the intestine) such as cholera or typhoid.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If successful, these would serve to create back-ups to the existing cholera and typhoid vaccines. Experience with CHIM could help to create clinical investigators trained in vaccine development.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Traditional vaccination</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vaccines traditionally are made of a weakened form of a disease-causing virus or bacteria and injected into the body to coax the immune system into making antibodies that create immunity against future infection.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Vaccine development has shown that frequently vaccines that work in small groups of people may not always work in large populations or those that are effective in one country may not be in another. CHIM models help vaccine-makers decide whether they should go ahead with investing in expensive trials.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'common-cold-to-help-in-developing-vaccination-for-influenza', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/40d6/lirm24jrfgip3ns6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/40d6/lirm24jrfgip3ns6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Common cold to help in developing vaccination', 'metakeyword' => 'that determine why some vaccinated people fall sick and others do not.', 'metadescription' => 'This approach will speed up the process whereby scientists can quantify whether potential vaccine candidates can be effective in people and identify the factors ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ocqqcdxm0qlyfn3/Common_cold_to_help_in_developing_vaccination_for_influenza.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2305, 'title' => 'Technology to reverse baldness', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new non invasive, low-cost hair-growth-stimulating technology tested successfully on mice has shown signs of reversing baldness, which increasingly affects human males.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Baldness is a major cause of concern for humans especially males. About 2% of males suffer from baldness and related condition in some stage of their lives. The study thus becomes important.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Based on devices that gather energy from a body’s day-to-day motion, the hair-growth technology<em> </em>stimulates the skin with gentle, low-frequency electric pulses, which coax dormant follicles to reactivate hair production.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The devices don’t cause hair follicles to sprout anew in smooth skin. Instead they reactivate hair-producing structures that have gone dormant.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The technology can be used as an intervention for people in the early stages of pattern baldness, but it would not work in case someone who has been bald for several years.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main advantage of this technology is that it does not require bulky equipments. It instead uses body energy to generate electric pulses that simulate hair follicles to grow.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Baldness</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Baldness is hair loss, or absence of hair. It's also called<strong> alopecia</strong>. Baldness is usually most noticeable on the scalp, but it can happen anywhere on the body where hair grows. The cause of male-pattern hair loss is a combination of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">male hormones</a>.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'technology-to-reverse-baldness', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f53a/3liv3hqjolhb7em6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f53a/3liv3hqjolhb7em6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Technology to reverse baldness', 'metakeyword' => 'A new non invasive, low-cost hair-growth-stimulating ', 'metadescription' => 'A new non invasive, low-cost hair-growth-stimulating technology tested successfully on mice has shown signs of reversing baldness, which increasingly affects human males.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/bbjfolgsmxxzc75/Technology_to_reverse_baldness.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 35 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2308, 'title' => 'Enhancing BCG vaccine efficacy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study carried out on mice models has found that curcumin in nanoparticle form has the potential to enhance the efficacy of BCG vaccine such that it confers protection against adult pulmonary TB.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BCG vaccine is effective against disseminated and meningeal TB in young children. But the protection does not last for long as the host-protective immune responses that the vaccine induces diminishes over time. Thus the vaccine is not protective in adults.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that injecting curcumin nanoparticles soon after vaccinating the mice with BCG produced an enhancement of immune memory cells (T central memory cells) responsible for long-term protection against TB infection.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In children, the vaccine induces two types of immune cells, <strong>effector memory T cells</strong> and <strong>central memory T cells</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> While the effector memory T cells play a crucial role in mounting an immediate immune response against virulent TB bacteria and kill them, the central memory T cells help in long-term protection in children from childhood TB.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central memory cells ultimately diminish. As a result, the protection does not last beyond childhood and adults become vulnerable to TB infection despite BCG vaccination.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Altering the ratio to increase the number of central memory cells will help in enhancing the efficacy of the BCG vaccine.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nanocurcumin blocks the channel which in turn prevents the conversion of central memory cells into effector memory cells and long term TB memory is prevented from terminating.