Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Judiciary & Judgments
SC appoints 3-member panel to mediate in Ayodhya dispute
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 09 March 2019
SC directs EC to increase random checking of VVPAT slips
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 09 April 2019
President appoints 4 new judges of Supreme Court
Tags: Constitution, Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 23 May 2019
High Court declares all animals in Haryana as legal persons
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 03 June 2019
Bombay High Court uphelds Maratha reservation with cuts
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 28 June 2019
Justice Pinaki Ghose sworn in as first Lokpal of India
Tags: Constitution, Bills & Laws, Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 23 March 2019
First in 28 years CJI allows FIR against sitting HC judge
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 31 July 2019
Form action plan to make Delhi crime-free for women: HC to govt
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 01 August 2019
Right to access internet is part of RTE and Right to Privacy
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 20 September 2019
Creamy layer principle in Sc/ST quota for promotion
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 09 December 2019
Law to protect against destruction of public property during protests
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 17 December 2019
Law on Payment for destruction of public property
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 31 December 2019
Time limit on advance bail violates liberty: Supreme Court
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 30 January 2020
Reservation in job promotion not a fundamental right
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 10 February 2020
Supreme court order on permanent commission for women officers
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 18 February 2020
Court’s interferance in policy decisons of government
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 26 February 2020
Consent of Attorney General for contempt proceedings
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 04 December 2020
Bombay High Court verdict on sexual assault
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 27 January 2021
Delhi HC order on Future Group-Amazon dispute
Tags: Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 04 February 2021
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The five-judge Constitution Bench of Supreme Court led by Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi has proposed court-monitored mediation in Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land dispute case to arrive at a permanent solution.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Three-member mediation panel</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">SC has appointed three-member panel of mediators to find “permanent solution” to Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land dispute in Ayodhya in eight weeks. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The panel will be headed by former <strong><em>Supreme Court judge F.M.I. Kalifulla as chairman</em></strong> and comprise of Art of Living founder<em>Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, </em>and <em>Sriram Panchu</em>, a senior advocate with experience in alternative dispute resolution. <em>All three panel members hail from Tamil Nadu</em></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mediation Process</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mediation panel has been given eight weeks and all mediators have been urged to “conclude at the earliest.” Court also directed them to file status report in four weeks with 8 weeks’ deadline to conclude the hearing.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will start in week in Faizabad district (officially renamed to Ayodhya) of Uttar Pradesh of which disputed area is a part — with the process conducted in-camera.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Media has been refrained from reporting the proceedings, considering need for “utmost confidentiality” in conduct of mediation to ensure its success.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ayodhya dispute</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is political, historical and socio-religious debate centred on ownership of plot of land in city of Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The main issues revolve around access to site (land) of Babri Masjid (16th century mosque) which is claimed by Hindus to be birthplace of Hindu deity Rama.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Section of Hindus argue that Hindu temple of deity Ram this site was destroyed by Mughals in 16th century and Babri Masjid erected on it.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Babri Masjid was destroyed during political rally which turned into riot on 6 December 1992. Subsequently, land title case was lodged in Allahabad High Court, e verdict of which was pronounced in September 2010. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Allahabad High Court had ruled that 2.77 acres of Ayodhya land be divided into 3 parts, with 1/3 going to Ram Lalla or Infant Rama represented by Hindu Maha Sabha for construction of the Ram temple, 1/3 going to Islamic Sunni Waqf Board and remaining 1/3 going to Hindu religious denomination Nirmohi Akhara. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Reacting to HC verdict, all the three claimant parties in the land dispute had appeal against the division of disputed land in Supreme Court for resolution of long-standing dispute. </span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Supreme Court has directed Election Commission of India (ECI) to increase random matching of Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) machine slips with Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) results from one to five polling booths in each assembly segment for the multiphase Lok Sabha polls<strong>. </strong>It held that this move will bring more "credibility" and "integrity" to the electoral process.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Petition</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">SC gave this order on petition filed by 21 Opposition leaders led by Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister and TDP chief N Chandrababu Naidu. It had demanded counting of at least 50% of VVPAT machine slips per assembly segment to match the results of EVM. It also had mentioned that existing guideline issued by ECI makes VVPAT completely ineffective and merely ornamental in nature. It defeats the entire purpose of introducing VVPAT and renders judgement and directions passed by apex completely otiose.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">VVPAT Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is device which dispenses slip with symbol of party for which person has voted for. The slip appears on small window for 7 seconds and then drops in box. The voter cannot take this slip at home. The VVPAT slip displays candidate’s serial number, Name of the candidate and Corresponding symbol for whom the vote has been cast.<strong> </strong>VVPAT machines will be used for the first time in all polling booths along with EVMs in 2019 Lok Sabha elections<strong>. </strong>They were deployed in some parliamentary and assembly bypolls.