Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Military
Dhanush Artillery Gun: OFB receives Bulk Production Clearance
Tags: Military
Published on: 20 February 2019
Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired
Tags: Military
Published on: 27 February 2019
IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system
Tags: Military
Published on: 25 February 2019
DRDO lab develops combat drugs to reduce casualties in warfare
Tags: Military
Published on: 12 March 2019
Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)
Tags: Military
Published on: 14 December 2021
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Defence and Indian Army has given Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) bulk production clearance (BPC) for production of 114 'Dhanush Artillery Guns’. This makes Dhanush first long rang 155mm x 45 calibre artillery gun to be produced in India under 'Make in India' initiative.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dhanush Artillery Guns</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is developed by Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), Kolkata based on requirements of Indian Army and manufactured by Jabalpur-based Gun Carriage Factory (GCF).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also called desi Bofors as it is upgraded version of Swedish 155-mm Bofors howitzers, which India procured in mid-1980s, based on its original designs. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also been electronically upgraded to enhance the firing accuracies, laying speeds of the existing gun and to provide compatibility with various kinds of ammo as well.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its armament system comprises barrel, breech mechanism, muzzle brake and recoil mechanism to fire 155 mm calibre ammunitions. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has strike range of 38 kilometres (11 km more than imported Bofors guns) with high accuracy and precision. Depending on type of ammunition used it can provide greater fire power.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is equipped with inertial navigation-based sighting system, on-board ballistic computation, auto-laying facility and advanced day and night direct firing system. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can accommodate both boll bags and bi-modular charge system (BMCS) which have resulted in increasing range.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has several significant advance features including all-electric drive, high mobility, quick deployability, auxiliary power mode, advanced communication system and automated command and control system. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has six round magazine as compared to standard three round. It weighs slightly more than normal artillery guns due to larger chamber. It has been mechanically upgraded to fire standard NATO 155 mm ammunition. </span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is industrial organisation, functioning under Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence. It was established in 1775 and is headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the world's largest government-operated production organization and oldest organisation run by Central Government.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a comprehensive product range in the areas of air, land and sea systems. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comprises 41 Ordnance Factories, nine Training Institutes, three Regional Marketing Centres and four Regional Controllerates of Safety, which are spread all across the country.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is often called "Fourth Arm of Defence” and "Force Behind Armed Forces of India”. It is amongst top 50 defence equipment manufacturers in the world.</span></span></span></li>
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(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 273,
'title' => 'Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully test fired indigenously developed Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM) from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this test, two missiles were tested for different altitude and conditions. They were fired from canister mounted on rotatable truck-based launch unit positioned at launching complex-III of ITR. All the mission objectives have been met in this test.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is next-generation sleek short-range air defence system. It is highly mobile air defence system which can destroy multiple targets at distance upto 30 km.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been indigenously developed by DRDO. Its development was sanctioned in 2014, the missile was first tested in 2017. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is an all-weather and all-terrain missile with electronic counter measures against jamming by aircraft radars. It has strike range of 30kms.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be mounted on truck and is stored in canister. It employs dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is capable of tracking and destroying aerial targets, fighter aircraft, short range and cruise missiles. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 100% kill probability and can deceive enemy radars making it difficult to be detected.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Once inducted, it will be deployed at border and is expected to supplement surface-to-air missile Akash. It will significantly boost defence capabilities of armed forces.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Air Force (IAF) has commissioned development of aerial surveillance system using hyper spectral imagery programme to locate and identify suspicious movements along international border. <strong>It will be first of its kind system in country</strong>. It is expected to be operational in the next two years.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Aerial surveillance system</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will capture data/images through optical and infra-red sensors that will be most likely mounted on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) and processed through deep learning algorithms.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be having multi-sensor data fusion to be used for monitoring suspicious movements under dense foliage cover along international border and some parts within the country. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Data gathered from aerial sources will be processed within minutes and will help security forces on ground of unwanted human presence in area, their numbers and locations, among other inputs.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For this, IAF has roped in senior researcher and lead technologist of Indian origin from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as the chief technologist for the programme.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to identify presence of human below trees, dense foliage, shrubs or inside a structure, whether it is day or night. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can detect human presence from air even if there a cloud cover, dense fog or snow cover.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This technology also can be deployed in agriculture for monitoring drought, diseases and nutrient stress or identifying soil moisture.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Military',
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'id' => (int) 224,
'title' => 'BEL launches atmospheric water generator ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) launched Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) that can generate water straight from humidity present in the atmosphere. It is innovative solution to meet ever-increasing need for drinking water worldwide.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been manufactured by BEL in collaboration with CSIR-IICT and MAITHRI, a start-up company based in Hyderabad.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It employs novel technology to extract water from humidity present in atmosphere and purify it. It is configurable in static and mobile (vehicular) versions</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It uses heat exchange for condensing atmospheric moisture to produce pure, safe and clean potable water.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be used to provide drinking water in community centres and public places like health care centres, schools, colleges, offices, bus stands, airports, railway stations, sea ports, off-shore oil rigs, remote field areas, military establishments and remote establishments and residential complexes.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comes with Mineralisation Unit, which is used to add essential minerals which are required to make the water potable. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is state-owned leading defence electronics company. It is one of nine PSUs under Ministry of Defence. It has been accorded Navratna status. It is headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. </span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Pinaka guided weapons system successfully test fired',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Research and Development organisation (DRDO) successfully test fired indigenously developed PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system (Pinaka Mark II) from Pokhran range in Rajasthan. During the test, the weapon systems impacted intended targets with high precision and achieved desired mission objective with high accuracies. It will significantly boost capability of the artillery to make precision hits.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also dubbed as Pinaka Mark II. It is upgraded version of unguided Pinaka Mark-I rocket system. It is named after Pinaka, the bow of Lord Shiva.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is jointly developed by Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune and Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad and Research Centre, Imarat (RCI).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is equipped with state-of-the-art guidance kit comprising of advanced navigation and control system. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is fired using multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) which can fire 12 Rockets loaded with explosives within 44 seconds and destroy target area of 4 sq km at a time. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Being guided version, it has considerably enhanced range and accuracy (estimated to be between 60m-80m at all ranges) as compared to unguided one.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has capability to incorporate several types of conventional warheads makes it deadly for enemy as it can even destroy solid structures and bunkers. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its quick reaction time and high rate of fire gives it edge for armed forces using it during low amount conflict situation. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It already has been inducted into Indian Army in large numbers. Its earlier version was used during Kargil War and had demonstrated high efficacy by successfully neutralising enemy positions on the mountain tops. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
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'title' => 'WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Health Organization (WHO) launched new strategy to protect people worldwide over next decade against threat of influenza, warning that new pandemics are inevitable. Its new strategy aims to prevent seasonal influenza, control virus’s spread from animals to humans and prepare for next pandemic. It will be for period from 2019 to 2030.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">WHO’s new strategy 2019 to 2030</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It calls for every country to strengthen routine health programmes and to develop tailor-made influenza programmes that strengthen disease surveillance, response, prevention, control, and preparedness.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It recommends annual flu vaccines as most effective way to prevent spread of disease, especially for healthcare workers and people at higher risk of influenza complications.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also calls for development of more effective and more accessible vaccines and antiviral treatments. It calls for regular updating of vaccine formulas due to mutating strains of influenza.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It urges broader use of seasonal vaccines, which not only protect vulnerable populations but also help prepare countries to rapidly deploy vaccines in the case of a pandemic. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, WHO will expand partnerships to increase research, innovation and availability of new and improved vaccines and other tools to fight influenza.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also have benefits beyond fight against influenza, since it will also increase detection of other infectuous diseases including Ebola.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to WHO, Influenza epidemics, largely seasonal, affect around one billion people and kill hundreds of thousands annually. It describes it as one of the world’s greatest public health challenges. The world has suffered through number of devastating influenzas pandemics, including Spanish Flu, which in 1918 killed millions of people globally. After that three pandemics have occurred since—in 1957, 1968 and in 2009—when H1N1 swine flu pandemic claimed around 18,500 lives in 214 countries.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Military',
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'title' => 'DRDO lab develops combat drugs to reduce casualties in warfare',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) has indigenously developed range of 'combat casualty drugs' that can help to reduce casualties in warfare and terror activities. These drugs can extend golden hour till injured soldier/trooper is shifted to hospital. INMAS is laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Need for combat drugs</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">During warfare or terror attack on security forces, 90% of gravely wounded security personnel succumb to injuries within few hours. In these cases, chances of survival and minimum disability are highest when effective first aid care is given within golden hour.The main battlefield emergencies are excess bleeding, shock, hypovolemia (decreased blood volume), sepsis and pain. Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) also has recommended cost-effective drugs to be inducted into paramilitary forces and efforts are on with other armed forces under Defence Ministry for induction.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">INMAS combat casualty drugs</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It includes bleeding wound sealants, super absorptive dressings and glycerated salines. Some of them are</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Glycerated saline</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is battlefield intravenous fluid that does not freeze till -18 degrees Celsius. It is useful in handling trauma cases in high altitude areas.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Unlike normal saline, it reduces inflammation. It can be lifesaving, in case in traumatic edema, collection of fluid in tissues and cavities of body is in brain or lungs. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has lifesaving capacities as it gives more time to medical personnel to shift wounded patient to higher care facility.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Special medicated dressing material </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is cellulose fibre-based dressings which is more effective in stopping bleeding and keeping wound clean.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is 200 times more absorptive than normal dressings during bleeding wounds. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In it, antiseptics, antibiotics and curcumin can be impregnated which acts as slow drug release system.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chitosan gel</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It which helps in preventing blood loss by forming film over wound. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is coupled with platelets and red blood cells aggregation and it stops bleeding. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its antibacterial and wound health properties are of added benefit. It is suitable for sealing wounds by twin action: haemostasis by chemical action and filing action. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be used for wounds on the limbs and also cavities such as abdomen and thorax.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be poured onto wound and held with physical pressure for few minutes till the bleeding stops.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">H<strong>ypochlorous acid (HoCL)</strong></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is disinfectant for troopers involved in jungle warfare. It is helpful in treating necrotising fascitis, a rapidly progressing bacterial infection of soft tissues. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bacterial toxins cause local tissue damage and necrosis as well as blunt immune system responses. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In such cases, pure 0.01</span>% <span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">HoCL has both broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can rapidly neutralise bacterial toxins.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its use does not obviate need for antibiotic but augments treatment and speed of wounds healing. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also reduces need for undesirable side effects and antibiotics resistance.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Benefits </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These indigenously made medicines will be boon for paramilitary and defence personnel during warfare</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They can save lives of security personnel in event of warfare in jungle and high altitude areas as well as in terror attacks.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also ensure that soldiers do not suffer from unwanted blood loss while being taken to a better healthcare from war zones</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was established in 1961. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It does biomedical and clinical research with special reference to ionizing radiation. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also involved in nuclear medicine research and responding to nuclear explosions accidents.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is first institute in world to offer formal training program in nuclear medicine. It offers two-year diploma in radiation medicine. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'INS Sagardhwani flagged off for Sagar Maitri Mission 2',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Oceanographic research vessel of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), INS Sagardhwani was recently flagged off for scientific venture called ‘ Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative (MAITRI) aka Sagar Maitri Mission 2.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sagar Maitri Mission 2</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Conceptualized by DRDO is in consonance with Government’s vision of ‘Safety And Growth of All in the Region (SAGAR)’ to promote closer cooperation in socio-economic aspects, as well as greater scientific interaction, especially in ocean research in underwater acoustics, among Indian Ocean Region (IOR) countries. MAITRI is specific scientific of this vision and component of DRDO.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It commemorates Golden Jubilee Celebrations of India’s lone research ship INS Kistna’s missions as part of historic International Indian Ocean Expeditions(IIOE), which took place during 1962-65.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this mission, INS Sagardhwani will revisit selected tracks of INS Kistna and provide NPOL scientists ample opportunities to collaborate and garner close working relationship with oceanographic counterparts of the IOR countries.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objectives:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> (i) Data collection from entire North Indian Ocean, (ii) Focus on Andaman Sea and adjoining seas, (iii) Establish long term collaboration with eight IOR countries in field of Ocean Research and Development. These eight countries include Oman, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Agencies Involved:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Indian Navy and NPOL.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ocean Research Diplomacy:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will help to establish long term scientific collaboration with eight IOR countries in the of ‘Ocean Research & Development’ and data collection with focus in the Andaman Sea. Thus, it will help to enhancing research and strengthening relationships with South East Asian countries and is therefore being termed as SAGAR MAITRI.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About INS Sagardhwani </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was built indigenously by GRSE Ltd, Kolkata and commissioned in July 1994. It Marine Acoustic Research Ship (MARS) operated by Indian Navy and conducts of scientific and research programmes of NPOL. It is fitted with state of the art equipment, including newly fitted wave height measuring radar for conducting scientific research. In last last 25 years, it has carried out intensive oceanographic observational programmes/ research. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is a premier systems laboratory of DRDO. It is based Kochi, Kerala. It conducts ocean research experiments in the Indian waters and spearheads NPOL’s at-sea data collection activities.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => ' CRPF Women to get specially designed body gear',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">For the first time women personnel of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) who have to face riotous mobs will soon get full body protective gear that fits them. This full body protector has been designed by team of scientists of Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), a unit of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It will be now provided to around 300 women CRPF personnel who have been posted in Srinagar to control stone-pelting incidents.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of this Gear</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It covers all soft parts of human body such as rib-cage, back of the arm, inner calf, thigh and groin area of females deployed in riot control. Its designs ensure protection of vital organs of women. It is also anti-stab, anti-acid. It usage will help to increase efficiency of women. It weighs around 6 kg and provides ease of operation and also better mobility. This full body protector will be used by around 8,000 women deployed in the anti-riot Rapid Action Force (RAF). The CRPF will also use around 9,000 such pieces.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since Independence, the women personnel had to compromise with bulky, oversized body protectors designed for men. The idea for gender- specific protective gears was first mooted at National Conference for Women in 2016.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is defence laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is organised under Life Sciences Directorate of DRDO. It was established in 1962 and is located in New Delhi. It conducts biomedical and physiological research to improve human performance in extreme and wartime environments. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Military',
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'title' => 'CISF launches Video Hub, encyclopedia for staff',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has launched Securitypedia (online encyclopedia) and CISF Tube (customised video interface) for its personnel. These online digital initiatives are aimed at updating and empowering CISF personnel about security related issues, best practices in forces and latest technologies available across the world.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Securitypedia:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is portal (website) on the lines of Wikipedia. It incorporates wide gamut of security related practices across the globe. It is dyamic website containing data archives and allows force member can contribute by writing blogs on relevant professional issues. Moreover, just like Wikipedia, any member can post information or edit articles after citing authentic and verifiable sources.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CISF Tube:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is customised video interface on the lines of YouTube. It will serve as online video database of all videos relevant to CISF. The videos available on this platform will enable CISF personnel to learn on various subjects related to their functioning</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is central armed police force under Ministry of Home Affairs. It is headquarters are at New Delhi. Its motto is “Protection and Security”.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was raised in 1969 under CISF Act, 1968 to protect major PSUs. Later it was converted to armed force with larger ambit by amending CISF Act, 1968 in 1983.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is premier multi-skilled security agency tasked with providing security to various critical infrastructure installations both in government and private sector.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also provides security to critical infrastructure like airports, atomic power plants, refineries, major ports, space installations, VIPs and engages in disaster management amongst others.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has about one lakh 80 thousand personnel in its ranks. It also has its own Fire Wing to response to fire emergencies/accidents.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM',
'description' => '<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Context: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) <strong>on 4/08/2019 successfully flight-tested its state-of-the-art Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles </strong>(QRSAM) against live aerial targets from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur.</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Two missiles, </strong>developed by DRDO, were <strong>tested against two live targets </strong>meeting <strong>complete mission objectives of engaging the targets. </strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">QRSAM, with many state of the art technologies, <strong>engaged the targets at different ranges and altitudes.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The systems have been <strong>tested in final configuration with RADAR </strong>mounted on a vehicle & <strong>missiles on the launcher.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The systems are equipped with <strong>indigenously-developed Phased array radar, Inertial Navigation System, Data Link & RF seeker.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entire <strong>mission was captured by various Electro Optical Tracking Systems, Radar Systems and Telemetry Systems.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system is <strong>being developed for Indian Army with search and track on move capability </strong>with <strong>very short reaction time.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test was carried out <strong>at Chandipur, Odisha.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the QRSAM:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>all-weather and all-terrain missile</strong>, which <strong>can be mounted on a truck </strong>and <strong>stored in a canister</strong>, is equipped with <strong>electronic counter measures against jamming by aircraft radars.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">QRSAM uses <strong>solid-fuel propellant </strong>and has a <strong>range of 25-30 km.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>first trial </strong>of the QSRAM was conducted on <strong>June 4, 2017.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 2213,
'title' => 'Indigenous Tank Ammunition',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, has approved indigenous development of ammunition for the Army’s T-72 and T-90 tanks,which would enhance the enemy armour penetration capability.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian Army is in the process of buying 464 T-90MS Main Battle Tanks to arm 10 armoured regiments from Russia. This can produce significant gains for the armed forces.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>T-90 MS Tanks</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The T-90MS tank is equipped with a new turret weapon station with an upgraded 125mm gun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tanks also sport an advanced and highly automated digital fire control system (FCS) to annihilate enemy tanks, self-propelled guns and other armoured targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The crew can detect, identify and destroy the targets during the day as well as night much more accurately with the help of FCS.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a guided missile system which can destroy armoured targets including those equipped with explosive reactive armour (ERA) and has a ranges up to 5 kilometres.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tank comes equipped with a protection system to insulate and help its crew operate in a Nuclear-Biological-Chemical attack environment.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 2244,
'title' => 'Khandheri submarine and carrier dry dock',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Navy is set to induct second <em>Scorpene</em> submarine <em>Khanderi</em> on September 28 in Mumbai and the commissioning of the largest dry dock of the Indian Navy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">INS Khanderi (2017) is the second of the Indian Navy's six Kalvari-class submarines being built in India. It is a diesel-electric attack submarine which is designed by French naval defence and energy company DCNS and being manufactured at Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em>Khanderi </em>was launched into the water in January 2017 and has since been undergoing a series of trials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first submarine of class <em>Kalvari </em>joined service in December 2017. The entire project is expected to be completed by 2020.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third Scorpene-class submarine INS Karanj is in the advanced stages of its trials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fourth submarine which is under construction at MDL and named `Vela’ had touched waters after completing its outfittings. And, the last two of the Scorpene-class – Vagir and Vagsheer submarines are under construction at the MDL.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entire process of constructing indegenous submarines were part of Indian navy’s Project 75.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scorpene class Submarines</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state-of-the-art submarine has superior stealth. It has the ability to launch a crippling attack on the enemy using precision-guided weapon.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has the capability to be launched in anti-surface warfare, and anti-submarine warfare.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can be used for intelligence gathering, mine laying, and area surveillance.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This special steel ensures that the warship can withstand high yield stress. And this allows it to dive deeper.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The submarine has the capability to operate at a depth of 300 meters underwater and travel 1,020 km underwater.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has the provision to carry 18 torpedoes and tube-launched anti-ship missiles underwater and also from the surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 3200,
'title' => 'Upgrades for BrahMos Missile',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has carried out two successful tests of the latest variant of the BrahMos missile, one from the land platform and the other from air.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is developed through a collaboration between India and Russia and is one of the most advanced weapons in India’s armoury. It is an amalgam of the names of the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is a cruise missile, meaning it can be guided towards a pre-determined land- or sea-based target. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is classified as supersonic cruise missile with a capability to attain speeds 2.8 times that of sound (Mach 2.8).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A newer version under development is aimed at flying at speeds greater than Mach 5. These are called hypersonic cruise missiles. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Besides decreasing the reaction time of the enemy, higher speeds also substantially reduce the chances of the missile getting intercepted.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is being produced by BrahMos Aerospace, a joint venture company set up by DRDO and Mashinostroyenia of Russia in 1998. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was inducted into the Indian Navy in 2005.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos has undergone development through the early 2000s till date. Its land-to-land, submarine-fired and now air-fired variants have been developed stage by stage. Each new version has something additional compared to the previous version.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest test was carried out from air using the Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jets of the Indian Air Force as the base. This was the third air-based test of the missile and marked the completion of the integration of BrahMos missile with the Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supersonic and Hypersonic speeds</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A hypersonic speed is one that greatly exceeds the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Missile triads</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A triad is a three-pronged military force structure that consists of land-launched missiles, missile-armed submarines and strategic aircraft with bombs and missiles. This, in turn, ensures a credible threat of a second strike, and thus increases a nation's deterrence.</span></span></p>
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(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 3727,
'title' => 'Conspiracy theories on origin of SARS-CoV-2',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a preprint that was posted on Research Gate, two researchers from Chinese institutions have claimed without attributing scientific evidence, that the killer coronavirus probably originated from a laboratory in Wuhan.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The claim has provided much ammunition to the conspiracy theory that is already circulating on the Internet.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A preprint is one that is yet to be published in a scientific journal post peer-reviewing. Hence, any claims made in preprints should be considered with caution. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But that has not stopped several newspapers from reporting the news four-five days ago based on claims made in the preprint.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the two authors do not provide any evidence that the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was created in the lab, they build their case based on assumptions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They begin by saying that bats carrying the novel coronavirus are originally found in Yunnan or Zhejiang province, which is more than 900 km from the seafood market at the centre of the investigation on the source. Hence, the chances of bats flying to the market are slim.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bats were never sold in the market either, based on several testimonials, they say. The authors then talk of an intermediate host but quickly add that little proof has been reported on this.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The authors move on to question if the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which is located about 12 km from the wet market, was the source of the virus. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The only reason they doubt this Institute, is the fact that the principal investigator had participated in a project which generated a chimeric virus using the SARS-CoV reverse genetics system, and reported the potential for human emergence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, scientists from multiple countries have published and analysed genomes of the causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and they overwhelmingly conclude that this coronavirus originated in wildlife.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 3994,
'title' => 'Identifying rogue drones',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IIT-Madras researchers have developed an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces track down unregulated drones and secure air space.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A 2019 report states that India reported over six lakh rogue drones of varying size and capacity, of which most of them were termed “potential threat”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ideally, law enforcement drones are used by Defence Forces and Intelligence Agencies for surveillance and rescue operations among other things. This is an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces secure air spaces and track down unregulated drones.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It ‘hacks’ into rogue drones and sends false GPS signals for communication. The target drone’s GPS sensor would lock onto their fake radio station, which transmits signals at a much higher rate than the available one. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In doing so, the drone generates fake GPS packets that are received by the enemy, thereby calibrating the rogue drones’ latitude and longitude positions, when it enters the airspace.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The drone will act as a GPS satellite. The rogue drone would think it is a legit source and would begin to communicate from this radio station. By this operation, we can change its latitude, longitude and altitude, and force them to land safely.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The biggest advantage of the prototype lies in its ability to operate beyond the line of sight control, the upper limit being 400 feet altitude for drone operations. It can also intercept phone calls at 250 feet above ground level. </span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'Identifying rogue drones',
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(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 4254,
'title' => 'US to sell M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles to India',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US Department of State approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to India of M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This proposed sale will support the foreign policy and national security of the United States by helping to strengthen the U.S.-Indian strategic relationship and to improve the security of a major defensive partner.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US approved the possible sale to India of ten AGM-84L Harpoon Block II air-launched missiles and related equipment at an estimated cost of $92 million. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition it has approved 16 MK 54 all round up lightweight torpedoes and related equipment at an estimated cost of $63 million.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The principal contractor for the first deal is Raytheon Integrated Defense System based in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, while Boeing is the principal contractor for the equipment in the second deal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India plans to use the equipment requested in both the deals on the Indian Navy’s Boeing P-8I maritime aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Boeing’s P-8s are designed for long-range anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. The P-8s India version is called the P-8I, and helps the Indian Navy carry out important maritime operations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India currently has eight of these aircraft and is scheduled to receive four more by 2022. One of these is expected to be delivered this year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previously, the MK 54 lightweight torpedo was known as the Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo (LHT). It weighs around 608 pounds, while its warhead weighs around 96.8 pounds and is highly explosive. These torpedoes are used by US surface ships, fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters and are their primary anti-submarine warfare weapon.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary use of this equipment is for offensive purposes when deployed by anti-submarine warfare aircraft and helicopters, and for defensive purposes when deployed by ships and against fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and slow-moving, quiet, diesel-electric submarines.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Harpoon was initially developed for the US Navy in 1983 and was later adapted for use on the B-52H bombers. The Harpoon was first deployed in 1977 and is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Harpoon missile uses GPS-aided inertial navigation to hit the designated target. Its warhead weighs over 500 pounds and is capable of delivering lethal firepower against targets, including land-based targets, coastal defence sites, surface-to-air missile sites, exposed aircraft and industrial or port facilities.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5261,
'title' => 'Rafale fighter jets',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The five Rafale fighter jets that land in Ambala morning will resurrect the Number 17 Golden Arrows squadron of the Indian Air Force.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When all the 36 Rafale jets are delivered by 2022, it will take it to 32 squadrons, still well below the 42 squadrons of the sanctioned strength.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state-of-the-art 4.5 Generation Rafale jet can reach almost double the speed of sound, with a top speed of 1.8 Mach. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With its multi-role capabilities, including electronic warfare, air defence, ground support and in-depth strikes, the Rafale lends air superiority to the Indian Air Force. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While China’s J20 Chengdu jets are called fifth-generation combat jets, compared to 4.5 generation Rafale, the J20 have no actual combat experience. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Whereas the Rafale is combat proven, having been used by the French Air Force for its missions in Afghanistan, Libya and Mali. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been used for missions in Central African Republic, Iraq and Syria. Rafale can also carry more fuel and weapons than the J20.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each aircraft has 14 storage stations for weapons. The jets come with one of the most advanced Meteor air-to-air missiles. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 190-kg missile has a Beyond Visual Range (BVR) of over 100 km, travelling at a top speed of Mach 4. The F16 jets, used by Pakistan, carry the AMRAAM missile, which has a BVR of 75 km. Rafale can also outperform F16 in dogfights.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rafale jets also come with <strong>SCALP</strong>, the air-to-ground cruise missile with a range over 300 km. It is a long-range deep strike missile.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India has also asked for <strong>HAMMER</strong> (Highly Agile and Manoeuvrable Munition Extended Range), which is an air-to-ground precision-guided missile produced by French conglomerate Safran, and can be used against bunker-type hardened targets within the range of 70 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5570,
