Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Military
Dhanush Artillery Gun: OFB receives Bulk Production Clearance
Tags: Military
Published on: 20 February 2019
Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired
Tags: Military
Published on: 27 February 2019
IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system
Tags: Military
Published on: 25 February 2019
DRDO lab develops combat drugs to reduce casualties in warfare
Tags: Military
Published on: 12 March 2019
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Defence and Indian Army has given Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) bulk production clearance (BPC) for production of 114 'Dhanush Artillery Guns’. This makes Dhanush first long rang 155mm x 45 calibre artillery gun to be produced in India under 'Make in India' initiative.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dhanush Artillery Guns</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is developed by Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), Kolkata based on requirements of Indian Army and manufactured by Jabalpur-based Gun Carriage Factory (GCF).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also called desi Bofors as it is upgraded version of Swedish 155-mm Bofors howitzers, which India procured in mid-1980s, based on its original designs. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also been electronically upgraded to enhance the firing accuracies, laying speeds of the existing gun and to provide compatibility with various kinds of ammo as well.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its armament system comprises barrel, breech mechanism, muzzle brake and recoil mechanism to fire 155 mm calibre ammunitions. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has strike range of 38 kilometres (11 km more than imported Bofors guns) with high accuracy and precision. Depending on type of ammunition used it can provide greater fire power.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is equipped with inertial navigation-based sighting system, on-board ballistic computation, auto-laying facility and advanced day and night direct firing system. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can accommodate both boll bags and bi-modular charge system (BMCS) which have resulted in increasing range.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has several significant advance features including all-electric drive, high mobility, quick deployability, auxiliary power mode, advanced communication system and automated command and control system. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has six round magazine as compared to standard three round. It weighs slightly more than normal artillery guns due to larger chamber. It has been mechanically upgraded to fire standard NATO 155 mm ammunition. </span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is industrial organisation, functioning under Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence. It was established in 1775 and is headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the world's largest government-operated production organization and oldest organisation run by Central Government.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a comprehensive product range in the areas of air, land and sea systems. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comprises 41 Ordnance Factories, nine Training Institutes, three Regional Marketing Centres and four Regional Controllerates of Safety, which are spread all across the country.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is often called "Fourth Arm of Defence” and "Force Behind Armed Forces of India”. It is amongst top 50 defence equipment manufacturers in the world.</span></span></span></li>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is next-generation sleek short-range air defence system. It is highly mobile air defence system which can destroy multiple targets at distance upto 30 km.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been indigenously developed by DRDO. Its development was sanctioned in 2014, the missile was first tested in 2017. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is an all-weather and all-terrain missile with electronic counter measures against jamming by aircraft radars. It has strike range of 30kms.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be mounted on truck and is stored in canister. It employs dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is capable of tracking and destroying aerial targets, fighter aircraft, short range and cruise missiles. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 100% kill probability and can deceive enemy radars making it difficult to be detected.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Once inducted, it will be deployed at border and is expected to supplement surface-to-air missile Akash. It will significantly boost defence capabilities of armed forces.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired',
'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, DRDO, test fires, indigenously developed, Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles, QRSAM, Integrated Test Range, ITR Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast',
'metadescription' => 'DRDO successfully test fired indigenously developed Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM) from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast',
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'id' => (int) 247,
'title' => 'IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Air Force (IAF) has commissioned development of aerial surveillance system using hyper spectral imagery programme to locate and identify suspicious movements along international border. <strong>It will be first of its kind system in country</strong>. It is expected to be operational in the next two years.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Aerial surveillance system</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will capture data/images through optical and infra-red sensors that will be most likely mounted on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) and processed through deep learning algorithms.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be having multi-sensor data fusion to be used for monitoring suspicious movements under dense foliage cover along international border and some parts within the country. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Data gathered from aerial sources will be processed within minutes and will help security forces on ground of unwanted human presence in area, their numbers and locations, among other inputs.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For this, IAF has roped in senior researcher and lead technologist of Indian origin from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as the chief technologist for the programme.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to identify presence of human below trees, dense foliage, shrubs or inside a structure, whether it is day or night. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can detect human presence from air even if there a cloud cover, dense fog or snow cover.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This technology also can be deployed in agriculture for monitoring drought, diseases and nutrient stress or identifying soil moisture.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system',
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'id' => (int) 224,
'title' => 'BEL launches atmospheric water generator ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) launched Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) that can generate water straight from humidity present in the atmosphere. It is innovative solution to meet ever-increasing need for drinking water worldwide.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been manufactured by BEL in collaboration with CSIR-IICT and MAITHRI, a start-up company based in Hyderabad.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It employs novel technology to extract water from humidity present in atmosphere and purify it. It is configurable in static and mobile (vehicular) versions</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It uses heat exchange for condensing atmospheric moisture to produce pure, safe and clean potable water.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be used to provide drinking water in community centres and public places like health care centres, schools, colleges, offices, bus stands, airports, railway stations, sea ports, off-shore oil rigs, remote field areas, military establishments and remote establishments and residential complexes.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comes with Mineralisation Unit, which is used to add essential minerals which are required to make the water potable. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is state-owned leading defence electronics company. It is one of nine PSUs under Ministry of Defence. It has been accorded Navratna status. It is headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. </span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Military',
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'title' => 'Pinaka guided weapons system successfully test fired',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Research and Development organisation (DRDO) successfully test fired indigenously developed PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system (Pinaka Mark II) from Pokhran range in Rajasthan. During the test, the weapon systems impacted intended targets with high precision and achieved desired mission objective with high accuracies. It will significantly boost capability of the artillery to make precision hits.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also dubbed as Pinaka Mark II. It is upgraded version of unguided Pinaka Mark-I rocket system. It is named after Pinaka, the bow of Lord Shiva.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is jointly developed by Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune and Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad and Research Centre, Imarat (RCI).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is equipped with state-of-the-art guidance kit comprising of advanced navigation and control system. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is fired using multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) which can fire 12 Rockets loaded with explosives within 44 seconds and destroy target area of 4 sq km at a time. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Being guided version, it has considerably enhanced range and accuracy (estimated to be between 60m-80m at all ranges) as compared to unguided one.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has capability to incorporate several types of conventional warheads makes it deadly for enemy as it can even destroy solid structures and bunkers. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its quick reaction time and high rate of fire gives it edge for armed forces using it during low amount conflict situation. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It already has been inducted into Indian Army in large numbers. Its earlier version was used during Kargil War and had demonstrated high efficacy by successfully neutralising enemy positions on the mountain tops. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
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'id' => (int) 435,
'title' => 'WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Health Organization (WHO) launched new strategy to protect people worldwide over next decade against threat of influenza, warning that new pandemics are inevitable. Its new strategy aims to prevent seasonal influenza, control virus’s spread from animals to humans and prepare for next pandemic. It will be for period from 2019 to 2030.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">WHO’s new strategy 2019 to 2030</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It calls for every country to strengthen routine health programmes and to develop tailor-made influenza programmes that strengthen disease surveillance, response, prevention, control, and preparedness.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It recommends annual flu vaccines as most effective way to prevent spread of disease, especially for healthcare workers and people at higher risk of influenza complications.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also calls for development of more effective and more accessible vaccines and antiviral treatments. It calls for regular updating of vaccine formulas due to mutating strains of influenza.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It urges broader use of seasonal vaccines, which not only protect vulnerable populations but also help prepare countries to rapidly deploy vaccines in the case of a pandemic. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, WHO will expand partnerships to increase research, innovation and availability of new and improved vaccines and other tools to fight influenza.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also have benefits beyond fight against influenza, since it will also increase detection of other infectuous diseases including Ebola.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to WHO, Influenza epidemics, largely seasonal, affect around one billion people and kill hundreds of thousands annually. It describes it as one of the world’s greatest public health challenges. The world has suffered through number of devastating influenzas pandemics, including Spanish Flu, which in 1918 killed millions of people globally. After that three pandemics have occurred since—in 1957, 1968 and in 2009—when H1N1 swine flu pandemic claimed around 18,500 lives in 214 countries.</span></span></p>
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(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
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'title' => 'DRDO lab develops combat drugs to reduce casualties in warfare',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) has indigenously developed range of 'combat casualty drugs' that can help to reduce casualties in warfare and terror activities. These drugs can extend golden hour till injured soldier/trooper is shifted to hospital. INMAS is laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Need for combat drugs</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">During warfare or terror attack on security forces, 90% of gravely wounded security personnel succumb to injuries within few hours. In these cases, chances of survival and minimum disability are highest when effective first aid care is given within golden hour.The main battlefield emergencies are excess bleeding, shock, hypovolemia (decreased blood volume), sepsis and pain. Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) also has recommended cost-effective drugs to be inducted into paramilitary forces and efforts are on with other armed forces under Defence Ministry for induction.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">INMAS combat casualty drugs</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It includes bleeding wound sealants, super absorptive dressings and glycerated salines. Some of them are</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Glycerated saline</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is battlefield intravenous fluid that does not freeze till -18 degrees Celsius. It is useful in handling trauma cases in high altitude areas.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Unlike normal saline, it reduces inflammation. It can be lifesaving, in case in traumatic edema, collection of fluid in tissues and cavities of body is in brain or lungs. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has lifesaving capacities as it gives more time to medical personnel to shift wounded patient to higher care facility.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Special medicated dressing material </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is cellulose fibre-based dressings which is more effective in stopping bleeding and keeping wound clean.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is 200 times more absorptive than normal dressings during bleeding wounds. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In it, antiseptics, antibiotics and curcumin can be impregnated which acts as slow drug release system.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chitosan gel</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It which helps in preventing blood loss by forming film over wound. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is coupled with platelets and red blood cells aggregation and it stops bleeding. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its antibacterial and wound health properties are of added benefit. It is suitable for sealing wounds by twin action: haemostasis by chemical action and filing action. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be used for wounds on the limbs and also cavities such as abdomen and thorax.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be poured onto wound and held with physical pressure for few minutes till the bleeding stops.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">H<strong>ypochlorous acid (HoCL)</strong></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is disinfectant for troopers involved in jungle warfare. It is helpful in treating necrotising fascitis, a rapidly progressing bacterial infection of soft tissues. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bacterial toxins cause local tissue damage and necrosis as well as blunt immune system responses. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In such cases, pure 0.01</span>% <span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">HoCL has both broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can rapidly neutralise bacterial toxins.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its use does not obviate need for antibiotic but augments treatment and speed of wounds healing. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also reduces need for undesirable side effects and antibiotics resistance.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Benefits </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These indigenously made medicines will be boon for paramilitary and defence personnel during warfare</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They can save lives of security personnel in event of warfare in jungle and high altitude areas as well as in terror attacks.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also ensure that soldiers do not suffer from unwanted blood loss while being taken to a better healthcare from war zones</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was established in 1961. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It does biomedical and clinical research with special reference to ionizing radiation. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also involved in nuclear medicine research and responding to nuclear explosions accidents.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is first institute in world to offer formal training program in nuclear medicine. It offers two-year diploma in radiation medicine. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'INS Sagardhwani flagged off for Sagar Maitri Mission 2',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Oceanographic research vessel of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), INS Sagardhwani was recently flagged off for scientific venture called ‘ Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative (MAITRI) aka Sagar Maitri Mission 2.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sagar Maitri Mission 2</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Conceptualized by DRDO is in consonance with Government’s vision of ‘Safety And Growth of All in the Region (SAGAR)’ to promote closer cooperation in socio-economic aspects, as well as greater scientific interaction, especially in ocean research in underwater acoustics, among Indian Ocean Region (IOR) countries. MAITRI is specific scientific of this vision and component of DRDO.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It commemorates Golden Jubilee Celebrations of India’s lone research ship INS Kistna’s missions as part of historic International Indian Ocean Expeditions(IIOE), which took place during 1962-65.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this mission, INS Sagardhwani will revisit selected tracks of INS Kistna and provide NPOL scientists ample opportunities to collaborate and garner close working relationship with oceanographic counterparts of the IOR countries.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objectives:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> (i) Data collection from entire North Indian Ocean, (ii) Focus on Andaman Sea and adjoining seas, (iii) Establish long term collaboration with eight IOR countries in field of Ocean Research and Development. These eight countries include Oman, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Agencies Involved:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Indian Navy and NPOL.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ocean Research Diplomacy:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will help to establish long term scientific collaboration with eight IOR countries in the of ‘Ocean Research & Development’ and data collection with focus in the Andaman Sea. Thus, it will help to enhancing research and strengthening relationships with South East Asian countries and is therefore being termed as SAGAR MAITRI.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About INS Sagardhwani </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was built indigenously by GRSE Ltd, Kolkata and commissioned in July 1994. It Marine Acoustic Research Ship (MARS) operated by Indian Navy and conducts of scientific and research programmes of NPOL. It is fitted with state of the art equipment, including newly fitted wave height measuring radar for conducting scientific research. In last last 25 years, it has carried out intensive oceanographic observational programmes/ research. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is a premier systems laboratory of DRDO. It is based Kochi, Kerala. It conducts ocean research experiments in the Indian waters and spearheads NPOL’s at-sea data collection activities.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => ' CRPF Women to get specially designed body gear',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">For the first time women personnel of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) who have to face riotous mobs will soon get full body protective gear that fits them. This full body protector has been designed by team of scientists of Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), a unit of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It will be now provided to around 300 women CRPF personnel who have been posted in Srinagar to control stone-pelting incidents.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of this Gear</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It covers all soft parts of human body such as rib-cage, back of the arm, inner calf, thigh and groin area of females deployed in riot control. Its designs ensure protection of vital organs of women. It is also anti-stab, anti-acid. It usage will help to increase efficiency of women. It weighs around 6 kg and provides ease of operation and also better mobility. This full body protector will be used by around 8,000 women deployed in the anti-riot Rapid Action Force (RAF). The CRPF will also use around 9,000 such pieces.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since Independence, the women personnel had to compromise with bulky, oversized body protectors designed for men. The idea for gender- specific protective gears was first mooted at National Conference for Women in 2016.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is defence laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is organised under Life Sciences Directorate of DRDO. It was established in 1962 and is located in New Delhi. It conducts biomedical and physiological research to improve human performance in extreme and wartime environments. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Military',
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'title' => 'CISF launches Video Hub, encyclopedia for staff',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has launched Securitypedia (online encyclopedia) and CISF Tube (customised video interface) for its personnel. These online digital initiatives are aimed at updating and empowering CISF personnel about security related issues, best practices in forces and latest technologies available across the world.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Securitypedia:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is portal (website) on the lines of Wikipedia. It incorporates wide gamut of security related practices across the globe. It is dyamic website containing data archives and allows force member can contribute by writing blogs on relevant professional issues. Moreover, just like Wikipedia, any member can post information or edit articles after citing authentic and verifiable sources.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CISF Tube:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is customised video interface on the lines of YouTube. It will serve as online video database of all videos relevant to CISF. The videos available on this platform will enable CISF personnel to learn on various subjects related to their functioning</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is central armed police force under Ministry of Home Affairs. It is headquarters are at New Delhi. Its motto is “Protection and Security”.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was raised in 1969 under CISF Act, 1968 to protect major PSUs. Later it was converted to armed force with larger ambit by amending CISF Act, 1968 in 1983.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is premier multi-skilled security agency tasked with providing security to various critical infrastructure installations both in government and private sector.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also provides security to critical infrastructure like airports, atomic power plants, refineries, major ports, space installations, VIPs and engages in disaster management amongst others.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has about one lakh 80 thousand personnel in its ranks. It also has its own Fire Wing to response to fire emergencies/accidents.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM',
'description' => '<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Context: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) <strong>on 4/08/2019 successfully flight-tested its state-of-the-art Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles </strong>(QRSAM) against live aerial targets from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur.</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Two missiles, </strong>developed by DRDO, were <strong>tested against two live targets </strong>meeting <strong>complete mission objectives of engaging the targets. </strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">QRSAM, with many state of the art technologies, <strong>engaged the targets at different ranges and altitudes.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The systems have been <strong>tested in final configuration with RADAR </strong>mounted on a vehicle & <strong>missiles on the launcher.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The systems are equipped with <strong>indigenously-developed Phased array radar, Inertial Navigation System, Data Link & RF seeker.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entire <strong>mission was captured by various Electro Optical Tracking Systems, Radar Systems and Telemetry Systems.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system is <strong>being developed for Indian Army with search and track on move capability </strong>with <strong>very short reaction time.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test was carried out <strong>at Chandipur, Odisha.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the QRSAM:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>all-weather and all-terrain missile</strong>, which <strong>can be mounted on a truck </strong>and <strong>stored in a canister</strong>, is equipped with <strong>electronic counter measures against jamming by aircraft radars.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">QRSAM uses <strong>solid-fuel propellant </strong>and has a <strong>range of 25-30 km.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>first trial </strong>of the QSRAM was conducted on <strong>June 4, 2017.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM',
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'metadescription' => 'Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) on 4/08/2019 successfully flight-tested its state-of-the-art Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles',
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(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 2213,
'title' => 'Indigenous Tank Ammunition',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, has approved indigenous development of ammunition for the Army’s T-72 and T-90 tanks,which would enhance the enemy armour penetration capability.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian Army is in the process of buying 464 T-90MS Main Battle Tanks to arm 10 armoured regiments from Russia. This can produce significant gains for the armed forces.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>T-90 MS Tanks</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The T-90MS tank is equipped with a new turret weapon station with an upgraded 125mm gun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tanks also sport an advanced and highly automated digital fire control system (FCS) to annihilate enemy tanks, self-propelled guns and other armoured targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The crew can detect, identify and destroy the targets during the day as well as night much more accurately with the help of FCS.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a guided missile system which can destroy armoured targets including those equipped with explosive reactive armour (ERA) and has a ranges up to 5 kilometres.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tank comes equipped with a protection system to insulate and help its crew operate in a Nuclear-Biological-Chemical attack environment.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 2244,
'title' => 'Khandheri submarine and carrier dry dock',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Navy is set to induct second <em>Scorpene</em> submarine <em>Khanderi</em> on September 28 in Mumbai and the commissioning of the largest dry dock of the Indian Navy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">INS Khanderi (2017) is the second of the Indian Navy's six Kalvari-class submarines being built in India. It is a diesel-electric attack submarine which is designed by French naval defence and energy company DCNS and being manufactured at Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em>Khanderi </em>was launched into the water in January 2017 and has since been undergoing a series of trials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first submarine of class <em>Kalvari </em>joined service in December 2017. The entire project is expected to be completed by 2020.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third Scorpene-class submarine INS Karanj is in the advanced stages of its trials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fourth submarine which is under construction at MDL and named `Vela’ had touched waters after completing its outfittings. And, the last two of the Scorpene-class – Vagir and Vagsheer submarines are under construction at the MDL.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entire process of constructing indegenous submarines were part of Indian navy’s Project 75.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scorpene class Submarines</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state-of-the-art submarine has superior stealth. It has the ability to launch a crippling attack on the enemy using precision-guided weapon.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has the capability to be launched in anti-surface warfare, and anti-submarine warfare.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can be used for intelligence gathering, mine laying, and area surveillance.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This special steel ensures that the warship can withstand high yield stress. And this allows it to dive deeper.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The submarine has the capability to operate at a depth of 300 meters underwater and travel 1,020 km underwater.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has the provision to carry 18 torpedoes and tube-launched anti-ship missiles underwater and also from the surface.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 3200,
'title' => 'Upgrades for BrahMos Missile',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has carried out two successful tests of the latest variant of the BrahMos missile, one from the land platform and the other from air.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is developed through a collaboration between India and Russia and is one of the most advanced weapons in India’s armoury. It is an amalgam of the names of the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is a cruise missile, meaning it can be guided towards a pre-determined land- or sea-based target. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is classified as supersonic cruise missile with a capability to attain speeds 2.8 times that of sound (Mach 2.8).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A newer version under development is aimed at flying at speeds greater than Mach 5. These are called hypersonic cruise missiles. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Besides decreasing the reaction time of the enemy, higher speeds also substantially reduce the chances of the missile getting intercepted.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is being produced by BrahMos Aerospace, a joint venture company set up by DRDO and Mashinostroyenia of Russia in 1998. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was inducted into the Indian Navy in 2005.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos has undergone development through the early 2000s till date. Its land-to-land, submarine-fired and now air-fired variants have been developed stage by stage. Each new version has something additional compared to the previous version.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest test was carried out from air using the Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jets of the Indian Air Force as the base. This was the third air-based test of the missile and marked the completion of the integration of BrahMos missile with the Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supersonic and Hypersonic speeds</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A hypersonic speed is one that greatly exceeds the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Missile triads</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A triad is a three-pronged military force structure that consists of land-launched missiles, missile-armed submarines and strategic aircraft with bombs and missiles. This, in turn, ensures a credible threat of a second strike, and thus increases a nation's deterrence.</span></span></p>
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(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 3727,
'title' => 'Conspiracy theories on origin of SARS-CoV-2',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a preprint that was posted on Research Gate, two researchers from Chinese institutions have claimed without attributing scientific evidence, that the killer coronavirus probably originated from a laboratory in Wuhan.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The claim has provided much ammunition to the conspiracy theory that is already circulating on the Internet.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A preprint is one that is yet to be published in a scientific journal post peer-reviewing. Hence, any claims made in preprints should be considered with caution. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But that has not stopped several newspapers from reporting the news four-five days ago based on claims made in the preprint.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the two authors do not provide any evidence that the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was created in the lab, they build their case based on assumptions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They begin by saying that bats carrying the novel coronavirus are originally found in Yunnan or Zhejiang province, which is more than 900 km from the seafood market at the centre of the investigation on the source. Hence, the chances of bats flying to the market are slim.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bats were never sold in the market either, based on several testimonials, they say. The authors then talk of an intermediate host but quickly add that little proof has been reported on this.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The authors move on to question if the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which is located about 12 km from the wet market, was the source of the virus. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The only reason they doubt this Institute, is the fact that the principal investigator had participated in a project which generated a chimeric virus using the SARS-CoV reverse genetics system, and reported the potential for human emergence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, scientists from multiple countries have published and analysed genomes of the causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and they overwhelmingly conclude that this coronavirus originated in wildlife.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 3994,