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Previous EC Guideline</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Currently, EC was following one EVM per assembly segment guidelines wherein there was random counting of VVPAT machines in one booth of each assembly segment. It was decided by draw of lots or lottery system in the presence of candidates to select random booth.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'UN not state under Article 12: Delhi HC',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Delhi High court has held that United Nations Organization (UNO) is not ‘State’ in terms of Article 12 of the Constitution of India and is thus not amenable to Article 226 jurisdiction.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What is the case?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Delhi HC passed this judgment in petition concerning immunity enjoyed by UNO under United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947. The petitioner was former employee of UNO who was found guilty of misconduct pursuant to findings of Procurement Task Force. The petitioner also had faced trial in United States and after serving his sentence, he was deported to India. Thereafter, the petitioner sought permission of Union Ministry of External Affairs to initiate legal action against UNO in terms of section 86 of Civil Procedure Code, 1908. (This provision provides that foreign State may be sued in any Court with the consent of Central government).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> MEA had stated that consent of Union Government was not required to initiate legal suit against UNO as it was not foreign State and but is only International Organization. It, however, added that UNO and its officials enjoyed immunity under United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947. It also stated that as per Section 2 of Article II of Schedule of Act, 1947, UNO has immunity from every form of legal process except insofar as in any particular case it has expressly waived its immunity. The same became subject matter of the petition filed before the High Court. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Constitutional Provisions</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 12:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Its states state in context of Part III (Fundamental Rights) of Constitution includes Government and Parliament of India, Government and Legislature of each of State, all local or other authorities within territory of India or under control of Union of India. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 226:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It empowers high courts to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, certiorari or any of them to any person or authority, including government (in appropriate cases).</span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'President appoints 4 new judges of Supreme Court',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President of India Ram Nath Kovind in exercise of powers under Article 124 (2) has appointed four judges to Supreme Court. They are <em>Justice Aniruddha Bose, Justice A S Bopanna, Justice B R Gavai and Justice Surya Kant</em>. With appointment of these four judges, SC will now function with its full sanctioned strength of 31 judges, including Chief Justice of India. At present, the apex court has strength of 27 judges. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Appointment Procedure:</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 124(3) of the constitution:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It mentions following criteria for people eligible to become a Supreme Court (SC) Judge (i) High Court (HC) judge who has held that post for 5 years or more. (ii) Advocate who has practiced in HC/SC for 10 years or more. (iii) Distinguished Jurist (no judge appointed on this basis till date).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 124(2):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It says that judges of Supreme Court can be appointed by President of India after <strong>consultation</strong> with such number of Judges of the SC/HCs as he deems necessary. For appointment of any Judge of SC other than Chief Justice of India (CJI), CJI must be consulted.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Collegium system: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was formalized by three Judges cases of 1981, 1993 & 1998 for the purpose of consultation mentioned in Article 124 (2). The collegium for appointing SC judge consists of CJI and four senior-most judges of SC.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Memorandum of Procedure (MoP)</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It was evolved after Third Judge Case of 1998 to provide the process for Collegium to recommend names for appointments to the Executive. As per it, President of India can either accept recommendation or send it back for reconsideration. The reconsidered advice is binding on President and he must accept it.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'High Court declares all animals in Haryana as legal persons',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Punjab and Haryana High Court has accorded status of “legal person or entity” to animals in Haryana, granting them “corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person”. It also asserted that animals might be mute but we as a society have to speak on their behalf.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The verdict of Punjab and Haryana HC comes nearly a year after Uttarakhand HC passed similar order to protect and promote greater welfare of animals. Both orders were written by Justice Rajiv Sharma, who was transferred from Uttarakhand to Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh in 2018. Justice Sharma was also part of bench in Uttarkahand that had in 2017 declared rivers Ganga and Yamuna as living entities, a verdict that was later stayed by Supreme Court.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Punjab and Haryana HC Ruling</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Entire animal kingdom, including avian and aquatic, had a right to life (under Article 21) and bodily integrity, honour and dignity, are entitled to justice.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Animals and birds could not be treated merely as objects or property and they have legal rights like humans.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Animals should be healthy, well nourished, comfortable, safe, able to express innate behavior without fear, painand distress.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Declared all citizens throughout Haryana as persons in loco parentis (meaning – in place of parent) as the human face for welfare/protection of animals.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Directed Police to ensure that carts driven by animals were given the right of way to avoid inconvenience to animals.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bans their deployment for pulling vehicles in extreme cold and heat conditions and also fixed load to be carried by animals.