'title' => 'Pinaka missile system',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has announced that it had signed contracts with three Indian companies for supply of six regiments of the Pinaka Rocket System to be deployed along borders with Pakistan and China.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the time when India is facing hostilities on both fronts, the announcement enhancing the long range artillery capabilities can be looked as a strong signal to the adversaries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the battlefield, long range artillery systems like Pinaka are used for attacking the adversary targets prior to the close quarter battles which involve smaller range artillery, armoured elements and the infantry.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of the Pinaka was started by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in the late 1980s, as an alternative to the multi-barrel rocket launching systems of Russian make, called like the ‘Grad’, which are still in use.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After successful tests of Pinaka Mark-1 in the late 1990, it was first used in the battlefield during the Kargil War of 1999, quite successfully. Subsequently multiple regiments of the system came up over the 2000s.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One battery of Pinaka system consists of six launch vehicles, accompanied by the loader systems, radar and links with network based systems and a command post. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One battery can neutralise an area one kilometre by one kilometre. As a key tactic of long range artillery battle, the launchers have to ‘shoot and scoot’ to ensure they themselves do not become the targets, especially due to its back blast.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-I version of Pinaka has a range of around 40 kilometres and the Mark-II version can fire up to 75 kilometres. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-II version of the rocket has been modified as a guided missile system by integrating it with the navigation, control and guidance system to improve the end accuracy and increase the range. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The navigation system of the missile is linked with the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. Pinaka Mark-II can be a key element in the “network centric warfare”. The rocket system can operate various modes and can carry different types of warheads.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5885,
'title' => 'India’s K missile family',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A successful trial of the nuclear capable Shaurya missile was conducted by India. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine launched K-15 missile.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These ballistic weapons belong to the K missile family, codenamed after late Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, which are launched from Arihant class of nuclear submarines.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The K family of missiles are primarily Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs), which have been indigenously developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and are named after Dr Kalam.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of these naval platform launched missiles began in the late 1990s as a step towards completing India’s nuclear triad — the capability of launching nuclear weapons from land, sea, and air based assets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because these missiles are to be launched from submarines, they are lighter, smaller and stealthier than their land-based counterparts, the Agni series of missiles which are medium and intercontinental range nuclear capable ballistic missiles. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While K family are primarily submarine-fired missiles to be fired from India’s Arihant class nuclear powered platforms, the land and air variants of some of its members have also been developed by the DRDO.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Shaurya is a land variant of short range SLBM K-15 Sagarika, which has a range of at least 750 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has also developed and successfully tested multiple times the K-4 missiles from the family which has a range of 3500 km. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sea-based underwater nuclear capable assets significantly increases the second strike capability of a country and thus boosts its nuclear deterrence. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These submarines can not only survive a first strike by the adversary but also can launch a strike in retaliation thus achieving Credible Nuclear Deterrence.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5903,
'title' => 'SMART test',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has successfully conducted the flight test of a Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Torpedoes, self-propelled weapons that travel underwater to hit a target, are limited by their range. In the mid-2010s, DRDO undertook a project to build capacity to launch torpedoes assisted by missiles.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This SMART system comprises a mechanism by which the torpedo is launched from a supersonic missile system with modifications that would take the torpedo to a far longer range than its own. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was conducted from Wheeler Island off the coast of Odisha. An anti-submarine torpedo of the lightweight category was used.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO has said all mission objectives including the missile’s flight up to the designated range and altitude, separation of its nose cone, release of the torpedo, and deployment of Velocity Reduction Mechanism (VRM) were met perfectly. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test follows another crucial test two days ago of the nuclear-capable Shaurya missile. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine-launched K-15 missile.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assets of such warfare consist of deployment of submarines, specialised anti-submarine ships, air assets and state-of-the-art reconnaissance and detection mechanisms. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India’s anti-submarine warfare capacity building is crucial in light of China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean region.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s first indigenous anti-radiation missile, Rudram, developed for the Indian Air Force, was successfully flight-tested from a Sukhoi-30 MKI jet off the east coast.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For guidance, it has a system that can detect, classify, and engage targets (radio frequency sources in this case) over a wide band of frequencies as programmed.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anti-radiation missiles are designed to detect, track and neutralise the adversary’s radar, communication assets, and other radio frequency sources, which are generally part of their air defence systems. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such a missile’s navigation mechanism comprises an inertial navigation system which is a computerised mechanism that uses changes in the object’s own position — coupled with GPS, which is satellite-based.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Once the Rudram missile locks on the target, it is capable of striking accurately even if the radiation source switches off in between. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Officials said the missile has an operational range of more than 100 km, based on the launch parameters from the fighter jet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because the missiles are to be carried and launched from extremely complex and sensitive fighter jets, the development was full of challenges, such as development of radiation seeker technologies and guidance systems, besides integration with the fighter jet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anti-radiation missiles are used mainly in the initial part of air conflict to strike at the air defence assets of the enemy, and also in later parts, leading to higher survivability to a country’s own aircraft. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Neutralising or disrupting the operations of the adversary’s early warning radars, command and control systems, surveillance systems that use radio frequencies and give inputs for anti-aircraft weaponry, can be very crucial.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Military',
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'id' => (int) 5632,
'title' => 'Hypersonic test by DRDO',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DRDO successfully flight tested the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) – an unmanned scramjet vehicle with a capability to travel at six times the speed of sound.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO has demonstrated capabilities for highly complex technology that will serve as the building block for NextGen Hypersonic vehicles.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test which was conducted from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Launch Complex at Wheeler Island, off the coast of Odisha, the Agni missile was used. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parameters of the test were monitored by multiple tracking radars, electro-optical systems and telemetry stations and a ship was also deployed in the Bay of Bengal to monitor the performance during the cruise phase of hypersonic vehicle.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenous development of the technology will also boost the development of the systems built with hypersonic vehicles at its core, including both offensive and defensive hypersonic cruise missile systems and also in the space sector.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists believe that while the successful test is a major milestone, many more rounds of tests will have to be done to achieve the level of technology with countries like the US, Russia and China. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scramjets are a variant of a category of jet engines called the air breathing engines. The ability of engines to handle airflows of speeds in multiples of speed of sound, gives it a capability of operating at those speeds.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hypersonic speeds are those which are five times or more than the speed of sound. The unit tested by the DRDO can achieve upto six times the speed of sound or Mach 6, which is well over 7000 Km per hour or around two Km per second.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">While the technology helps achieve hypersonic speeds, it comes with its set of disadvantages, and the obvious one being its very high cost and high thrust-to-weight ratio.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 6013,
'title' => 'Anti-tank guided missiles',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenously developed laser-guided version of the Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was successfully test fired by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of ammunition that can pierce the armours of tanks and the material that can withstand such ammo has been an ongoing race since World War I. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Indian Army mainly uses various imported anti-tank guided missiles, the DRDO has been working on ATGMs that can be launched from different platforms as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenously developed low weight, fire and forget Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) was successfully in September last year. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In February 2018, ATGM Nag was successfully tested in desert conditions. All these systems, which are mainly used by infantry units of the Army, are in their various stages of development. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the meantime, the government had said in December 2019 that it has procured Anti-Tank Spike Missiles from Israel along with the allied systems to meet operational requirements of the Indian Army.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This ATGM is designed to be fired from tanks. With its range limited to 1.5 to 5 kilometers, it locks and tracks the targets with the help of laser designation to ensure precision in striking the target. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile uses a ‘tandem’ High Explosive Anti Tank (HEAT) warhead. The term tandem refers to the missiles using more than one detonation in order to effectively penetrate the protective armours. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This missile has the capacity of piercing armoured vehicles which use specially designed armour plates to counter the impact of such projectiles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is currently undergoing tests to be integrated with India’s Main Battle Tank (MBT), Arjun. After these series of validation tests, the system will be ready for the user trial by the Army.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The role of armoured and mechanised vehicles has remained decisive even in modern day warfare because of their ability to go past conventional defences. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tank battles are generally fought in a close range of under five kilometers. The objective is to hit the enemy tank before they can take a clear shot. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Development of missile systems that can defeat tanks built using modern armour act as a deterrent against enemy tanks from advancing.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 6044,
'title' => 'DRDO conducting flurry of tests',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the last one and half months, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted at least 12 tests of missiles or systems for missiles belonging to a vast spectrum of ranges and purposes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These tests have taken place at the time when there is an ongoing stand-off between the Indian and Chinese forces along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Ladakh region.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A large spectrum of missiles of different purposes, types, ranges is currently being developed primarily for the three armed forces. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some of the systems are at their various stages of development where they undergo development trials, validation trials, user trials etc. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some others have been already inducted and undergoing upgrades or are tested for different parameters.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For these tests, particularly ones with long range systems, multiple clearances are required including those from the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of External Affairs and PMO. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Notice to Airmen — NOTAM is issued by the Airport Authority of India for the flight path of projectiles. In many cases, one more armed forces or the Strategic Forces Command are part of the tests. In the case of tests that are conducted off the coast, the Navy and Coast Guard are involved in the process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One key reason behind so many tests being done back to back is the fact many of these tests, scheduled for earlier this year, had to be put on hold due to COVID restrictions, while preparations for them were all in place.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missiles tested during this period are crucial for land attack capability and some for Air and maritime security and testing them is a strong signal. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">At a time when there is a standoff with China which also has rising interests in the strategically crucial Indian Ocean Region, strategic signalling of this volume cannot happen without a deliberate push from the government.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 6588,
'title' => 'S-400 missile system',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After sanctions imposed on Turkey, India is keenly looking at the steps taken by the US administration as it readies itself to welcome the weapon system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US has imposed sanctions on Russia under CAATSA for its actions in Crimea. By making transactions with Russia, Turkey has invited the wrath of US administration.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 Triumph (NATO name: SA-21 Growler) is an air defence missile system developed by Almaz Central Design Bureau of Russia. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new system replaced the S-300P and S-200 air defence systems of the Russian Army.The S-400 was developed as an upgrade of the S-300 series of surface-to-air missile systems. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 Triumph air defence system integrates multifunction radar, autonomous detection and targeting systems, anti-aircraft missile systems, launchers, and command and control centre. It is capable of firing three types of missiles to create a layered defence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system can engage all types of aerial targets, including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and ballistic and cruise missiles, within the range of 400km at an altitude of up to 30km. The system can simultaneously engage 36 targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 is twice as effective as the previous Russian air defence systems and can be deployed within five minutes. It can also be integrated into the existing and future air defence units of the airforce, army and navy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India and Russia signed an Inter-governmental Agreement (IGA) for the supply of five S-400 regiments. The US$5.43 billion deal was formally signed on 5 October 2018, ignoring threat of US sanctions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deliveries are expected to commence by the end of 2020 and brought into service in October 2020. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United States threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defence system from Russia because India chose S-400 over American origin Patriot PAC 3. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Patriot PAC-3" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3d76/cnknr6k6x2s6h096g.jpg" style="height:274px; width:556px" /></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Patriot PAC-3</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Patriot (MIM-104) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather air defence system to counter tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Patriot is in service throughout the US, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Poland, Sweden, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Romania, Spain and Taiwan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile has a range of 70km and a maximum altitude greater than 24km. The minimum flight time is less than nine seconds and the maximum is three and a half minutes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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(int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 7094,
'title' => 'Arjun MK-1A',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi had recently handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MK-1A) to the Indian Army.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Main Battle Tank is developed and manufactured by CVRDE and DRDO along with 15 academic institutions, eight labs, and several MSMEs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun Main Battle Tank project was initiated by DRDO in 1972 with the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as its lead laboratory. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective was to create a “state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection”. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the development, the CVRDE achieved breakthroughs in the engine, transmission, hydropneumatic suspension, hull, and turret as well as the gun control system. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun tanks stand out for their ‘Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)’ ammunition and 120-mm calibre rifled gun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a computer-controlled integrated fire control system with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mk-1A upgradation</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have missile firing capability as per the design, but this feature will be added later as final testing of the capability is still on. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is 54.3 percent indigenous content against the 41 percent in the earlier model.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Arjun MK-1A | What is special about the Arjun Main Battle Tank',
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(int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 7272,
'title' => 'INS Karanj inducted into Navy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Navy has inducted its third diesel electric Scorpene-class submarine INS Karanj into service.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The submarines were designed by French shipbuilding firm DCNS by partnering with Spanish shipbuilding company Navantia.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Scorpene class submarines are one of the best conventional diesel submarines in the world. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The submarine has highly superior stealth features, such as advanced acoustic silencing, low radiated noise levels and ability to attack with precision-guided weapons on board.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Navy will be using these submarines for surveillance, intelligence gathering, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and minelaying operations. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Submarine has a permanent magnetic synchronous motor, allowing it to be one of the silent submarines in the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Submarine has the ability to remain submerged for 21 days. It has a diving depth of more than 350m. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Project 75I</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">This is a project of Indian Navy under which six latest technology naval submarines were built. The project will be completed by 2022.</span></span></p>
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(int) 28 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 7793,
'title' => 'Iron Dome',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missiles fired by Palestinian terrorists from Gaza strip were intercepted by Israel’s Iron Dome air defence system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Israel and Palestine have been indulged in serious conflict that has resulted in citizen fatality from both the sides. Missiles and air strikes have been taking place regularly.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Iron Dome is an air defence system that works for short-range, ground-to-air targets. The system includes radar and Tamir interceptor missile that identifies and tracks missiles launched towards Israeli targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system is suitable for countering arsenal such as artillery, mortars, rockets as well as helicopters, aircrafts and UAVs.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Development</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system was developed during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war that resulted in damages to Israeli infrastructure and civilians.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Israel’s state-run Rafael Advance Systems collaborated with Rafael Aerospace Industries to develop this air defence system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The company claims that it has a success rate of 90 percent in identifying and destroying inbound targets. Experts however determine that its success rate is well above 80 percent.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Working</strong> </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system is made up of three components that together work for protecting assets. The detection radar tracks and identifies incoming targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile firing unit fires weapon at the incoming missiles. The battle management and weapon control system (BMC) acts as an interface between two systems.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system can be used in all conditions of the year. They can be deployed during day as well as night time.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>India’s air defence system</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is in the process of acquiring the S-400 missile system from Russia. The Iron Dome was also in consideration during the buying process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 also provides the same type of security but its range is greater than Iron Dome. To cater to a large area, India needs systems with larger range.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India is also planning to procure National Advanced Surface to Air Missile System-II from the United States to protect New Delhi.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 8490,
'title' => 'IAC-1',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indigenously developed aircraft carrier for Indian Navy, INC-1, has started its trial runs before induction into service.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">INC-1 has been christened INS Vikrant, India’s first aircraft carrier that was decommissioned from service few years ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IAC-1 is the first aircraft carrier that is designed and built completely in India. It elevates India into an elite league of countries having such capabilities.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aircraft carriers are important part of a country’s marine assets that enhances the capability of the Navy to operate far from home.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Having multiple aircraft carriers is central to country’s Blue water policy. This policy projects a country’s capacities on high seas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aircraft carrier is the leader of battle group but is also vulnerable to enemy strikes. It is thus escorted by number of frigates, submarines, destroyers, missile cruisers and supply ship.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Stats of the ship</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Top speed: 28 knots</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cruising speed: 18 knots</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Total crew: 1700</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Weaponry</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MIG-29K fighter aircraft</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kamov-31 early warning helicopters</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MH-60R multi-role aircrafts</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indigenous Advanced Light Helicopters</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Development</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ship was designed by Directorate of Naval Design (DND) and built indigenously by Cochin Shipyard Limited, a public sector company.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only five or six nations currently hold the capacity to develop indigenous aircraft carriers. They are one of the world’s most complex and advanced ships.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Previous aircraft carriers</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s earlier aircraft carriers were either built by Russia or Britain. INS Vikramaditya, the current lone aircraft carrier was earlier known as Admiral Gorshkov of Russia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previously decommissioned INS Vikrant and INS Virat were British ships known as HMS Hercules and HMS Hermes before getting enrolled into Indian Navy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">More than 76 percent of the equipment used in the ship is indigenous. The ship has benefitted large number of Indian manufacturers and companies.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 30 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 8902,
'title' => 'Arjun Mark-1A tank',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Ministry has placed orders for Main Battle Tank Arjun’s Mark-1A variant for the Army, which is manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF), Chennai.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Few months back, PM Modi had handed over the prototype Arjun Mk-1A to Chief of Army Staff General M M Naravane at a ceremony in Chennai.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) started developing the Arjun to replace the Russian-made tanks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the start and conclusion of trials of the tank, it was inducted into the Indian Army in 2004. The work on Mark 1-A variant started in 2010.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Extensive trial, including field trials was started by the army in 2012. The DRDO and army were both involved in the trial process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About 14 major upgradation and 58 minor changes have been made in the Mark-1A variant of the tank from the existing Mark-1 version.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenous manufacturing will boost ‘Make in India’ initiative in the defence sector and is a big step towards ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>New features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Maneuverability in different modes of operation</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Better all-terrain mobility</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Precision firing during both day and night with a 360° view</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Better target acquisition</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Better transmission system</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Multi-layered robust protective armour named ‘Kanchan’</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has better comfort features for the four-member crew</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Makes better use of network-centric warfare through IT</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other characteristics</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-1A variant has more parts sourced from indigenous vendors. It has helped India reduce dependence on foreign vendors.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The acquisitions will increase the number of tanks in armoured regiment. Pakistani army has also recently acquired some Chinese origin tanks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tanks are aptly suited for desert terrain. It is more effective and lethal in comparison to existing tanks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In some aspects these tanks have matched the capacity of Russian-made T-90 and in some they have outperformed them when pitted against each other.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The tanks are said to be on the heavier side, putting restrictions on their operation in high altitude regions. The new modifications further increase the weight.</span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'Arjun Mark-1A tank',
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'metadescription' => 'The Defence Ministry has placed orders for Main Battle Tank Arjun’s Mark-1A variant for the Army, which is manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF),',
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(int) 31 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 8928,
'title' => 'Akash prime',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted the maiden flight test of Akash Prime, the new version of Akash Missile.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test comes within months of testing Akash-NG (New Generation), which is another version of Akash missile.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DRDO started work on the Akash SAM in 1980s under its Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1990s and 2000s, initial trials of components and field trials of the neutralization trials were conducted. Indian Army and Air Force conducted their own extensive trials.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Akash</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile system is named after the original Sanskrit term for sky or space. It is a Short Range Surface to Air Missile that provides defence cover to vulnerable areas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile system has the ability to simultaneously engage multiple targets in group mode or autonomous mode.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To deceive the detection systems, it has on board built-in Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) features. It has been developed on a mobile platform.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile system has gained traction from friendly foreign countries. The cabinet had recently given permission for export.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Components involved</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A launcher</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A control centre</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Set of missiles</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Built-in mission guidance system </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">C4I (command, control communication and intelligence) centres</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Radar named Rajendra</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Akash Prime</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The<strong> </strong>Akash Prime version also has an operational range of 27-30 km and a flight altitude of around 18 km. It has improved its working under low temperature environments at higher altitudes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The additional feature that makes it different include indigenous active Radio Frequency (RF) seeker that improves its efficacy to hit aerial targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Akash NG</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NG version was also tested few months back. It has an increased range of up 70 km, is sleeker, lighter and has smaller ground system footprint. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has been designed to intercept high maneuvering aerial threats that have low Radar Cross Section (RCS). The RF seeker of this version operates in the Microwave Ku-band.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NG version is stored in specially designed compartments known as canisters. This makes their storage and transport easier along with increase in shelf life.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Important features</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile system has been developed with 96% indigenization. Indian Army and Air Force currently operate multiple squadrons of missile system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Akash system helped in reducing the dependence on old air defence systems of Russian origin. They provide a robust air defence cover to security installations.</span></span></p>
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(int) 32 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 9059,
'title' => 'China’s hypersonic glide vehicle',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China has tested a hypersonic glide vehicle in August. The vehicle has nuclear-carrying capacity. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hypersonic vehicles have speed five or more times the speed of sound. They circle the globe before speeding towards its target. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The launch was carried out by Chinese military through a rocket that carried the hypersonic vehicle. The launch has surprised US intelligence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile missed the target but the test demonstrated the progress made by China in hypersonic weapons technology.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The weapon</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The weapon was developed by China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA), which works under Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The vehicle was on board the Long March rocket, which is used by China for its space programme.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The weapons have the capability to fly over the South Pole before striking at a target. This is concerning for US as its defence systems are focused on North polar route.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other information</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is assumed that the hypersonic system used scramjet technology. This technology should be able to handle high temperatures and is very costly.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most military powers in the world including US, Russia and China are in the process of developing hypersonic systems.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications for India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India needs to be cautious to protect its space assets from such offensive weapons. The defence systems developed must also be able to work in hypersonic conditions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO and ISRO have together demonstrated Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) last year.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scramjet technology</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scramjet technology works different from Ramjet technology in terms of its propulsion. The engine only carries fuel and combusts by absorbing oxygen from atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The engine is designed for speeds beyond Mach 6 through supersonic combustion. This allows the engine to operate efficiently at extremely high speeds.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 9151,
'title' => 'Agni ICBM',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s Strategic Forces Command has successfully tested the 5,000-km range Agni-5 ballistic missile.<strong> </strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ballistic missile was inducted three years ago but was tested for the first time by the user agency.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Agni-5 has a range of over 5,000 km and is a serious contender for the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) title.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile, having the capacity to hit target with a precision that is 5,000 km away. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile can hit any part of China. It can also target parts of other continents such as Africa and Europe.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government claims it to posses range of 5,000 km but reports have suggested that it can go as beyond as 8,000 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nuclear-capable missile can carry a warhead of around 1,500 kg and has a launch weight of 50,000 kg.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>History of Agni missiles</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first missile of the series, Agni-1 was tested in 1989. It had a range of around 1,000 km and came under the category of Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Countries such as US, UK, France, Israel, China, Russia, North Korea and UK have ICBM technology at the moment.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The conduction of test is in line with India’s stated policy to have ‘credible minimum deterrence’. It strengthens India’s commitment to ‘No First Use’.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile is in a canister. It can be launched from both road and rail. This makes its deployment faster. It also gives the missile a longer shelf life.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India is planning to develop Agni -6 version, which will be having a range of about 8,000 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 9318,
'title' => 'INS Vela',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian Naval chief Admiral Karambir Singh has commissioned the fourth submarine of P75 of the Indian Navy, INS Vela.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">INS Vela is the latest addition to India’s growing fleet of ships after the commissioning of INS Vishakhapatnam recently.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Project 75 was conceptualized during the tenure of PM IK Gujral for acquiring 25 submarines for Indian Navy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The idea later took the shape of 30-year plan under which India and France signed a $ 3.75 billion contract for building six Scorpene class submarines. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Mazgaon Docks Ltd, and DCNS (Naval Group) from the French side will be the companies involved in building the submarines.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The project was delayed by over five years due to many issues, major among them French government’s indecisiveness for “transfer of technology”.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The progress</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">INS Kalvari was the first submarine under the project. INS Khanderi and INS Karanj were commissioned later.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">INS Vela is the fourth in the list followed by INS Vagir, which is undergoing sea trials. The sixth submarine, INS Vagsheer is under construction.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>INS Vela</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The submarine is named after a decommissioned submarine that belonged to Foxtrot class submarine of Soviet origin. It served Indian Navy from 1973 to 2010.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The submarine will be commissioned in the Western Command located in Mumbai. The vessel can take up to eight officers and 35 men.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Vela has a top speed of 20 knots when submerged and a surface top speed of 11 knots. It is run on MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines and 360 battery cells for power.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Weapons</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Weapons onboard the submarine include C303 anti torpedo countermeasure system, and can carry up to 18 torpedoes or Exocet anti-ship missiles or 30 mines in place of torpedoes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operations</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has been designed for stealth and can perform operations across the entire spectrum of naval warfare, including anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance.</span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'INS Vela, Features, Weapons, and The progress',