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Curcumin also helps in the activation of innate immune cells known as macrophages and dendritic cells. TB bacteria reside and grow inside the macrophages. But once activated by curcumin nanoparticles, the macrophages and dendritic cells clear the bacteria and also enhance the level of TB-specific acquired immune cells.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'enhancing-bcg-vaccine-efficacy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f27b/6ww2ma9pscuft5v6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f27b/6ww2ma9pscuft5v6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Enhancing BCG vaccine efficacy', 'metakeyword' => 'A study carried out on mice models has found that curcumin', 'metadescription' => 'A study carried out on mice models has found that curcumin in nanoparticle form has the potential to enhance the efficacy of BCG vaccine such that it confers ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/eso808z555oviy6/Enhancing_BCG_vaccine_efficacy.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 36 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2309, 'title' => 'Drug resistance in dengue virus', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong><br /> Researchers discovered that the dengue virus changes its shape through mutations in envelope protein to evade vaccines and therapeutics.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This study is a first step towards gaining more insight into how <strong>DENV2 </strong>reacts and adapts to the host's immunological defences.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DENV2 (a dengue virus) exists as smooth spherical surface particles while growing at the mosquito's physiological temperature (29 degrees Celsius). It then changes to bumpy surfaced particles at human physiological temperature (37 degrees Celsius).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This ability to morph helps the virus to evade the immune system of the human host.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A laboratory-developed DENV2 strain, mutations in the virus’ E protein causes its transformation into bumpy particles.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These structural changes can cause vaccines and therapeutics to be ineffective against the virus.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also helped to predict why particles from different DENV2 strains are more or less adept at morphing from the smooth to bumpy structures.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scope</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By better understanding the interactions between the virus and the host, scientists can develop better therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent infections, and contribute to public health outcomes.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This study is a first step towards gaining more insight into how DENV2 reacts and adapts to the host's immunological defences.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'drug-resistance-in-dengue-virus', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/efb1/cxbhuzb04tkg0xq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/efb1/cxbhuzb04tkg0xq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Drug resistance in dengue virus', 'metakeyword' => 'changes to bumpy surfaced particles at human physiological', 'metadescription' => 'DENV2 (a dengue virus) exists as smooth spherical surface particles while growing at the mosquito's physiological temperature (29 degrees Celsius). It then ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/1qxdeablo3wqfz8/Drug_resistance_in_dengue_virus.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 37 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2364, 'title' => 'Affordable insulin', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, philanthropist and founder of Biocon, said she would enable universal access to high quality insulin by making available recombinant human Insulin (rh-Insulin) at less than 10 U.S. cents /day in low and middle-income countries.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ms. Mazumdar-Shaw made the above personal commitment at a United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) meeting on innovation and universal health access, convened by UNAIDS Health Innovation Exchange.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets and is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of carbohydrates, especially glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Abnormality in Insulin</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If beta cells are destroyed by an autoimmune reaction, insulin can no longer be synthesized or be secreted into the blood.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This results in type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose concentrations, and generalized body wasting.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In type 2 diabetes mellitus the destruction of beta cells is less pronounced than in type 1 diabetes, and is not due to an autoimmune process. Instead there is an accumulation of amyloid in the pancreatic islets, which likely disrupts their anatomy and physiology.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high rates of glucagon secretion into the blood which are unaffected by, and unresponsive to the concentration of glucose in the blood.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Artificial Insulin synthesis</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biosynthetic human insulin (insulin human rDNA, INN) for clinical use is manufactured by recombinant DNA technology.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Biosynthetic human insulin has increased purity when compared with extractive animal insulin, enhanced purity reducing antibody formation.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'affordable-insulin', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/84c7/5d3a6jxsz0qr5ga6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/84c7/5d3a6jxsz0qr5ga6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Affordable insulin', 'metakeyword' => 'human Insulin (rh-Insulin) at less than 10 U.S. cents ', 'metadescription' => 'Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, philanthropist and founder of Biocon, said she would enable universal access to high quality insulin by making available recombinant ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/85o20ud1sj6y3ws/Affordable_insulin.