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Bombay High Court uphelds Maratha reservation with cuts',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bombay High Court upheld Maharashtra government’s decision to provide reservation to Maratha community under the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Act, 2018. However, the court ruled that 16 % quota granted by state is not “justifiable” and reduced it to 12% in education and 13 % in government jobs, as recommended by the Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">HC Jugdement</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In exceptional circumstances, limit of 50% reservation set out by Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney case of 1992 can be crossed subject to availability of quantifiable and contemporaneous data reflecting backwardness, inadequacy of representation and without affecting the efficiency in administration.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">While the backwardness of Maratha community was not comparable to SCs and STs, it was comparable to several other backward classes, which find place in list of Other Backward Classes pursuant to the Mandal Commission.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">State government has legislative competence to create a separate category of Socially and Educationally Backward Class (SEBC) and grant reservation.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also held that though Maratha community had sufficient representation not to warrant reservation in the political arena, but that does not make it socially advanced.</span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indra Sawhney case (also known as Mandal case):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> In 1992, nine-judge constitutional bench of Supreme Court had ruled that total reservation for backward classes could not go beyond 50 %.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Total Reservation in Maharashtra</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The addition of 12-13</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Maratha quota will take the total reservation in the state to 64-65</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">. Prior to this, in Maharashtra, following 2001 State Reservation Act, the total reservation is 52</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">. This includes quotas for SC (13%), ST (7%), OBC (19%), Special Backward Class (2%), Vimukti Jati (3%), Nomadic Tribe B (2.5%), Nomadic Tribe C-Dhangar (3.5%) and Nomadic Tribe D-Vanjari (2%). The quotas for Nomadic Tribes and Special Backward Classes have been carved out of the total OBC quota.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Justice Pinaki Ghose was sworn in as first Lokpal of India, national anti-corruption ombudsman of the country. He was oath to office by President Ram Nath Kovind. His appointment was approved by President based on recommendation of Lokpal selection panel chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and comprised of Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi, Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan, eminent jurist Mukul Rohatgi. Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Mallikarjun Kharge was not present in meeting of selection panel. President also has appointed four judicial and four non-judicial members of the Lokpal. They are</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Judicial Members: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dilip B. Bhosale (Former Chief Justice), Pradip Kumar Mohanty (Former Chief Justice), Abhilasha Kumari (Former Chief Justice), Ajay Kumar Tripathi (sitting Chief Justice of Chhattisgarh).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Non-Judicial Members:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Archana Ramasundaram (First woman Chief of Sashastra Seema Bal), Dinesh Kumar Jain (Former Chief Secretary, Maharashtra), Mahender Singh (Former IRS officer), Indrajeet Prasad Gautam (Former IAS officer).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is national anti-corruption authority or body of ombudsmen with jurisdiction over central government to inquire into allegations of corruption against its public functionaries and for matters connected to corruption.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Historical Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The institution of ombudsman originated in Scandinavian (referred to Norway, Denmark and Sweden) countries. It first came into being in Sweden in 1713 as “chancellor of justice” appointed by King to assist as invigilator by looking into functioning of a wartime government. Word Lokpal is derived from Sanskrit word “Loka” meaning people and “pala” meaning protector or caretaker. Together it means “protector of people”. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Statutory Backing</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provides for establishment of Lokpal for Centre and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It extends to whole of India, including Jammu & Kashmir. It is applicable to “public servants” within and outside India. It mandates for creation of Lokpal for Union and Lokayukta for states.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Structure of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is statutory body without any constitutional backing. It is multimember body, made up of one chairperson and maximum of 8 members. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Person to be appointed as chairperson of Lokpal should be either the former Chief Justice of India or former Judge of Supreme Court or eminent person.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this case, eminent person must have impeccable integrity and outstanding ability, special knowledge and expertise of minimum 25 years in matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, finance including insurance and banking, law and management.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Out of maximum eight members, four are judicial members and four are non judicial. Minimum 50% of members must be from SC/ST/OBC/minorities and women. Judicial members should be either a former Judge of Supreme Court or former Chief Justice of High Court.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Jurisdiction of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It includes Prime Minister under its ambit. But except in cases on allegations of corruption related to international relations, security, public order, atomic energy and space. Moreover, bench of Lokpal and at least two-thirds of members approve an inquiry. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has jurisdiction over ministers and MPs (but not in matter of anything said in Parliament or a vote given there).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also cover all categories of public servants viz, Group A, B, C or D officers defined as such under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Any corruption complaint against Group A and B officers, after inquiry, will directly come to Lokpal. However, in case of Group C and D officers, Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) will investigate and report to Lokpal. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Powers of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Superintendence over CBI and give direction to CBI. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Investigating officer of case transferred to CBI by Lokpal cannot be transferred without its approval.