'metakeyword' => 'INS Vela, Features, Weapons, and The progress',
'metadescription' => 'The idea later took the shape of 30-year plan under which India and France signed a $ 3.75 billion contract for building six Scorpene class submarines.',
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(int) 35 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 9425,
'title' => 'Mi-17V5 helicopter',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Mi-17V5 helicopter carrying Chief of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat and several defence officials crashed in Tamil Nadu, resulting in their death.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopter was manufactured in Kazan, a city in southwest Russia. It was used for both cargo transportation and travel.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have high-performance capabilities and can fly high altitudes in complex weather conditions such as tropical, desert or mountains.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopter was designed to land on unprepared sites at night and in adverse weather conditions. In emergency, it could land on even a single-engine configuration.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Important features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mi-17s are upgradation of Soviet-era Mi-8s. They are two-engine turbo-shaft helicopters used for multi-purpose.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have the capability to travel at a maximum speed of 250 km/h. There are eight fire posts for small weapons and can carry weight up to 4,000 kg.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Arms</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopter can carry unguided rockets, 23 mm cannons and 250 rounds each. It was designed to include self-defence system against heat seeker missiles, along with a heavily armoured cockpit.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Navigation</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It included advanced navigation and electronics display system that was able to show helicopter’s present position, in-flight route reprogramming, an electronic terrain map and flight route, details of multifunctioning of helicopter systems, flight information storage, on-board data processing etc.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Service in India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian government had given contract for manufacturing 80 MI-17 V5 helicopters to Russian firm at a cost of $1.3 billion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopters had less than ten years in service in the IAF. They are considered one of the most advanced, and are not prone to accidents.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Other upgradation</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The twin-engine, single-rotor-scheme helicopter with a tail rotor has an advanced performance design with a dolphin-type nose, an additional starboard sliding door and a portside widened sliding door.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Global service</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These helicopters were first delivered to Cuba in 1983. Currently they have been used in countries such as Peru, Poland, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea etc.</span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'Mi-17V5 helicopter and Important features',
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(int) 36 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 9454,
'title' => 'Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India has successfully tested the Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM) for use in Indian Naval Ships.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This is the second consecutive time that India has tested the VL-SRSAM since February this year.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The three facilities of Defence Research and Development Organisation jointly designed and developed the VL-SRSAM for deploying in Indian Naval warships.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile has the capability to target aerial threats at close ranges including sea-skimming targets. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The sea skimming tactic is used by anti-ship missiles and some fighter jets to avoid getting detected. They fly close to sea surface, making it difficult to detect.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Designing</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">High-speed air-borne targets within 40 to 50 km range, flying at an altitude of around 15 km, can be targeted.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The design of VL-SRSAM is based on Beyond Visual Range Air to Air missile Astra missile. This makes it a potent weapon.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Special feature</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Main features include cruciform wings and thrust vectoring. They give the projective a stable aerodynamic posture.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The thrust vectoring gives it the ability to change the direction of the thrust from its engine and control velocity and the attitude of the missile.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile is in cannisterised form. It makes transport and storage easier and improves the shelf life of weapons.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance of test</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The successful testing of these systems is critical for future launches of the missile from Indian Naval Ships during actual conditions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These missiles can be used in countermeasure technology to protect naval assets from enemy offensive.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)',
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(int) 37 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 9532,
'title' => 'Pralay quasi-ballistic missile',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The DRDO has successfully carried out the maiden test of ‘Pralay’, a new surface-to-surface conventional quasi-ballistic missile.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile was launched from APJ Abdul Kalam island off the coast of Odisha.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile has a range of 150-500 km and has a low trajectory. It is based on Prithvi Defence Vehicle from the Indian ballistic missile programme.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile is capable of being launched from a mobile launcher and has latest navigation system and integrated avionics to improve its functioning.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile is powered with solid propellant rocket motor.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The advanced missile has the capability to defeat interceptor missiles launched towards it path of flight. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has the ability to change its path after covering certain range mid-air and is difficult to be tracked by enemy radars</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Prithvi Defence Vehicle</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is an interceptor vehicle that has the capability to engage targets in exo-atmosphere region at an altitude above 50 km of the earth’s atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is fitted with Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker to distinguish between incoming warheads and decoys. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It works on two stages of which the first stage is a Solid fuelled motor while the second stage is Liquid fuelled.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Ballistic missiles</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A ballistic missile follows a curved trajectory to deliver one or more warheads on a predetermined target.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These missiles are controlled only during initial flight unlike cruise missiles which are guided during their complete flight.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Ballistic missiles have the capacity to carry conventional high explosives as well as chemical, biological, or nuclear munitions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 38 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 9667,
'title' => 'The Light Combat Aircraft programme',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The LCA-MK1A is expected to take flight in June this year after getting all required components fitted from Israel.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)-Tejas was first conceptualized in 1984. It has eventually managed to deliver after multiple delays.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The indigenous single engine 4.5 generation multi-role fighter jet was christened ‘Tejas’ by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The LCA programme</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian Defence Ministry has signed an Rs 48,000 crore deal with HAL to supply 83 LCA-Mk1A to the IAF. This includes 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircraft and 10 LCA Mk-1 trainer aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mk-1A will have many modifications over the Mk-1 variant. This includes Electronic Warfare system, Advanced Electronically Scanning Array (AESA) radar, Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles and network warfare system including Software Defined Radio (SDR).</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>LCA development programme</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Phase I of the programme included designing and developing two Technology Demonstrators (TDs) at a cost of Rs 2,188 crore.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Phase-II of the programme included fabrication of three Prototype Vehicles (PVs), production facility at HAL for production of eight aircraft per year and manufacturing and delivery of eight Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Way forward</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The first three MK1A aircraft has to be delivered to IAF in 2024 followed by 16 aircraft per year for the next five years, according to the contract.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Two additional assembly lines have been operationalised by HAL to ramp up production. Back end activities have also been going on.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The current indigenous content is about 52% in the LCA. The HAL is planning to increase it to 65% in next few years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">HAL is also pitching its products to foreign countries in South East Asia and West Asia. The LCA Tejas is competing in Malaysia. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Upgradation</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The LCA-MK2 aircraft is expected to be ready soon. It has the ability to carry heavy standoff weapons like Scalp, Crystal Maze and Spice-2000 and enhance capability.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The DRDO and Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) are developing Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), and a new Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF) to operate from aircraft carriers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 39 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 9676,
'title' => 'BrahMos advanced variant',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The new sea-to-sea variant of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was test fired from INS Vishakhapatnam.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The naval variant was initially tested in October and December 2020 from the Navy’s indigenously-built stealth destroyers INS Chennai and Rajput-class destroyer INS Ranvijay.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can be launched either in a vertical or a horizontal mode from moving/stationary assets to target both land and sea targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile provides additional operational capabilities to the Navy. It also certifies the accuracy of the ship’s combat system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>BrahMos</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">BrahMos is joint collaboration between Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Mashinostroyenia of Russia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is capable of being launched from land, sea, sub-sea and air against surface and sea-based targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The initial range of the missile was capped at 290 km but will soon be extended after India became a member of MTCR. It can now be extended to 450 km and to 600km at a later stage.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>INS Vishakhapatnam</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">INS Vishakhapatnam is the first of the Project-15B class stealth guided missile destroyers constructed indigenously.</span></span></p>
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(int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10013,
'title' => 'P-8I aircraft',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Aviation Company Boeing has delivered India’s 12th maritime surveillance and anti-submarine warfare P-8I aircraft.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">When it was first inducted in 2013, India became the first country outside the United States to get P-8I aircraft.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The aircraft is suitable for long-range anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has been designed as a “multi-mission aircraft” with technology such as state of the art sensors, proven weapons systems, and a globally recognised platform.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The start</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The first model of the aircraft flew in 2009. It has been serving in US Navy since 2013. The aircraft has been chosen by armies of six other countries apart from USA and India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Varieties</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There are two variants of aircraft-- the first is P-8A Poseidon for US Navy and other countries such as Australia, UK, and Japan etc. The version used by India is P-8I.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operational use</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Anti-submarine warfare</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Anti-surface warfare</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Intelligence</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Surveillance and reconnaissance</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Search and rescue</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Coastline defence</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use in India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The aircraft was used in eastern Ladakh in 2020 and 2021, during the standoff with China, to keep an eye on Chinese troops and their manoeuvres.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These aircrafts have replaced the ageing Soviet/Russian Tupolev Tu-142s. The existing aircrafts are placed in Tamil Nadu.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Tech specifications</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have the ability to fly as high as 41,000 ft. They have low turnaround time for transmitting data of surveillance.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The twin-engine aircraft weighs about 85,000 kg, and has a top speed of 789 km/hour. It has a range of 1,200+ nautical miles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It holds one of the most advanced weapon systems in the world. It can serve in extreme climate including icing environments.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10030,
'title' => 'World’s largest plane destroyed',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The world’s largest cargo aircraft known as ‘Mriya’ has been destroyed by invading Russian forces in Ukraine.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mriya, the Antonov AN-225, was damaged when Russian troops entered a Ukrainian air base in Hostomel.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The unique Antanov was designed in 1980s in USSR. The plane is nicknamed ‘Mriya’ or ‘dream’ in Ukrainian.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The plane has a wingspan of 290 ft and is extremely popular among aviation lovers, attracting crowds during air shows.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The plane was initially designed for USSR’s space programme, where it was conceptualized to carry the Buran.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Buran was the Soviet version of US’ Space Shuttle and was capable of taking astronauts to space.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Soviet Space Programme was cancelled after the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991. The plane is now used for transport of massive cargo.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Construction</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Mriya or Antonov AN-225 was built by Kyiv-based Antonov Company. Only a single AN-225 was ever built after modifying the four-engine An-124 ‘Condor’.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Since its first flight in 1988, the plane has been used for transportation of relief materials during calamities in neighbouring nations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was capable of transporting up to 250 tonnes (551,000 pounds) of cargo at a speed of up to 850 kilometres per hour (528 mph). </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Extent of damages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Various government agencies have claimed that the plane has suffered serious damages and it will take billions to completely repair.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The satellite images of the Hostomel airfield show large-scale damages to the hangar in which the aircraft was parked for repairs.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Future actions</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ukrainian state-owned Ukroboronprom Company, which manages the Antonov, has said that the aircraft will be completely restored at the cost of $3 billion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The aircraft will take five years to be completely restored to normal and the cost has to be borne by Russia.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10140,
'title' => 'MANPADS',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US has been sending military aid to Ukraine to fight against invading Russian military. The equipments include MANPADS.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) are shoulder-fired missiles that can take down aircrafts from ground.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They include weapons such as ground-to-air stinger missiles, which have been increasingly used to attack aircrafts.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Development </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">MANPADS were invented in the 1950s to provide military ground forces with protection from jet aircraft. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These weapons have detection rage of 10km and engagement range of about 6 km. Targets flying above this height are safe.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Technology</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Command guidance (CLOS) missiles will need the operator to visually acquire the target and then use radio control to guide the flight path.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Laser guided missiles will be guided using a sensors and Laser beam, which has to be pointed on the target till impact by the controller.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Types of MANPADS</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>First generation</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">US Redeye, Soviet 9K 32 Strela-2, Chinese HN-5</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Second generation</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">U.S. Stinger, the Soviet Strela-3, Chinese FN-6</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Third generation </strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">French Mistral, the Soviet 9K 38 Igla, US Stingers B</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Fourth generation</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">FIM-92 Stinger Block 2, Russian Verba, Chinese QW-4, Japanese Type 91</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Misuse of MANPADS</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">US-made MANPADS have fallen into the hands of Mujahedeen in Afghanistan. They have used it to attack civilians.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia has been supplying these MANPADS to countries such as Iraq and Venezuela to intensify fighting.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Possession, export, and trafficking of such weapons are highly controlled to prevent use of these weapons by terrorist groups against civilian targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 43 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10166,
'title' => 'Kamikaze drones',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The United States has dispatched Kamikaze drone to Ukraine to assist their fight against invading Russia.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There are drones that can fire missiles and others are missiles themselves, which can explode near the target.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They are cheaper versions and also lighter than traditional ones. They can be carried by security personnel in their backpacks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can be deployed when the target comes closer. Since they cost less and have greater chances of success, they are employed in large-scale.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Working</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Kamikaze drones are also known as switchblade drones and are packed with explosives.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have to be launched from a small tube that resembles a mortar. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can be maneuvered directly after the launch to the target and explode when it comes in contact.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Benefits</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They are smaller in size, making it difficult to be tracked on radar system. They can be programmed to hit targets without human intervention based on facial recognition.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The switchblade has a feature that allows operator to adjust the blast radius. This allows targeted killing.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The drone can be stopped up to two seconds before impact. This prevents human mistakes or a risk to civilians.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use of drones</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US and many other countries such as China, Russia, Turkey, Israel etc have some forms of the kamikaze drones.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Iran had used such drones to attack US facilities in Iraq. Azerbaijan has used them to against Armenian military. Houthi rebels have used them to attack Saudi Oil facilities.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Kamikaze</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Kamikaze is a Japanese word which refers to a special attack unit during World War II. Aircraft pilots involved in the war would crash their flight on to targets in a suicide mission.</span></span></p>
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(int) 44 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10191,
'title' => 'Hypersonic missiles',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Hypersonic missile has been used for the first time by the Russian army in the ongoing conflict with Ukraine.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Russians used Kinzhal aviation missile system with hypersonic aeroballistic missiles to destroy an underground missile storage system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Missiles that fly at the speed of Mach 5 or five times the speed of sound are termed as hypersonic missiles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These missiles are different from ballistic missiles due to manoeuvrability. Ballistic missiles follow a fixed trajectory after launch.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Types of hypersonic missile system</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGV) and Hypersonic Cruise Missiles are the two types of hypersonic missile system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The HGV are launched from a rocket before gliding to the intended target while the hypersonic cruise missile is powered by ‘scramjets’ after acquiring their target.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Benefits of hypersonic missiles</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Conventional hypersonic weapons can destroy unhardened targets or even underground facilities using only kinetic energy i.e. energy derived from motion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can be used against distant, long-range and time critical threats due to their ability to strike accurately.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Detecting hypersonic missiles</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The speed, manoeuvrability and low altitude of flight of hypersonic missiles make it difficult to be tracked.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ground-based conventional radar systems are able to track hypersonic flights only when they are late in the flight towards target. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The late detection makes it difficult to respond to the attack and use responders to intercept the missile.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Technology across the world</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia’s hypersonic missile is known as ‘Kinzhal’ and has been in use since 2018. It has a maximum speed up to Mach 10.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">China has the technology since 2021 and has used it onboard a nuclear capable hypersonic vehicle prototype.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of US is developing hypersonic missiles under its Navy’s conventional Prompt Strike Programme.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India, Australia, France, Germany and Japan are also working towards developing hypersonic weapons.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>India’s hypersonic missiles programme</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India’s hypersonic missile programme is indigenously developed and is of dual use--conventional as well as nuclear.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India has successfully tested Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle programme having a speed of Mach 6.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 45 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10209,
'title' => 'GSAT-7B',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Indian army is set to get a secure dedicated satellite for military communication in form of GSAT-7B.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The satellite has the capability to increase operational preparedness of the Armed Forces and boost its communication capabilities.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Defence ministry has also approved Night Sight (Image Intensifier), Light Vehicles GS 4X4 and Air Defence Fire Control Radar (Light).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They will help in improving visibility, communication, enhanced mobility and increase capability of detecting enemy aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The GSAT 7B satellite</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The GSAT-7B is part of GSAT-7 series and used for communication. It was launched for the first time in 2013.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The launch of this satellite helped Indian forces to reduce dependency on foreign satellites such as Inmarsat for communication services.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They will help in improving visibility, communication, enhanced mobility and increase capability of detecting enemy aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has been conceptualized keeping in mind the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the force’s inventory. The satellite will help in increasing flying range of UAVs.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>GSAT-7</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is a communication satellite that has a wide range of service spectrum from low bit rate voice to high bit rate data communication.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has been dubbed as Rukmini and launched by ISRO atop an Ariane 5 ECA rocket from Kourou in French Guiana. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has been developed to provide communication capabilities for Indian Navy over a wide oceanic region including the Indian land-mass.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is equipped with transponders in Ku band, S-band, C band and UHF (ultra-high frequency) band to enhance the maritime communications among the Indian Navy's warships.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>GSAT-7A</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is the successor to GSAT-7 and is known as "Indian Angry Bird". It forms communication band for Indian military.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It serves as force multiplier by connecting asset of Indian Air Force. The satellite provides communication in Ku band.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has a mission life of 8 years. Together with GSAT-7, they make up dedicated satellites for the Indian armed forces.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 46 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10211,
'title' => 'BrahMos Supersonic version',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India has recently tested the extended range BrahMos Supersonic missile from the Andaman and Nicobar Command of the Indian Armed Forces.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Supersonic missiles are category of missiles that have the capability to achieve speed greater than the speed of sound.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The initial design of BrahMos was medium range but was later modified to long range in advanced versions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile has the ability to be launched from submarines, surface warships, aircraft or land.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>BrahMos</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">BrahMos was developed through a joint-venture between the Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya and India's Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The word ‘BrahMos’ is an amalgamation of the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Initial design</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was inspired from Russian cruise missiles such as P-800 Oniks. It had initial range of 298 km as India was not a member of MTCR.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In the subsequent modifications, the advanced version will be extended up to 1500 km, since India is now a member of prestigious MTCR.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>MTCR</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Missile Technology Control Regime is a voluntary grouping of countries that seeks to limit the proliferation of missiles and missile technology.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The goal is to limit the risks of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction by controlling the technology that could make a contribution to delivery systems for such weapons.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The MTCR regime has managed to discourage many countries to abandon their long-range missile programme by making it difficult for them to obtain technology and parts.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Supersonic missiles</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Supersonic missiles are variety of missiles that can travel at the speed of mach 1 to mach 5 towards target.</span></span></p>
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(int) 47 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10238,
'title' => 'Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A Request For Information (RFI) has been issued by the Indian Army for the supply of Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Articulated All-Terrain Vehicle is a carrier that is to be used for off road mobility. It is twin cabined, amphibious and tracked.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The push mode locomotion in form of two cabins ensures mobility over varied terrains like snow, desert and slush.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ballistic protection cabin allows troops travelling in it safety from small arms fire.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can reach areas where wheeled vehicles cannot due to deep snow, slush or marshy terrain.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They are useful for patrolling and rapid deployment in operational situations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Deployment</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Indian army plans to deploy them in Bhuj and Ladakh. They are set to be used for snow-bound areas and in the marshy terrain of the respective regions.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Requirements for army</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Vehicles should have ability to seat 10 soldiers with full combat load and should have inbuilt ballistic protection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They should have operating range of not less than 150 kms in cross country terrain in plains and at an altitude of 15,000 to 18,000 feet in the mountains. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The vehicles should be able to serve for at least 15 years.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Companies manufacturing Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NASU vehicle of Finland is used by armies of US, Finland, Belgium, France and others for operational use.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Bandvagn 206 is manufactured by BAE Systems, Platforms and Services. They are used by Swedish army, British and also US.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The DT-30 Vityaz vehicle and GAZ 3344 are used by the Russian army which is manufactured in the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 48 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10272,
'title' => 'India-made Light Combat Helicopters (LCH)',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has approved the procurement of 15 indigenously developed Light Combat Helicopters (LCH).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The price is worth Rs 3,887 cr and other infrastructure is worth Rs 377 cr. The committee was chaired by the Prime Minister.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The idea of LCH was conceptualised during the Kargil War in 1999 when India felt the need to have attack helicopters that can operate in harsh conditions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The existing Russian-made inventory had to be modified to operate at such high altitude. The army even lost a MI-17helicopter during the operation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Development of indigenous helicopter</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The indigenous LCH was announced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), which was equipped to operate in the harsh desert conditions as well as the high altitude areas of Ladakh.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Testing</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ground-run of first prototype of the LCH took place in February 2010. The flight test of the second prototype took place in 2011.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Third prototype with integrated weapon platforms and sensors was tested in 2014. Cold weather and hot weather tests were also done subsequently.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopters were cleared for operational deployment in 2019 after checking for full performance.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features of LCH</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopter operates with pilot and co-pilot sitting in tandem position (one behind the other).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has armour protection, night attack capability and crash worthy landing gear apart from stealth protection.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has weight of 5,800 kg with a maximum speed of 268 km per hour. The range is 550 km and has an operational ceiling of 6.5 kms.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The LCH is armed with air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles. Electronic Warfare suite and helmet mounted display for the flying crew are some other features.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operation</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can be deployed in anti-tank operation to fly low and fast to attack enemy armour columns.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can be used for scouting role, to fly ahead and detect enemy presence. LCH can also be used for destruction of enemy air defence assets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">LCH can be deployed for urban warfare missions and combat search and rescue operations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 49 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10354,
'title' => 'Canister launched Anti-Armour Loiter Ammunition (CALM)',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Request for Information (RFI) has been issued by the Indian Army for anti-armour loiter ammunition for its mechanised forces.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army plans to use them in the plains and deserts of Western India as well as on high altitude areas in the Northern borders in Ladakh.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The system, also known as CALM, can fire a pre-loaded canister with loiter ammunition or a drone towards a target.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The loiter ammunition can remain in air for a period of time over the area of operation, and can be guided down to destroy the target when it is sighted.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Working </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The loiter ammunition or drone will contain a camera which can be used by the operator to see the area of operation and choose targets. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There are some variants that can be recovered and reused in case they are not used for any strike.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Requirement</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army wants to procure 150 such systems which will be launched from the BMP Infantry Fighting vehicles of the Mechanised Infantry.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The systems will be procured under the ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ programmes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use in combat operations</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The system has been used by Azerbaijani forces to attack on Armenian tanks, radar systems, communication hubs and other military targets. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia has been using its ZALA KYB loiter ammunition in Ukraine. The US has provided Ukraine with Switchblade loiter munitions that could target Russian armour 10 km away.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It provides armed forces the ability to attack from top on armoured vehicles, which are relatively less protected.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">They enable better chances of attacking objects that are concealed for long time and appear for only short durations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 50 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10363,
'title' => 'Neptune missile',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ukraine has claimed to have damaged the Russian Black Sea Fleet Flagship ‘Moskva’ using a Neptune anti-ship cruise missile.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia and Ukraine have indulged in intense battle on all fronts including Navy. Russia claims that onboard ammunition fire caused the blasts.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The design of Neptune missile is based on a Russian Kh-35 cruise missile which goes by the NATO name of AS-20 Kayak.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Missile Neptune is anti-ship cruise missile which is capable of destruction of naval vessels in a range of 300 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was inducted into Ukrainian army in March 2021 after being in development phase for the last six years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The development was hasty as Ukraine feared Russian military attack on the coastal areas of Ukraine since invasion of Crimea.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Moskva ship</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Named after the city of Moscow, Moskva is a guided missile cruiser of the Russian Navy. It has a displacement of 12,490 tons.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Being a flagship of Russian Navy’s Black Sea fleet, it carries a crew of around 500 personnel. Earlier it was known as Slava.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was reinducted in 2000 as Moskva with refurbished weapon systems and electronics. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Attack modus operandi</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ukraine forces may have used TB-2 drones as decoys towards saturation of the cruiser’s Air Defence systems.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This allowed the cruise missile to slip through the air defence system of the ship. The damage is said to be very high.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Damages caused</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Reports claimed that the ship was hit on the side and is close to sinking. Russia has not acknowledged the damage status.</span></span></p>
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(int) 51 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10405,