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 38 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2383, 'title' => 'Common nutrient supply to help tackle Alzheimer’s disease', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a new study, researchers have revealed that a lifelong dietary regimen of choline holds the potential to prevent Alzheimer's Disease (AD).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Choline is a safe and easy-to-administer nutrient that is naturally present in some foods and can be used as a dietary supplement.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers found transgenerational benefits of Alzheimer’s like symptoms in mice whose mothers were supplemented with choline. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest work expands this line of research by exploring the effects of choline administered in adulthood rather than in fetal mice.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Due to the higher prevalence of AD in human females, the study sought to establish the findings in female mice.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Results showed that when these mice are given high choline in their diet throughout life, they exhibit improvements in spatial memory, compared with those receiving a normal choline regimen.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Choline acts to protect the brain from Alzheimer's disease in at least two ways:</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">First, choline blocks the production of amyloid-beta plaques. Amyloid-beta plaques are the hallmark pathology observed in Alzheimer's disease.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, choline supplementation reduces the activation of microglia. Over-activation of microglia causes brain inflammation and can eventually lead to neuronal death which leads to reduced neural function.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Alzheimer’s disease</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Brain cell connections and the cells themselves degenerate and die, eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Memory loss and confusion are the main symptoms.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Women are at a particular increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On average, a person with Alzheimer's lives four to eight years after diagnosis, but can live as long as 20 years, depending on other factors.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No cure exists, but medication and management strategies may temporarily improve symptoms. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'common-nutrient-supply-to-help-tackle-alzheimer-disease', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d057/j4q9oza0a7l2b9e6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d057/j4q9oza0a7l2b9e6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Common nutrient supply to help tackle Alzheimer’s disease', 'metakeyword' => 'Common nutrient supply to help tackle Alzheimer’s disease', 'metadescription' => 'In a new study, researchers have revealed that a lifelong dietary regimen of choline holds the potential to prevent Alzheimer's Disease (AD).', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/g0silbssleox9fu/Common_nutrient_supply_to_help_tackle.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 39 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2376, 'title' => 'Ranitidine drug', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s drug regulator this week began looking into concerns of potential cancer-causing substances contaminating popular acidity drug ranitidine.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This decision has been taken after the US Food and Drug Administration flagged the issue to American patients.Some companies have suspended sales of the product worldwide, and some other countries have ordered recalls of the product.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ranitidine, popularly known through brand names like Aciloc, Zinetac, Rantac and Rantac-OD, R-Loc and Ranitin , is a prescription antacid used in the treatment of acid reflux and peptic ulcer diseases.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is commonly used to relieve acid-related indigestion and heartburn by decreasing stomach acid production.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US FDA found out that some ranitidine medicines contained “low levels” of a substance called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NDMA is an environmental contaminant found in water and foods and has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probably carcinogenic to humans, which means it has the potential to cause cancer.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NDMA may cause harm in large amounts but the levels the NDMA finding in ranitidine from preliminary tests barely exceed amounts that we might expect to find in common foods.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While India and the US are still looking into the issue, regulators of around 15 countries are learnt to have called for recalls of ranitidine sold in their markets. These include Singapore, Canada, Italy, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Switzerland and Pakistan.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drug regulator in India</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation(CDSCO)under Directorate General of Health Services,Ministry of Health & Family Welfare,Government of India is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) of India.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ranitidine-drug', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9fc5/2vaz2eztyry32276g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9fc5/2vaz2eztyry32276g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ranitidine drug | Drug', 'metakeyword' => 'Rantidine drug', 'metadescription' => 'India’s drug regulator this week began looking into concerns of potential cancer-causing substances contaminating popular acidity drug ranitidine.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/egt0r0m4r4m68u2/Ranitidine_drug.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2418, 'title' => 'UK particle accelerator discovery', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A leading science facility in the English countryside is helping in an attempt to decipher Roman-era scrolls carbonised in the deadly eruption of Mount Vesuvius nearly 2,000 years ago.