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can authorize CBI for search and seizure operations connected to such case.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its Inquiry Wing is vested with the powers of a civil court.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can confiscate assets, proceeds, receipts and benefits arisen or procured by means of corruption in special circumstances</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can recommend transfer or suspension of public servant connected with allegation of corruption.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can give directions to prevent destruction of records during preliminary inquiry.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Context:</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Chief Justice of India Ranjan (CJI) Gogoi has allowed <strong>the Central Bureau of Investigation</strong> (CBI) <strong>to lodge an FIR against justice S.N. Shukla of the Allahabad High Court</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This comes only a few days after justice Shukla requested CJI Gogoi to restore judicial functions to his jurisdiction. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CJI Gogoi had ordered to take away his judicial functions in January 2018. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Justice Shukla’s prosecution is<strong> the 1<sup>st</sup> such case since the 1991 Supreme Court judgement in Veeraswamy Case</strong></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Why would Justice S.N. Shukla be prosecuted?</span></strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Why would Justice S.N. Shukla be prosecuted?</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Justice Shukla is accused of<strong> favouring a private medical college </strong>by extending the deadline for admission of students in contravention of the existing rules.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">About the prosecution judges of the higher judiciary (Supreme Court and High Courts) in India:</span></span></strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">About the prosecution judges of the higher judiciary (Supreme Court and High Courts) in India:</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Prosecution of judges of the high court and the Supreme Court were <strong>not allowed till July 1991.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Veeraswamy case, 1991:</span></span></strong></span></span></li>
<li style="list-style-type:none">
<ul>
<li>
<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Justice Veeraswany of Madras High Court had challenged the government’s decision of booking him in a corruption case of, 1976.</span></span></strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">His argument was “<strong>law gives immunity to judges of the appellate courts from prosecution.”</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">However, <strong>the Supreme Court</strong> rejected this argument of justice Veeraswamy and <strong>provided for lodging FIR against such judges if nod for the same is given by the CJI.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
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'title' => 'Cabinet nod for more Supreme Court judges',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Context:</span></span></strong> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Acting at the request of the Chief Justice of India, the Union Cabinet on Wednesday (31/07/2019) <strong>decided to increase the number of Supreme Court judges from 31 to 34.</strong></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">About the strength of the Supreme Court:</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">At present</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">, the sanctioned strength of the court is <strong>30, excluding the Chief Justice of India.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Once the Bill gets parliamentary approval</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">, the number of judges will go up to 33, excluding the CJI.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">According to a <strong>written reply by the Law Ministr</strong>y to a Rajya Sabha question on July <strong>11, 59,331 cases are pending in the top court.</strong></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Request by the CJI to increase the strength:</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Due to paucity of judges, the required number of Constitution Benches</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> to decide important cases <strong>was not being formed, the CJI wrote. </strong></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">“You would recall that <strong>way back in 1988,</strong> about three decades ago, the <strong>judge strength of the SC was increased from 18 to 26, and then again after two decades in 2009, it was increased to 31, including the CJI,</strong> to expedite disposal of cases to keep pace with the rate of institution” he said in the request.</span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Form action plan to make Delhi crime-free for women: HC to govt',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Context: </span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white">A Bench of Justices G.S. Sistani and Jyoti Singh asked the city government, the Delhi Police and other stakeholders <strong>to prepare an action plan to make the Capital "crime free for women".</strong></span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Other directions:</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">It also <strong>questioned why over 3,000 crore is lying unused in the Nirbhaya Fund,</strong> which was announced in 2013, when it <strong>“could have been used for installing CCTVs and streetlights”.</strong> </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">It also said that <strong>a special task force should be formed</strong> and <strong>police officials be given motorcycles so that they can access dark spots </strong>in the city.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white">After considering the suggestions given by advocate <strong>Meera Bhatia, who was appointed amicus curiae to assist the court </strong>in the case, the <strong>Bench asked the Public Works Department to ensure that all streetlights are functional.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white">It further directed that <strong>more staff be recruited in 44 police stations. </strong>These stations have been identified as having <strong>areas</strong> under their jurisdiction <strong>that have been flagged as vulnerable spots for crime based on a crime-mapping exercise.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The Bench said that <strong>women police officers in plain clothes be deployed </strong>so that <strong>repeat offenders are brought to book. </strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">It also asked the police to <strong>file an affidavit complying with the court’s direction and to submit a monthly report.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Installation of CCTVs so far:</span></strong></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The police said that CCTVs had been installed in 179 of 182 police stations.