'title' => 'Submarine INS Vagsheer',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian Navy’s sixth submarine under Project 75, INS Vagsheer, was launched by wife of Union Defence Secretary Dr Ajay Kumar.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Scorpene class submarine was launched at the Mazgaon Dock Ltd and can join the Navy after sea trials.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The name Vagsheer represents sand fish, a deep sea predator of the Indian Ocean. Vagsheer was previously a submarine that was commissioned into the Indian Navy from Russia and later retired.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Specifications</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is 67.5 metres long and 12.3 metres high. It can reach top speed of 20 knots when submerged and a top speed of 11 knots when it surfaces.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has four MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines, 360 battery cells for power, and a silent Permanently Magnetised Propulsion Motor.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The hull, fin and hydroplanes are designed for minimum underwater resistance and all equipment is set-up on shock-absorbing cradles for enhanced stealth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is suitable to be engaged in sea denial as well as access denial warfare against the adversary.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operations</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> It can do offensive operations including anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Military features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is enabled with a C303 anti-torpedo counter measure system. It can carry up to 18 torpedoes or Exocet anti-ship missiles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has superior stealth features such as advanced acoustic absorption techniques, low radiated noise levels, hydro-dynamically optimized shape.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Commissioning</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After undergoing sea trials, it will be commissioned into the Indian Navy’s Western Command. It will be based mostly in Mumbai.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Project 75</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Project 75 or P 75 was a plan for indigenous submarine construction with technology taken from overseas firms.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">INS Kalvari, INS Khanderi, INS Karanj and INS Vela have all been constructed under P 75. INS Vagir and INS Vagsheer will soon be inducted in Navy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 52 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10416,
'title' => 'Nuclear missile Sarmat',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia has tested its new Inter Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Sarmat. It said to possess capability to strike anywhere in the world.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has spanned over months, without any concrete success. The resistance offered by Ukraine has also startled Russia.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The test for Sarmat was earlier slated for 2021. It was later pushed to April 2022. It was launched from North West Russia with the intended target in the Kamchatka peninsula.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile is expected to have at least five more launches in 2022 before being inducted into the Russian military. It is based on liquid fuel.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Missile development programme</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The new ICBM development to replace existing was in pipeline since President Putin made his State of the Nation address to the Federal Assembly.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There were reports that Moscow was developing a new ICBM even before President Putin made announcement about Sarmat.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Advanced features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NATO name for RS-28 Sarmat is Satan-II. It has the ability to carry ten or more warheads and decoys for a distance of over 18,000 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has Multiple Independently-Targetable Re-entry Vehicles, making it difficult for satellite-based radar tracking systems of the western powers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is the first Russian missile which can carry smaller hypersonic boost-glide vehicles. Electronic countermeasures and guidance system make it lethal than the R-36M Voyevoda ICBMs.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Nomenclature</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is named after early medieval period nomadic tribes that roamed the steppes of present-day Southern Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Sarmatians held control of land between the Urals and the Don River as a result of widespread influence gained by them in the 5th century BC.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They were highly developed in horsemanship and warfare. Their administrative capabilities and political expertise were high.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is a category of missile which has a minimum range of 5,500 Km and designed primarily to carry nuclear warheads.</span></span></p>
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(int) 53 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10503,
'title' => 'AIP technology',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">French Naval Group has announced its withdrawal from Indian Navy’s P-75 India (P-75I) project.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The group was one of five shortlisted Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) for building six conventional submarines within the country.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The reason for withdrawal was the Request for Proposal (RFP) that required that the fuel cell AIP be sea proven.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>AIP</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Air-Independent Propulsion is a technology for conventional non-nuclear submarine. The technology allows a conventional submarine to remain submerged for much longer than ordinary diesel-electric submarines.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Importance of technology</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Conventional submarines have to surface to run their generators that recharge the batteries that allow the boat to run under water.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">More times the submarine surfaces, the higher the chances of it being detected and getting hit by enemies. AIP allows submarine to remain submerged for more than 15 days compared to 3-4 days of conventional submarines.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Importance for India</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India’s existing P 75 submarines can be fitted with AIP technology later in their lives. The technology is critical for future expansion.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Indigenous development</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">DRDO has developed prototype of Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) System by proving the land-based prototype.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There is a fear that it may not be ready even by the time the first Kalvari Class submarine comes for refitting starting 2024.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Project 75I</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">An idea was conceived in 1999 to indigenously build and induct 24 submarines by 2030. In the first phase, two production lines were established in form of P-75 and P-75I.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The six submarines under P-75 are already completed through collaboration between DCNS and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Under P-75I, the government would give contract to an Indian Strategic Partner (SP), which will partner with a foreign OEM to build AIP-powered submarines in the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 54 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10550,
'title' => 'Rocket-propelled grenade',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Punjab Police’s Intelligence headquarters in Mohali was attacked with a Rocket-Propelled Grenade (RPG).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">RPG stands for Rucknoy Peotivotankovvy Granaromyot. It is a weapon of soviet origin. The name translates to a handheld anti-tank grenade launcher.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The weapon is portable and can be fired from a shoulder position. This makes it easy to operate and transport.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can cause widespread damage to people, armoured vehicles or against buildings. The RPG has different varieties based on effective range and penetration levels.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Origin of weapon</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The origin of the weapon dates back to World War I. Similar weapons were made by various western powers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Most famous of all these is RPG. It has managed to make its presence felt in all parts of the world, in all insurgency or terror infested region.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">RPG is used in region such as Vietnam, Afghanistan, Somalia, Syria, Iraq and even closer home, in Jammu and Kashmir. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Version used in recent attack</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The weapon resembled an RPG PG-22 Netto version. It has front-loading tube and can inflict severe damage up to 200 metres of range.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Availability of the weapon</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Soviet weapons like RPG are always in great demand and there is a thriving illegal market in the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Weapon smugglers procure the weapon and provide it to terrorist organizations across the country and globe.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The weapons are most likely to originate from former Soviet Union countries in Eastern Europe. There is an established market for soviet weaponry.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Apart from terrorist groups, many government agencies procure such weapons from non-traceable sources in order to express deniability.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 55 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10568,
'title' => 'Protected Mobility Vehicles',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">To purchase Protected Mobility Vehicles (PMV), the Indian Army has floated a Request for Information (RFI).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">PMV is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier that can be used for plains and desert areas for mobility.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Soldiers travelling in the vehicle will be provided protection from mine blasts and sudden attack by small arms.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Beneficiaries</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The protected troops could be members of a quick reaction team going towards a point of conflict, or members of patrolling parties heading to border areas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They could also be members of a reconnaissance squad working behind enemy lines or in forward positions of own troops.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Specifications needed</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army needs the vehicle to be operated in areas above the height of 4000 metres and for deserts and plains.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It also needs the vehicles to be wheeled, 4X4 drive mode and should have automatic transmission. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Excluding driver and co-driver, the vehicle should carry 10 personnel, with each person carrying a combat load of not less than 30 kg.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Technical specifications</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Vehicle should offer ballistic protection and should be able to protect the vehicle from grenade and mine blasts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It should have ability to clock maximum speed of 90 kmph on road and 40 kmph on cross country terrain.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The vehicle should be able to operate in temperature range of 40 degree centigrade to minus 15 degree in high-altitude areas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It should have weapon mount to fix a 7.62 mm Light Machine Gun (LMG) and a turret with 360 degree rotation for a LMG.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The PMV should be having 11 firing ports with five each on the starboard and port side of the vehicle and one at the rear. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Procurement</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Request for Proposal (RFP) will be floated in the month of November, followed by trials above 17,000 feet and in the plains and deserts.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Prospective source</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) has the ability to manufacture PMVs. It had handed over such vehicle to army recently.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Tata has developed IPMV in collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is the first private sector company in India to produce such wheeled armoured personnel carriers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => 'The protected troops could be members of a quick reaction team going towards a point of conflict, or members of patrolling parties heading to border',
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(int) 56 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10635,
'title' => 'Project WARDEC',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Army Training Command has signed MoU with Rashtriya Raksha University to develop ‘Wargame Research and Development Centre’ known as ‘WARDEC’.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It will be India’s first-of-kind simulation-based training centre, which will be using artificial intelligence (AI) to design virtual reality wargames.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army will use Wargame Research and Development Centre to train its soldiers and test their strategies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The wargame model will be used to prepare for wars as well as counter-terror and counter-insurgency operations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Location</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The centre will be set up in a military zone in New Delhi and will collaborate with Tech Mahindra to develop the centre in the coming three to four months.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The skills of the soldiers will be enhanced in metaverse where their surroundings will be simulated using a combination of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The game would be in form of player versus player, player versus computer or even computer versus computer.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use of simulated wargames</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP and SSB, apart from Indian army, can also use the metaverse-enabled games for better simulation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Armies of US, Israel, and UK make use of such simulated wargames to prepare for military conflict.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Benefits for the army</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It will help Indian army to use the wargame centre to train its officers in military strategies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It will help army officials to train for all possible scenarios that can occur in a war-zone.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The RRU comes under Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and is located in Gandhinagar.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has been declared an “institute of national importance” and specializes in national security and policing. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 57 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10651,
'title' => 'Russia’s terminator tanks',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Terminator tank support system has been deployed by Russia in the ongoing war with Ukraine.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Boyevaya Mashina Podderzhki Tankov (BMPT) AKA Terminator tanks, is a tank support fighting vehicle developed by Russia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The main goal of developing Terminator tanks was to provide dedicated protection to main battle tanks </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tank support vehicles protect the Russian tanks against enemy infantry. They can act as replacement for mechanised infantry troops in urban battlefield.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Reasons for induction</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russian tanks have suffered destruction at the hands of anti-tank weapons provided by the west to Ukraine. They will protect Russian armour.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Deployed areas</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The deployment of BMP-T Terminator Company has been made in Severodonetsk axis of the Donbas offensive.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have also been deployed in Severodonetsk area which is one of the tactical priorities of Russia. It will be part of Central Grouping of Forces (CGF) of invading military.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Weapons employed by Terminator </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ataka-T GWS launchers, autocannons, AG-17D or AGS-30 grenade launchers, PKTM machine gun are the weapons that can be used by the tanks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These weapons can fire multiple rounds in all directions, thus protecting the tank columns of the army.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tanks can target infantry personnel carrying anti-tank weapons and also lightly and heavily armoured targets like tanks.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Other features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tanks were introduced as a response to guerilla warfare tactics used by the Chechen fighters in Grozny during the First Chechen War in 1995.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia lost many tanks during this urban fighting, prompting the government to develop this weapon system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The terminator tanks are produced by Russian company Uralvagonzavod. The initial version BMP-T and the new version BMPT-72 are developed on chassis of the T-72 tank.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Latest upgarde</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tank ammunition has been fragmented to target enemy infantry waiting ahead to ambush.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The gun’s elevation has been increased in order to target enemy positions on top of multi-floor buildings and low flying drones.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A single Terminator tank has the ability to replace two conventional BMPs and an infantry platoon.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 58 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10641,
'title' => 'Anti-ship missile tested by Navy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indigenously developed Naval Anti-Ship Missile (Short Range) or NASM-SR was tested by the Indian Navy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile was tested from a Sea King helicopter at the Integrated Test Range in Balasore, Odisha. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed the NASM-SR. It was mentioned for the first time in 2018.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NASM-SR, having a range of 55 km and weight of 385 kg, will replace the Sea Eagle missiles that are currently in use with the Navy. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NASM-SR is expected to be used with the new MH-60R multi-role helicopters, which are being inducted into the Navy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile will carry a warhead of 100 kg and has sub-sonic capabilities. This feature makes it difficult for the naval vessels on target to detect it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can move along a path of 5 metres above sea level and has a launch altitude of maximum of 3 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile can be fired from the shore to target vessels in the sea.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Effectiveness</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NASM-SR can be used effectively against smaller vessels like patrol boats and can also cause widespread damage on larger vessels. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile can be targeted on specific parts of a ship like the ones where fuel and ammunition is stored.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A moderate strike by a missile will be enough to sink a ship due to the implosion caused by on-board fuel and ammunition.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Benefit</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The missile is light-weight, which allows it to be carried by helicopters and in turn gives Naval Commanders more options to choose from in the tactical battlefield on the seas.</span></span></p>
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(int) 59 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 10679,
'title' => 'Zircon missile',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Russian Navy carried out test of a prospective hypersonic cruise missile called Zircon.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The test was conducted to demonstrate military’s long-range strike capability amid the war in Ukraine.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Zircon is expected to enter service later this year. The test was carried between Barents Sea and the White Sea.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Zircon is a hybrid cruise missile and ballistic missile, unlike traditional hypersonic missiles that are powered by scramjets.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Capabilities</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Zircon missile is capable of flying at nine times the speed of sound and has a range of 1,000 kilometers (620 miles).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile can be used on board Russian cruisers, frigates and submarines and could be used against both enemy ships and ground targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Targets</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Zircon missile is targeted at US Naval assets, especially nuclear-powered aircraft carriers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Even the most advanced US aircraft carriers are said to be vulnerable against Zircon missile.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Aircraft carriers will have only one minute to respond even if they detect the missile 100 miles away.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Hypersonic missiles</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Hypersonic missiles travel at Mach 5 or faster (five times the speed of sound). They are difficult to be tracked due to their low trajectory, high speed, and maneuverability.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Capability of hypersonic missiles</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have higher penetration and destructive power due to its very high speed. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Barents Sea</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Barents Sea is a marginal sea, which is a part of Arctic Ocean. It is located off northern coasts of Norway and Russia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is an important site for hydrocarbon exploration and fishing.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>White Sea</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is a semi-enclosed extension of Arctic Ocean. It is located at the north-west corner of Russia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">White Sea is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Military',
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'title' => 'Astra Mk-1 air-to-air missile',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Defence Ministry has signed a contract with Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL) for supply of the Astra Mark-1, at a cost of Rs 2,971 crore.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Astra Mk-1 is a beyond visual range (BVR), air-to-air missile (AAM) that will be used on fighter jets of the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Astra missile has been designed and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is suitable to be deployed on fighter jets like Sukhoi-30 MKI and Tejas of the IAF and the Mig-29K of the Navy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Astra can be fired from airborne asset to destroy an airborne target. The missile has the capability to strike beyond the range of 20 nautical miles or 37 kilometers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Astra Mk-1 has range of around 110 km. The Mk-2 with a range over 150 km is being developed and Mk-3 version with a longer range is being envisaged.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Production of weapons</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile should have minimum of 50 per cent indigenous content calculated on the basis of cost of the total contract value.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Till now, indigenous production of this missile was not possible. The DRDO has now transferred the technology to BDL to manufacture domestically.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The project is expected to create opportunities for several MSMEs in aerospace technology for at least 25 years.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Strategic significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile has been developed for BVR as well as close-combat engagement. This will reduce dependency on foreign sources.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Astra missiles can destroy adversary airborne assets without exposing themselves to adversary air defence measures.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is suitable for air combat operations as it can travel at speeds more than four times that of sound and can reach a maximum altitude of 20 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Deployment</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is fully integrated on the Sukhoi 30 MKI I and will be deployed on other fighter aircraft in a phased manner, including the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The missile will be integrated on the MiG-29K fighter aircraft which are deployed on the Navy’s aircraft carriers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The President of US Joe Biden has said that advanced military equipments will be provided to Ukraine, including four HIMAR systems.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US is leaving no stone unturned to stop Russian expansion into interior Ukraine. It is equipping Ukraine with all modern weapons.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US administration had recently said that they would send Ukraine a small number of high-tech, medium-range rocket systems.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>HIMARS</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) is mounted on a truck, and can carry a container with six rockets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can launch a medium-range rocket and is also capable of firing a longer-range missile, having a range of about 300 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance for Ukraine</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ukraine plans to use this weapon to target Russian artillery, as well as hit Russian positions in towns where intense fighting is taking place.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is important for Russia to capture Luhansk province of the Donbas for gaining strategic upper hand. Ukraine is making all efforts to prevent it.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Condition</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US government has been assured by Ukraine that the missile will not be used to strike inside Russian territory.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Development of HIMARS</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">HIMARS was developed for US army in 1990s. It is a light multiple rocket launcher mounted on a standard Army M1140 truck frame.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The launcher can carry six rockets or one MGM-140 ATACMS missile. The launcher can be transported by C-130 transport aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use in US combats</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile system has been used previously by US army to target Taliban hideouts in Kandahar, Afghanistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has also been used during the fight against Islamic State in Syria and Iraq.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The President of US Joe Biden has said that advanced military equipments will be provided to Ukraine, including four HIMAR systems.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US is leaving no stone unturned to stop Russian expansion into interior Ukraine. It is equipping Ukraine with all modern weapons.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US administration had recently said that they would send Ukraine a small number of high-tech, medium-range rocket systems.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>HIMARS</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) is mounted on a truck, and can carry a container with six rockets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can launch a medium-range rocket and is also capable of firing a longer-range missile, having a range of about 300 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance for Ukraine</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ukraine plans to use this weapon to target Russian artillery, as well as hit Russian positions in towns where intense fighting is taking place.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is important for Russia to capture Luhansk province of the Donbas for gaining strategic upper hand. Ukraine is making all efforts to prevent it.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Condition</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US government has been assured by Ukraine that the missile will not be used to strike inside Russian territory.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Development of HIMARS</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">HIMARS was developed for US army in 1990s. It is a light multiple rocket launcher mounted on a standard Army M1140 truck frame.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
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</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use in US combats</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile system has been used previously by US army to target Taliban hideouts in Kandahar, Afghanistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has also been used during the fight against Islamic State in Syria and Iraq.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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govt exams preparation with best studyiq faculties and also get free ecology topic pdf on daily basis ', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'cacategories' } ] $breadcrumb = [ (int) 0 => [ 'name' => 'Home', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/' ], (int) 1 => [ 'name' => 'Military', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/military' ] ] $currentaffairs = [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 213, 'title' => 'Dhanush Artillery Gun: OFB receives Bulk Production Clearance ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Defence and Indian Army has given Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) bulk production clearance (BPC) for production of 114 'Dhanush Artillery Guns’. This makes Dhanush first long rang 155mm x 45 calibre artillery gun to be produced in India under 'Make in India' initiative.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dhanush Artillery Guns</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is developed by Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), Kolkata based on requirements of Indian Army and manufactured by Jabalpur-based Gun Carriage Factory (GCF).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also called desi Bofors as it is upgraded version of Swedish 155-mm Bofors howitzers, which India procured in mid-1980s, based on its original designs. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also been electronically upgraded to enhance the firing accuracies, laying speeds of the existing gun and to provide compatibility with various kinds of ammo as well.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its armament system comprises barrel, breech mechanism, muzzle brake and recoil mechanism to fire 155 mm calibre ammunitions. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has strike range of 38 kilometres (11 km more than imported Bofors guns) with high accuracy and precision. Depending on type of ammunition used it can provide greater fire power.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is equipped with inertial navigation-based sighting system, on-board ballistic computation, auto-laying facility and advanced day and night direct firing system. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can accommodate both boll bags and bi-modular charge system (BMCS) which have resulted in increasing range.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has several significant advance features including all-electric drive, high mobility, quick deployability, auxiliary power mode, advanced communication system and automated command and control system. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has six round magazine as compared to standard three round. It weighs slightly more than normal artillery guns due to larger chamber. It has been mechanically upgraded to fire standard NATO 155 mm ammunition. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is industrial organisation, functioning under Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence. It was established in 1775 and is headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the world's largest government-operated production organization and oldest organisation run by Central Government.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a comprehensive product range in the areas of air, land and sea systems. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comprises 41 Ordnance Factories, nine Training Institutes, three Regional Marketing Centres and four Regional Controllerates of Safety, which are spread all across the country.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is often called "Fourth Arm of Defence” and "Force Behind Armed Forces of India”. It is amongst top 50 defence equipment manufacturers in the world.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'dhanush-artillery-gun-ofb-receives-bulk-production-clearance ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d13c/73g3umvbrqdm7s96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d13c/73g3umvbrqdm7s96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Dhanush Artillery Gun: OFB receives Bulk Production Clearance', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) receives bulk production clearance (BPC) for production of 114 Dhanush Artillery Guns', 'metadescription' => 'Union Ministry of Defence and Indian Army has given Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) bulk production clearance (BPC) for production of 114 'Dhanush Artillery Guns’.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/710smd1633c46if/20feb_Dhanush_Artillery_Gun.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 273, 'title' => 'Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully test fired indigenously developed Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM) from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this test, two missiles were tested for different altitude and conditions. They were fired from canister mounted on rotatable truck-based launch unit positioned at launching complex-III of ITR. All the mission objectives have been met in this test.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is next-generation sleek short-range air defence system. It is highly mobile air defence system which can destroy multiple targets at distance upto 30 km.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been indigenously developed by DRDO. Its development was sanctioned in 2014, the missile was first tested in 2017. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is an all-weather and all-terrain missile with electronic counter measures against jamming by aircraft radars. It has strike range of 30kms.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be mounted on truck and is stored in canister. It employs dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is capable of tracking and destroying aerial targets, fighter aircraft, short range and cruise missiles. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 100% kill probability and can deceive enemy radars making it difficult to be detected.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Once inducted, it will be deployed at border and is expected to supplement surface-to-air missile Akash. It will significantly boost defence capabilities of armed forces.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/aef9/l4jnwz70d6kumj96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/aef9/l4jnwz70d6kumj96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, DRDO, test fires, indigenously developed, Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles, QRSAM, Integrated Test Range, ITR Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast', 'metadescription' => 'DRDO successfully test fired indigenously developed Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM) from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/m252lcvmac3716p/27feb_Quick_Reaction_Surface-to-Air.pdf', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 247, 'title' => 'IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Air Force (IAF) has commissioned development of aerial surveillance system using hyper spectral imagery programme to locate and identify suspicious movements along international border. <strong>It will be first of its kind system in country</strong>. It is expected to be operational in the next two years.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Aerial surveillance system</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will capture data/images through optical and infra-red sensors that will be most likely mounted on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) and processed through deep learning algorithms.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be having multi-sensor data fusion to be used for monitoring suspicious movements under dense foliage cover along international border and some parts within the country. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Data gathered from aerial sources will be processed within minutes and will help security forces on ground of unwanted human presence in area, their numbers and locations, among other inputs.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For this, IAF has roped in senior researcher and lead technologist of Indian origin from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as the chief technologist for the programme.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to identify presence of human below trees, dense foliage, shrubs or inside a structure, whether it is day or night. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can detect human presence from air even if there a cloud cover, dense fog or snow cover.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This technology also can be deployed in agriculture for monitoring drought, diseases and nutrient stress or identifying soil moisture.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iaf-aerial-surveillance-system', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/085a/oqzlc7e43c1eccr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/085a/oqzlc7e43c1eccr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, IAF, commissions, development, aerial surveillance system, hyper spectral imagery programme, locate and identify suspicious movements along international border', 'metadescription' => 'Indian Air Force commissions development of aerial surveillance system using hyper spectral imagery programme to locate and identify suspicious movements along international border', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/5rdsrx6z86s2phd/25feb_IAF_commissions_development.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 224, 'title' => 'BEL launches atmospheric water generator ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) launched Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) that can generate water straight from humidity present in the atmosphere. It is innovative solution to meet ever-increasing need for drinking water worldwide.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been manufactured by BEL in collaboration with CSIR-IICT and MAITHRI, a start-up company based in Hyderabad.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It employs novel technology to extract water from humidity present in atmosphere and purify it. It is configurable in static and mobile (vehicular) versions</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It uses heat exchange for condensing atmospheric moisture to produce pure, safe and clean potable water.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be used to provide drinking water in community centres and public places like health care centres, schools, colleges, offices, bus stands, airports, railway stations, sea ports, off-shore oil rigs, remote field areas, military establishments and remote establishments and residential complexes.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comes with Mineralisation Unit, which is used to add essential minerals which are required to make the water potable. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) </span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is state-owned leading defence electronics company. It is one of nine PSUs under Ministry of Defence. It has been accorded Navratna status. It is headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. </span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bel-launches-atmospheric-water-generator ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4c4/k47zpwa2e6aunw96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4c4/k47zpwa2e6aunw96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'BEL launches atmospheric water generator ', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL), launched Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG), generate water straight from humidity present in the atmosphere. ', 'metadescription' => 'Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) launched Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) that can generate water straight from humidity present in the atmosphere. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/9iliig2022x3hnc/21feb_BEL_launches_atmospheric.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 430, 'title' => 'Pinaka guided weapons system successfully test fired', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Research and Development organisation (DRDO) successfully test fired indigenously developed PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system (Pinaka Mark II) from Pokhran range in Rajasthan. During the test, the weapon systems impacted intended targets with high precision and achieved desired mission objective with high accuracies. It will significantly boost capability of the artillery to make precision hits.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also dubbed as Pinaka Mark II. It is upgraded version of unguided Pinaka Mark-I rocket system. It is named after Pinaka, the bow of Lord Shiva.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is jointly developed by Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune and Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad and Research Centre, Imarat (RCI).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is equipped with state-of-the-art guidance kit comprising of advanced navigation and control system. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is fired using multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) which can fire 12 Rockets loaded with explosives within 44 seconds and destroy target area of 4 sq km at a time. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Being guided version, it has considerably enhanced range and accuracy (estimated to be between 60m-80m at all ranges) as compared to unguided one.