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scrolls were discovered between 1752 and 1754 during excavations at the <strong>Herculaneum</strong> site near the Bay of Naples in southern Italy, in a house believed to have belonged to the family of Julius Caesar.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city of Herculaneum was struck by a fiery cloud, which covered the city with ash, entombing everything intact.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They were preserved by the ashes but carbonised and therefore impossible to unroll.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ancient scrolls can’t be unrolled because the carbonisation makes them completely brittle and that brittle nature would damage it completely if it is tried to be bent.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Diamond facility acts like a giant microscope, producing light 10 billion times brighter than the sun that allows scientists to study anything from fossils and jet engines to viruses and vaccines.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the beam goes through the sample, it creates the possibility of an image that cannot be created in any other way.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scanning Electron Microscope</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scanning electron microscope (SEM) uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to generate a variety of signals at the surface of solid specimens.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The signals that derive from electron-sample interactions reveal information about the sample including external morphology (texture), chemical composition, and crystalline structure and orientation of materials making up the sample.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'uk-particle-accelerator-discovery', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7cea/1dp46wke3y8l20h6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7cea/1dp46wke3y8l20h6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'UK particle accelerator discovery', 'metakeyword' => 'A leading science facility in the English countryside', 'metadescription' => 'A leading science facility in the English countryside is helping in an attempt to decipher Roman-era scrolls carbonised in the deadly eruption of Mount Vesuvius nearly 2,000 years ago.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/iizrfx8qci18sxi/UK_particle_accelerator_discovery.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2449, 'title' => 'Photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune have successfully converted the highly unstable <strong>perovskite</strong> into a highly stable photocatalyst capable of decomposing toxic organic pollutants commonly present in water.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the first time perovskite-based composite material as a photocatalyst has been used for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants such as antibiotics, dyes etc. It will be a cost-effective method to produce clean water.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers tested the composite’s photocatalytic property to degrade organic pollutants in water in three organic commonly seen pollutants — methyl orange, methyl red and nitorfurazone antibiotic.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The catalyst that becomes active when exposed to sunlight was synthesised by encapsulating nanocrystals of organic-inorganic perovskite inside a metal-organic framework (MOF).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When exposed to sunlight, the perovskite nanocrystals release electrons into water thus producing hydroxyl radicals. The hydroxyl radicals are highly active species that decomposes the organic pollutant.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers utilised the hydrophobic nature of the MOF material to render greater chemical stability to perovskite nanocrystals that form inside the MOF cavities.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The composites remained stable in water even when at boiling temperature for 20 days.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rate of degradation of organic pollutants is not high compared with other standard materials.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared with other materials, perovskite is inexpensive. It is also possible to scale up its production easily.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is possible to increase the degradation rate by using different perovskite and MOF materials through further research.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'photocatalyst-to-degrade-organic-pollutants', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2e85/fnqpz8q7i22fnrn6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2e85/fnqpz8q7i22fnrn6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants', 'metakeyword' => 'Photocatalyst to degrade organic pollutants', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune have successfully converted the highly unstable perovskite', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/y0ugcdf036m7tf5/Photocatalyst_to_degrade_organic_pollutants.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2485, 'title' => 'Declining Maternal Mortality Ratio', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There has been acceleration in decline of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) and the Infant Mortality Rate since the launch of the National Health Mission (NHM)/National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. At the current rate of decline, India should able to reach its SDG target in this area much before the due year.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A maternal death refers to a female death from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for mortality</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Direct causes</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth)</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">infections (usually after childbirth)</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia)</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">complications from delivery.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">unsafe abortion.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indirect causes </strong>are malaria, anaemia,[9] HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular disease, all of which may complicate pregnancy or be aggravated by it.