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'Krishna water dispute',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Maharashtra and Karnataka Chief Ministers have agreed to jointly oppose Andhra Pradesh’s application seeking a relook at the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal’s 2010 order on water distribution between the states<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT) is a tribunal set up by the Central Government in 1969 under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956 to resolve the disputes between the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra and then undivided Andhra Pradesh over sharing of Krishna river water.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">As new grievances arose between the states, the second KWDT was instituted in 2004. It delivered its report in 2010, which made allocations of the Krishna water at 65 per cent dependability and for surplus flows.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Andhra Pradesh has since asked that Telangana be included as a separate party at the KWDT and that the allocation of Krishna waters be reworked among four states, instead of three.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Telangana was created following bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, which means that allocation of water should be from Andhra Pradesh’s share as approved by the tribunal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Andhra Pradesh wants reconstitution of the tribunal and a new proposal for water sharing. This move is being opposed by Karnataka and Maharashtra, the other basin states of Krishna river.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Krishna river</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Krishna is an east-flowing river that originates at Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra and merges with the Bay of Bengal, flowing through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Together with its tributaries, it forms a vast basin that covers 33% of the total area of the four states.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Tribunals</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#222222">River tribunals are constituted based on ‘The Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956’which is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted under <strong>Article 262 </strong>of Constitution.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 2225,
'title' => 'Collegium of Judges',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The recent controversy over the transfer of the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, Justice Vijaya Tahilramani, to the Meghalaya High Court has once again brought up the debate on the functioning of the ‘Collegium’ of judges that makes appointments and transfers in the higher judiciary.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Justice Tahilramani had requested for a reconsideration of the decision of collegium but the collegium headed by the CJI has dismissed the request citing strong reasons for their decision. Questions have been asked regarding the method of appointment of the judges through the collegium.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Collegium can be defined as a system under which judges are appointed by an institution comprising judges.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Collegium of judges is the Supreme Court’s invention. It is <strong>not mentioned</strong> in the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/1353-1349/constitution/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank"><strong>Constitution. </strong></a></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The constitution says that judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President and speaks of a process of consultation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background for Current collegium coming into existence</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>First Judges Case</strong> (1981) ruled that the “consultation” with the CJI in the matter of appointments must be full and effective. However, it rejected the idea that the CJI’s opinion should have primacy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Second Judges Case</strong> (1993) introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”. It added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges of the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/Supreme_Court/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank"><strong>Supreme Court. </strong></a></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Third Judges Case</strong> (1998) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Collegium Procedure</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>President of India</strong> appoints the <strong>CJI</strong> and the other <strong>SC judges</strong>. As far as the CJI is concerned, the outgoing CJI recommends his successor who is the seniormost judge of the Supreme court according to convention. The Union Law Minister forwards the recommendation to the Prime Minister who, in turn, advises the President.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For appointing the <strong>judges of the Supreme court</strong>, the proposal is initiated by the CJI. The CJI consults the rest of the Collegium members, as well as the senior-most judge<strong> </strong>of the court hailing from the High Court to which the recommended person belongs. The Collegium sends the recommendation to the Law Minister, who forwards it to the Prime Minister to advise the President.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Chief Justice of High Courts </strong>is appointed as per the policy of having Chief Justices from outside the respective States. The Collegium takes the call on the elevation as well as transfers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks of the system</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Opaqueness and a lack of transparency, and the scope for nepotism are considered as a major issue in this process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Majority opinions have asked for the need for transparency. In an effort to boost transparency, the Collegium’s resolutions are now posted online, but reasons are not given.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'Right to access internet is part of RTE and Right to Privacy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Kerala High Court held that the <strong>right to have access to the Internet </strong>is part of the fundamental right to education as well as the right to privacy under <strong>Article 21 </strong>of the Constitution.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The verdict came on a petition filed by a student of third-semester B.A. English from a college at Chelanur, challenging her expulsion for not adhering to restrictions on the use of mobile phone and internet.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court observed that the action of the college authorities infringed the fundamental freedom as well as privacy and would adversely affect the future and career of students who want to acquire knowledge and compete with their peers. It said that such restriction could not be permitted to be enforced.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The college authorities had placed restrictions on the use of internet on the basis of Article 19(1)(a) of the constitution that restricts fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Right to Privacy</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>right to privacy</strong> is protected as an intrinsic part of the <strong>right to life and personal liberty</strong> under <strong>Article 21</strong> and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by <strong>Part III of the Constitution</strong>.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 21</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It states that<em> “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law”.</em></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 21</strong> secures two rights:</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1) Right to life</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>2) Right to personal liberty.</strong></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 2464,