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has capability to incorporate several types of conventional warheads makes it deadly for enemy as it can even destroy solid structures and bunkers. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its quick reaction time and high rate of fire gives it edge for armed forces using it during low amount conflict situation. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It already has been inducted into Indian Army in large numbers. Its earlier version was used during Kargil War and had demonstrated high efficacy by successfully neutralising enemy positions on the mountain tops. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'pinaka-guided-weapons-system-successfully-test-fired', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3a6e/mmcoxu16qqmcmxt6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3a6e/mmcoxu16qqmcmxt6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Pinaka guided weapons system successfully test fired', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence and Technology Current Affairs, DRDO, successfully test fired, indigenously developed, PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system, Pokhran range, Rajasthan', 'metadescription' => 'DRDO successfully test fired indigenously developed PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system (Pinaka Mark II) from Pokhran range in Rajasthan', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/6af1fxs879fa9al/12Mar_Pinaka_guided_weapons_system.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 435, 'title' => 'WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Health Organization (WHO) launched new strategy to protect people worldwide over next decade against threat of influenza, warning that new pandemics are inevitable. Its new strategy aims to prevent seasonal influenza, control virus’s spread from animals to humans and prepare for next pandemic. It will be for period from 2019 to 2030.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">WHO’s new strategy 2019 to 2030</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It calls for every country to strengthen routine health programmes and to develop tailor-made influenza programmes that strengthen disease surveillance, response, prevention, control, and preparedness.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It recommends annual flu vaccines as most effective way to prevent spread of disease, especially for healthcare workers and people at higher risk of influenza complications.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also calls for development of more effective and more accessible vaccines and antiviral treatments. It calls for regular updating of vaccine formulas due to mutating strains of influenza.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It urges broader use of seasonal vaccines, which not only protect vulnerable populations but also help prepare countries to rapidly deploy vaccines in the case of a pandemic. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, WHO will expand partnerships to increase research, innovation and availability of new and improved vaccines and other tools to fight influenza.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also have benefits beyond fight against influenza, since it will also increase detection of other infectuous diseases including Ebola.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to WHO, Influenza epidemics, largely seasonal, affect around one billion people and kill hundreds of thousands annually. It describes it as one of the world’s greatest public health challenges. The world has suffered through number of devastating influenzas pandemics, including Spanish Flu, which in 1918 killed millions of people globally. After that three pandemics have occurred since—in 1957, 1968 and in 2009—when H1N1 swine flu pandemic claimed around 18,500 lives in 214 countries.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'who-launches-new-strategy-fight-flu-pandemics', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b561/p32apqy5mvjs5vt6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b561/p32apqy5mvjs5vt6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics', 'metakeyword' => 'In International Current Affairs, WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics', 'metadescription' => 'WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics, World Health Organization (WHO) launched new strategy to protect people worldwide over next decade against threat of influenza', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9k9a4404hmua46w/12Mar_WHO_launches_new_strategy.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 431, 'title' => 'DRDO lab develops combat drugs to reduce casualties in warfare', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) has indigenously developed range of 'combat casualty drugs' that can help to reduce casualties in warfare and terror activities. These drugs can extend golden hour till injured soldier/trooper is shifted to hospital. INMAS is laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Need for combat drugs</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">During warfare or terror attack on security forces, 90% of gravely wounded security personnel succumb to injuries within few hours. In these cases, chances of survival and minimum disability are highest when effective first aid care is given within golden hour.The main battlefield emergencies are excess bleeding, shock, hypovolemia (decreased blood volume), sepsis and pain. Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) also has recommended cost-effective drugs to be inducted into paramilitary forces and efforts are on with other armed forces under Defence Ministry for induction.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">INMAS combat casualty drugs</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It includes bleeding wound sealants, super absorptive dressings and glycerated salines. Some of them are</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Glycerated saline</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is battlefield intravenous fluid that does not freeze till -18 degrees Celsius. It is useful in handling trauma cases in high altitude areas.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Unlike normal saline, it reduces inflammation. It can be lifesaving, in case in traumatic edema, collection of fluid in tissues and cavities of body is in brain or lungs. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has lifesaving capacities as it gives more time to medical personnel to shift wounded patient to higher care facility.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Special medicated dressing material </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is cellulose fibre-based dressings which is more effective in stopping bleeding and keeping wound clean.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is 200 times more absorptive than normal dressings during bleeding wounds. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In it, antiseptics, antibiotics and curcumin can be impregnated which acts as slow drug release system.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chitosan gel</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It which helps in preventing blood loss by forming film over wound. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is coupled with platelets and red blood cells aggregation and it stops bleeding. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its antibacterial and wound health properties are of added benefit. It is suitable for sealing wounds by twin action: haemostasis by chemical action and filing action. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be used for wounds on the limbs and also cavities such as abdomen and thorax.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be poured onto wound and held with physical pressure for few minutes till the bleeding stops.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">H<strong>ypochlorous acid (HoCL)</strong></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is disinfectant for troopers involved in jungle warfare. It is helpful in treating necrotising fascitis, a rapidly progressing bacterial infection of soft tissues. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bacterial toxins cause local tissue damage and necrosis as well as blunt immune system responses. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In such cases, pure 0.01</span>% <span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">HoCL has both broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can rapidly neutralise bacterial toxins.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its use does not obviate need for antibiotic but augments treatment and speed of wounds healing. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also reduces need for undesirable side effects and antibiotics resistance.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Benefits </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These indigenously made medicines will be boon for paramilitary and defence personnel during warfare</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They can save lives of security personnel in event of warfare in jungle and high altitude areas as well as in terror attacks.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also ensure that soldiers do not suffer from unwanted blood loss while being taken to a better healthcare from war zones</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was established in 1961. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It does biomedical and clinical research with special reference to ionizing radiation. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also involved in nuclear medicine research and responding to nuclear explosions accidents.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is first institute in world to offer formal training program in nuclear medicine. It offers two-year diploma in radiation medicine. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'drdo-lab-develops-combat-drugs', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a90d/v46kpr4rpnbr21r6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a90d/v46kpr4rpnbr21r6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'DRDO lab develops combat drugs to reduce casualties in warfare', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, NMAS), develop, range, combat casualty drugs,reduce casualties, warfare, terror activities', 'metadescription' => 'Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences has indigenously developed range of 'combat casualty drugs' that can help to reduce casualties in warfare and terror activities', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/35axa5w185twj3l/12Mar_DRDO_lab_develops_combat_drugs.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 1739, 'title' => 'INS Sagardhwani flagged off for Sagar Maitri Mission 2', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Oceanographic research vessel of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), INS Sagardhwani was recently flagged off for scientific venture called ‘ Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative (MAITRI) aka Sagar Maitri Mission 2.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sagar Maitri Mission 2</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Conceptualized by DRDO is in consonance with Government’s vision of ‘Safety And Growth of All in the Region (SAGAR)’ to promote closer cooperation in socio-economic aspects, as well as greater scientific interaction, especially in ocean research in underwater acoustics, among Indian Ocean Region (IOR) countries. MAITRI is specific scientific of this vision and component of DRDO.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It commemorates Golden Jubilee Celebrations of India’s lone research ship INS Kistna’s missions as part of historic International Indian Ocean Expeditions(IIOE), which took place during 1962-65.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this mission, INS Sagardhwani will revisit selected tracks of INS Kistna and provide NPOL scientists ample opportunities to collaborate and garner close working relationship with oceanographic counterparts of the IOR countries.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objectives:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> (i) Data collection from entire North Indian Ocean, (ii) Focus on Andaman Sea and adjoining seas, (iii) Establish long term collaboration with eight IOR countries in field of Ocean Research and Development. These eight countries include Oman, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Agencies Involved:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Indian Navy and NPOL.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ocean Research Diplomacy:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will help to establish long term scientific collaboration with eight IOR countries in the of ‘Ocean Research & Development’ and data collection with focus in the Andaman Sea. Thus, it will help to enhancing research and strengthening relationships with South East Asian countries and is therefore being termed as SAGAR MAITRI.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About INS Sagardhwani </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was built indigenously by GRSE Ltd, Kolkata and commissioned in July 1994. It Marine Acoustic Research Ship (MARS) operated by Indian Navy and conducts of scientific and research programmes of NPOL. It is fitted with state of the art equipment, including newly fitted wave height measuring radar for conducting scientific research. In last last 25 years, it has carried out intensive oceanographic observational programmes/ research. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is a premier systems laboratory of DRDO. It is based Kochi, Kerala. It conducts ocean research experiments in the Indian waters and spearheads NPOL’s at-sea data collection activities.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'sagar-maitri-mission-2-ins-sagardhwani-flagged-off', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/eefa/ll7bei0rsc2s83j6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/eefa/ll7bei0rsc2s83j6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Sagar Maitri Mission 2: INS Sagardhwani flagged', 'metakeyword' => 'Oceanographic research vessel of DRDO, INS Sagardhwani was recently flagged off for scientific venture called ‘ Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative (MAITRI) aka Sagar Maitri Mission 2', 'metadescription' => 'Oceanographic research vessel of DRDO, INS Sagardhwani was recently flagged off for scientific venture called ‘ Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative (MAITRI) aka Sagar Maitri Mission 2', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/sqi5uxa2ziwzjh6/INS_Sagardhwani_flagged.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 1751, 'title' => ' CRPF Women to get specially designed body gear', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">For the first time women personnel of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) who have to face riotous mobs will soon get full body protective gear that fits them. This full body protector has been designed by team of scientists of Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), a unit of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It will be now provided to around 300 women CRPF personnel who have been posted in Srinagar to control stone-pelting incidents.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of this Gear</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It covers all soft parts of human body such as rib-cage, back of the arm, inner calf, thigh and groin area of females deployed in riot control. Its designs ensure protection of vital organs of women. It is also anti-stab, anti-acid. It usage will help to increase efficiency of women. It weighs around 6 kg and provides ease of operation and also better mobility. This full body protector will be used by around 8,000 women deployed in the anti-riot Rapid Action Force (RAF). The CRPF will also use around 9,000 such pieces.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since Independence, the women personnel had to compromise with bulky, oversized body protectors designed for men. The idea for gender- specific protective gears was first mooted at National Conference for Women in 2016.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is defence laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is organised under Life Sciences Directorate of DRDO. It was established in 1962 and is located in New Delhi. It conducts biomedical and physiological research to improve human performance in extreme and wartime environments. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'crpf-women-designed-body-gear', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4efe/zr6l8wq5jy5qpsh6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4efe/zr6l8wq5jy5qpsh6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => ' CRPF Women to get specially designed body gear', 'metakeyword' => 'For the first time women personnel of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) who have to face riotous mobs will soon get full body protective gear that fits them. ', 'metadescription' => 'For the first time women personnel of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) who have to face riotous mobs will soon get full body protective gear that fits them. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/l4svzurfdvdksdp/CRPF_Women_to_get_specially_designed_body_gear.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 1790, 'title' => 'CISF launches Video Hub, encyclopedia for staff', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has launched Securitypedia (online encyclopedia) and CISF Tube (customised video interface) for its personnel. These online digital initiatives are aimed at updating and empowering CISF personnel about security related issues, best practices in forces and latest technologies available across the world.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Securitypedia:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is portal (website) on the lines of Wikipedia. It incorporates wide gamut of security related practices across the globe. It is dyamic website containing data archives and allows force member can contribute by writing blogs on relevant professional issues. Moreover, just like Wikipedia, any member can post information or edit articles after citing authentic and verifiable sources.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CISF Tube:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is customised video interface on the lines of YouTube. It will serve as online video database of all videos relevant to CISF. The videos available on this platform will enable CISF personnel to learn on various subjects related to their functioning</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is central armed police force under Ministry of Home Affairs. It is headquarters are at New Delhi. Its motto is “Protection and Security”.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was raised in 1969 under CISF Act, 1968 to protect major PSUs. Later it was converted to armed force with larger ambit by amending CISF Act, 1968 in 1983.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is premier multi-skilled security agency tasked with providing security to various critical infrastructure installations both in government and private sector.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also provides security to critical infrastructure like airports, atomic power plants, refineries, major ports, space installations, VIPs and engages in disaster management amongst others.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has about one lakh 80 thousand personnel in its ranks. It also has its own Fire Wing to response to fire emergencies/accidents.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'cisf-launches-video-hub-encyclopedia', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a030/3499jrz3le21j5u6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a030/3499jrz3le21j5u6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'CISF launches Video Hub, encyclopedia for staff', 'metakeyword' => 'CISF has launched Securitypedia (online encyclopedia) and CISF Tube (customised video interface) for its personnel called CISFTube', 'metadescription' => 'CISF) has launched Securitypedia (online encyclopedia) and CISF Tube (customised video interface) for its personnel called CISFTube', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/nrhxbfnualcajam/CISF_launches_Video_Hub%2C_encyclopedia_for_staff.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 1834, 'title' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM', 'description' => '<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Context: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) <strong>on 4/08/2019 successfully flight-tested its state-of-the-art Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles </strong>(QRSAM) against live aerial targets from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur.</span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Two missiles, </strong>developed by DRDO, were <strong>tested against two live targets </strong>meeting <strong>complete mission objectives of engaging the targets. </strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">QRSAM, with many state of the art technologies, <strong>engaged the targets at different ranges and altitudes.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The systems have been <strong>tested in final configuration with RADAR </strong>mounted on a vehicle & <strong>missiles on the launcher.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The systems are equipped with <strong>indigenously-developed Phased array radar, Inertial Navigation System, Data Link & RF seeker.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entire <strong>mission was captured by various Electro Optical Tracking Systems, Radar Systems and Telemetry Systems.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system is <strong>being developed for Indian Army with search and track on move capability </strong>with <strong>very short reaction time.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test was carried out <strong>at Chandipur, Odisha.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the QRSAM:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>all-weather and all-terrain missile</strong>, which <strong>can be mounted on a truck </strong>and <strong>stored in a canister</strong>, is equipped with <strong>electronic counter measures against jamming by aircraft radars.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">QRSAM uses <strong>solid-fuel propellant </strong>and has a <strong>range of 25-30 km.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>first trial </strong>of the QSRAM was conducted on <strong>June 4, 2017.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'drdo-successfully-flight-tests-qrsam', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7faa/nrmg9z7tbl68rrb6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7faa/nrmg9z7tbl68rrb6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM', 'metakeyword' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM, DRDO, flight-tests QRSAM', 'metadescription' => 'Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) on 4/08/2019 successfully flight-tested its state-of-the-art Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dhoq60vepsvfkmt/DRDO_successfully_flight-tests_QRSAM.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 2213, 'title' => 'Indigenous Tank Ammunition', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, has approved indigenous development of ammunition for the Army’s T-72 and T-90 tanks,which would enhance the enemy armour penetration capability.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian Army is in the process of buying 464 T-90MS Main Battle Tanks to arm 10 armoured regiments from Russia. This can produce significant gains for the armed forces.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>T-90 MS Tanks</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The T-90MS tank is equipped with a new turret weapon station with an upgraded 125mm gun.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tanks also sport an advanced and highly automated digital fire control system (FCS) to annihilate enemy tanks, self-propelled guns and other armoured targets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The crew can detect, identify and destroy the targets during the day as well as night much more accurately with the help of FCS.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a guided missile system which can destroy armoured targets including those equipped with explosive reactive armour (ERA) and has a ranges up to 5 kilometres.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tank comes equipped with a protection system to insulate and help its crew operate in a Nuclear-Biological-Chemical attack environment.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indigenous-tank-ammunition', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4f2/mz3r3p5j877k3xq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4f2/mz3r3p5j877k3xq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Indigenous Tank Ammunition', 'metakeyword' => 'and T-90 tanks,which would enhance the enemy armour ', 'metadescription' => 'The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, has approved indigenous development of ammunition for the Army’s T-72 ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/jjel7m2zd0lgoc6/Indigenous_Tank_Ammunition.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 2244, 'title' => 'Khandheri submarine and carrier dry dock', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Navy is set to induct second <em>Scorpene</em> submarine <em>Khanderi</em> on September 28 in Mumbai and the commissioning of the largest dry dock of the Indian Navy.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">INS Khanderi (2017) is the second of the Indian Navy's six Kalvari-class submarines being built in India. It is a diesel-electric attack submarine which is designed by French naval defence and energy company DCNS and being manufactured at Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em>Khanderi </em>was launched into the water in January 2017 and has since been undergoing a series of trials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first submarine of class <em>Kalvari </em>joined service in December 2017. The entire project is expected to be completed by 2020.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third Scorpene-class submarine INS Karanj is in the advanced stages of its trials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fourth submarine which is under construction at MDL and named `Vela’ had touched waters after completing its outfittings. And, the last two of the Scorpene-class – Vagir and Vagsheer submarines are under construction at the MDL.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entire process of constructing indegenous submarines were part of Indian navy’s Project 75.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scorpene class Submarines</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state-of-the-art submarine has superior stealth. It has the ability to launch a crippling attack on the enemy using precision-guided weapon.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has the capability to be launched in anti-surface warfare, and anti-submarine warfare.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can be used for intelligence gathering, mine laying, and area surveillance.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This special steel ensures that the warship can withstand high yield stress. And this allows it to dive deeper.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The submarine has the capability to operate at a depth of 300 meters underwater and travel 1,020 km underwater.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has the provision to carry 18 torpedoes and tube-launched anti-ship missiles underwater and also from the surface.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'khandheri-submarine-and-carrier-dry-dock', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/45d2/c17d7q3d6qi6lak6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/45d2/c17d7q3d6qi6lak6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Khandheri submarine and carrier dry dock', 'metakeyword' => 'The fourth submarine which is under construction at MDL', 'metadescription' => 'The fourth submarine which is under construction at MDL and named `Vela’ had touched waters after completing its outfittings. And, the last two of the Scorpene-class ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/jrok2wyq3nbrb4s/Khandheri_submarine_and_carrier_dry_dock.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 3200, 'title' => 'Upgrades for BrahMos Missile', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has carried out two successful tests of the latest variant of the BrahMos missile, one from the land platform and the other from air.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is developed through a collaboration between India and Russia and is one of the most advanced weapons in India’s armoury. It is an amalgam of the names of the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is a cruise missile, meaning it can be guided towards a pre-determined land- or sea-based target. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is classified as supersonic cruise missile with a capability to attain speeds 2.8 times that of sound (Mach 2.8).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A newer version under development is aimed at flying at speeds greater than Mach 5. These are called hypersonic cruise missiles. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Besides decreasing the reaction time of the enemy, higher speeds also substantially reduce the chances of the missile getting intercepted.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is being produced by BrahMos Aerospace, a joint venture company set up by DRDO and Mashinostroyenia of Russia in 1998. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was inducted into the Indian Navy in 2005.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos has undergone development through the early 2000s till date. Its land-to-land, submarine-fired and now air-fired variants have been developed stage by stage. Each new version has something additional compared to the previous version.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest test was carried out from air using the Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jets of the Indian Air Force as the base. This was the third air-based test of the missile and marked the completion of the integration of BrahMos missile with the Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supersonic and Hypersonic speeds</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A hypersonic speed is one that greatly exceeds the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Missile triads</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A triad is a three-pronged military force structure that consists of land-launched missiles, missile-armed submarines and strategic aircraft with bombs and missiles. This, in turn, ensures a credible threat of a second strike, and thus increases a nation's deterrence.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'upgrades-for-brahmos-missile', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e989/z7yrrwnpatvhf5l6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e989/z7yrrwnpatvhf5l6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Upgrades for BrahMos Missile', 'metakeyword' => 'Upgrades for BrahMos Missile', 'metadescription' => 'The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has carried out two successful tests of the latest variant of the BrahMos missile', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ifafhmd6n81d8s9/Upgrades_for_BrahMos_Missile.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 3727, 'title' => 'Conspiracy theories on origin of SARS-CoV-2', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a preprint that was posted on Research Gate, two researchers from Chinese institutions have claimed without attributing scientific evidence, that the killer coronavirus probably originated from a laboratory in Wuhan.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The claim has provided much ammunition to the conspiracy theory that is already circulating on the Internet.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A preprint is one that is yet to be published in a scientific journal post peer-reviewing. Hence, any claims made in preprints should be considered with caution. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But that has not stopped several newspapers from reporting the news four-five days ago based on claims made in the preprint.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the two authors do not provide any evidence that the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was created in the lab, they build their case based on assumptions. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They begin by saying that bats carrying the novel coronavirus are originally found in Yunnan or Zhejiang province, which is more than 900 km from the seafood market at the centre of the investigation on the source. Hence, the chances of bats flying to the market are slim.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bats were never sold in the market either, based on several testimonials, they say. The authors then talk of an intermediate host but quickly add that little proof has been reported on this.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The authors move on to question if the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which is located about 12 km from the wet market, was the source of the virus. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The only reason they doubt this Institute, is the fact that the principal investigator had participated in a project which generated a chimeric virus using the SARS-CoV reverse genetics system, and reported the potential for human emergence.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, scientists from multiple countries have published and analysed genomes of the causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and they overwhelmingly conclude that this coronavirus originated in wildlife.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'conspiracy-theories-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8ae6/efh6wy77a8b2c5z6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8ae6/efh6wy77a8b2c5z6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Conspiracy theories on origin of SARS-CoV-2', 'metakeyword' => 'Conspiracy theories on origin of SARS-CoV-2', 'metadescription' => 'In a preprint that was posted on Research Gate, two researchers from Chinese institutions have claimed without attributing scientific evidence, that the killer coronavirus probably originated', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/y8e3s5ih6ecou40/Conspiracy_theories_on_origin_of_SARS-CoV-2.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 3994, 'title' => 'Identifying rogue drones', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IIT-Madras researchers have developed an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces track down unregulated drones and secure air space.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A 2019 report states that India reported over six lakh rogue drones of varying size and capacity, of which most of them were termed “potential threat”.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ideally, law enforcement drones are used by Defence Forces and Intelligence Agencies for surveillance and rescue operations among other things. This is an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces secure air spaces and track down unregulated drones.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It ‘hacks’ into rogue drones and sends false GPS signals for communication. The target drone’s GPS sensor would lock onto their fake radio station, which transmits signals at a much higher rate than the available one. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In doing so, the drone generates fake GPS packets that are received by the enemy, thereby calibrating the rogue drones’ latitude and longitude positions, when it enters the airspace.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The drone will act as a GPS satellite. The rogue drone would think it is a legit source and would begin to communicate from this radio station. By this operation, we can change its latitude, longitude and altitude, and force them to land safely.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The biggest advantage of the prototype lies in its ability to operate beyond the line of sight control, the upper limit being 400 feet altitude for drone operations. It can also intercept phone calls at 250 feet above ground level. </span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'identifying-rogue-drones', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3b51/8rza519lftgs8wv6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3b51/8rza519lftgs8wv6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Identifying rogue drones', 'metakeyword' => 'Identifying rogue drones', 'metadescription' => 'IIT-Madras researchers have developed an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces track down unregulated drones and secure air space', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/mq113k9veqvh8zf/1.Identifying_rogue_drones.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 4254, 'title' => 'US to sell M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles to India', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US Department of State approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to India of M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This proposed sale will support the foreign policy and national security of the United States by helping to strengthen the U.S.-Indian strategic relationship and to improve the security of a major defensive partner.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US approved the possible sale to India of ten AGM-84L Harpoon Block II air-launched missiles and related equipment at an estimated cost of $92 million. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition it has approved 16 MK 54 all round up lightweight torpedoes and related equipment at an estimated cost of $63 million.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The principal contractor for the first deal is Raytheon Integrated Defense System based in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, while Boeing is the principal contractor for the equipment in the second deal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India plans to use the equipment requested in both the deals on the Indian Navy’s Boeing P-8I maritime aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Boeing’s P-8s are designed for long-range anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. The P-8s India version is called the P-8I, and helps the Indian Navy carry out important maritime operations.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India currently has eight of these aircraft and is scheduled to receive four more by 2022. One of these is expected to be delivered this year.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previously, the MK 54 lightweight torpedo was known as the Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo (LHT). It weighs around 608 pounds, while its warhead weighs around 96.8 pounds and is highly explosive. These torpedoes are used by US surface ships, fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters and are their primary anti-submarine warfare weapon.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary use of this equipment is for offensive purposes when deployed by anti-submarine warfare aircraft and helicopters, and for defensive purposes when deployed by ships and against fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and slow-moving, quiet, diesel-electric submarines.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Harpoon was initially developed for the US Navy in 1983 and was later adapted for use on the B-52H bombers. The Harpoon was first deployed in 1977 and is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Harpoon missile uses GPS-aided inertial navigation to hit the designated target. Its warhead weighs over 500 pounds and is capable of delivering lethal firepower against targets, including land-based targets, coastal defence sites, surface-to-air missile sites, exposed aircraft and industrial or port facilities.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'u-s-to-sell-m54-torpadoes-and-harpoon-missiles-to-india', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/dacb/fafm6ik0ziqkwni6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/dacb/fafm6ik0ziqkwni6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'US to sell M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles to India', 'metakeyword' => 'US to sell M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles to India', 'metadescription' => 'The US Department of State approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to India of M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles. This proposed sale will support the foreign policy', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/di8k7ao4cnkrtih/1.US_to_sell_M54.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5261, 'title' => 'Rafale fighter jets', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The five Rafale fighter jets that land in Ambala morning will resurrect the Number 17 Golden Arrows squadron of the Indian Air Force.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When all the 36 Rafale jets are delivered by 2022, it will take it to 32 squadrons, still well below the 42 squadrons of the sanctioned strength.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state-of-the-art 4.5 Generation Rafale jet can reach almost double the speed of sound, with a top speed of 1.8 Mach. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With its multi-role capabilities, including electronic warfare, air defence, ground support and in-depth strikes, the Rafale lends air superiority to the Indian Air Force. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While China’s J20 Chengdu jets are called fifth-generation combat jets, compared to 4.5 generation Rafale, the J20 have no actual combat experience. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Whereas the Rafale is combat proven, having been used by the French Air Force for its missions in Afghanistan, Libya and Mali. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been used for missions in Central African Republic, Iraq and Syria. Rafale can also carry more fuel and weapons than the J20.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each aircraft has 14 storage stations for weapons. The jets come with one of the most advanced Meteor air-to-air missiles. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 190-kg missile has a Beyond Visual Range (BVR) of over 100 km, travelling at a top speed of Mach 4. The F16 jets, used by Pakistan, carry the AMRAAM missile, which has a BVR of 75 km. Rafale can also outperform F16 in dogfights.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rafale jets also come with <strong>SCALP</strong>, the air-to-ground cruise missile with a range over 300 km. It is a long-range deep strike missile.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India has also asked for <strong>HAMMER</strong> (Highly Agile and Manoeuvrable Munition Extended Range), which is an air-to-ground precision-guided missile produced by French conglomerate Safran, and can be used against bunker-type hardened targets within the range of 70 km.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rafale-fighter-jets', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddb1/aqo58a6pssl4e026g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddb1/aqo58a6pssl4e026g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rafale fighter jets', 'metakeyword' => 'Rafale fighter jets', 'metadescription' => 'The five Rafale fighter jets that land in Ambala morning will resurrect the Number 17 Golden Arrows squadron of the Indian Air Force. When all the 36 Rafale jets', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ow666j7ftlecmyj/1.Rafale+fighter+jets.