'title' => 'Identifying rogue drones',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IIT-Madras researchers have developed an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces track down unregulated drones and secure air space.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A 2019 report states that India reported over six lakh rogue drones of varying size and capacity, of which most of them were termed “potential threat”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ideally, law enforcement drones are used by Defence Forces and Intelligence Agencies for surveillance and rescue operations among other things. This is an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces secure air spaces and track down unregulated drones.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It ‘hacks’ into rogue drones and sends false GPS signals for communication. The target drone’s GPS sensor would lock onto their fake radio station, which transmits signals at a much higher rate than the available one. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In doing so, the drone generates fake GPS packets that are received by the enemy, thereby calibrating the rogue drones’ latitude and longitude positions, when it enters the airspace.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The drone will act as a GPS satellite. The rogue drone would think it is a legit source and would begin to communicate from this radio station. By this operation, we can change its latitude, longitude and altitude, and force them to land safely.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The biggest advantage of the prototype lies in its ability to operate beyond the line of sight control, the upper limit being 400 feet altitude for drone operations. It can also intercept phone calls at 250 feet above ground level. </span></span></p>
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(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
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'title' => 'US to sell M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles to India',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US Department of State approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to India of M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This proposed sale will support the foreign policy and national security of the United States by helping to strengthen the U.S.-Indian strategic relationship and to improve the security of a major defensive partner.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US approved the possible sale to India of ten AGM-84L Harpoon Block II air-launched missiles and related equipment at an estimated cost of $92 million. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition it has approved 16 MK 54 all round up lightweight torpedoes and related equipment at an estimated cost of $63 million.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The principal contractor for the first deal is Raytheon Integrated Defense System based in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, while Boeing is the principal contractor for the equipment in the second deal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India plans to use the equipment requested in both the deals on the Indian Navy’s Boeing P-8I maritime aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Boeing’s P-8s are designed for long-range anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. The P-8s India version is called the P-8I, and helps the Indian Navy carry out important maritime operations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India currently has eight of these aircraft and is scheduled to receive four more by 2022. One of these is expected to be delivered this year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previously, the MK 54 lightweight torpedo was known as the Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo (LHT). It weighs around 608 pounds, while its warhead weighs around 96.8 pounds and is highly explosive. These torpedoes are used by US surface ships, fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters and are their primary anti-submarine warfare weapon.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary use of this equipment is for offensive purposes when deployed by anti-submarine warfare aircraft and helicopters, and for defensive purposes when deployed by ships and against fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and slow-moving, quiet, diesel-electric submarines.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Harpoon was initially developed for the US Navy in 1983 and was later adapted for use on the B-52H bombers. The Harpoon was first deployed in 1977 and is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Harpoon missile uses GPS-aided inertial navigation to hit the designated target. Its warhead weighs over 500 pounds and is capable of delivering lethal firepower against targets, including land-based targets, coastal defence sites, surface-to-air missile sites, exposed aircraft and industrial or port facilities.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5261,
'title' => 'Rafale fighter jets',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The five Rafale fighter jets that land in Ambala morning will resurrect the Number 17 Golden Arrows squadron of the Indian Air Force.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When all the 36 Rafale jets are delivered by 2022, it will take it to 32 squadrons, still well below the 42 squadrons of the sanctioned strength.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state-of-the-art 4.5 Generation Rafale jet can reach almost double the speed of sound, with a top speed of 1.8 Mach. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With its multi-role capabilities, including electronic warfare, air defence, ground support and in-depth strikes, the Rafale lends air superiority to the Indian Air Force. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While China’s J20 Chengdu jets are called fifth-generation combat jets, compared to 4.5 generation Rafale, the J20 have no actual combat experience. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Whereas the Rafale is combat proven, having been used by the French Air Force for its missions in Afghanistan, Libya and Mali. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been used for missions in Central African Republic, Iraq and Syria. Rafale can also carry more fuel and weapons than the J20.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each aircraft has 14 storage stations for weapons. The jets come with one of the most advanced Meteor air-to-air missiles. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 190-kg missile has a Beyond Visual Range (BVR) of over 100 km, travelling at a top speed of Mach 4. The F16 jets, used by Pakistan, carry the AMRAAM missile, which has a BVR of 75 km. Rafale can also outperform F16 in dogfights.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rafale jets also come with <strong>SCALP</strong>, the air-to-ground cruise missile with a range over 300 km. It is a long-range deep strike missile.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India has also asked for <strong>HAMMER</strong> (Highly Agile and Manoeuvrable Munition Extended Range), which is an air-to-ground precision-guided missile produced by French conglomerate Safran, and can be used against bunker-type hardened targets within the range of 70 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5570,
'title' => 'Pinaka missile system',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has announced that it had signed contracts with three Indian companies for supply of six regiments of the Pinaka Rocket System to be deployed along borders with Pakistan and China.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the time when India is facing hostilities on both fronts, the announcement enhancing the long range artillery capabilities can be looked as a strong signal to the adversaries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the battlefield, long range artillery systems like Pinaka are used for attacking the adversary targets prior to the close quarter battles which involve smaller range artillery, armoured elements and the infantry.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of the Pinaka was started by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in the late 1980s, as an alternative to the multi-barrel rocket launching systems of Russian make, called like the ‘Grad’, which are still in use.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After successful tests of Pinaka Mark-1 in the late 1990, it was first used in the battlefield during the Kargil War of 1999, quite successfully. Subsequently multiple regiments of the system came up over the 2000s.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One battery of Pinaka system consists of six launch vehicles, accompanied by the loader systems, radar and links with network based systems and a command post. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One battery can neutralise an area one kilometre by one kilometre. As a key tactic of long range artillery battle, the launchers have to ‘shoot and scoot’ to ensure they themselves do not become the targets, especially due to its back blast.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-I version of Pinaka has a range of around 40 kilometres and the Mark-II version can fire up to 75 kilometres. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-II version of the rocket has been modified as a guided missile system by integrating it with the navigation, control and guidance system to improve the end accuracy and increase the range. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The navigation system of the missile is linked with the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. Pinaka Mark-II can be a key element in the “network centric warfare”. The rocket system can operate various modes and can carry different types of warheads.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5885,
'title' => 'India’s K missile family',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A successful trial of the nuclear capable Shaurya missile was conducted by India. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine launched K-15 missile.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These ballistic weapons belong to the K missile family, codenamed after late Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, which are launched from Arihant class of nuclear submarines.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The K family of missiles are primarily Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs), which have been indigenously developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and are named after Dr Kalam.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of these naval platform launched missiles began in the late 1990s as a step towards completing India’s nuclear triad — the capability of launching nuclear weapons from land, sea, and air based assets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because these missiles are to be launched from submarines, they are lighter, smaller and stealthier than their land-based counterparts, the Agni series of missiles which are medium and intercontinental range nuclear capable ballistic missiles. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While K family are primarily submarine-fired missiles to be fired from India’s Arihant class nuclear powered platforms, the land and air variants of some of its members have also been developed by the DRDO.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Shaurya is a land variant of short range SLBM K-15 Sagarika, which has a range of at least 750 km.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has also developed and successfully tested multiple times the K-4 missiles from the family which has a range of 3500 km. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sea-based underwater nuclear capable assets significantly increases the second strike capability of a country and thus boosts its nuclear deterrence. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These submarines can not only survive a first strike by the adversary but also can launch a strike in retaliation thus achieving Credible Nuclear Deterrence.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5903,
'title' => 'SMART test',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has successfully conducted the flight test of a Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Torpedoes, self-propelled weapons that travel underwater to hit a target, are limited by their range. In the mid-2010s, DRDO undertook a project to build capacity to launch torpedoes assisted by missiles.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This SMART system comprises a mechanism by which the torpedo is launched from a supersonic missile system with modifications that would take the torpedo to a far longer range than its own. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was conducted from Wheeler Island off the coast of Odisha. An anti-submarine torpedo of the lightweight category was used.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO has said all mission objectives including the missile’s flight up to the designated range and altitude, separation of its nose cone, release of the torpedo, and deployment of Velocity Reduction Mechanism (VRM) were met perfectly. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test follows another crucial test two days ago of the nuclear-capable Shaurya missile. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine-launched K-15 missile.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assets of such warfare consist of deployment of submarines, specialised anti-submarine ships, air assets and state-of-the-art reconnaissance and detection mechanisms. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India’s anti-submarine warfare capacity building is crucial in light of China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean region.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 5933,
'title' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s first indigenous anti-radiation missile, Rudram, developed for the Indian Air Force, was successfully flight-tested from a Sukhoi-30 MKI jet off the east coast.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For guidance, it has a system that can detect, classify, and engage targets (radio frequency sources in this case) over a wide band of frequencies as programmed.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anti-radiation missiles are designed to detect, track and neutralise the adversary’s radar, communication assets, and other radio frequency sources, which are generally part of their air defence systems. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such a missile’s navigation mechanism comprises an inertial navigation system which is a computerised mechanism that uses changes in the object’s own position — coupled with GPS, which is satellite-based.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Once the Rudram missile locks on the target, it is capable of striking accurately even if the radiation source switches off in between. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Officials said the missile has an operational range of more than 100 km, based on the launch parameters from the fighter jet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because the missiles are to be carried and launched from extremely complex and sensitive fighter jets, the development was full of challenges, such as development of radiation seeker technologies and guidance systems, besides integration with the fighter jet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anti-radiation missiles are used mainly in the initial part of air conflict to strike at the air defence assets of the enemy, and also in later parts, leading to higher survivability to a country’s own aircraft. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Neutralising or disrupting the operations of the adversary’s early warning radars, command and control systems, surveillance systems that use radio frequencies and give inputs for anti-aircraft weaponry, can be very crucial.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I',
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'metadescription' => 'India’s first indigenous anti-radiation missile, Rudram, developed for the Indian Air Force, was successfully flight-tested from a Sukhoi-30 MKI jet off the east coast.',
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'tag' => 'Military',
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'id' => (int) 5632,
'title' => 'Hypersonic test by DRDO',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DRDO successfully flight tested the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) – an unmanned scramjet vehicle with a capability to travel at six times the speed of sound.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO has demonstrated capabilities for highly complex technology that will serve as the building block for NextGen Hypersonic vehicles.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test which was conducted from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Launch Complex at Wheeler Island, off the coast of Odisha, the Agni missile was used. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parameters of the test were monitored by multiple tracking radars, electro-optical systems and telemetry stations and a ship was also deployed in the Bay of Bengal to monitor the performance during the cruise phase of hypersonic vehicle.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenous development of the technology will also boost the development of the systems built with hypersonic vehicles at its core, including both offensive and defensive hypersonic cruise missile systems and also in the space sector.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists believe that while the successful test is a major milestone, many more rounds of tests will have to be done to achieve the level of technology with countries like the US, Russia and China. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scramjets are a variant of a category of jet engines called the air breathing engines. The ability of engines to handle airflows of speeds in multiples of speed of sound, gives it a capability of operating at those speeds.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hypersonic speeds are those which are five times or more than the speed of sound. The unit tested by the DRDO can achieve upto six times the speed of sound or Mach 6, which is well over 7000 Km per hour or around two Km per second.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">While the technology helps achieve hypersonic speeds, it comes with its set of disadvantages, and the obvious one being its very high cost and high thrust-to-weight ratio.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 6013,