'title' => 'Foreigner’s tribunal',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Gauhati High Court has pulled up a foreigner’s tribunal in Assam that will deliver the final judgement for those excluded from the National Register of Citizens.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The final list of bonafide citizens under NRC was published on August 31, and excluded more than 19 lakh people. Foreigner’s tribunals are now reviewing their cases.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Foreigner’s Tribunal</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Foreigners' Tribunals are Quasi judicial courts mandated to hear appeals of those excluded from the NRC.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tribunals will be established in convenient locations to ensure that filing and hearing of appeals is smooth and efficient.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under the provisions of Foreigners Act, 1946 and Foreigners Tribunal Order, 1964, only Foreigner Tribunals are empowered to declare a person as a foreigner.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964 was issued by the Central Government under Section 3 of The Foreigners Act, 1946. It is applicable to the whole country.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Functions</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It lays down the modalities for the Tribunals to decide on appeals made by persons not satisfied with the outcome of claims and objections filed against the NRC.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tribunal will act like an institution that will provide assistance for individuals whose name does not figure in NRC list. It will give them chances to prove their citizenship claims.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'Ayodhya case',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya appeals hearing in the Supreme Court is likely to end on October 16, two days before the deadline.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fourteen appeals were filed in the apex court against the 2010 Allahabad High Court judgment, delivered in four civil suits, that the 2.77-acre land in Ayodhya be partitioned equally among the three parties , the Sunni Waqf Board, the Nirmohi Akhara and Ram Lalla.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya dispute is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in India, centred on a plot of land in the city of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The issues revolve around access to a site traditionally regarded among Hindus to be the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama, the history and location of the Babri Masjid at the site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The issue gained political significance in 80’s with many right-wing parties and groups coming together to demand a temple in the disputed area.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On December 6, 1992 during a rally under Ramjanmabhoomi movement, provocative speeches by various leaders resulted in demolition of Babri Masjid by a mob of activists.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Librahan Commission (Librahan Ayodhya Commission for Inquiry)</strong> was set up to investigate the destruction of the disputed structure of Babri Masjid under retired High Court Judge M. S. Liberhan by an order of the Indian Home Union Ministry.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The High Court also passed an order to the <strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong> to find out if there would be evidence of temple beneath the Mosque.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The<strong> Archaeological Survey of India</strong> started excavation to find out the evidence of temple beneath the Babri-Masjid disputed land and submitted its report that there is evidence of temple on the basis of stone columns and pillars that might be representation of Hindu, Buddhist or Jaina elements.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lucknow bench of Allahabad High Court </strong>reserved its order and suggested all the parties to resolve issue through friendly discussion but unfortunately no one was interested.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court appoints Redt. Justice <strong>Kalifullah</strong>, Senior advocate <strong>Sriram Panchu</strong> and Spiritual guru <strong>Sri Sri Ravishankar</strong> to act as <strong>mediator</strong>s between the parties of Ayodhya dispute. But there was no success.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 2727,
'title' => 'Ayodhya verdict to be out today',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya dispute verdict, which is pending in Supreme Court since past nine years will be pronounced today.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The verdict in the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land title case will be delivered by Supreme Court Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi, bringing to a close one of modern India’s longest-running Hindu-Muslim disputes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya dispute is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in India, centred on a plot of land in the city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The issues revolve around the control of a site traditionally regarded among Hindus to be the birthplace of the Hindu deity <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, the history and location of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a> at the site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nirmohi Akhara, a religious denomination, had sought directions to construct a Ram temple on the disputed land in Ayodhya and wanted the management rights of the premises to be given to it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ram Lalla (or the infant Ram), represented by the Hindu Mahasabha, wanted the entire land to be handed over to them, with no part going to Muslim parties or the Nirmohi Akhara.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunni Waqf Board, which looks after religious properties, had demanded that the Babri Masjid be restored to the form that existed before it was brought down by Hindu groups on 6 December 1992.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Allahabad High court had pronounced its judgement on 30 September 2010 with majority decision of 2:1, and held that the 22.7 acres (1.12 ha) land located in Ayodhya will be divided into a three-way division, where one-third for the Sunni Waqf Board, one-third for the Nirmohi Akhara and one-third to the party for 'Ram Lalla' or infant Ram represented by the Hindu Maha Sabha.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Babri Masjid demolition</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After a provocative speech by political leaders on 6th of december 1992, mob of violent political workers escaped protective barricades and destroyed the Babri Masjid, which was a disputed building in the Ayodhya case.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To investigate the occurance of events, a committee was formed involving a retired judge, known as Liberhan commitee.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