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5570, 'title' => 'Pinaka missile system', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has announced that it had signed contracts with three Indian companies for supply of six regiments of the Pinaka Rocket System to be deployed along borders with Pakistan and China.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the time when India is facing hostilities on both fronts, the announcement enhancing the long range artillery capabilities can be looked as a strong signal to the adversaries.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the battlefield, long range artillery systems like Pinaka are used for attacking the adversary targets prior to the close quarter battles which involve smaller range artillery, armoured elements and the infantry.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of the Pinaka was started by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in the late 1980s, as an alternative to the multi-barrel rocket launching systems of Russian make, called like the ‘Grad’, which are still in use.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After successful tests of Pinaka Mark-1 in the late 1990, it was first used in the battlefield during the Kargil War of 1999, quite successfully. Subsequently multiple regiments of the system came up over the 2000s.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One battery of Pinaka system consists of six launch vehicles, accompanied by the loader systems, radar and links with network based systems and a command post. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One battery can neutralise an area one kilometre by one kilometre. As a key tactic of long range artillery battle, the launchers have to ‘shoot and scoot’ to ensure they themselves do not become the targets, especially due to its back blast.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-I version of Pinaka has a range of around 40 kilometres and the Mark-II version can fire up to 75 kilometres. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-II version of the rocket has been modified as a guided missile system by integrating it with the navigation, control and guidance system to improve the end accuracy and increase the range. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The navigation system of the missile is linked with the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. Pinaka Mark-II can be a key element in the “network centric warfare”. The rocket system can operate various modes and can carry different types of warheads.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'pinaka-missile-system', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e7b6/83hd3tld8bipsxc6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e7b6/83hd3tld8bipsxc6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Pinaka missile system', 'metakeyword' => 'Pinaka missile system', 'metadescription' => 'The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has announced that it had signed contracts with three Indian companies for supply of six regiments of the Pinaka Rocket System', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/otzlaer90zx6g4x/1.Pinaka+missile+system.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5885, 'title' => 'India’s K missile family', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A successful trial of the nuclear capable Shaurya missile was conducted by India. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine launched K-15 missile.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These ballistic weapons belong to the K missile family, codenamed after late Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, which are launched from Arihant class of nuclear submarines.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The K family of missiles are primarily Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs), which have been indigenously developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and are named after Dr Kalam.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of these naval platform launched missiles began in the late 1990s as a step towards completing India’s nuclear triad — the capability of launching nuclear weapons from land, sea, and air based assets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because these missiles are to be launched from submarines, they are lighter, smaller and stealthier than their land-based counterparts, the Agni series of missiles which are medium and intercontinental range nuclear capable ballistic missiles. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While K family are primarily submarine-fired missiles to be fired from India’s Arihant class nuclear powered platforms, the land and air variants of some of its members have also been developed by the DRDO.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Shaurya is a land variant of short range SLBM K-15 Sagarika, which has a range of at least 750 km.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has also developed and successfully tested multiple times the K-4 missiles from the family which has a range of 3500 km. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sea-based underwater nuclear capable assets significantly increases the second strike capability of a country and thus boosts its nuclear deterrence. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These submarines can not only survive a first strike by the adversary but also can launch a strike in retaliation thus achieving Credible Nuclear Deterrence.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indias-k-missile-family', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6277/m57vz5yih77gpso6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6277/m57vz5yih77gpso6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India’s K missile family', 'metakeyword' => 'India’s K missile family', 'metadescription' => 'A successful trial of the nuclear capable Shaurya missile was conducted by India. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine launched K-15 missile.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/po3nyn9pea1z31x/3.India%25E2%2580%2599s_K_missile_family.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5903, 'title' => 'SMART test', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has successfully conducted the flight test of a Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Torpedoes, self-propelled weapons that travel underwater to hit a target, are limited by their range. In the mid-2010s, DRDO undertook a project to build capacity to launch torpedoes assisted by missiles.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This SMART system comprises a mechanism by which the torpedo is launched from a supersonic missile system with modifications that would take the torpedo to a far longer range than its own. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was conducted from Wheeler Island off the coast of Odisha. An anti-submarine torpedo of the lightweight category was used.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO has said all mission objectives including the missile’s flight up to the designated range and altitude, separation of its nose cone, release of the torpedo, and deployment of Velocity Reduction Mechanism (VRM) were met perfectly. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test follows another crucial test two days ago of the nuclear-capable Shaurya missile. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine-launched K-15 missile.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assets of such warfare consist of deployment of submarines, specialised anti-submarine ships, air assets and state-of-the-art reconnaissance and detection mechanisms. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India’s anti-submarine warfare capacity building is crucial in light of China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean region.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'smart-test', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1019/1wzge50ikg7maab6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1019/1wzge50ikg7maab6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'SMART test', 'metakeyword' => 'SMART test', 'metadescription' => 'India has successfully conducted the flight test of a Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system developed by the Defence Research and Development', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/pa85wlb9039bbuw/1.SMART_test.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5933, 'title' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s first indigenous anti-radiation missile, Rudram, developed for the Indian Air Force, was successfully flight-tested from a Sukhoi-30 MKI jet off the east coast.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For guidance, it has a system that can detect, classify, and engage targets (radio frequency sources in this case) over a wide band of frequencies as programmed.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anti-radiation missiles are designed to detect, track and neutralise the adversary’s radar, communication assets, and other radio frequency sources, which are generally part of their air defence systems. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such a missile’s navigation mechanism comprises an inertial navigation system which is a computerised mechanism that uses changes in the object’s own position — coupled with GPS, which is satellite-based.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Once the Rudram missile locks on the target, it is capable of striking accurately even if the radiation source switches off in between. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Officials said the missile has an operational range of more than 100 km, based on the launch parameters from the fighter jet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because the missiles are to be carried and launched from extremely complex and sensitive fighter jets, the development was full of challenges, such as development of radiation seeker technologies and guidance systems, besides integration with the fighter jet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anti-radiation missiles are used mainly in the initial part of air conflict to strike at the air defence assets of the enemy, and also in later parts, leading to higher survivability to a country’s own aircraft. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Neutralising or disrupting the operations of the adversary’s early warning radars, command and control systems, surveillance systems that use radio frequencies and give inputs for anti-aircraft weaponry, can be very crucial.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'anti-radiation-missile-rudram-I', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I', 'metakeyword' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I', 'metadescription' => 'India’s first indigenous anti-radiation missile, Rudram, developed for the Indian Air Force, was successfully flight-tested from a Sukhoi-30 MKI jet off the east coast.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5632, 'title' => 'Hypersonic test by DRDO', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DRDO successfully flight tested the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) – an unmanned scramjet vehicle with a capability to travel at six times the speed of sound.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO has demonstrated capabilities for highly complex technology that will serve as the building block for NextGen Hypersonic vehicles.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test which was conducted from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Launch Complex at Wheeler Island, off the coast of Odisha, the Agni missile was used. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parameters of the test were monitored by multiple tracking radars, electro-optical systems and telemetry stations and a ship was also deployed in the Bay of Bengal to monitor the performance during the cruise phase of hypersonic vehicle.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenous development of the technology will also boost the development of the systems built with hypersonic vehicles at its core, including both offensive and defensive hypersonic cruise missile systems and also in the space sector.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists believe that while the successful test is a major milestone, many more rounds of tests will have to be done to achieve the level of technology with countries like the US, Russia and China. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scramjets are a variant of a category of jet engines called the air breathing engines. The ability of engines to handle airflows of speeds in multiples of speed of sound, gives it a capability of operating at those speeds.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hypersonic speeds are those which are five times or more than the speed of sound. The unit tested by the DRDO can achieve upto six times the speed of sound or Mach 6, which is well over 7000 Km per hour or around two Km per second.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">While the technology helps achieve hypersonic speeds, it comes with its set of disadvantages, and the obvious one being its very high cost and high thrust-to-weight ratio.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hypersonic-test-by-drdo', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/203c/2fb9c1jnx1dcbqv6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/203c/2fb9c1jnx1dcbqv6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hypersonic test by DRDO', 'metakeyword' => 'Hypersonic test by DRDO', 'metadescription' => 'The DRDO successfully flight tested the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) – an unmanned scramjet vehicle with a capability to travel at six', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/fdmmy6m2orcgw5j/3.Hypersonic_test_by_DRDO.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 6013, 'title' => 'Anti-tank guided missiles', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenously developed laser-guided version of the Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was successfully test fired by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of ammunition that can pierce the armours of tanks and the material that can withstand such ammo has been an ongoing race since World War I. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Indian Army mainly uses various imported anti-tank guided missiles, the DRDO has been working on ATGMs that can be launched from different platforms as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenously developed low weight, fire and forget Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) was successfully in September last year. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In February 2018, ATGM Nag was successfully tested in desert conditions. All these systems, which are mainly used by infantry units of the Army, are in their various stages of development. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the meantime, the government had said in December 2019 that it has procured Anti-Tank Spike Missiles from Israel along with the allied systems to meet operational requirements of the Indian Army.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This ATGM is designed to be fired from tanks. With its range limited to 1.5 to 5 kilometers, it locks and tracks the targets with the help of laser designation to ensure precision in striking the target. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile uses a ‘tandem’ High Explosive Anti Tank (HEAT) warhead. The term tandem refers to the missiles using more than one detonation in order to effectively penetrate the protective armours. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This missile has the capacity of piercing armoured vehicles which use specially designed armour plates to counter the impact of such projectiles.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is currently undergoing tests to be integrated with India’s Main Battle Tank (MBT), Arjun. After these series of validation tests, the system will be ready for the user trial by the Army.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The role of armoured and mechanised vehicles has remained decisive even in modern day warfare because of their ability to go past conventional defences. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tank battles are generally fought in a close range of under five kilometers. The objective is to hit the enemy tank before they can take a clear shot. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Development of missile systems that can defeat tanks built using modern armour act as a deterrent against enemy tanks from advancing.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'anti-tank-guided-missiles', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2ee8/r9n17vaswhtrnlh6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2ee8/r9n17vaswhtrnlh6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Anti-tank guided missiles', 'metakeyword' => 'Anti-tank guided missiles', 'metadescription' => 'The indigenously developed laser-guided version of the Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was successfully test fired by the Defence Research and Development', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/31u1tm4w2o2r15j/Anti-tank_guided_missiles.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 6044, 'title' => 'DRDO conducting flurry of tests', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the last one and half months, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted at least 12 tests of missiles or systems for missiles belonging to a vast spectrum of ranges and purposes.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These tests have taken place at the time when there is an ongoing stand-off between the Indian and Chinese forces along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Ladakh region.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A large spectrum of missiles of different purposes, types, ranges is currently being developed primarily for the three armed forces. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some of the systems are at their various stages of development where they undergo development trials, validation trials, user trials etc. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some others have been already inducted and undergoing upgrades or are tested for different parameters.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For these tests, particularly ones with long range systems, multiple clearances are required including those from the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of External Affairs and PMO. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Notice to Airmen — NOTAM is issued by the Airport Authority of India for the flight path of projectiles. In many cases, one more armed forces or the Strategic Forces Command are part of the tests. In the case of tests that are conducted off the coast, the Navy and Coast Guard are involved in the process.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One key reason behind so many tests being done back to back is the fact many of these tests, scheduled for earlier this year, had to be put on hold due to COVID restrictions, while preparations for them were all in place.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missiles tested during this period are crucial for land attack capability and some for Air and maritime security and testing them is a strong signal. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">At a time when there is a standoff with China which also has rising interests in the strategically crucial Indian Ocean Region, strategic signalling of this volume cannot happen without a deliberate push from the government.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'drdo-conducting-flurry-of-tests', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'DRDO conducting flurry of tests', 'metakeyword' => 'DRDO conducting flurry of tests', 'metadescription' => 'Over the last one and half months, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted at least 12 tests of missiles or systems for missiles', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 6588, 'title' => 'S-400 missile system', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After sanctions imposed on Turkey, India is keenly looking at the steps taken by the US administration as it readies itself to welcome the weapon system.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US has imposed sanctions on Russia under CAATSA for its actions in Crimea. By making transactions with Russia, Turkey has invited the wrath of US administration.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 Triumph (NATO name: SA-21 Growler) is an air defence missile system developed by Almaz Central Design Bureau of Russia. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new system replaced the S-300P and S-200 air defence systems of the Russian Army.The S-400 was developed as an upgrade of the S-300 series of surface-to-air missile systems. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 Triumph air defence system integrates multifunction radar, autonomous detection and targeting systems, anti-aircraft missile systems, launchers, and command and control centre. It is capable of firing three types of missiles to create a layered defence.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system can engage all types of aerial targets, including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and ballistic and cruise missiles, within the range of 400km at an altitude of up to 30km. The system can simultaneously engage 36 targets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 is twice as effective as the previous Russian air defence systems and can be deployed within five minutes. It can also be integrated into the existing and future air defence units of the airforce, army and navy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India and Russia signed an Inter-governmental Agreement (IGA) for the supply of five S-400 regiments. The US$5.43 billion deal was formally signed on 5 October 2018, ignoring threat of US sanctions. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deliveries are expected to commence by the end of 2020 and brought into service in October 2020. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United States threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defence system from Russia because India chose S-400 over American origin Patriot PAC 3. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Patriot PAC-3" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3d76/cnknr6k6x2s6h096g.jpg" style="height:274px; width:556px" /></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Patriot PAC-3</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Patriot (MIM-104) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather air defence system to counter tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Patriot is in service throughout the US, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Poland, Sweden, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Romania, Spain and Taiwan.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile has a range of 70km and a maximum altitude greater than 24km. The minimum flight time is less than nine seconds and the maximum is three and a half minutes.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 's-400-missile-system', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ade3/xb34chlv4cm6cnq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ade3/xb34chlv4cm6cnq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'S-400 missile system | American origin Patriot PAC 3', 'metakeyword' => 'S-400 missile system, American origin Patriot PAC 3, Patriot PAC 3, S-400', 'metadescription' => 'After sanctions imposed on Turkey, India is keenly looking at the steps taken by the US administration as it readies itself to welcome the weapon system.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/sxmb18l9ylkg7kp/1.S-400+missile+system.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 7094, 'title' => 'Arjun MK-1A', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi had recently handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MK-1A) to the Indian Army.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Main Battle Tank is developed and manufactured by CVRDE and DRDO along with 15 academic institutions, eight labs, and several MSMEs.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun Main Battle Tank project was initiated by DRDO in 1972 with the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as its lead laboratory. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective was to create a “state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection”. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the development, the CVRDE achieved breakthroughs in the engine, transmission, hydropneumatic suspension, hull, and turret as well as the gun control system. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun tanks stand out for their ‘Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)’ ammunition and 120-mm calibre rifled gun.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a computer-controlled integrated fire control system with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mk-1A upgradation</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have missile firing capability as per the design, but this feature will be added later as final testing of the capability is still on. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is 54.3 percent indigenous content against the 41 percent in the earlier model.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'arjun-mk-1a', 'image' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8df2/bjyoaagf3yo1l356g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8df2/bjyoaagf3yo1l356g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Arjun MK-1A | What is special about the Arjun Main Battle Tank', 'metakeyword' => 'Arjun MK-1A | What is special about the Arjun Main Battle Tank MK-1A | 118 Arjun Main Battle Tanks, MK-1A, with 71 upgrades will be made for Rs 8,500 crore', 'metadescription' => 'The Main Battle Tank is developed and manufactured by CVRDE and DRDO along with 15 academic institutions, eight labs, and several MSMEs.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/mnoaiwnr00poj9z/3.Arjun_MK-1A.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 7272, 'title' => 'INS Karanj inducted into Navy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Navy has inducted its third diesel electric Scorpene-class submarine INS Karanj into service.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The submarines were designed by French shipbuilding firm DCNS by partnering with Spanish shipbuilding company Navantia.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Scorpene class submarines are one of the best conventional diesel submarines in the world. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The submarine has highly superior stealth features, such as advanced acoustic silencing, low radiated noise levels and ability to attack with precision-guided weapons on board.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Navy will be using these submarines for surveillance, intelligence gathering, anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and minelaying operations. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Submarine has a permanent magnetic synchronous motor, allowing it to be one of the silent submarines in the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Submarine has the ability to remain submerged for 21 days. It has a diving depth of more than 350m. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Project 75I</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">This is a project of Indian Navy under which six latest technology naval submarines were built. The project will be completed by 2022.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ins-karanj-inducted-navy', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'INS Karanj inducted into Navy', 'metakeyword' => 'INS Karanj inducted into Navy | Navy inducts third Scorpene submarine Karanj | Scorpene-class submarine inducted into service INS Karanj', 'metadescription' => 'The submarine has highly superior stealth features, such as advanced acoustic silencing, low radiated noise levels and ability to attack with precision-guided', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yt9pppm9vu6lfmp/1._INS_Karanj_inducted_into_Navy.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 28 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 7793, 'title' => 'Iron Dome', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missiles fired by Palestinian terrorists from Gaza strip were intercepted by Israel’s Iron Dome air defence system.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Israel and Palestine have been indulged in serious conflict that has resulted in citizen fatality from both the sides. Missiles and air strikes have been taking place regularly.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Iron Dome is an air defence system that works for short-range, ground-to-air targets. The system includes radar and Tamir interceptor missile that identifies and tracks missiles launched towards Israeli targets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system is suitable for countering arsenal such as artillery, mortars, rockets as well as helicopters, aircrafts and UAVs.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Development</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system was developed during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war that resulted in damages to Israeli infrastructure and civilians.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Israel’s state-run Rafael Advance Systems collaborated with Rafael Aerospace Industries to develop this air defence system.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The company claims that it has a success rate of 90 percent in identifying and destroying inbound targets. Experts however determine that its success rate is well above 80 percent.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Working</strong> </span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system is made up of three components that together work for protecting assets. The detection radar tracks and identifies incoming targets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile firing unit fires weapon at the incoming missiles. The battle management and weapon control system (BMC) acts as an interface between two systems.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system can be used in all conditions of the year. They can be deployed during day as well as night time.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>India’s air defence system</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is in the process of acquiring the S-400 missile system from Russia. The Iron Dome was also in consideration during the buying process.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 also provides the same type of security but its range is greater than Iron Dome. To cater to a large area, India needs systems with larger range.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India is also planning to procure National Advanced Surface to Air Missile System-II from the United States to protect New Delhi.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iron-dome', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1465/a5vcf5qusbly8qf6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1465/a5vcf5qusbly8qf6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Iron Dome | India’s air defence system', 'metakeyword' => 'Iron Dome | How Israel’s Iron Dome intercepts rockets | India’s air defence system', 'metadescription' => 'Israel and Palestine have been indulged in serious conflict that has resulted in citizen fatality from both the sides. Missiles and air strikes have been taking place regularly.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/o94l1bzw0qn92y4/2._Iron_Dome.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 8490, 'title' => 'IAC-1', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indigenously developed aircraft carrier for Indian Navy, INC-1, has started its trial runs before induction into service.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">INC-1 has been christened INS Vikrant, India’s first aircraft carrier that was decommissioned from service few years ago.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IAC-1 is the first aircraft carrier that is designed and built completely in India. It elevates India into an elite league of countries having such capabilities.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aircraft carriers are important part of a country’s marine assets that enhances the capability of the Navy to operate far from home.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Having multiple aircraft carriers is central to country’s Blue water policy. This policy projects a country’s capacities on high seas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Aircraft carrier is the leader of battle group but is also vulnerable to enemy strikes. It is thus escorted by number of frigates, submarines, destroyers, missile cruisers and supply ship.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Stats of the ship</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Top speed: 28 knots</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cruising speed: 18 knots</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Total crew: 1700</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Weaponry</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MIG-29K fighter aircraft</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kamov-31 early warning helicopters</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MH-60R multi-role aircrafts</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indigenous Advanced Light Helicopters</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Development</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ship was designed by Directorate of Naval Design (DND) and built indigenously by Cochin Shipyard Limited, a public sector company.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Only five or six nations currently hold the capacity to develop indigenous aircraft carriers. They are one of the world’s most complex and advanced ships.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Previous aircraft carriers</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s earlier aircraft carriers were either built by Russia or Britain. INS Vikramaditya, the current lone aircraft carrier was earlier known as Admiral Gorshkov of Russia.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previously decommissioned INS Vikrant and INS Virat were British ships known as HMS Hercules and HMS Hermes before getting enrolled into Indian Navy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">More than 76 percent of the equipment used in the ship is indigenous. The ship has benefitted large number of Indian manufacturers and companies.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iac-1', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/kkemdm3iizxd5a0/1.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/kkemdm3iizxd5a0/1.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'IAC-1 | Previous aircraft carriers', 'metakeyword' => 'IAC-1 | Previous aircraft carriers | Indigenously developed aircraft carrier for Indian Navy', 'metadescription' => 'IAC-1 is the first aircraft carrier that is designed and built completely in India. It elevates India into an elite league of countries having such capabilities.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/gjmiwa5ge32iltd/1._IAC-1.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 30 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 8902, 'title' => 'Arjun Mark-1A tank', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Ministry has placed orders for Main Battle Tank Arjun’s Mark-1A variant for the Army, which is manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF), Chennai.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Few months back, PM Modi had handed over the prototype Arjun Mk-1A to Chief of Army Staff General M M Naravane at a ceremony in Chennai.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) started developing the Arjun to replace the Russian-made tanks.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the start and conclusion of trials of the tank, it was inducted into the Indian Army in 2004. The work on Mark 1-A variant started in 2010.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Extensive trial, including field trials was started by the army in 2012. The DRDO and army were both involved in the trial process.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About 14 major upgradation and 58 minor changes have been made in the Mark-1A variant of the tank from the existing Mark-1 version.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenous manufacturing will boost ‘Make in India’ initiative in the defence sector and is a big step towards ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>New features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Maneuverability in different modes of operation</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Better all-terrain mobility</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Precision firing during both day and night with a 360° view</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Better target acquisition</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Better transmission system</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Multi-layered robust protective armour named ‘Kanchan’</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has better comfort features for the four-member crew</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Makes better use of network-centric warfare through IT</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other characteristics</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-1A variant has more parts sourced from indigenous vendors. It has helped India reduce dependence on foreign vendors.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The acquisitions will increase the number of tanks in armoured regiment. Pakistani army has also recently acquired some Chinese origin tanks.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tanks are aptly suited for desert terrain. It is more effective and lethal in comparison to existing tanks.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In some aspects these tanks have matched the capacity of Russian-made T-90 and in some they have outperformed them when pitted against each other.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The tanks are said to be on the heavier side, putting restrictions on their operation in high altitude regions. The new modifications further increase the weight.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'arjun-mark-1a-tank', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/n6ivawgpwu3e8tc/2.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/n6ivawgpwu3e8tc/2.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Arjun Mark-1A tank', 'metakeyword' => 'Arjun Mark-1A tank | Tank Arjun’s Mark-1A variant for the Army', 'metadescription' => 'The Defence Ministry has placed orders for Main Battle Tank Arjun’s Mark-1A variant for the Army, which is manufactured by Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF),', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/tk1m9clktq2u4i3/2._Arjun_Mark-1A_tank.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 31 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 8928, 'title' => 'Akash prime', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted the maiden flight test of Akash Prime, the new version of Akash Missile.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test comes within months of testing Akash-NG (New Generation), which is another version of Akash missile.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DRDO started work on the Akash SAM in 1980s under its Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1990s and 2000s, initial trials of components and field trials of the neutralization trials were conducted. Indian Army and Air Force conducted their own extensive trials.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Akash</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile system is named after the original Sanskrit term for sky or space. It is a Short Range Surface to Air Missile that provides defence cover to vulnerable areas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile system has the ability to simultaneously engage multiple targets in group mode or autonomous mode.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To deceive the detection systems, it has on board built-in Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) features. It has been developed on a mobile platform.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile system has gained traction from friendly foreign countries. The cabinet had recently given permission for export.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Components involved</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A launcher</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A control centre</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Set of missiles</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Built-in mission guidance system </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">C4I (command, control communication and intelligence) centres</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Radar named Rajendra</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Akash Prime</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The<strong> </strong>Akash Prime version also has an operational range of 27-30 km and a flight altitude of around 18 km. It has improved its working under low temperature environments at higher altitudes. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The additional feature that makes it different include indigenous active Radio Frequency (RF) seeker that improves its efficacy to hit aerial targets.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Akash NG</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NG version was also tested few months back. It has an increased range of up 70 km, is sleeker, lighter and has smaller ground system footprint. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has been designed to intercept high maneuvering aerial threats that have low Radar Cross Section (RCS). The RF seeker of this version operates in the Microwave Ku-band.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The NG version is stored in specially designed compartments known as canisters. This makes their storage and transport easier along with increase in shelf life.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Important features</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile system has been developed with 96% indigenization. Indian Army and Air Force currently operate multiple squadrons of missile system.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Akash system helped in reducing the dependence on old air defence systems of Russian origin. They provide a robust air defence cover to security installations.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'akash-prime', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/v2bn0atc4y3opdd/1.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/v2bn0atc4y3opdd/1.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Akash prime reducing the dependence on old air defence', 'metakeyword' => 'Akash prime | The test comes within months of testing Akash-NG | Akash prime reducing the dependence on old air defence', 'metadescription' => 'The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted the maiden flight test of Akash Prime, the new version of Akash Missile.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yrq7jsqh4hile4v/1._Akash_prime.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 32 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 9059, 'title' => 'China’s hypersonic glide vehicle', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">China has tested a hypersonic glide vehicle in August. The vehicle has nuclear-carrying capacity. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hypersonic vehicles have speed five or more times the speed of sound. They circle the globe before speeding towards its target. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The launch was carried out by Chinese military through a rocket that carried the hypersonic vehicle. The launch has surprised US intelligence.