'title' => 'Anti-tank guided missiles',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenously developed laser-guided version of the Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was successfully test fired by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of ammunition that can pierce the armours of tanks and the material that can withstand such ammo has been an ongoing race since World War I. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Indian Army mainly uses various imported anti-tank guided missiles, the DRDO has been working on ATGMs that can be launched from different platforms as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenously developed low weight, fire and forget Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) was successfully in September last year. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In February 2018, ATGM Nag was successfully tested in desert conditions. All these systems, which are mainly used by infantry units of the Army, are in their various stages of development. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the meantime, the government had said in December 2019 that it has procured Anti-Tank Spike Missiles from Israel along with the allied systems to meet operational requirements of the Indian Army.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This ATGM is designed to be fired from tanks. With its range limited to 1.5 to 5 kilometers, it locks and tracks the targets with the help of laser designation to ensure precision in striking the target. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile uses a ‘tandem’ High Explosive Anti Tank (HEAT) warhead. The term tandem refers to the missiles using more than one detonation in order to effectively penetrate the protective armours. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This missile has the capacity of piercing armoured vehicles which use specially designed armour plates to counter the impact of such projectiles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is currently undergoing tests to be integrated with India’s Main Battle Tank (MBT), Arjun. After these series of validation tests, the system will be ready for the user trial by the Army.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The role of armoured and mechanised vehicles has remained decisive even in modern day warfare because of their ability to go past conventional defences. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tank battles are generally fought in a close range of under five kilometers. The objective is to hit the enemy tank before they can take a clear shot. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Development of missile systems that can defeat tanks built using modern armour act as a deterrent against enemy tanks from advancing.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 6044,
'title' => 'DRDO conducting flurry of tests',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the last one and half months, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted at least 12 tests of missiles or systems for missiles belonging to a vast spectrum of ranges and purposes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These tests have taken place at the time when there is an ongoing stand-off between the Indian and Chinese forces along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Ladakh region.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A large spectrum of missiles of different purposes, types, ranges is currently being developed primarily for the three armed forces. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some of the systems are at their various stages of development where they undergo development trials, validation trials, user trials etc. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some others have been already inducted and undergoing upgrades or are tested for different parameters.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For these tests, particularly ones with long range systems, multiple clearances are required including those from the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of External Affairs and PMO. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Notice to Airmen — NOTAM is issued by the Airport Authority of India for the flight path of projectiles. In many cases, one more armed forces or the Strategic Forces Command are part of the tests. In the case of tests that are conducted off the coast, the Navy and Coast Guard are involved in the process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One key reason behind so many tests being done back to back is the fact many of these tests, scheduled for earlier this year, had to be put on hold due to COVID restrictions, while preparations for them were all in place.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missiles tested during this period are crucial for land attack capability and some for Air and maritime security and testing them is a strong signal. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">At a time when there is a standoff with China which also has rising interests in the strategically crucial Indian Ocean Region, strategic signalling of this volume cannot happen without a deliberate push from the government.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 6588,
'title' => 'S-400 missile system',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After sanctions imposed on Turkey, India is keenly looking at the steps taken by the US administration as it readies itself to welcome the weapon system.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US has imposed sanctions on Russia under CAATSA for its actions in Crimea. By making transactions with Russia, Turkey has invited the wrath of US administration.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 Triumph (NATO name: SA-21 Growler) is an air defence missile system developed by Almaz Central Design Bureau of Russia. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new system replaced the S-300P and S-200 air defence systems of the Russian Army.The S-400 was developed as an upgrade of the S-300 series of surface-to-air missile systems. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 Triumph air defence system integrates multifunction radar, autonomous detection and targeting systems, anti-aircraft missile systems, launchers, and command and control centre. It is capable of firing three types of missiles to create a layered defence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system can engage all types of aerial targets, including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and ballistic and cruise missiles, within the range of 400km at an altitude of up to 30km. The system can simultaneously engage 36 targets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 is twice as effective as the previous Russian air defence systems and can be deployed within five minutes. It can also be integrated into the existing and future air defence units of the airforce, army and navy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India and Russia signed an Inter-governmental Agreement (IGA) for the supply of five S-400 regiments. The US$5.43 billion deal was formally signed on 5 October 2018, ignoring threat of US sanctions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deliveries are expected to commence by the end of 2020 and brought into service in October 2020. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United States threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defence system from Russia because India chose S-400 over American origin Patriot PAC 3. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Patriot PAC-3" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3d76/cnknr6k6x2s6h096g.jpg" style="height:274px; width:556px" /></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Patriot PAC-3</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Patriot (MIM-104) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather air defence system to counter tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Patriot is in service throughout the US, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Poland, Sweden, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Romania, Spain and Taiwan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile has a range of 70km and a maximum altitude greater than 24km. The minimum flight time is less than nine seconds and the maximum is three and a half minutes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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(int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Military',
'keyword' => 'military',
'id' => (int) 7094,
'title' => 'Arjun MK-1A',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi had recently handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MK-1A) to the Indian Army.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Main Battle Tank is developed and manufactured by CVRDE and DRDO along with 15 academic institutions, eight labs, and several MSMEs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun Main Battle Tank project was initiated by DRDO in 1972 with the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as its lead laboratory. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective was to create a “state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection”. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the development, the CVRDE achieved breakthroughs in the engine, transmission, hydropneumatic suspension, hull, and turret as well as the gun control system. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun tanks stand out for their ‘Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)’ ammunition and 120-mm calibre rifled gun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a computer-controlled integrated fire control system with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mk-1A upgradation</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have missile firing capability as per the design, but this feature will be added later as final testing of the capability is still on. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is 54.3 percent indigenous content against the 41 percent in the earlier model.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi had recently handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MK-1A) to the Indian Army.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Main Battle Tank is developed and manufactured by CVRDE and DRDO along with 15 academic institutions, eight labs, and several MSMEs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun Main Battle Tank project was initiated by DRDO in 1972 with the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as its lead laboratory. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective was to create a “state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection”. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the development, the CVRDE achieved breakthroughs in the engine, transmission, hydropneumatic suspension, hull, and turret as well as the gun control system. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun tanks stand out for their ‘Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)’ ammunition and 120-mm calibre rifled gun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a computer-controlled integrated fire control system with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions. </span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mk-1A upgradation</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have missile firing capability as per the design, but this feature will be added later as final testing of the capability is still on. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is 54.3 percent indigenous content against the 41 percent in the earlier model.</span></span></p>
</li>
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This makes Dhanush first long rang 155mm x 45 calibre artillery gun to be produced in India under 'Make in India' initiative.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dhanush Artillery Guns</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is developed by Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), Kolkata based on requirements of Indian Army and manufactured by Jabalpur-based Gun Carriage Factory (GCF).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also called desi Bofors as it is upgraded version of Swedish 155-mm Bofors howitzers, which India procured in mid-1980s, based on its original designs. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also been electronically upgraded to enhance the firing accuracies, laying speeds of the existing gun and to provide compatibility with various kinds of ammo as well.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its armament system comprises barrel, breech mechanism, muzzle brake and recoil mechanism to fire 155 mm calibre ammunitions. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has strike range of 38 kilometres (11 km more than imported Bofors guns) with high accuracy and precision. Depending on type of ammunition used it can provide greater fire power.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is equipped with inertial navigation-based sighting system, on-board ballistic computation, auto-laying facility and advanced day and night direct firing system. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can accommodate both boll bags and bi-modular charge system (BMCS) which have resulted in increasing range.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has several significant advance features including all-electric drive, high mobility, quick deployability, auxiliary power mode, advanced communication system and automated command and control system. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has six round magazine as compared to standard three round. It weighs slightly more than normal artillery guns due to larger chamber. It has been mechanically upgraded to fire standard NATO 155 mm ammunition. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ordnance Factories Board (OFB) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is industrial organisation, functioning under Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence. It was established in 1775 and is headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the world's largest government-operated production organization and oldest organisation run by Central Government.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is engaged in research, development, production, testing, marketing and logistics of a comprehensive product range in the areas of air, land and sea systems. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comprises 41 Ordnance Factories, nine Training Institutes, three Regional Marketing Centres and four Regional Controllerates of Safety, which are spread all across the country.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is often called "Fourth Arm of Defence” and "Force Behind Armed Forces of India”. It is amongst top 50 defence equipment manufacturers in the world.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'dhanush-artillery-gun-ofb-receives-bulk-production-clearance ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d13c/73g3umvbrqdm7s96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d13c/73g3umvbrqdm7s96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Dhanush Artillery Gun: OFB receives Bulk Production Clearance', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) receives bulk production clearance (BPC) for production of 114 Dhanush Artillery Guns', 'metadescription' => 'Union Ministry of Defence and Indian Army has given Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) bulk production clearance (BPC) for production of 114 'Dhanush Artillery Guns’.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/710smd1633c46if/20feb_Dhanush_Artillery_Gun.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 273, 'title' => 'Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) successfully test fired indigenously developed Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM) from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this test, two missiles were tested for different altitude and conditions. They were fired from canister mounted on rotatable truck-based launch unit positioned at launching complex-III of ITR. All the mission objectives have been met in this test.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is next-generation sleek short-range air defence system. It is highly mobile air defence system which can destroy multiple targets at distance upto 30 km.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been indigenously developed by DRDO. Its development was sanctioned in 2014, the missile was first tested in 2017. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is an all-weather and all-terrain missile with electronic counter measures against jamming by aircraft radars. It has strike range of 30kms.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be mounted on truck and is stored in canister. It employs dual thrust propulsion stage using high-energy solid propellant.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is capable of tracking and destroying aerial targets, fighter aircraft, short range and cruise missiles. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 100% kill probability and can deceive enemy radars making it difficult to be detected.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Once inducted, it will be deployed at border and is expected to supplement surface-to-air missile Akash. It will significantly boost defence capabilities of armed forces.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'quick-reaction-surface-to-air-missile', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/aef9/l4jnwz70d6kumj96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/aef9/l4jnwz70d6kumj96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile successfully test fired', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, DRDO, test fires, indigenously developed, Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles, QRSAM, Integrated Test Range, ITR Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast', 'metadescription' => 'DRDO successfully test fired indigenously developed Quick Reach Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM) from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, off the Odisha Coast', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/m252lcvmac3716p/27feb_Quick_Reaction_Surface-to-Air.pdf', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 247, 'title' => 'IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Indian Air Force (IAF) has commissioned development of aerial surveillance system using hyper spectral imagery programme to locate and identify suspicious movements along international border. <strong>It will be first of its kind system in country</strong>. It is expected to be operational in the next two years.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Aerial surveillance system</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will capture data/images through optical and infra-red sensors that will be most likely mounted on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) and processed through deep learning algorithms.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be having multi-sensor data fusion to be used for monitoring suspicious movements under dense foliage cover along international border and some parts within the country. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Data gathered from aerial sources will be processed within minutes and will help security forces on ground of unwanted human presence in area, their numbers and locations, among other inputs.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For this, IAF has roped in senior researcher and lead technologist of Indian origin from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as the chief technologist for the programme.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to identify presence of human below trees, dense foliage, shrubs or inside a structure, whether it is day or night. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can detect human presence from air even if there a cloud cover, dense fog or snow cover.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This technology also can be deployed in agriculture for monitoring drought, diseases and nutrient stress or identifying soil moisture.