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'title' => 'Supreme court verdict on Ayodhya case',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme court has delivered the final verdict in the Ayodhya case with an almost unanimous decision, which brings to an end one of the longest running issue in modern Indian history.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya case was a dispute between Muslim and Hindu parties regarding a piece of land which the Hindus claimed to be the birth place of Lord Ram whereas the Muslims believed that the land belonged to the now-destroyed Babri Masjid.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme court bench led by CJI Ranjan Gogoi have given unanimous decision regarding the ownership of the land which is as follows:</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supreme Court has granted the entire 2.77 acre of disputed land in Ayodhya to deity Ram Lalla.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supreme Court has directed the Centre and Uttar Pradesh government to allot an alternative 5 acre land to the Muslims at a prominent place to build a mosque.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court has asked Centre to consider granting some kind of representation to Nirmohi Akhara in setting up of trust. Nirmohi Akhara was the third party in the Ayodhya dispute.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court dismissed the plea of Nirmohi Akhara, which was seeking control of the entire disputed land, saying they are the custodian of the land.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supreme Court has directed the Union government to set up a trust in 3 months for the construction of the Ram mandir at the disputed site where Babri Masjid was demolished in 1992.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court said the underlying structure below the disputed site at Ayodhya was not an Islamic structure, but the ASI has not established whether a temple was demolished to build a mosque.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court also said that the Hindus consider the disputed site as the birthplace of Lord Ram while the Muslims also say the same about the Babri Masjid site.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court also said that the faith of the Hindus that Lord Ram was born at the disputed site where the Babri Masjid once stood cannot be disputed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court also said that the 1992 demolition of the 16th century Babri Masjid mosque was a violation of law.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While reading out its judgment, the Supreme Court said that the UP Sunni Central Waqf Board has failed to establish its case in Ayodhya dispute case and Hindus have established their case that they were in possession of outer courtyard of the disputed site.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 2814,
'title' => 'Review petition',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) and Jamiat ulama i Hind announced have that they would file review petitions on the Supreme Court judgment in the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid dispute.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The expert panel of the litigant observed that the judgment was against the Babri Masjid and it was not a final judgment as the option of reviewing is available under the Constitution.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parties against the verdict have been thinking about challenging the apex court’s decision in front of a review bench.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In India, a binding decision of the Supreme Court/High Court can be reviewed in Review Petition. The parties aggrieved on any order of the Supreme Court on any apparent error can file a review petition.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Review petitions</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 137 of the Constitution provides that subject to provisions of any law and rule made under Article 145 the Supreme Court of India has the power to review any judgement pronounced (or order made) by it. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under Supreme Court Rules, 1966 such a petition needs to be filed within 30 days from the date of judgement or order.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is also recommended that the petition should be circulated without oral arguments to the same bench of judges that delivered the judgement (or order) sought to be reviewed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even after dismissal of a review petition, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">SC</a> may consider a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curative_petition" title="Curative petition">curative petition</a> in order to prevent abuse of its process and to cure gross <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">miscarriage of justice</a><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 3028,
'title' => 'Creamy layer principle in Sc/ST quota for promotion',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Centre has urged the Supreme Court<strong> </strong>to refer to a larger Bench its decision last year had to apply the creamy layer principle to promotions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in government jobs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The petitioners claimed that amendments were brought to reverse the effect of the decision in the Indra Sawhney case of 1992 (Mandal Commission case), in which the Supreme Court had excluded the creamy layer of OBCs from reservation benefits.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta (2018), the court dealt with a batch of appeals relating to two reference orders, first by a two-judge Bench and then by a three-judge Bench, on the correctness of the Supreme Court’s judgment in M Nagaraj & Others vs Union of India (2006). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nagaraj case, in turn, had arisen out of a challenge to the validity of four Constitution amendments, which the court eventually upheld.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said reservation should be applied in a limited sense, otherwise it will perpetuate casteism in the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is made clear that even if the State has compelling reasons, it will have to see that its reservation provision does not lead to excessiveness so as to breach the ceiling-limit of 50% or obliterate the creamy layer or extend the reservation indefinitely”. In other words, the court extended the creamy layer principle to SCs and STs too.