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Risk factors</strong> associated with increased maternal death include the age of the mother, obesity before becoming pregnant, other pre-existing chronic medical conditions, and cesarean delivery.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Preventing mortality.</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Prenatal care</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is recommended that expectant mothers receive at least four antenatal visits to check and monitor the health of mother and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. </span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Skilled birth attendance </strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Emergency backup such as doctors, nurses and midwives who have the skills to manage normal deliveries and recognize the onset of complications.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Emergency obstetric care </strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To address the major causes of maternal death which are hemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders and obstructed labour. </span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Postnatal care </strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Providing care till six weeks following delivery. During this time, bleeding, sepsis and hypertensive disorders can occur, and newborns are extremely vulnerable in the immediate aftermath of birth.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'declining-maternal-mortality-ratio', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3877/z1einvv64hjlves6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3877/z1einvv64hjlves6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Declining Maternal Mortality Ratio', 'metakeyword' => 'Declining Maternal Mortality Ratio', 'metadescription' => 'There has been acceleration in decline of Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) and the Infant Mortality Rate since', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/kwubzhs8s0f4455/Declining_Maternal_Mortality_Ratio.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 43 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2520, 'title' => 'Effect of oxygen levels on cell metabolism', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine this year was awarded to three scientists, for their discovery of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Three scientists have uncovered the genetic mechanisms that allow cells to respond to varying levels of oxygen. While oxygen is essential for the survival of cells, excess or too little oxygen can lead to adverse health consequences.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oxygen is used by all cells to convert food to useful energy. Oxygen supply temporarily reduces in muscles during intense exercise and under such conditions the cells adapt their metabolism to low oxygen levels. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Proper growth of the foetus and placenta depends on the ability of the cells to sense oxygen.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drugs have already been developed to treat anaemia by making the body produce increased number of red blood cells. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many diseases can be treated by increasing the function of a particular pathway of the oxygen-sensing machinery.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Inhibiting or blocking the pathway will have implications in treating cancer, heart attack, stroke and pulmonary hypertension.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance in Cancer research</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cancers are known to hijack the oxygen-regulation machinery to stimulate blood vessel formation and also re-programme the metabolism in order to adapt to low oxygen conditions. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reprogramming of metabolism gives cancer cells the ability to shift from a state where they have limited potential to cause cancer to a state when they have greater potential for long-term growth. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Efforts are under way to develop drugs that can block the oxygen-sensing machinery of cancer cells to kill them.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'effect-of-oxygen-levels-on-cell-metabolism', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a562/4x9461xv9j2svam6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a562/4x9461xv9j2svam6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Effect of oxygen levels on cell metabolism', 'metakeyword' => 'Effect of oxygen levels on cell metabolism', 'metadescription' => 'The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine this year was awarded to three scientists, for their discovery of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/z3y69wa9gaiwo94/Effect_of_oxygen_levels_on_cell_metabolism.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 44 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2523, 'title' => 'Typhoid disease could be extinct soon', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new vaccine against typhoid has been approved by WHO. This paves way for universal immunisation from the disease which can soon make it extinct.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About one-third of global vaccines are manufactured and developed in India. Earlier it would be through license manufacturing of foreign formulas but now the trend has shifted towards research and development locally.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WHO has approved a vaccine against typhoid fever, called Typbar TCV, short for typhoid conjugate vaccine. It is the only vaccine deemed safe enough for use in infants starting at 6 months of age. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This vaccine is the first <strong>conjugate vaccine</strong> , a vaccine in which a weak antigen (of the typhoid germ) is attached to a strong antigen (from the tetanus germ) to elicit antibody responses against a bacterial disease (in this case typhoid) that affects up to 20 million people annually.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This vaccine has been extensively tried on humans and found to be more effective in comparison to its competitors.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Till recently vaccine against typhoid was made by injecting live, but grossly weakened typhoid germs into the human body, provoking the body to mount immunochemical called antibodies.