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iaf-aerial-surveillance-system', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/085a/oqzlc7e43c1eccr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/085a/oqzlc7e43c1eccr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'IAF commissions development of aerial surveillance system', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, IAF, commissions, development, aerial surveillance system, hyper spectral imagery programme, locate and identify suspicious movements along international border', 'metadescription' => 'Indian Air Force commissions development of aerial surveillance system using hyper spectral imagery programme to locate and identify suspicious movements along international border', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/5rdsrx6z86s2phd/25feb_IAF_commissions_development.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 224, 'title' => 'BEL launches atmospheric water generator ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) launched Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) that can generate water straight from humidity present in the atmosphere. It is innovative solution to meet ever-increasing need for drinking water worldwide.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been manufactured by BEL in collaboration with CSIR-IICT and MAITHRI, a start-up company based in Hyderabad.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It employs novel technology to extract water from humidity present in atmosphere and purify it. It is configurable in static and mobile (vehicular) versions</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It uses heat exchange for condensing atmospheric moisture to produce pure, safe and clean potable water.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be used to provide drinking water in community centres and public places like health care centres, schools, colleges, offices, bus stands, airports, railway stations, sea ports, off-shore oil rigs, remote field areas, military establishments and remote establishments and residential complexes.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It comes with Mineralisation Unit, which is used to add essential minerals which are required to make the water potable. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) </span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is state-owned leading defence electronics company. It is one of nine PSUs under Ministry of Defence. It has been accorded Navratna status. It is headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. </span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bel-launches-atmospheric-water-generator ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4c4/k47zpwa2e6aunw96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4c4/k47zpwa2e6aunw96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'BEL launches atmospheric water generator ', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL), launched Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG), generate water straight from humidity present in the atmosphere. ', 'metadescription' => 'Defence PSU Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) launched Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) that can generate water straight from humidity present in the atmosphere. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/9iliig2022x3hnc/21feb_BEL_launches_atmospheric.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 430, 'title' => 'Pinaka guided weapons system successfully test fired', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Defence Research and Development organisation (DRDO) successfully test fired indigenously developed PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system (Pinaka Mark II) from Pokhran range in Rajasthan. During the test, the weapon systems impacted intended targets with high precision and achieved desired mission objective with high accuracies. It will significantly boost capability of the artillery to make precision hits.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also dubbed as Pinaka Mark II. It is upgraded version of unguided Pinaka Mark-I rocket system. It is named after Pinaka, the bow of Lord Shiva.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is jointly developed by Armament Research & Development Establishment (ARDE), Pune and Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad and Research Centre, Imarat (RCI).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is equipped with state-of-the-art guidance kit comprising of advanced navigation and control system. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is fired using multi-barrel rocket launcher (MBRL) which can fire 12 Rockets loaded with explosives within 44 seconds and destroy target area of 4 sq km at a time. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Being guided version, it has considerably enhanced range and accuracy (estimated to be between 60m-80m at all ranges) as compared to unguided one.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has capability to incorporate several types of conventional warheads makes it deadly for enemy as it can even destroy solid structures and bunkers. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its quick reaction time and high rate of fire gives it edge for armed forces using it during low amount conflict situation. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It already has been inducted into Indian Army in large numbers. Its earlier version was used during Kargil War and had demonstrated high efficacy by successfully neutralising enemy positions on the mountain tops. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'pinaka-guided-weapons-system-successfully-test-fired', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3a6e/mmcoxu16qqmcmxt6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3a6e/mmcoxu16qqmcmxt6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Pinaka guided weapons system successfully test fired', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence and Technology Current Affairs, DRDO, successfully test fired, indigenously developed, PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system, Pokhran range, Rajasthan', 'metadescription' => 'DRDO successfully test fired indigenously developed PINAKA guided WEAPON rocket system (Pinaka Mark II) from Pokhran range in Rajasthan', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/6af1fxs879fa9al/12Mar_Pinaka_guided_weapons_system.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 435, 'title' => 'WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Health Organization (WHO) launched new strategy to protect people worldwide over next decade against threat of influenza, warning that new pandemics are inevitable. Its new strategy aims to prevent seasonal influenza, control virus’s spread from animals to humans and prepare for next pandemic. It will be for period from 2019 to 2030.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">WHO’s new strategy 2019 to 2030</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It calls for every country to strengthen routine health programmes and to develop tailor-made influenza programmes that strengthen disease surveillance, response, prevention, control, and preparedness.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It recommends annual flu vaccines as most effective way to prevent spread of disease, especially for healthcare workers and people at higher risk of influenza complications.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also calls for development of more effective and more accessible vaccines and antiviral treatments. It calls for regular updating of vaccine formulas due to mutating strains of influenza.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It urges broader use of seasonal vaccines, which not only protect vulnerable populations but also help prepare countries to rapidly deploy vaccines in the case of a pandemic. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, WHO will expand partnerships to increase research, innovation and availability of new and improved vaccines and other tools to fight influenza.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also have benefits beyond fight against influenza, since it will also increase detection of other infectuous diseases including Ebola.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to WHO, Influenza epidemics, largely seasonal, affect around one billion people and kill hundreds of thousands annually. It describes it as one of the world’s greatest public health challenges. The world has suffered through number of devastating influenzas pandemics, including Spanish Flu, which in 1918 killed millions of people globally. After that three pandemics have occurred since—in 1957, 1968 and in 2009—when H1N1 swine flu pandemic claimed around 18,500 lives in 214 countries.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'who-launches-new-strategy-fight-flu-pandemics', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b561/p32apqy5mvjs5vt6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b561/p32apqy5mvjs5vt6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics', 'metakeyword' => 'In International Current Affairs, WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics', 'metadescription' => 'WHO launches new strategy to fight flu pandemics, World Health Organization (WHO) launched new strategy to protect people worldwide over next decade against threat of influenza', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9k9a4404hmua46w/12Mar_WHO_launches_new_strategy.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 431, 'title' => 'DRDO lab develops combat drugs to reduce casualties in warfare', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS) has indigenously developed range of 'combat casualty drugs' that can help to reduce casualties in warfare and terror activities. These drugs can extend golden hour till injured soldier/trooper is shifted to hospital. INMAS is laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Need for combat drugs</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">During warfare or terror attack on security forces, 90% of gravely wounded security personnel succumb to injuries within few hours. In these cases, chances of survival and minimum disability are highest when effective first aid care is given within golden hour.The main battlefield emergencies are excess bleeding, shock, hypovolemia (decreased blood volume), sepsis and pain. Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) also has recommended cost-effective drugs to be inducted into paramilitary forces and efforts are on with other armed forces under Defence Ministry for induction.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">INMAS combat casualty drugs</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It includes bleeding wound sealants, super absorptive dressings and glycerated salines. Some of them are</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Glycerated saline</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is battlefield intravenous fluid that does not freeze till -18 degrees Celsius. It is useful in handling trauma cases in high altitude areas.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Unlike normal saline, it reduces inflammation. It can be lifesaving, in case in traumatic edema, collection of fluid in tissues and cavities of body is in brain or lungs. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has lifesaving capacities as it gives more time to medical personnel to shift wounded patient to higher care facility.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Special medicated dressing material </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is cellulose fibre-based dressings which is more effective in stopping bleeding and keeping wound clean.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is 200 times more absorptive than normal dressings during bleeding wounds. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In it, antiseptics, antibiotics and curcumin can be impregnated which acts as slow drug release system.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chitosan gel</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It which helps in preventing blood loss by forming film over wound. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is coupled with platelets and red blood cells aggregation and it stops bleeding. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its antibacterial and wound health properties are of added benefit. It is suitable for sealing wounds by twin action: haemostasis by chemical action and filing action. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be used for wounds on the limbs and also cavities such as abdomen and thorax.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can be poured onto wound and held with physical pressure for few minutes till the bleeding stops.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">H<strong>ypochlorous acid (HoCL)</strong></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is disinfectant for troopers involved in jungle warfare. It is helpful in treating necrotising fascitis, a rapidly progressing bacterial infection of soft tissues. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bacterial toxins cause local tissue damage and necrosis as well as blunt immune system responses. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In such cases, pure 0.01</span>% <span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">HoCL has both broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and can rapidly neutralise bacterial toxins.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its use does not obviate need for antibiotic but augments treatment and speed of wounds healing. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also reduces need for undesirable side effects and antibiotics resistance.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Benefits </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These indigenously made medicines will be boon for paramilitary and defence personnel during warfare</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They can save lives of security personnel in event of warfare in jungle and high altitude areas as well as in terror attacks.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They will also ensure that soldiers do not suffer from unwanted blood loss while being taken to a better healthcare from war zones</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It was established in 1961. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It does biomedical and clinical research with special reference to ionizing radiation. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also involved in nuclear medicine research and responding to nuclear explosions accidents.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is first institute in world to offer formal training program in nuclear medicine. It offers two-year diploma in radiation medicine. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'drdo-lab-develops-combat-drugs', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a90d/v46kpr4rpnbr21r6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a90d/v46kpr4rpnbr21r6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'DRDO lab develops combat drugs to reduce casualties in warfare', 'metakeyword' => 'In Defence Current Affairs, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, NMAS), develop, range, combat casualty drugs,reduce casualties, warfare, terror activities', 'metadescription' => 'Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences has indigenously developed range of 'combat casualty drugs' that can help to reduce casualties in warfare and terror activities', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/35axa5w185twj3l/12Mar_DRDO_lab_develops_combat_drugs.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 1739, 'title' => 'INS Sagardhwani flagged off for Sagar Maitri Mission 2', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Oceanographic research vessel of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), INS Sagardhwani was recently flagged off for scientific venture called ‘ Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative (MAITRI) aka Sagar Maitri Mission 2.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sagar Maitri Mission 2</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Conceptualized by DRDO is in consonance with Government’s vision of ‘Safety And Growth of All in the Region (SAGAR)’ to promote closer cooperation in socio-economic aspects, as well as greater scientific interaction, especially in ocean research in underwater acoustics, among Indian Ocean Region (IOR) countries. MAITRI is specific scientific of this vision and component of DRDO.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It commemorates Golden Jubilee Celebrations of India’s lone research ship INS Kistna’s missions as part of historic International Indian Ocean Expeditions(IIOE), which took place during 1962-65.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this mission, INS Sagardhwani will revisit selected tracks of INS Kistna and provide NPOL scientists ample opportunities to collaborate and garner close working relationship with oceanographic counterparts of the IOR countries.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objectives:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> (i) Data collection from entire North Indian Ocean, (ii) Focus on Andaman Sea and adjoining seas, (iii) Establish long term collaboration with eight IOR countries in field of Ocean Research and Development. These eight countries include Oman, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and Myanmar.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Agencies Involved:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Indian Navy and NPOL.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ocean Research Diplomacy:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will help to establish long term scientific collaboration with eight IOR countries in the of ‘Ocean Research & Development’ and data collection with focus in the Andaman Sea. Thus, it will help to enhancing research and strengthening relationships with South East Asian countries and is therefore being termed as SAGAR MAITRI.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About INS Sagardhwani </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was built indigenously by GRSE Ltd, Kolkata and commissioned in July 1994. It Marine Acoustic Research Ship (MARS) operated by Indian Navy and conducts of scientific and research programmes of NPOL. It is fitted with state of the art equipment, including newly fitted wave height measuring radar for conducting scientific research. In last last 25 years, it has carried out intensive oceanographic observational programmes/ research. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is a premier systems laboratory of DRDO. It is based Kochi, Kerala. It conducts ocean research experiments in the Indian waters and spearheads NPOL’s at-sea data collection activities.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'sagar-maitri-mission-2-ins-sagardhwani-flagged-off', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/eefa/ll7bei0rsc2s83j6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/eefa/ll7bei0rsc2s83j6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Sagar Maitri Mission 2: INS Sagardhwani flagged', 'metakeyword' => 'Oceanographic research vessel of DRDO, INS Sagardhwani was recently flagged off for scientific venture called ‘ Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative (MAITRI) aka Sagar Maitri Mission 2', 'metadescription' => 'Oceanographic research vessel of DRDO, INS Sagardhwani was recently flagged off for scientific venture called ‘ Marine & Allied Interdisciplinary Training and Research Initiative (MAITRI) aka Sagar Maitri Mission 2', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/sqi5uxa2ziwzjh6/INS_Sagardhwani_flagged.