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile missed the target but the test demonstrated the progress made by China in hypersonic weapons technology.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The weapon</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The weapon was developed by China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA), which works under Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The vehicle was on board the Long March rocket, which is used by China for its space programme.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The weapons have the capability to fly over the South Pole before striking at a target. This is concerning for US as its defence systems are focused on North polar route.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other information</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is assumed that the hypersonic system used scramjet technology. This technology should be able to handle high temperatures and is very costly.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most military powers in the world including US, Russia and China are in the process of developing hypersonic systems.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications for India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India needs to be cautious to protect its space assets from such offensive weapons. The defence systems developed must also be able to work in hypersonic conditions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO and ISRO have together demonstrated Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) last year.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scramjet technology</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scramjet technology works different from Ramjet technology in terms of its propulsion. The engine only carries fuel and combusts by absorbing oxygen from atmosphere.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The engine is designed for speeds beyond Mach 6 through supersonic combustion. This allows the engine to operate efficiently at extremely high speeds.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chinas-hypersonic-glide-vehicle', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hamzoony9jnrjoz/4_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hamzoony9jnrjoz/4_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'China’s hypersonic glide vehicle & Implications for India', 'metakeyword' => 'China’s hypersonic glide vehicle & Implications for India', 'metadescription' => 'The launch was carried out by Chinese military through a rocket that carried the hypersonic vehicle. The launch has surprised US intelligence.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7pl9wyjsgmb1gwe/4._China%25E2%2580%2599s_hypersonic_glide_vehicle.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 9151, 'title' => 'Agni ICBM', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s Strategic Forces Command has successfully tested the 5,000-km range Agni-5 ballistic missile.<strong> </strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ballistic missile was inducted three years ago but was tested for the first time by the user agency.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Agni-5 has a range of over 5,000 km and is a serious contender for the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) title.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile, having the capacity to hit target with a precision that is 5,000 km away. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile can hit any part of China. It can also target parts of other continents such as Africa and Europe.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government claims it to posses range of 5,000 km but reports have suggested that it can go as beyond as 8,000 km.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nuclear-capable missile can carry a warhead of around 1,500 kg and has a launch weight of 50,000 kg.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>History of Agni missiles</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first missile of the series, Agni-1 was tested in 1989. It had a range of around 1,000 km and came under the category of Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Countries such as US, UK, France, Israel, China, Russia, North Korea and UK have ICBM technology at the moment.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The conduction of test is in line with India’s stated policy to have ‘credible minimum deterrence’. It strengthens India’s commitment to ‘No First Use’.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile is in a canister. It can be launched from both road and rail. This makes its deployment faster. It also gives the missile a longer shelf life.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India is planning to develop Agni -6 version, which will be having a range of about 8,000 km.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'agni-icbm', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5tnhc9v9v915cze/4.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5tnhc9v9v915cze/4.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Agni ICBM and History of Agni missiles', 'metakeyword' => 'Agni ICBM and History of Agni missiles', 'metadescription' => 'It is a long-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile, having the capacity to hit target with a precision that is 5,000 km away. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/w9v0bwafia97owo/4._Agni_ICBM.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 9318, 'title' => 'INS Vela', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian Naval chief Admiral Karambir Singh has commissioned the fourth submarine of P75 of the Indian Navy, INS Vela.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">INS Vela is the latest addition to India’s growing fleet of ships after the commissioning of INS Vishakhapatnam recently.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Project 75 was conceptualized during the tenure of PM IK Gujral for acquiring 25 submarines for Indian Navy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The idea later took the shape of 30-year plan under which India and France signed a $ 3.75 billion contract for building six Scorpene class submarines. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Mazgaon Docks Ltd, and DCNS (Naval Group) from the French side will be the companies involved in building the submarines.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The project was delayed by over five years due to many issues, major among them French government’s indecisiveness for “transfer of technology”.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The progress</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">INS Kalvari was the first submarine under the project. INS Khanderi and INS Karanj were commissioned later.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">INS Vela is the fourth in the list followed by INS Vagir, which is undergoing sea trials. The sixth submarine, INS Vagsheer is under construction.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>INS Vela</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The submarine is named after a decommissioned submarine that belonged to Foxtrot class submarine of Soviet origin. It served Indian Navy from 1973 to 2010.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The submarine will be commissioned in the Western Command located in Mumbai. The vessel can take up to eight officers and 35 men.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Vela has a top speed of 20 knots when submerged and a surface top speed of 11 knots. It is run on MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines and 360 battery cells for power.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Weapons</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Weapons onboard the submarine include C303 anti torpedo countermeasure system, and can carry up to 18 torpedoes or Exocet anti-ship missiles or 30 mines in place of torpedoes.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operations</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has been designed for stealth and can perform operations across the entire spectrum of naval warfare, including anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ins-vela', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/df4cqfi1f8orma5/2_%25282%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/df4cqfi1f8orma5/2_%25282%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'INS Vela, Features, Weapons, and The progress', 'metakeyword' => 'INS Vela, Features, Weapons, and The progress', 'metadescription' => 'The idea later took the shape of 30-year plan under which India and France signed a $ 3.75 billion contract for building six Scorpene class submarines.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/oz2raawtuawm1a7/2._INS_Vela.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 35 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 9425, 'title' => 'Mi-17V5 helicopter', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Mi-17V5 helicopter carrying Chief of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat and several defence officials crashed in Tamil Nadu, resulting in their death.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopter was manufactured in Kazan, a city in southwest Russia. It was used for both cargo transportation and travel.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have high-performance capabilities and can fly high altitudes in complex weather conditions such as tropical, desert or mountains.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopter was designed to land on unprepared sites at night and in adverse weather conditions. In emergency, it could land on even a single-engine configuration.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Important features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mi-17s are upgradation of Soviet-era Mi-8s. They are two-engine turbo-shaft helicopters used for multi-purpose.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have the capability to travel at a maximum speed of 250 km/h. There are eight fire posts for small weapons and can carry weight up to 4,000 kg.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Arms</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopter can carry unguided rockets, 23 mm cannons and 250 rounds each. It was designed to include self-defence system against heat seeker missiles, along with a heavily armoured cockpit.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Navigation</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It included advanced navigation and electronics display system that was able to show helicopter’s present position, in-flight route reprogramming, an electronic terrain map and flight route, details of multifunctioning of helicopter systems, flight information storage, on-board data processing etc.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Service in India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian government had given contract for manufacturing 80 MI-17 V5 helicopters to Russian firm at a cost of $1.3 billion.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopters had less than ten years in service in the IAF. They are considered one of the most advanced, and are not prone to accidents.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Other upgradation</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The twin-engine, single-rotor-scheme helicopter with a tail rotor has an advanced performance design with a dolphin-type nose, an additional starboard sliding door and a portside widened sliding door.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Global service</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These helicopters were first delivered to Cuba in 1983. Currently they have been used in countries such as Peru, Poland, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea etc.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'mi-17v5-helicopter', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/mil8pxsxjoy2t89/2.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/mil8pxsxjoy2t89/2.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Mi-17V5 helicopter and Important features', 'metakeyword' => 'Mi-17V5 helicopter and Important features', 'metadescription' => 'The Mi-17V5 helicopter carrying Chief of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat and several defence officials crashed in Tamil Nadu, resulting in their death.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/gq7pekpn2gwwkpc/2._Mi-17V5_helicopter.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 36 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 9454, 'title' => 'Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India has successfully tested the Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM) for use in Indian Naval Ships.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This is the second consecutive time that India has tested the VL-SRSAM since February this year.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The three facilities of Defence Research and Development Organisation jointly designed and developed the VL-SRSAM for deploying in Indian Naval warships.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile has the capability to target aerial threats at close ranges including sea-skimming targets. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The sea skimming tactic is used by anti-ship missiles and some fighter jets to avoid getting detected. They fly close to sea surface, making it difficult to detect.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Designing</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">High-speed air-borne targets within 40 to 50 km range, flying at an altitude of around 15 km, can be targeted.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The design of VL-SRSAM is based on Beyond Visual Range Air to Air missile Astra missile. This makes it a potent weapon.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Special feature</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Main features include cruciform wings and thrust vectoring. They give the projective a stable aerodynamic posture.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The thrust vectoring gives it the ability to change the direction of the thrust from its engine and control velocity and the attitude of the missile.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile is in cannisterised form. It makes transport and storage easier and improves the shelf life of weapons.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance of test</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The successful testing of these systems is critical for future launches of the missile from Indian Naval Ships during actual conditions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These missiles can be used in countermeasure technology to protect naval assets from enemy offensive.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'vertical-launch-short-range', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pgd1lbao280smiy/4_%25282%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pgd1lbao280smiy/4_%25282%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)', 'metakeyword' => 'Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM)', 'metadescription' => 'India has successfully tested the Vertical Launch Short Range Surface to Air Missile (VL-SRSAM) for use in Indian Naval Ships.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/6hnir5xdcnta6ro/4._Vertical_Launch_Short_Range_Surface.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 37 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 9532, 'title' => 'Pralay quasi-ballistic missile', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The DRDO has successfully carried out the maiden test of ‘Pralay’, a new surface-to-surface conventional quasi-ballistic missile.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile was launched from APJ Abdul Kalam island off the coast of Odisha.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile has a range of 150-500 km and has a low trajectory. It is based on Prithvi Defence Vehicle from the Indian ballistic missile programme.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile is capable of being launched from a mobile launcher and has latest navigation system and integrated avionics to improve its functioning.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile is powered with solid propellant rocket motor.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The advanced missile has the capability to defeat interceptor missiles launched towards it path of flight. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has the ability to change its path after covering certain range mid-air and is difficult to be tracked by enemy radars</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Prithvi Defence Vehicle</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is an interceptor vehicle that has the capability to engage targets in exo-atmosphere region at an altitude above 50 km of the earth’s atmosphere.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is fitted with Imaging Infrared (IIR) seeker to distinguish between incoming warheads and decoys. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It works on two stages of which the first stage is a Solid fuelled motor while the second stage is Liquid fuelled.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Ballistic missiles</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A ballistic missile follows a curved trajectory to deliver one or more warheads on a predetermined target.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These missiles are controlled only during initial flight unlike cruise missiles which are guided during their complete flight.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Ballistic missiles have the capacity to carry conventional high explosives as well as chemical, biological, or nuclear munitions.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'pralay-quasi-ballistic-missile', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yqh8ld6ckji7q0z/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yqh8ld6ckji7q0z/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Pralay quasi-ballistic missile and Prithvi Defence Vehicle', 'metakeyword' => 'Pralay quasi-ballistic missile and Prithvi Defence Vehicle', 'metadescription' => 'The missile has a range of 150-500 km and has a low trajectory. It is based on Prithvi Defence Vehicle from the Indian ballistic missile programme.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/25mj7jvqx281h5m/1._Pralay_quasi-ballistic_missile.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 38 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 9667, 'title' => 'The Light Combat Aircraft programme', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The LCA-MK1A is expected to take flight in June this year after getting all required components fitted from Israel.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)-Tejas was first conceptualized in 1984. It has eventually managed to deliver after multiple delays.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The indigenous single engine 4.5 generation multi-role fighter jet was christened ‘Tejas’ by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The LCA programme</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian Defence Ministry has signed an Rs 48,000 crore deal with HAL to supply 83 LCA-Mk1A to the IAF. This includes 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircraft and 10 LCA Mk-1 trainer aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mk-1A will have many modifications over the Mk-1 variant. This includes Electronic Warfare system, Advanced Electronically Scanning Array (AESA) radar, Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles and network warfare system including Software Defined Radio (SDR).</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>LCA development programme</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Phase I of the programme included designing and developing two Technology Demonstrators (TDs) at a cost of Rs 2,188 crore.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Phase-II of the programme included fabrication of three Prototype Vehicles (PVs), production facility at HAL for production of eight aircraft per year and manufacturing and delivery of eight Limited Series Production (LSP) aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Way forward</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The first three MK1A aircraft has to be delivered to IAF in 2024 followed by 16 aircraft per year for the next five years, according to the contract.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Two additional assembly lines have been operationalised by HAL to ramp up production. Back end activities have also been going on.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The current indigenous content is about 52% in the LCA. The HAL is planning to increase it to 65% in next few years.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">HAL is also pitching its products to foreign countries in South East Asia and West Asia. The LCA Tejas is competing in Malaysia. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Upgradation</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The LCA-MK2 aircraft is expected to be ready soon. It has the ability to carry heavy standoff weapons like Scalp, Crystal Maze and Spice-2000 and enhance capability.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The DRDO and Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) are developing Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), and a new Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter (TEDBF) to operate from aircraft carriers.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'light-combat-aircraft-programme', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dieaonh75d651fj/4.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dieaonh75d651fj/4.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'The Light Combat Aircraft programme and Upgradation', 'metakeyword' => 'The Light Combat Aircraft programme and Upgradation', 'metadescription' => 'The indigenous single engine 4.5 generation multi-role fighter jet was christened ‘Tejas’ by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ep8135a49tlddxj/4._The_Light_Combat_Aircraft_programme.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 39 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 9676, 'title' => 'BrahMos advanced variant', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The new sea-to-sea variant of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was test fired from INS Vishakhapatnam.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The naval variant was initially tested in October and December 2020 from the Navy’s indigenously-built stealth destroyers INS Chennai and Rajput-class destroyer INS Ranvijay.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can be launched either in a vertical or a horizontal mode from moving/stationary assets to target both land and sea targets.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile provides additional operational capabilities to the Navy. It also certifies the accuracy of the ship’s combat system.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>BrahMos</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">BrahMos is joint collaboration between Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Mashinostroyenia of Russia.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is capable of being launched from land, sea, sub-sea and air against surface and sea-based targets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The initial range of the missile was capped at 290 km but will soon be extended after India became a member of MTCR. It can now be extended to 450 km and to 600km at a later stage.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>INS Vishakhapatnam</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">INS Vishakhapatnam is the first of the Project-15B class stealth guided missile destroyers constructed indigenously.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'brahmos-advanced-variant', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/2p76phqwr5y24fm/4_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/2p76phqwr5y24fm/4_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'BrahMos advanced variant and INS Vishakhapatnam', 'metakeyword' => 'BrahMos advanced variant and INS Vishakhapatnam', 'metadescription' => 'The naval variant was initially tested in October and December 2020 from the Navy’s indigenously-built stealth destroyers INS Chennai and Rajput-class', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fko4wrmy8eyk7lw/4._BrahMos_advanced_variant.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10013, 'title' => 'P-8I aircraft', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Aviation Company Boeing has delivered India’s 12th maritime surveillance and anti-submarine warfare P-8I aircraft.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">When it was first inducted in 2013, India became the first country outside the United States to get P-8I aircraft.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The aircraft is suitable for long-range anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has been designed as a “multi-mission aircraft” with technology such as state of the art sensors, proven weapons systems, and a globally recognised platform.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The start</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The first model of the aircraft flew in 2009. It has been serving in US Navy since 2013. The aircraft has been chosen by armies of six other countries apart from USA and India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Varieties</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There are two variants of aircraft-- the first is P-8A Poseidon for US Navy and other countries such as Australia, UK, and Japan etc. The version used by India is P-8I.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operational use</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Anti-submarine warfare</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Anti-surface warfare</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Intelligence</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Surveillance and reconnaissance</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Search and rescue</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Coastline defence</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use in India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The aircraft was used in eastern Ladakh in 2020 and 2021, during the standoff with China, to keep an eye on Chinese troops and their manoeuvres.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These aircrafts have replaced the ageing Soviet/Russian Tupolev Tu-142s. The existing aircrafts are placed in Tamil Nadu.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Tech specifications</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have the ability to fly as high as 41,000 ft. They have low turnaround time for transmitting data of surveillance.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The twin-engine aircraft weighs about 85,000 kg, and has a top speed of 789 km/hour. It has a range of 1,200+ nautical miles.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It holds one of the most advanced weapon systems in the world. It can serve in extreme climate including icing environments.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'p-8i-aircraft', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/msqoveznwhfo8mo/2_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/msqoveznwhfo8mo/2_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'P-8I aircraft and Use in India', 'metakeyword' => 'P-8I aircraft and Use in India', 'metadescription' => 'The aircraft is suitable for long-range anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5q93cviparxjy83/2._P-8I_aircraft.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10030, 'title' => 'World’s largest plane destroyed', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The world’s largest cargo aircraft known as ‘Mriya’ has been destroyed by invading Russian forces in Ukraine.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mriya, the Antonov AN-225, was damaged when Russian troops entered a Ukrainian air base in Hostomel.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The unique Antanov was designed in 1980s in USSR. The plane is nicknamed ‘Mriya’ or ‘dream’ in Ukrainian.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The plane has a wingspan of 290 ft and is extremely popular among aviation lovers, attracting crowds during air shows.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The plane was initially designed for USSR’s space programme, where it was conceptualized to carry the Buran.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Buran was the Soviet version of US’ Space Shuttle and was capable of taking astronauts to space.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Soviet Space Programme was cancelled after the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991. The plane is now used for transport of massive cargo.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Construction</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Mriya or Antonov AN-225 was built by Kyiv-based Antonov Company. Only a single AN-225 was ever built after modifying the four-engine An-124 ‘Condor’.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Since its first flight in 1988, the plane has been used for transportation of relief materials during calamities in neighbouring nations.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was capable of transporting up to 250 tonnes (551,000 pounds) of cargo at a speed of up to 850 kilometres per hour (528 mph). </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Extent of damages</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Various government agencies have claimed that the plane has suffered serious damages and it will take billions to completely repair.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The satellite images of the Hostomel airfield show large-scale damages to the hangar in which the aircraft was parked for repairs.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Future actions</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ukrainian state-owned Ukroboronprom Company, which manages the Antonov, has said that the aircraft will be completely restored at the cost of $3 billion.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The aircraft will take five years to be completely restored to normal and the cost has to be borne by Russia.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'worlds-largest-plane-destroyed', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/bs3kfu2uu4ffk11/1.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/bs3kfu2uu4ffk11/1.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'World’s largest plane destroyed', 'metakeyword' => 'World’s largest plane destroyed', 'metadescription' => 'The plane has a wingspan of 290 ft and is extremely popular among aviation lovers, attracting crowds during air shows.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ehs3klnoy6867h2/1._World%25E2%2580%2599s_largest_plane_destroyed.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10140, 'title' => 'MANPADS', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US has been sending military aid to Ukraine to fight against invading Russian military. The equipments include MANPADS.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Man-Portable Air-Defense Systems (MANPADS) are shoulder-fired missiles that can take down aircrafts from ground.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They include weapons such as ground-to-air stinger missiles, which have been increasingly used to attack aircrafts.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Development </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">MANPADS were invented in the 1950s to provide military ground forces with protection from jet aircraft. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These weapons have detection rage of 10km and engagement range of about 6 km. Targets flying above this height are safe.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Technology</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Command guidance (CLOS) missiles will need the operator to visually acquire the target and then use radio control to guide the flight path.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Laser guided missiles will be guided using a sensors and Laser beam, which has to be pointed on the target till impact by the controller.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Types of MANPADS</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>First generation</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">US Redeye, Soviet 9K 32 Strela-2, Chinese HN-5</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Second generation</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">U.S. Stinger, the Soviet Strela-3, Chinese FN-6</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Third generation </strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">French Mistral, the Soviet 9K 38 Igla, US Stingers B</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Fourth generation</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">FIM-92 Stinger Block 2, Russian Verba, Chinese QW-4, Japanese Type 91</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Misuse of MANPADS</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">US-made MANPADS have fallen into the hands of Mujahedeen in Afghanistan. They have used it to attack civilians.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia has been supplying these MANPADS to countries such as Iraq and Venezuela to intensify fighting.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Possession, export, and trafficking of such weapons are highly controlled to prevent use of these weapons by terrorist groups against civilian targets.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'manpads', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/iggs0rrac41a0ts/4.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/iggs0rrac41a0ts/4.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'MANPADS and Misuse of MANPADS', 'metakeyword' => 'MANPADS and Misuse of MANPADS', 'metadescription' => 'The US has been sending military aid to Ukraine to fight against invading Russian military. The equipments include MANPADS.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/2u7b6s03tb1izqx/4._MANPADS.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 43 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10166, 'title' => 'Kamikaze drones', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The United States has dispatched Kamikaze drone to Ukraine to assist their fight against invading Russia.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There are drones that can fire missiles and others are missiles themselves, which can explode near the target.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They are cheaper versions and also lighter than traditional ones. They can be carried by security personnel in their backpacks.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can be deployed when the target comes closer. Since they cost less and have greater chances of success, they are employed in large-scale.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Working</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Kamikaze drones are also known as switchblade drones and are packed with explosives.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have to be launched from a small tube that resembles a mortar. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can be maneuvered directly after the launch to the target and explode when it comes in contact.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Benefits</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They are smaller in size, making it difficult to be tracked on radar system. They can be programmed to hit targets without human intervention based on facial recognition.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The switchblade has a feature that allows operator to adjust the blast radius. This allows targeted killing.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The drone can be stopped up to two seconds before impact. This prevents human mistakes or a risk to civilians.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use of drones</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The US and many other countries such as China, Russia, Turkey, Israel etc have some forms of the kamikaze drones.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Iran had used such drones to attack US facilities in Iraq. Azerbaijan has used them to against Armenian military. Houthi rebels have used them to attack Saudi Oil facilities.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Kamikaze</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Kamikaze is a Japanese word which refers to a special attack unit during World War II. Aircraft pilots involved in the war would crash their flight on to targets in a suicide mission.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'kamikaze-drones', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/8r069e4vu0309n0/3_%25283%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/8r069e4vu0309n0/3_%25283%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Kamikaze drones and Use of drones', 'metakeyword' => 'Kamikaze drones and Use of drones', 'metadescription' => 'They can be deployed when the target comes closer. Since they cost less and have greater chances of success, they are employed in large-scale. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9sv5za5i6w21gra/3._Kamikaze_drones.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 44 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10191, 'title' => 'Hypersonic missiles', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Hypersonic missile has been used for the first time by the Russian army in the ongoing conflict with Ukraine.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Russians used Kinzhal aviation missile system with hypersonic aeroballistic missiles to destroy an underground missile storage system.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Missiles that fly at the speed of Mach 5 or five times the speed of sound are termed as hypersonic missiles.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These missiles are different from ballistic missiles due to manoeuvrability. Ballistic missiles follow a fixed trajectory after launch.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Types of hypersonic missile system</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGV) and Hypersonic Cruise Missiles are the two types of hypersonic missile system.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The HGV are launched from a rocket before gliding to the intended target while the hypersonic cruise missile is powered by ‘scramjets’ after acquiring their target.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Benefits of hypersonic missiles</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Conventional hypersonic weapons can destroy unhardened targets or even underground facilities using only kinetic energy i.e. energy derived from motion.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can be used against distant, long-range and time critical threats due to their ability to strike accurately.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Detecting hypersonic missiles</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The speed, manoeuvrability and low altitude of flight of hypersonic missiles make it difficult to be tracked.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ground-based conventional radar systems are able to track hypersonic flights only when they are late in the flight towards target. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The late detection makes it difficult to respond to the attack and use responders to intercept the missile.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Technology across the world</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia’s hypersonic missile is known as ‘Kinzhal’ and has been in use since 2018. It has a maximum speed up to Mach 10.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">China has the technology since 2021 and has used it onboard a nuclear capable hypersonic vehicle prototype.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of US is developing hypersonic missiles under its Navy’s conventional Prompt Strike Programme.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India, Australia, France, Germany and Japan are also working towards developing hypersonic weapons.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>India’s hypersonic missiles programme</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India’s hypersonic missile programme is indigenously developed and is of dual use--conventional as well as nuclear.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India has successfully tested Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle programme having a speed of Mach 6.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hypersonic-missiles', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/nsqjzhsoyfyexxo/2_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/nsqjzhsoyfyexxo/2_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hypersonic missiles and Benefits of hypersonic missiles', 'metakeyword' => 'Hypersonic missiles and Benefits of hypersonic missiles', 'metadescription' => 'The Russians used Kinzhal aviation missile system with hypersonic aeroballistic missiles to destroy an underground missile storage system.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/w5jkbusfl660rak/2._Hypersonic_missiles.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 45 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10209, 'title' => 'GSAT-7B', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Indian army is set to get a secure dedicated satellite for military communication in form of GSAT-7B.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The satellite has the capability to increase operational preparedness of the Armed Forces and boost its communication capabilities.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Defence ministry has also approved Night Sight (Image Intensifier), Light Vehicles GS 4X4 and Air Defence Fire Control Radar (Light).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They will help in improving visibility, communication, enhanced mobility and increase capability of detecting enemy aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The GSAT 7B satellite</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The GSAT-7B is part of GSAT-7 series and used for communication. It was launched for the first time in 2013.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The launch of this satellite helped Indian forces to reduce dependency on foreign satellites such as Inmarsat for communication services.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They will help in improving visibility, communication, enhanced mobility and increase capability of detecting enemy aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has been conceptualized keeping in mind the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the force’s inventory. The satellite will help in increasing flying range of UAVs.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>GSAT-7</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is a communication satellite that has a wide range of service spectrum from low bit rate voice to high bit rate data communication.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has been dubbed as Rukmini and launched by ISRO atop an Ariane 5 ECA rocket from Kourou in French Guiana. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has been developed to provide communication capabilities for Indian Navy over a wide oceanic region including the Indian land-mass.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is equipped with transponders in Ku band, S-band, C band and UHF (ultra-high frequency) band to enhance the maritime communications among the Indian Navy's warships.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>GSAT-7A</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is the successor to GSAT-7 and is known as "Indian Angry Bird". It forms communication band for Indian military.