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists found that it was not good to use live germs, since there are unwanted side-effects. Hence, they started using an important molecular component (the polymer that coats the surface of the germ) which can elicit the same antibody from the injected host, but the treatment was not as effective or strong as we want.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'typhoid-disease-could-be-extinct-soon', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2e29/i5d0tbg5j9z7cf86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2e29/i5d0tbg5j9z7cf86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Typhoid disease could be extinct soon', 'metakeyword' => 'Typhoid disease could be extinct soon', 'metadescription' => 'A new vaccine against typhoid has been approved by WHO. This paves way for universal immunisation from the disease which can soon make it extinct. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zpoq6ncegszzgk2/Typhoid_disease_could_be_extinct_soon.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 45 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2534, 'title' => 'Golden ratio in human skull', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A golden ratio has been discovered in the human skull, which has created fascination among researchers, who are trying to figure out mystery of the nature.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For centuries, the golden ratio has fascinated all kinds of people, not just mathematicians. Physicists and biologists have studied it, architects and artists have used it, and worshippers have described it as a divine design.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio divides a line into two unequal parts. If we draw an arc across the top of the skull and divide it at a key junction over the brain, the two arc-segments are approximately in the golden ratio.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At a junction in skull called the<strong> bregma</strong>, which is the meeting point of two important connective tissue joints, the arc was divided into two sub-arcs that respectively accounted for 61.8% and 38.2% of the total arc length. The fractions observed were in golden ratio.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>What is golden ratio?</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="golden-ratio-1-1.jpg" 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style="float:left; height:169px; width:237px" />Suppose a line is divided into two unequal segments. When the ratio between the two lengths (the longer segment divided by the shorter one) happens to be the same as the ratio between the entire line and the longer segment, then the line is said to be divided in the golden ratio.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For this condition to hold good, the ratio needs to be 1.61803… with the digits after the decimal going on forever.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio is an irrational number and is represented by the Greek letter phi.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The golden ratio frequently shows itself in nature, whether directly or indirectly.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To cite a few examples, the golden ratio appears in the seeds of sunflowers, the scales of pineapples, the arrangement of petals on a rose, DNA structures, the anatomy of the heart etc.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'golden-ratio-in-human-skull', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b9b6/9wk86m6ey0zvryj6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b9b6/9wk86m6ey0zvryj6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Golden ratio in human skull', 'metakeyword' => 'Golden ratio in human skull', 'metadescription' => 'A golden ratio has been discovered in the human skull, which has created fascination among researchers, who are trying to figure out mystery of the nature.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/48au9u51jgzu3n4/Golden_ratio_in_human_skull.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 46 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Miscellaneous', 'keyword' => 'miscellaneous-7', 'id' => (int) 2559, 'title' => 'Crop growing on Mars', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have produced crops in Mars and lunar soil simulant developed by NASA. This has proved that it is possible to grow food on the Red Planet and the Moon to feed future settlers.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To sustain life beyond earth, it is necessary to arrange for food needs of the population. Agriculture outside the earth is always said to be difficult to achieve considering differences in soil composition.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists cultivated ten different crops, including garden cress, tomato, radish, rye, quinoa, spinach, chives, and peas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers simulated the properties of Lunar and Martian regolith and normal soil potting soil from Earth which was used as a control.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nine of the ten crops sown grew well and edible parts were harvested from them except spinach.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Total biomass production per tray was the highest for the Earth control and Mars soil simulant and differed significantly from Moon soil simulant.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The seeds produced by three species ,radish, rye and garden cress were tested successfully for germination.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When future humans colonise Mars or Moon, the food products need not be transported from earth. Instead only necessary ingredients like seeds can be transported.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plants could well start the begining of life on Mars, with large habitat available for their sustainance.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'crop-growing-on-mars', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/89c1/kgqoycws3j1kscr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/89c1/kgqoycws3j1kscr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Crop growing on Mars', 'metakeyword' => 'When future humans colonise Mars or Moon,', 'metadescription' => 'When future humans colonise Mars or Moon, the food products need not be transported from earth. 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