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 1751, 'title' => ' CRPF Women to get specially designed body gear', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">For the first time women personnel of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) who have to face riotous mobs will soon get full body protective gear that fits them. This full body protector has been designed by team of scientists of Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), a unit of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It will be now provided to around 300 women CRPF personnel who have been posted in Srinagar to control stone-pelting incidents.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features of this Gear</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It covers all soft parts of human body such as rib-cage, back of the arm, inner calf, thigh and groin area of females deployed in riot control. Its designs ensure protection of vital organs of women. It is also anti-stab, anti-acid. It usage will help to increase efficiency of women. It weighs around 6 kg and provides ease of operation and also better mobility. This full body protector will be used by around 8,000 women deployed in the anti-riot Rapid Action Force (RAF). The CRPF will also use around 9,000 such pieces.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since Independence, the women personnel had to compromise with bulky, oversized body protectors designed for men. The idea for gender- specific protective gears was first mooted at National Conference for Women in 2016.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is defence laboratory of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is organised under Life Sciences Directorate of DRDO. It was established in 1962 and is located in New Delhi. It conducts biomedical and physiological research to improve human performance in extreme and wartime environments. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'crpf-women-designed-body-gear', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4efe/zr6l8wq5jy5qpsh6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4efe/zr6l8wq5jy5qpsh6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => ' CRPF Women to get specially designed body gear', 'metakeyword' => 'For the first time women personnel of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) who have to face riotous mobs will soon get full body protective gear that fits them. ', 'metadescription' => 'For the first time women personnel of Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) who have to face riotous mobs will soon get full body protective gear that fits them. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/l4svzurfdvdksdp/CRPF_Women_to_get_specially_designed_body_gear.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 1790, 'title' => 'CISF launches Video Hub, encyclopedia for staff', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) has launched Securitypedia (online encyclopedia) and CISF Tube (customised video interface) for its personnel. These online digital initiatives are aimed at updating and empowering CISF personnel about security related issues, best practices in forces and latest technologies available across the world.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Securitypedia:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is portal (website) on the lines of Wikipedia. It incorporates wide gamut of security related practices across the globe. It is dyamic website containing data archives and allows force member can contribute by writing blogs on relevant professional issues. Moreover, just like Wikipedia, any member can post information or edit articles after citing authentic and verifiable sources.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CISF Tube:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is customised video interface on the lines of YouTube. It will serve as online video database of all videos relevant to CISF. The videos available on this platform will enable CISF personnel to learn on various subjects related to their functioning</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is central armed police force under Ministry of Home Affairs. It is headquarters are at New Delhi. Its motto is “Protection and Security”.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was raised in 1969 under CISF Act, 1968 to protect major PSUs. Later it was converted to armed force with larger ambit by amending CISF Act, 1968 in 1983.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is premier multi-skilled security agency tasked with providing security to various critical infrastructure installations both in government and private sector.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also provides security to critical infrastructure like airports, atomic power plants, refineries, major ports, space installations, VIPs and engages in disaster management amongst others.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has about one lakh 80 thousand personnel in its ranks. It also has its own Fire Wing to response to fire emergencies/accidents.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'cisf-launches-video-hub-encyclopedia', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a030/3499jrz3le21j5u6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a030/3499jrz3le21j5u6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'CISF launches Video Hub, encyclopedia for staff', 'metakeyword' => 'CISF has launched Securitypedia (online encyclopedia) and CISF Tube (customised video interface) for its personnel called CISFTube', 'metadescription' => 'CISF) has launched Securitypedia (online encyclopedia) and CISF Tube (customised video interface) for its personnel called CISFTube', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/nrhxbfnualcajam/CISF_launches_Video_Hub%2C_encyclopedia_for_staff.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 1834, 'title' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM', 'description' => '<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Context: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) <strong>on 4/08/2019 successfully flight-tested its state-of-the-art Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles </strong>(QRSAM) against live aerial targets from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur.</span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Two missiles, </strong>developed by DRDO, were <strong>tested against two live targets </strong>meeting <strong>complete mission objectives of engaging the targets. </strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">QRSAM, with many state of the art technologies, <strong>engaged the targets at different ranges and altitudes.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The systems have been <strong>tested in final configuration with RADAR </strong>mounted on a vehicle & <strong>missiles on the launcher.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The systems are equipped with <strong>indigenously-developed Phased array radar, Inertial Navigation System, Data Link & RF seeker.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entire <strong>mission was captured by various Electro Optical Tracking Systems, Radar Systems and Telemetry Systems.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system is <strong>being developed for Indian Army with search and track on move capability </strong>with <strong>very short reaction time.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test was carried out <strong>at Chandipur, Odisha.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the QRSAM:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>all-weather and all-terrain missile</strong>, which <strong>can be mounted on a truck </strong>and <strong>stored in a canister</strong>, is equipped with <strong>electronic counter measures against jamming by aircraft radars.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">QRSAM uses <strong>solid-fuel propellant </strong>and has a <strong>range of 25-30 km.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>first trial </strong>of the QSRAM was conducted on <strong>June 4, 2017.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'drdo-successfully-flight-tests-qrsam', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7faa/nrmg9z7tbl68rrb6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7faa/nrmg9z7tbl68rrb6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM', 'metakeyword' => 'DRDO successfully flight-tests QRSAM, DRDO, flight-tests QRSAM', 'metadescription' => 'Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO) on 4/08/2019 successfully flight-tested its state-of-the-art Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dhoq60vepsvfkmt/DRDO_successfully_flight-tests_QRSAM.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 2213, 'title' => 'Indigenous Tank Ammunition', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, has approved indigenous development of ammunition for the Army’s T-72 and T-90 tanks,which would enhance the enemy armour penetration capability.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian Army is in the process of buying 464 T-90MS Main Battle Tanks to arm 10 armoured regiments from Russia. This can produce significant gains for the armed forces.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>T-90 MS Tanks</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The T-90MS tank is equipped with a new turret weapon station with an upgraded 125mm gun.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tanks also sport an advanced and highly automated digital fire control system (FCS) to annihilate enemy tanks, self-propelled guns and other armoured targets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The crew can detect, identify and destroy the targets during the day as well as night much more accurately with the help of FCS.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a guided missile system which can destroy armoured targets including those equipped with explosive reactive armour (ERA) and has a ranges up to 5 kilometres.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tank comes equipped with a protection system to insulate and help its crew operate in a Nuclear-Biological-Chemical attack environment.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indigenous-tank-ammunition', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4f2/mz3r3p5j877k3xq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4f2/mz3r3p5j877k3xq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Indigenous Tank Ammunition', 'metakeyword' => 'and T-90 tanks,which would enhance the enemy armour ', 'metadescription' => 'The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, has approved indigenous development of ammunition for the Army’s T-72 ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/jjel7m2zd0lgoc6/Indigenous_Tank_Ammunition.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 2244, 'title' => 'Khandheri submarine and carrier dry dock', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Navy is set to induct second <em>Scorpene</em> submarine <em>Khanderi</em> on September 28 in Mumbai and the commissioning of the largest dry dock of the Indian Navy.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">INS Khanderi (2017) is the second of the Indian Navy's six Kalvari-class submarines being built in India. It is a diesel-electric attack submarine which is designed by French naval defence and energy company DCNS and being manufactured at Mazagon Dock Limited in Mumbai.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><em>Khanderi </em>was launched into the water in January 2017 and has since been undergoing a series of trials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first submarine of class <em>Kalvari </em>joined service in December 2017. The entire project is expected to be completed by 2020.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third Scorpene-class submarine INS Karanj is in the advanced stages of its trials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fourth submarine which is under construction at MDL and named `Vela’ had touched waters after completing its outfittings. And, the last two of the Scorpene-class – Vagir and Vagsheer submarines are under construction at the MDL.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entire process of constructing indegenous submarines were part of Indian navy’s Project 75.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Scorpene class Submarines</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state-of-the-art submarine has superior stealth. It has the ability to launch a crippling attack on the enemy using precision-guided weapon.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has the capability to be launched in anti-surface warfare, and anti-submarine warfare.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It can be used for intelligence gathering, mine laying, and area surveillance.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This special steel ensures that the warship can withstand high yield stress. And this allows it to dive deeper.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The submarine has the capability to operate at a depth of 300 meters underwater and travel 1,020 km underwater.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has the provision to carry 18 torpedoes and tube-launched anti-ship missiles underwater and also from the surface.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'khandheri-submarine-and-carrier-dry-dock', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/45d2/c17d7q3d6qi6lak6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/45d2/c17d7q3d6qi6lak6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Khandheri submarine and carrier dry dock', 'metakeyword' => 'The fourth submarine which is under construction at MDL', 'metadescription' => 'The fourth submarine which is under construction at MDL and named `Vela’ had touched waters after completing its outfittings. And, the last two of the Scorpene-class ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/jrok2wyq3nbrb4s/Khandheri_submarine_and_carrier_dry_dock.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 3200, 'title' => 'Upgrades for BrahMos Missile', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has carried out two successful tests of the latest variant of the BrahMos missile, one from the land platform and the other from air.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is developed through a collaboration between India and Russia and is one of the most advanced weapons in India’s armoury. It is an amalgam of the names of the rivers Brahmaputra and Moskva.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is a cruise missile, meaning it can be guided towards a pre-determined land- or sea-based target. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is classified as supersonic cruise missile with a capability to attain speeds 2.8 times that of sound (Mach 2.8).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A newer version under development is aimed at flying at speeds greater than Mach 5. These are called hypersonic cruise missiles. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Besides decreasing the reaction time of the enemy, higher speeds also substantially reduce the chances of the missile getting intercepted.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos is being produced by BrahMos Aerospace, a joint venture company set up by DRDO and Mashinostroyenia of Russia in 1998. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first version of the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile was inducted into the Indian Navy in 2005.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">BrahMos has undergone development through the early 2000s till date. Its land-to-land, submarine-fired and now air-fired variants have been developed stage by stage. Each new version has something additional compared to the previous version.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latest test was carried out from air using the Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jets of the Indian Air Force as the base. This was the third air-based test of the missile and marked the completion of the integration of BrahMos missile with the Sukhoi-30 MKI aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supersonic and Hypersonic speeds</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A hypersonic speed is one that greatly exceeds the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Missile triads</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A triad is a three-pronged military force structure that consists of land-launched missiles, missile-armed submarines and strategic aircraft with bombs and missiles. This, in turn, ensures a credible threat of a second strike, and thus increases a nation's deterrence.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'upgrades-for-brahmos-missile', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e989/z7yrrwnpatvhf5l6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e989/z7yrrwnpatvhf5l6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Upgrades for BrahMos Missile', 'metakeyword' => 'Upgrades for BrahMos Missile', 'metadescription' => 'The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has carried out two successful tests of the latest variant of the BrahMos missile', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ifafhmd6n81d8s9/Upgrades_for_BrahMos_Missile.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 3727, 'title' => 'Conspiracy theories on origin of SARS-CoV-2', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a preprint that was posted on Research Gate, two researchers from Chinese institutions have claimed without attributing scientific evidence, that the killer coronavirus probably originated from a laboratory in Wuhan.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The claim has provided much ammunition to the conspiracy theory that is already circulating on the Internet.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A preprint is one that is yet to be published in a scientific journal post peer-reviewing. Hence, any claims made in preprints should be considered with caution. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But that has not stopped several newspapers from reporting the news four-five days ago based on claims made in the preprint.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the two authors do not provide any evidence that the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was created in the lab, they build their case based on assumptions. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They begin by saying that bats carrying the novel coronavirus are originally found in Yunnan or Zhejiang province, which is more than 900 km from the seafood market at the centre of the investigation on the source. Hence, the chances of bats flying to the market are slim.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bats were never sold in the market either, based on several testimonials, they say. The authors then talk of an intermediate host but quickly add that little proof has been reported on this.