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It serves as force multiplier by connecting asset of Indian Air Force. The satellite provides communication in Ku band.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has a mission life of 8 years. Together with GSAT-7, they make up dedicated satellites for the Indian armed forces.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'gsat-7b', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qdn32im6y82r51d/1_%25283%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qdn32im6y82r51d/1_%25283%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'GSAT-7B and The GSAT 7B satellite - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'GSAT-7B and The GSAT 7B satellite', 'metadescription' => 'The satellite has the capability to increase operational preparedness of the Armed Forces and boost its communication capabilities.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/18nm7qb89x8hk0b/1._GSAT-7B.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 46 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10211, 'title' => 'BrahMos Supersonic version', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India has recently tested the extended range BrahMos Supersonic missile from the Andaman and Nicobar Command of the Indian Armed Forces.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Supersonic missiles are category of missiles that have the capability to achieve speed greater than the speed of sound.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The initial design of BrahMos was medium range but was later modified to long range in advanced versions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile has the ability to be launched from submarines, surface warships, aircraft or land.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>BrahMos</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">BrahMos was developed through a joint-venture between the Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya and India's Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The word ‘BrahMos’ is an amalgamation of the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Initial design</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was inspired from Russian cruise missiles such as P-800 Oniks. It had initial range of 298 km as India was not a member of MTCR.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In the subsequent modifications, the advanced version will be extended up to 1500 km, since India is now a member of prestigious MTCR.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>MTCR</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Missile Technology Control Regime is a voluntary grouping of countries that seeks to limit the proliferation of missiles and missile technology.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The goal is to limit the risks of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction by controlling the technology that could make a contribution to delivery systems for such weapons.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The MTCR regime has managed to discourage many countries to abandon their long-range missile programme by making it difficult for them to obtain technology and parts.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Supersonic missiles</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Supersonic missiles are variety of missiles that can travel at the speed of mach 1 to mach 5 towards target.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'brahmos-supersonic-version', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/apv01g299j0tn7q/3_%25283%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/apv01g299j0tn7q/3_%25283%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'BrahMos Supersonic version and Initial design', 'metakeyword' => 'BrahMos Supersonic version and Initial design', 'metadescription' => 'India has recently tested the extended range BrahMos Supersonic missile from the Andaman and Nicobar Command of the Indian Armed Forces.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0zb02qkh0p6miyt/3._BrahMos_Supersonic_version.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 47 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10238, 'title' => 'Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A Request For Information (RFI) has been issued by the Indian Army for the supply of Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Articulated All-Terrain Vehicle is a carrier that is to be used for off road mobility. It is twin cabined, amphibious and tracked.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The push mode locomotion in form of two cabins ensures mobility over varied terrains like snow, desert and slush.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ballistic protection cabin allows troops travelling in it safety from small arms fire.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can reach areas where wheeled vehicles cannot due to deep snow, slush or marshy terrain.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They are useful for patrolling and rapid deployment in operational situations.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Deployment</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Indian army plans to deploy them in Bhuj and Ladakh. They are set to be used for snow-bound areas and in the marshy terrain of the respective regions.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Requirements for army</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Vehicles should have ability to seat 10 soldiers with full combat load and should have inbuilt ballistic protection.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They should have operating range of not less than 150 kms in cross country terrain in plains and at an altitude of 15,000 to 18,000 feet in the mountains. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The vehicles should be able to serve for at least 15 years.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Companies manufacturing Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NASU vehicle of Finland is used by armies of US, Finland, Belgium, France and others for operational use.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Bandvagn 206 is manufactured by BAE Systems, Platforms and Services. They are used by Swedish army, British and also US.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The DT-30 Vityaz vehicle and GAZ 3344 are used by the Russian army which is manufactured in the country.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'articulated-all-terrain-vehicles', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/lviig31xb9ka0tn/3_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/lviig31xb9ka0tn/3_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles and Requirements for army', 'metakeyword' => 'Articulated All-Terrain Vehicles and Requirements for army', 'metadescription' => 'The Indian army plans to deploy them in Bhuj and Ladakh. They are set to be used for snow-bound areas and in the marshy terrain of the respective regions.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ey5aksj0ple6xwh/3._Articulated_All-Terrain_Vehicles.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 48 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10272, 'title' => 'India-made Light Combat Helicopters (LCH)', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has approved the procurement of 15 indigenously developed Light Combat Helicopters (LCH).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The price is worth Rs 3,887 cr and other infrastructure is worth Rs 377 cr. The committee was chaired by the Prime Minister.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The idea of LCH was conceptualised during the Kargil War in 1999 when India felt the need to have attack helicopters that can operate in harsh conditions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The existing Russian-made inventory had to be modified to operate at such high altitude. The army even lost a MI-17helicopter during the operation.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Development of indigenous helicopter</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The indigenous LCH was announced by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), which was equipped to operate in the harsh desert conditions as well as the high altitude areas of Ladakh.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Testing</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ground-run of first prototype of the LCH took place in February 2010. The flight test of the second prototype took place in 2011.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Third prototype with integrated weapon platforms and sensors was tested in 2014. Cold weather and hot weather tests were also done subsequently.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopters were cleared for operational deployment in 2019 after checking for full performance.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features of LCH</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The helicopter operates with pilot and co-pilot sitting in tandem position (one behind the other).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has armour protection, night attack capability and crash worthy landing gear apart from stealth protection.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has weight of 5,800 kg with a maximum speed of 268 km per hour. The range is 550 km and has an operational ceiling of 6.5 kms.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The LCH is armed with air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles. Electronic Warfare suite and helmet mounted display for the flying crew are some other features.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operation</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can be deployed in anti-tank operation to fly low and fast to attack enemy armour columns.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They can be used for scouting role, to fly ahead and detect enemy presence. LCH can also be used for destruction of enemy air defence assets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">LCH can be deployed for urban warfare missions and combat search and rescue operations.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-made-light-combat-helicopters', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3teunzk55908wsg/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3teunzk55908wsg/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India-made Light Combat Helicopters (LCH) and Features of LCH', 'metakeyword' => 'India-made Light Combat Helicopters (LCH) and Features of LCH', 'metadescription' => 'The idea of LCH was conceptualised during the Kargil War in 1999 when India felt the need to have attack helicopters that can operate in harsh conditions.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ckab0n8gcbpzupt/1._India-made_Light_Combat_Helicopters_%2528LCH%2529.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 49 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10354, 'title' => 'Canister launched Anti-Armour Loiter Ammunition (CALM)', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Request for Information (RFI) has been issued by the Indian Army for anti-armour loiter ammunition for its mechanised forces.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army plans to use them in the plains and deserts of Western India as well as on high altitude areas in the Northern borders in Ladakh.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The system, also known as CALM, can fire a pre-loaded canister with loiter ammunition or a drone towards a target.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The loiter ammunition can remain in air for a period of time over the area of operation, and can be guided down to destroy the target when it is sighted.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Working </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The loiter ammunition or drone will contain a camera which can be used by the operator to see the area of operation and choose targets. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There are some variants that can be recovered and reused in case they are not used for any strike.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Requirement</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army wants to procure 150 such systems which will be launched from the BMP Infantry Fighting vehicles of the Mechanised Infantry.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The systems will be procured under the ‘Make in India’ and ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ programmes.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use in combat operations</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The system has been used by Azerbaijani forces to attack on Armenian tanks, radar systems, communication hubs and other military targets. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia has been using its ZALA KYB loiter ammunition in Ukraine. The US has provided Ukraine with Switchblade loiter munitions that could target Russian armour 10 km away.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It provides armed forces the ability to attack from top on armoured vehicles, which are relatively less protected.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">They enable better chances of attacking objects that are concealed for long time and appear for only short durations.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'canister-launched-anti-armour-loiter-ammunition', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fcm52n89f9e44oj/3.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fcm52n89f9e44oj/3.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Canister launched Anti-Armour Loiter Ammunition (CALM)', 'metakeyword' => 'Canister launched Anti-Armour Loiter Ammunition (CALM)', 'metadescription' => 'The army plans to use them in the plains and deserts of Western India as well as on high altitude areas in the Northern borders in Ladakh.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/lidrdowiva2wxoh/3._Canister_launched_Anti-Armour.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 50 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10363, 'title' => 'Neptune missile', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ukraine has claimed to have damaged the Russian Black Sea Fleet Flagship ‘Moskva’ using a Neptune anti-ship cruise missile.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia and Ukraine have indulged in intense battle on all fronts including Navy. Russia claims that onboard ammunition fire caused the blasts.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The design of Neptune missile is based on a Russian Kh-35 cruise missile which goes by the NATO name of AS-20 Kayak.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Missile Neptune is anti-ship cruise missile which is capable of destruction of naval vessels in a range of 300 km.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was inducted into Ukrainian army in March 2021 after being in development phase for the last six years.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The development was hasty as Ukraine feared Russian military attack on the coastal areas of Ukraine since invasion of Crimea.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Moskva ship</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Named after the city of Moscow, Moskva is a guided missile cruiser of the Russian Navy. It has a displacement of 12,490 tons.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Being a flagship of Russian Navy’s Black Sea fleet, it carries a crew of around 500 personnel. Earlier it was known as Slava.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was reinducted in 2000 as Moskva with refurbished weapon systems and electronics. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Attack modus operandi</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ukraine forces may have used TB-2 drones as decoys towards saturation of the cruiser’s Air Defence systems.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This allowed the cruise missile to slip through the air defence system of the ship. The damage is said to be very high.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Damages caused</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Reports claimed that the ship was hit on the side and is close to sinking. Russia has not acknowledged the damage status.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'neptune-missile', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5i8l2403f7axdyv/3.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5i8l2403f7axdyv/3.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Neptune missile and Attack modus operandi - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Neptune missile and Attack modus operandi', 'metadescription' => 'Russia and Ukraine have indulged in intense battle on all fronts including Navy. Russia claims that onboard ammunition fire caused the blasts.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5zzs06bv8588c70/3._Neptune_missile.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 51 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10405, 'title' => 'Submarine INS Vagsheer', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian Navy’s sixth submarine under Project 75, INS Vagsheer, was launched by wife of Union Defence Secretary Dr Ajay Kumar.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Scorpene class submarine was launched at the Mazgaon Dock Ltd and can join the Navy after sea trials.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The name Vagsheer represents sand fish, a deep sea predator of the Indian Ocean. Vagsheer was previously a submarine that was commissioned into the Indian Navy from Russia and later retired.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Specifications</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is 67.5 metres long and 12.3 metres high. It can reach top speed of 20 knots when submerged and a top speed of 11 knots when it surfaces.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has four MTU 12V 396 SE84 diesel engines, 360 battery cells for power, and a silent Permanently Magnetised Propulsion Motor.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The hull, fin and hydroplanes are designed for minimum underwater resistance and all equipment is set-up on shock-absorbing cradles for enhanced stealth.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is suitable to be engaged in sea denial as well as access denial warfare against the adversary.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operations</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> It can do offensive operations including anti-surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Military features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is enabled with a C303 anti-torpedo counter measure system. It can carry up to 18 torpedoes or Exocet anti-ship missiles.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has superior stealth features such as advanced acoustic absorption techniques, low radiated noise levels, hydro-dynamically optimized shape.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Commissioning</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After undergoing sea trials, it will be commissioned into the Indian Navy’s Western Command. It will be based mostly in Mumbai.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Project 75</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Project 75 or P 75 was a plan for indigenous submarine construction with technology taken from overseas firms.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">INS Kalvari, INS Khanderi, INS Karanj and INS Vela have all been constructed under P 75. INS Vagir and INS Vagsheer will soon be inducted in Navy.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'submarine-ins-vagsheer', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pymvty1mc83haam/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pymvty1mc83haam/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Submarine INS Vagsheer and Military features - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Submarine INS Vagsheer and Military features', 'metadescription' => 'The name Vagsheer represents sand fish, a deep sea predator of the Indian Ocean. Vagsheer was previously a submarine that was commissioned into the Indian Navy', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dz31kjmq6a4gn89/1._Submarine_INS_Vagsheer.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 52 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10416, 'title' => 'Nuclear missile Sarmat', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia has tested its new Inter Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Sarmat. It said to possess capability to strike anywhere in the world.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has spanned over months, without any concrete success. The resistance offered by Ukraine has also startled Russia.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The test for Sarmat was earlier slated for 2021. It was later pushed to April 2022. It was launched from North West Russia with the intended target in the Kamchatka peninsula.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile is expected to have at least five more launches in 2022 before being inducted into the Russian military. It is based on liquid fuel.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Missile development programme</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The new ICBM development to replace existing was in pipeline since President Putin made his State of the Nation address to the Federal Assembly.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There were reports that Moscow was developing a new ICBM even before President Putin made announcement about Sarmat.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Advanced features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NATO name for RS-28 Sarmat is Satan-II. It has the ability to carry ten or more warheads and decoys for a distance of over 18,000 km.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It has Multiple Independently-Targetable Re-entry Vehicles, making it difficult for satellite-based radar tracking systems of the western powers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is the first Russian missile which can carry smaller hypersonic boost-glide vehicles. Electronic countermeasures and guidance system make it lethal than the R-36M Voyevoda ICBMs.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Nomenclature</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is named after early medieval period nomadic tribes that roamed the steppes of present-day Southern Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Sarmatians held control of land between the Urals and the Don River as a result of widespread influence gained by them in the 5th century BC.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They were highly developed in horsemanship and warfare. Their administrative capabilities and political expertise were high.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is a category of missile which has a minimum range of 5,500 Km and designed primarily to carry nuclear warheads.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'nuclear-missile-sarmat', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/suhh5viz4j1tqur/3.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/suhh5viz4j1tqur/3.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Nuclear missile Sarmat and Advanced features - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Nuclear missile Sarmat and Advanced features', 'metadescription' => 'Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has spanned over months, without any concrete success. The resistance offered by Ukraine has also startled Russia.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/bt4ld8v6s0k9bvo/3._Nuclear_missile_Sarmat.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 53 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10503, 'title' => 'AIP technology', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">French Naval Group has announced its withdrawal from Indian Navy’s P-75 India (P-75I) project.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The group was one of five shortlisted Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) for building six conventional submarines within the country.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The reason for withdrawal was the Request for Proposal (RFP) that required that the fuel cell AIP be sea proven.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>AIP</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Air-Independent Propulsion is a technology for conventional non-nuclear submarine. The technology allows a conventional submarine to remain submerged for much longer than ordinary diesel-electric submarines.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Importance of technology</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Conventional submarines have to surface to run their generators that recharge the batteries that allow the boat to run under water.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">More times the submarine surfaces, the higher the chances of it being detected and getting hit by enemies. AIP allows submarine to remain submerged for more than 15 days compared to 3-4 days of conventional submarines.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Importance for India</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">India’s existing P 75 submarines can be fitted with AIP technology later in their lives. The technology is critical for future expansion.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Indigenous development</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">DRDO has developed prototype of Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) System by proving the land-based prototype.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">There is a fear that it may not be ready even by the time the first Kalvari Class submarine comes for refitting starting 2024.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Project 75I</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">An idea was conceived in 1999 to indigenously build and induct 24 submarines by 2030. In the first phase, two production lines were established in form of P-75 and P-75I.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The six submarines under P-75 are already completed through collaboration between DCNS and Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL). </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Under P-75I, the government would give contract to an Indian Strategic Partner (SP), which will partner with a foreign OEM to build AIP-powered submarines in the country.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'aip-technology', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zfqum3zix26zbwt/1.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zfqum3zix26zbwt/1.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'AIP technology and Importance of technology - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'AIP technology and Importance of technology', 'metadescription' => 'The group was one of five shortlisted Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) for building six conventional submarines within the country.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/8duxgogz9rpcpz7/1._AIP_technology.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 54 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10550, 'title' => 'Rocket-propelled grenade', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Punjab Police’s Intelligence headquarters in Mohali was attacked with a Rocket-Propelled Grenade (RPG).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">RPG stands for Rucknoy Peotivotankovvy Granaromyot. It is a weapon of soviet origin. The name translates to a handheld anti-tank grenade launcher.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The weapon is portable and can be fired from a shoulder position. This makes it easy to operate and transport.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can cause widespread damage to people, armoured vehicles or against buildings. The RPG has different varieties based on effective range and penetration levels.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Origin of weapon</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The origin of the weapon dates back to World War I. Similar weapons were made by various western powers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Most famous of all these is RPG. It has managed to make its presence felt in all parts of the world, in all insurgency or terror infested region.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">RPG is used in region such as Vietnam, Afghanistan, Somalia, Syria, Iraq and even closer home, in Jammu and Kashmir. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Version used in recent attack</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The weapon resembled an RPG PG-22 Netto version. It has front-loading tube and can inflict severe damage up to 200 metres of range.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Availability of the weapon</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Soviet weapons like RPG are always in great demand and there is a thriving illegal market in the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Weapon smugglers procure the weapon and provide it to terrorist organizations across the country and globe.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The weapons are most likely to originate from former Soviet Union countries in Eastern Europe. There is an established market for soviet weaponry.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Apart from terrorist groups, many government agencies procure such weapons from non-traceable sources in order to express deniability.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rocket-propelled-grenade', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ih1dx2oyzhy4p2y/3_%25283%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ih1dx2oyzhy4p2y/3_%25283%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rocket-propelled grenade and Availability of the weapon - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Rocket-propelled grenade and Availability of the weapon', 'metadescription' => 'RPG stands for Rucknoy Peotivotankovvy Granaromyot. It is a weapon of soviet origin. The name translates to a handheld anti-tank grenade launcher.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/6zjzdo6ir1bpr4z/3._Rocket-propelled_grenade.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 55 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10568, 'title' => 'Protected Mobility Vehicles', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">To purchase Protected Mobility Vehicles (PMV), the Indian Army has floated a Request for Information (RFI).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">PMV is a wheeled armoured personnel carrier that can be used for plains and desert areas for mobility.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Soldiers travelling in the vehicle will be provided protection from mine blasts and sudden attack by small arms.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Beneficiaries</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The protected troops could be members of a quick reaction team going towards a point of conflict, or members of patrolling parties heading to border areas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They could also be members of a reconnaissance squad working behind enemy lines or in forward positions of own troops.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Specifications needed</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army needs the vehicle to be operated in areas above the height of 4000 metres and for deserts and plains.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It also needs the vehicles to be wheeled, 4X4 drive mode and should have automatic transmission. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Excluding driver and co-driver, the vehicle should carry 10 personnel, with each person carrying a combat load of not less than 30 kg.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Technical specifications</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Vehicle should offer ballistic protection and should be able to protect the vehicle from grenade and mine blasts.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It should have ability to clock maximum speed of 90 kmph on road and 40 kmph on cross country terrain.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The vehicle should be able to operate in temperature range of 40 degree centigrade to minus 15 degree in high-altitude areas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It should have weapon mount to fix a 7.62 mm Light Machine Gun (LMG) and a turret with 360 degree rotation for a LMG.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The PMV should be having 11 firing ports with five each on the starboard and port side of the vehicle and one at the rear. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Procurement</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Request for Proposal (RFP) will be floated in the month of November, followed by trials above 17,000 feet and in the plains and deserts.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Prospective source</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) has the ability to manufacture PMVs. It had handed over such vehicle to army recently.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Tata has developed IPMV in collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is the first private sector company in India to produce such wheeled armoured personnel carriers.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'protected-mobility-vehicles', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ow1n7tm30m7v7nr/3_%25285%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ow1n7tm30m7v7nr/3_%25285%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Protected Mobility Vehicles and Technical specifications - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Protected Mobility Vehicles and Technical specifications', 'metadescription' => 'The protected troops could be members of a quick reaction team going towards a point of conflict, or members of patrolling parties heading to border', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ysbhqlt7pw3uvzo/3._Protected_Mobility_Vehicles.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 56 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10635, 'title' => 'Project WARDEC', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Army Training Command has signed MoU with Rashtriya Raksha University to develop ‘Wargame Research and Development Centre’ known as ‘WARDEC’.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It will be India’s first-of-kind simulation-based training centre, which will be using artificial intelligence (AI) to design virtual reality wargames.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army will use Wargame Research and Development Centre to train its soldiers and test their strategies.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The wargame model will be used to prepare for wars as well as counter-terror and counter-insurgency operations.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Location</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The centre will be set up in a military zone in New Delhi and will collaborate with Tech Mahindra to develop the centre in the coming three to four months.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The skills of the soldiers will be enhanced in metaverse where their surroundings will be simulated using a combination of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The game would be in form of player versus player, player versus computer or even computer versus computer.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Use of simulated wargames</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP and SSB, apart from Indian army, can also use the metaverse-enabled games for better simulation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Armies of US, Israel, and UK make use of such simulated wargames to prepare for military conflict.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Benefits for the army</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It will help Indian army to use the wargame centre to train its officers in military strategies.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It will help army officials to train for all possible scenarios that can occur in a war-zone.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Rashtriya Raksha University (RRU)</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The RRU comes under Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and is located in Gandhinagar.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has been declared an “institute of national importance” and specializes in national security and policing. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'project-wardec', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/goq4tx5g58bio4w/4_%25282%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/goq4tx5g58bio4w/4_%25282%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Project WARDEC and Benefits for the army - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Project WARDEC and Benefits for the army', 'metadescription' => 'The Army Training Command has signed MoU with Rashtriya Raksha University to develop ‘Wargame Research and Development Centre’ known as ‘WARDEC', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/curtalliuqiwqv9/4._Project_WARDEC.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 57 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10651, 'title' => 'Russia’s terminator tanks', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Terminator tank support system has been deployed by Russia in the ongoing war with Ukraine.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Boyevaya Mashina Podderzhki Tankov (BMPT) AKA Terminator tanks, is a tank support fighting vehicle developed by Russia.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The main goal of developing Terminator tanks was to provide dedicated protection to main battle tanks </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tank support vehicles protect the Russian tanks against enemy infantry. They can act as replacement for mechanised infantry troops in urban battlefield.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Reasons for induction</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russian tanks have suffered destruction at the hands of anti-tank weapons provided by the west to Ukraine. They will protect Russian armour.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Deployed areas</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The deployment of BMP-T Terminator Company has been made in Severodonetsk axis of the Donbas offensive.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They have also been deployed in Severodonetsk area which is one of the tactical priorities of Russia. It will be part of Central Grouping of Forces (CGF) of invading military.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Weapons employed by Terminator </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ataka-T GWS launchers, autocannons, AG-17D or AGS-30 grenade launchers, PKTM machine gun are the weapons that can be used by the tanks.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">These weapons can fire multiple rounds in all directions, thus protecting the tank columns of the army.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tanks can target infantry personnel carrying anti-tank weapons and also lightly and heavily armoured targets like tanks.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Other features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tanks were introduced as a response to guerilla warfare tactics used by the Chechen fighters in Grozny during the First Chechen War in 1995.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Russia lost many tanks during this urban fighting, prompting the government to develop this weapon system.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The terminator tanks are produced by Russian company Uralvagonzavod. The initial version BMP-T and the new version BMPT-72 are developed on chassis of the T-72 tank.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Latest upgarde</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tank ammunition has been fragmented to target enemy infantry waiting ahead to ambush.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The gun’s elevation has been increased in order to target enemy positions on top of multi-floor buildings and low flying drones.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A single Terminator tank has the ability to replace two conventional BMPs and an infantry platoon.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'russias-terminator-tanks', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/1kd0yrg4ipoa3zo/2_%25283%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/1kd0yrg4ipoa3zo/2_%25283%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Russia’s terminator tanks and Weapons employed by Terminator', 'metakeyword' => 'Russia’s terminator tanks and Weapons employed by Terminator', 'metadescription' => 'The tank support vehicles protect the russian tanks against enemy infantry, they can act as replacement for mechanised infantry troops in urban battlefield', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7x10ay9822jmaib/2._Russia%25E2%2580%2599s_terminator_tanks_01.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 58 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 10641, 'title' => 'Anti-ship missile tested by Navy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indigenously developed Naval Anti-Ship Missile (Short Range) or NASM-SR was tested by the Indian Navy.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile was tested from a Sea King helicopter at the Integrated Test Range in Balasore, Odisha. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed the NASM-SR. It was mentioned for the first time in 2018.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NASM-SR, having a range of 55 km and weight of 385 kg, will replace the Sea Eagle missiles that are currently in use with the Navy. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NASM-SR is expected to be used with the new MH-60R multi-role helicopters, which are being inducted into the Navy.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile will carry a warhead of 100 kg and has sub-sonic capabilities. This feature makes it difficult for the naval vessels on target to detect it.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It can move along a path of 5 metres above sea level and has a launch altitude of maximum of 3 km.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile can be fired from the shore to target vessels in the sea.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Effectiveness</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The NASM-SR can be used effectively against smaller vessels like patrol boats and can also cause widespread damage on larger vessels. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The missile can be targeted on specific parts of a ship like the ones where fuel and ammunition is stored.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A moderate strike by a missile will be enough to sink a ship due to the implosion caused by on-board fuel and ammunition.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Benefit</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The missile is light-weight, which allows it to be carried by helicopters and in turn gives Naval Commanders more options to choose from in the tactical battlefield on the seas.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'anti-ship-missile-tested-navy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/f714j8s3wxn8p27/1_%25284%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/f714j8s3wxn8p27/1_%25284%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Anti-ship missile tested by Navy and Effectiveness - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Anti-ship missile tested by Navy and Effectiveness', 'metadescription' => 'Indigenously developed Naval Anti-Ship Missile (Short Range) or NASM-SR was tested by the Indian Navy. The missile was tested from a Sea King h