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The authors move on to question if the Wuhan Institute of Virology, which is located about 12 km from the wet market, was the source of the virus. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The only reason they doubt this Institute, is the fact that the principal investigator had participated in a project which generated a chimeric virus using the SARS-CoV reverse genetics system, and reported the potential for human emergence.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, scientists from multiple countries have published and analysed genomes of the causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and they overwhelmingly conclude that this coronavirus originated in wildlife.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'conspiracy-theories-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8ae6/efh6wy77a8b2c5z6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8ae6/efh6wy77a8b2c5z6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Conspiracy theories on origin of SARS-CoV-2', 'metakeyword' => 'Conspiracy theories on origin of SARS-CoV-2', 'metadescription' => 'In a preprint that was posted on Research Gate, two researchers from Chinese institutions have claimed without attributing scientific evidence, that the killer coronavirus probably originated', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/y8e3s5ih6ecou40/Conspiracy_theories_on_origin_of_SARS-CoV-2.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 3994, 'title' => 'Identifying rogue drones', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">IIT-Madras researchers have developed an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces track down unregulated drones and secure air space.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A 2019 report states that India reported over six lakh rogue drones of varying size and capacity, of which most of them were termed “potential threat”.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ideally, law enforcement drones are used by Defence Forces and Intelligence Agencies for surveillance and rescue operations among other things. This is an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces secure air spaces and track down unregulated drones.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It ‘hacks’ into rogue drones and sends false GPS signals for communication. The target drone’s GPS sensor would lock onto their fake radio station, which transmits signals at a much higher rate than the available one. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In doing so, the drone generates fake GPS packets that are received by the enemy, thereby calibrating the rogue drones’ latitude and longitude positions, when it enters the airspace.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The drone will act as a GPS satellite. The rogue drone would think it is a legit source and would begin to communicate from this radio station. By this operation, we can change its latitude, longitude and altitude, and force them to land safely.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The biggest advantage of the prototype lies in its ability to operate beyond the line of sight control, the upper limit being 400 feet altitude for drone operations. It can also intercept phone calls at 250 feet above ground level. </span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'identifying-rogue-drones', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3b51/8rza519lftgs8wv6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3b51/8rza519lftgs8wv6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Identifying rogue drones', 'metakeyword' => 'Identifying rogue drones', 'metadescription' => 'IIT-Madras researchers have developed an electronic warfare model that could help the Armed Forces track down unregulated drones and secure air space', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/mq113k9veqvh8zf/1.Identifying_rogue_drones.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 4254, 'title' => 'US to sell M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles to India', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US Department of State approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to India of M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This proposed sale will support the foreign policy and national security of the United States by helping to strengthen the U.S.-Indian strategic relationship and to improve the security of a major defensive partner.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US approved the possible sale to India of ten AGM-84L Harpoon Block II air-launched missiles and related equipment at an estimated cost of $92 million. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In addition it has approved 16 MK 54 all round up lightweight torpedoes and related equipment at an estimated cost of $63 million.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The principal contractor for the first deal is Raytheon Integrated Defense System based in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, while Boeing is the principal contractor for the equipment in the second deal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India plans to use the equipment requested in both the deals on the Indian Navy’s Boeing P-8I maritime aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Boeing’s P-8s are designed for long-range anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. The P-8s India version is called the P-8I, and helps the Indian Navy carry out important maritime operations.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India currently has eight of these aircraft and is scheduled to receive four more by 2022. One of these is expected to be delivered this year.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Previously, the MK 54 lightweight torpedo was known as the Lightweight Hybrid Torpedo (LHT). It weighs around 608 pounds, while its warhead weighs around 96.8 pounds and is highly explosive. These torpedoes are used by US surface ships, fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters and are their primary anti-submarine warfare weapon.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary use of this equipment is for offensive purposes when deployed by anti-submarine warfare aircraft and helicopters, and for defensive purposes when deployed by ships and against fast, deep-diving nuclear submarines and slow-moving, quiet, diesel-electric submarines.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Harpoon was initially developed for the US Navy in 1983 and was later adapted for use on the B-52H bombers. The Harpoon was first deployed in 1977 and is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Harpoon missile uses GPS-aided inertial navigation to hit the designated target. Its warhead weighs over 500 pounds and is capable of delivering lethal firepower against targets, including land-based targets, coastal defence sites, surface-to-air missile sites, exposed aircraft and industrial or port facilities.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'u-s-to-sell-m54-torpadoes-and-harpoon-missiles-to-india', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/dacb/fafm6ik0ziqkwni6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/dacb/fafm6ik0ziqkwni6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'US to sell M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles to India', 'metakeyword' => 'US to sell M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles to India', 'metadescription' => 'The US Department of State approved a possible Foreign Military Sale to India of M54 Torpadoes and Harpoon missiles. This proposed sale will support the foreign policy', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/di8k7ao4cnkrtih/1.US_to_sell_M54.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5261, 'title' => 'Rafale fighter jets', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The five Rafale fighter jets that land in Ambala morning will resurrect the Number 17 Golden Arrows squadron of the Indian Air Force.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When all the 36 Rafale jets are delivered by 2022, it will take it to 32 squadrons, still well below the 42 squadrons of the sanctioned strength.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state-of-the-art 4.5 Generation Rafale jet can reach almost double the speed of sound, with a top speed of 1.8 Mach. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With its multi-role capabilities, including electronic warfare, air defence, ground support and in-depth strikes, the Rafale lends air superiority to the Indian Air Force. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While China’s J20 Chengdu jets are called fifth-generation combat jets, compared to 4.5 generation Rafale, the J20 have no actual combat experience. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Whereas the Rafale is combat proven, having been used by the French Air Force for its missions in Afghanistan, Libya and Mali. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been used for missions in Central African Republic, Iraq and Syria. Rafale can also carry more fuel and weapons than the J20.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each aircraft has 14 storage stations for weapons. The jets come with one of the most advanced Meteor air-to-air missiles. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 190-kg missile has a Beyond Visual Range (BVR) of over 100 km, travelling at a top speed of Mach 4. The F16 jets, used by Pakistan, carry the AMRAAM missile, which has a BVR of 75 km. Rafale can also outperform F16 in dogfights.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rafale jets also come with <strong>SCALP</strong>, the air-to-ground cruise missile with a range over 300 km. It is a long-range deep strike missile.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India has also asked for <strong>HAMMER</strong> (Highly Agile and Manoeuvrable Munition Extended Range), which is an air-to-ground precision-guided missile produced by French conglomerate Safran, and can be used against bunker-type hardened targets within the range of 70 km.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rafale-fighter-jets', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddb1/aqo58a6pssl4e026g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddb1/aqo58a6pssl4e026g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rafale fighter jets', 'metakeyword' => 'Rafale fighter jets', 'metadescription' => 'The five Rafale fighter jets that land in Ambala morning will resurrect the Number 17 Golden Arrows squadron of the Indian Air Force. When all the 36 Rafale jets', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ow666j7ftlecmyj/1.Rafale+fighter+jets.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5570, 'title' => 'Pinaka missile system', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has announced that it had signed contracts with three Indian companies for supply of six regiments of the Pinaka Rocket System to be deployed along borders with Pakistan and China.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the time when India is facing hostilities on both fronts, the announcement enhancing the long range artillery capabilities can be looked as a strong signal to the adversaries.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the battlefield, long range artillery systems like Pinaka are used for attacking the adversary targets prior to the close quarter battles which involve smaller range artillery, armoured elements and the infantry.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of the Pinaka was started by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in the late 1980s, as an alternative to the multi-barrel rocket launching systems of Russian make, called like the ‘Grad’, which are still in use.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After successful tests of Pinaka Mark-1 in the late 1990, it was first used in the battlefield during the Kargil War of 1999, quite successfully. Subsequently multiple regiments of the system came up over the 2000s.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One battery of Pinaka system consists of six launch vehicles, accompanied by the loader systems, radar and links with network based systems and a command post. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One battery can neutralise an area one kilometre by one kilometre. As a key tactic of long range artillery battle, the launchers have to ‘shoot and scoot’ to ensure they themselves do not become the targets, especially due to its back blast.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-I version of Pinaka has a range of around 40 kilometres and the Mark-II version can fire up to 75 kilometres. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mark-II version of the rocket has been modified as a guided missile system by integrating it with the navigation, control and guidance system to improve the end accuracy and increase the range. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The navigation system of the missile is linked with the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. Pinaka Mark-II can be a key element in the “network centric warfare”. The rocket system can operate various modes and can carry different types of warheads.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'pinaka-missile-system', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e7b6/83hd3tld8bipsxc6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e7b6/83hd3tld8bipsxc6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Pinaka missile system', 'metakeyword' => 'Pinaka missile system', 'metadescription' => 'The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has announced that it had signed contracts with three Indian companies for supply of six regiments of the Pinaka Rocket System', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/otzlaer90zx6g4x/1.Pinaka+missile+system.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5885, 'title' => 'India’s K missile family', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A successful trial of the nuclear capable Shaurya missile was conducted by India. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine launched K-15 missile.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These ballistic weapons belong to the K missile family, codenamed after late Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, which are launched from Arihant class of nuclear submarines.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The K family of missiles are primarily Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs), which have been indigenously developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and are named after Dr Kalam.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of these naval platform launched missiles began in the late 1990s as a step towards completing India’s nuclear triad — the capability of launching nuclear weapons from land, sea, and air based assets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because these missiles are to be launched from submarines, they are lighter, smaller and stealthier than their land-based counterparts, the Agni series of missiles which are medium and intercontinental range nuclear capable ballistic missiles. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While K family are primarily submarine-fired missiles to be fired from India’s Arihant class nuclear powered platforms, the land and air variants of some of its members have also been developed by the DRDO.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Shaurya is a land variant of short range SLBM K-15 Sagarika, which has a range of at least 750 km.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has also developed and successfully tested multiple times the K-4 missiles from the family which has a range of 3500 km. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sea-based underwater nuclear capable assets significantly increases the second strike capability of a country and thus boosts its nuclear deterrence. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These submarines can not only survive a first strike by the adversary but also can launch a strike in retaliation thus achieving Credible Nuclear Deterrence.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indias-k-missile-family', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6277/m57vz5yih77gpso6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6277/m57vz5yih77gpso6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India’s K missile family', 'metakeyword' => 'India’s K missile family', 'metadescription' => 'A successful trial of the nuclear capable Shaurya missile was conducted by India. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine launched K-15 missile.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/po3nyn9pea1z31x/3.India%25E2%2580%2599s_K_missile_family.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5903, 'title' => 'SMART test', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has successfully conducted the flight test of a Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Torpedoes, self-propelled weapons that travel underwater to hit a target, are limited by their range. In the mid-2010s, DRDO undertook a project to build capacity to launch torpedoes assisted by missiles.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This SMART system comprises a mechanism by which the torpedo is launched from a supersonic missile system with modifications that would take the torpedo to a far longer range than its own. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was conducted from Wheeler Island off the coast of Odisha. An anti-submarine torpedo of the lightweight category was used.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO has said all mission objectives including the missile’s flight up to the designated range and altitude, separation of its nose cone, release of the torpedo, and deployment of Velocity Reduction Mechanism (VRM) were met perfectly. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test follows another crucial test two days ago of the nuclear-capable Shaurya missile. Shaurya is a land-based parallel of the submarine-launched K-15 missile.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assets of such warfare consist of deployment of submarines, specialised anti-submarine ships, air assets and state-of-the-art reconnaissance and detection mechanisms. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">India’s anti-submarine warfare capacity building is crucial in light of China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean region.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'smart-test', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1019/1wzge50ikg7maab6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1019/1wzge50ikg7maab6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'SMART test', 'metakeyword' => 'SMART test', 'metadescription' => 'India has successfully conducted the flight test of a Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) system developed by the Defence Research and Development', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/pa85wlb9039bbuw/1.SMART_test.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5933, 'title' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s first indigenous anti-radiation missile, Rudram, developed for the Indian Air Force, was successfully flight-tested from a Sukhoi-30 MKI jet off the east coast.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For guidance, it has a system that can detect, classify, and engage targets (radio frequency sources in this case) over a wide band of frequencies as programmed.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anti-radiation missiles are designed to detect, track and neutralise the adversary’s radar, communication assets, and other radio frequency sources, which are generally part of their air defence systems. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such a missile’s navigation mechanism comprises an inertial navigation system which is a computerised mechanism that uses changes in the object’s own position — coupled with GPS, which is satellite-based.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Once the Rudram missile locks on the target, it is capable of striking accurately even if the radiation source switches off in between. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Officials said the missile has an operational range of more than 100 km, based on the launch parameters from the fighter jet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Because the missiles are to be carried and launched from extremely complex and sensitive fighter jets, the development was full of challenges, such as development of radiation seeker technologies and guidance systems, besides integration with the fighter jet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Anti-radiation missiles are used mainly in the initial part of air conflict to strike at the air defence assets of the enemy, and also in later parts, leading to higher survivability to a country’s own aircraft. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Neutralising or disrupting the operations of the adversary’s early warning radars, command and control systems, surveillance systems that use radio frequencies and give inputs for anti-aircraft weaponry, can be very crucial.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'anti-radiation-missile-rudram-I', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I', 'metakeyword' => 'Anti-radiation missile Rudram-I', 'metadescription' => 'India’s first indigenous anti-radiation missile, Rudram, developed for the Indian Air Force, was successfully flight-tested from a Sukhoi-30 MKI jet off the east coast.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 5632, 'title' => 'Hypersonic test by DRDO', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DRDO successfully flight tested the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) – an unmanned scramjet vehicle with a capability to travel at six times the speed of sound.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">DRDO has demonstrated capabilities for highly complex technology that will serve as the building block for NextGen Hypersonic vehicles.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The test which was conducted from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Launch Complex at Wheeler Island, off the coast of Odisha, the Agni missile was used. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parameters of the test were monitored by multiple tracking radars, electro-optical systems and telemetry stations and a ship was also deployed in the Bay of Bengal to monitor the performance during the cruise phase of hypersonic vehicle.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenous development of the technology will also boost the development of the systems built with hypersonic vehicles at its core, including both offensive and defensive hypersonic cruise missile systems and also in the space sector.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists believe that while the successful test is a major milestone, many more rounds of tests will have to be done to achieve the level of technology with countries like the US, Russia and China. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scramjets are a variant of a category of jet engines called the air breathing engines. The ability of engines to handle airflows of speeds in multiples of speed of sound, gives it a capability of operating at those speeds.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hypersonic speeds are those which are five times or more than the speed of sound. The unit tested by the DRDO can achieve upto six times the speed of sound or Mach 6, which is well over 7000 Km per hour or around two Km per second.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">While the technology helps achieve hypersonic speeds, it comes with its set of disadvantages, and the obvious one being its very high cost and high thrust-to-weight ratio.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hypersonic-test-by-drdo', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/203c/2fb9c1jnx1dcbqv6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/203c/2fb9c1jnx1dcbqv6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hypersonic test by DRDO', 'metakeyword' => 'Hypersonic test by DRDO', 'metadescription' => 'The DRDO successfully flight tested the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV) – an unmanned scramjet vehicle with a capability to travel at six', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/fdmmy6m2orcgw5j/3.Hypersonic_test_by_DRDO.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 6013, 'title' => 'Anti-tank guided missiles', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenously developed laser-guided version of the Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was successfully test fired by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The development of ammunition that can pierce the armours of tanks and the material that can withstand such ammo has been an ongoing race since World War I. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Indian Army mainly uses various imported anti-tank guided missiles, the DRDO has been working on ATGMs that can be launched from different platforms as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The indigenously developed low weight, fire and forget Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile (MPATGM) was successfully in September last year. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In February 2018, ATGM Nag was successfully tested in desert conditions. All these systems, which are mainly used by infantry units of the Army, are in their various stages of development. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the meantime, the government had said in December 2019 that it has procured Anti-Tank Spike Missiles from Israel along with the allied systems to meet operational requirements of the Indian Army.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This ATGM is designed to be fired from tanks. With its range limited to 1.5 to 5 kilometers, it locks and tracks the targets with the help of laser designation to ensure precision in striking the target. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile uses a ‘tandem’ High Explosive Anti Tank (HEAT) warhead. The term tandem refers to the missiles using more than one detonation in order to effectively penetrate the protective armours. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This missile has the capacity of piercing armoured vehicles which use specially designed armour plates to counter the impact of such projectiles.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is currently undergoing tests to be integrated with India’s Main Battle Tank (MBT), Arjun. After these series of validation tests, the system will be ready for the user trial by the Army.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong> Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The role of armoured and mechanised vehicles has remained decisive even in modern day warfare because of their ability to go past conventional defences. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tank battles are generally fought in a close range of under five kilometers. The objective is to hit the enemy tank before they can take a clear shot. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Development of missile systems that can defeat tanks built using modern armour act as a deterrent against enemy tanks from advancing.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'anti-tank-guided-missiles', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2ee8/r9n17vaswhtrnlh6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2ee8/r9n17vaswhtrnlh6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Anti-tank guided missiles', 'metakeyword' => 'Anti-tank guided missiles', 'metadescription' => 'The indigenously developed laser-guided version of the Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was successfully test fired by the Defence Research and Development', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/31u1tm4w2o2r15j/Anti-tank_guided_missiles.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 6044, 'title' => 'DRDO conducting flurry of tests', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the last one and half months, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted at least 12 tests of missiles or systems for missiles belonging to a vast spectrum of ranges and purposes.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These tests have taken place at the time when there is an ongoing stand-off between the Indian and Chinese forces along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the Ladakh region.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A large spectrum of missiles of different purposes, types, ranges is currently being developed primarily for the three armed forces. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some of the systems are at their various stages of development where they undergo development trials, validation trials, user trials etc. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Some others have been already inducted and undergoing upgrades or are tested for different parameters.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For these tests, particularly ones with long range systems, multiple clearances are required including those from the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of External Affairs and PMO. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Notice to Airmen — NOTAM is issued by the Airport Authority of India for the flight path of projectiles. In many cases, one more armed forces or the Strategic Forces Command are part of the tests. In the case of tests that are conducted off the coast, the Navy and Coast Guard are involved in the process.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One key reason behind so many tests being done back to back is the fact many of these tests, scheduled for earlier this year, had to be put on hold due to COVID restrictions, while preparations for them were all in place.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missiles tested during this period are crucial for land attack capability and some for Air and maritime security and testing them is a strong signal. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">At a time when there is a standoff with China which also has rising interests in the strategically crucial Indian Ocean Region, strategic signalling of this volume cannot happen without a deliberate push from the government.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'drdo-conducting-flurry-of-tests', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'DRDO conducting flurry of tests', 'metakeyword' => 'DRDO conducting flurry of tests', 'metadescription' => 'Over the last one and half months, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has conducted at least 12 tests of missiles or systems for missiles', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 6588, 'title' => 'S-400 missile system', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After sanctions imposed on Turkey, India is keenly looking at the steps taken by the US administration as it readies itself to welcome the weapon system.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US has imposed sanctions on Russia under CAATSA for its actions in Crimea. By making transactions with Russia, Turkey has invited the wrath of US administration.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 Triumph (NATO name: SA-21 Growler) is an air defence missile system developed by Almaz Central Design Bureau of Russia. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The new system replaced the S-300P and S-200 air defence systems of the Russian Army.The S-400 was developed as an upgrade of the S-300 series of surface-to-air missile systems. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 Triumph air defence system integrates multifunction radar, autonomous detection and targeting systems, anti-aircraft missile systems, launchers, and command and control centre. It is capable of firing three types of missiles to create a layered defence.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The system can engage all types of aerial targets, including aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and ballistic and cruise missiles, within the range of 400km at an altitude of up to 30km. The system can simultaneously engage 36 targets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The S-400 is twice as effective as the previous Russian air defence systems and can be deployed within five minutes. It can also be integrated into the existing and future air defence units of the airforce, army and navy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India and Russia signed an Inter-governmental Agreement (IGA) for the supply of five S-400 regiments. The US$5.43 billion deal was formally signed on 5 October 2018, ignoring threat of US sanctions. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deliveries are expected to commence by the end of 2020 and brought into service in October 2020. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United States threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defence system from Russia because India chose S-400 over American origin Patriot PAC 3. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Patriot PAC-3" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3d76/cnknr6k6x2s6h096g.jpg" style="height:274px; width:556px" /></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Patriot PAC-3</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Patriot (MIM-104) is a long-range, all-altitude, all-weather air defence system to counter tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and advanced aircraft.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Patriot is in service throughout the US, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Poland, Sweden, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Romania, Spain and Taiwan.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The missile has a range of 70km and a maximum altitude greater than 24km. The minimum flight time is less than nine seconds and the maximum is three and a half minutes.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 's-400-missile-system', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ade3/xb34chlv4cm6cnq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ade3/xb34chlv4cm6cnq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'S-400 missile system | American origin Patriot PAC 3', 'metakeyword' => 'S-400 missile system, American origin Patriot PAC 3, Patriot PAC 3, S-400', 'metadescription' => 'After sanctions imposed on Turkey, India is keenly looking at the steps taken by the US administration as it readies itself to welcome the weapon system.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/sxmb18l9ylkg7kp/1.S-400+missile+system.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Military', 'keyword' => 'military', 'id' => (int) 7094, 'title' => 'Arjun MK-1A', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi had recently handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MK-1A) to the Indian Army.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Main Battle Tank is developed and manufactured by CVRDE and DRDO along with 15 academic institutions, eight labs, and several MSMEs.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun Main Battle Tank project was initiated by DRDO in 1972 with the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as its lead laboratory. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective was to create a “state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection”. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the development, the CVRDE achieved breakthroughs in the engine, transmission, hydropneumatic suspension, hull, and turret as well as the gun control system. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun tanks stand out for their ‘Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)’ ammunition and 120-mm calibre rifled gun.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a computer-controlled integrated fire control system with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mk-1A upgradation</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. It is also supposed to have missile firing capability as per the design, but this feature will be added later as final testing of the capability is still on. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">However, the biggest achievement with the latest version is 54.3 percent indigenous content against the 41 percent in the earlier model.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'arjun-mk-1a', 'image' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8df2/bjyoaagf3yo1l356g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8df2/bjyoaagf3yo1l356g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Arjun MK-1A | What is special about the Arjun Main Battle Tank', 'metakeyword' => 'Arjun MK-1A | What is special about the Arjun Main Battle Tank MK-1A | 118 Arjun Main Battle Tanks, MK-1A, with 71 upgrades will be made for Rs 8,500 crore', 'metadescription' => 'The Main Battle Tank is developed and manufactured 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7094, 'title' => 'Arjun MK-1A', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi had recently handed over the indigenously developed Arjun Main Battle Tank (MK-1A) to the Indian Army.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Main Battle Tank is developed and manufactured by CVRDE and DRDO along with 15 academic institutions, eight labs, and several MSMEs.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun Main Battle Tank project was initiated by DRDO in 1972 with the Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) as its lead laboratory. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective was to create a “state-of-the-art tank with superior fire power, high mobility, and excellent protection”. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the development, the CVRDE achieved breakthroughs in the engine, transmission, hydropneumatic suspension, hull, and turret as well as the gun control system. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Features</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Arjun tanks stand out for their ‘Fin Stabilised Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot (FSAPDS)’ ammunition and 120-mm calibre rifled gun.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also has a computer-controlled integrated fire control system with stabilised sighting that works in all lighting conditions. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mk-1A upgradation</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mk-1A version has 14 major upgrades on the earlier version. 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