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Last year, a five-judge Constitution Bench refused to refer the Nagaraj verdict to a larger bench. It held as “invalid” the requirement laid down by the Nagaraj verdict that states should collect quantifiable data on the backwardness of SCs and STs in granting quota in promotions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">when a Court applies the creamy layer principle to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, it does not in any manner tinker with the Presidential List under Articles 341 or 342. It is only those persons within that group or sub-group, who have come out of untouchability or backwardness by virtue of belonging to the creamy layer, who are excluded from the benefit of reservation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Important amendments</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>77th Amendment:</strong> It introduced Clause 4A to the Constitution, empowering the state to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion to SC/ST employees if the state feels they are not adequately represented.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>82nd Amendment:</strong> It inserted a proviso at the end of Article 335 to enable the state to make any provision for SC/STs “for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the standards of evaluation, for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of services or posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>85th Amendment:</strong> It said reservation in promotion can be applied with consequential seniority for the SC/ST employee.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way Forward</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The whole object of reservation is to see that backward classes of citizens move forward so that they may march hand in hand with other citizens of India on an equal basis. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This will not be possible if only the creamy layer within that class bag all the coveted jobs in the public sector and perpetuate themselves, leaving the rest of the class as backward as they always were.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 3108,
'title' => 'Law to protect against destruction of public property during protests',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Supreme Court Bench headed by Chief Justice of India S A Bobde has expressed displeasure over rioting and destruction of public property during protets.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite a law against the destruction of property, incidents of rioting, vandalism, and arson have been common during protests across the country.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 1984 punishes anyone who commits mischief by doing any act in respect of any public property, with a jail term of up to five years and a fine or both. Provisions of this law can be coupled with those under the Indian Penal Code.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Public property under this Act includes “any building, installation or other property used in connection with the production, distribution or supply of water, light, power or energy; any oil installation; any sewage works; any mine or factory; any means of public transportation or of telecommunications, or any building, installation or other property used in connection therewith”. But they are found to be inadequate.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2007, the court took suo motu cognizance of various instances where there was large scale destruction of public and private properties in the name of agitations, bandhs, hartals and the like, and set up two Committees headed by former apex court judge Justice K T Thomas and senior advocate Fali Nariman to suggest changes to the law.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Thomas Committee recommended reversing the burden of proof against protesters. Accepting the suggestion, the court said that the prosecution should be required to prove that public property had been damaged in direct action called by an organisation, and that the accused also participated in such direct action.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It added that the law must be amended to give the court the power to draw a presumption that the accused is guilty of destroying public property, and it would then be open to the accused to rebut such presumption.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such a reversal of the burden of proof is applicable in cases of sexual violence, among others. Generally, the law presumes that the accused is innocent until the prosecution proves its case.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nariman Committee’s recommendations dealt with extracting damages for destruction. Accepting the recommendations, the court said the rioters would be made strictly liable for the damage, and compensation would be collected to “make good” the damage.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from holding rioters liable and imposing costs, the court also issued guidelines including directing High Courts to order suo motu action, and to set up a machinery to investigate the damage caused and award compensation wherever mass destruction to property takes place due to protests.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Like the law, the guidelines too, have had a limited impact. This is because the identification of protesters remains difficult, especially in cases where there is no leader who gave the call to protest.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => 'A Supreme Court Bench headed by Chief Justice of India S A Bobde has expressed displeasure over rioting and destruction of public property during protets.',
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(int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 3241,
'title' => 'Law on Payment for destruction of public property',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Uttar Pradesh government has directed district administrations to serve notices on persons allegedly involved in arson and damage of public property, and direct them to pay a penalty.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The quantum of the penalty is being determined according to the total cost of the damaged property. The protestors were found to have damaged public properties during the protest against the Citizenship Amendment Bill.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The administration has said it derives such powers on the basis of an Allahabad High Court order of December 2, 2010 in Mohammad Shujauddin vs State of Uttar Pradesh. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has said the police are empowered to take penal action under The Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 1984. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The High Court order, due to lacunae in the 1984 Act, has also empowered the civil administration to take action against the accused.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The High Court referred to a 2009 judgment of the Supreme Court relating to the destruction of public and private properties. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court had issued guidelines on the basis of recommendations made by two committees, headed by former Supreme Court Justice K T Thomas and senior advocate Fali Nariman.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nariman Committee’s recommendations had dealt with extracting damages for destruction. Accepting the recommendations, the Supreme Court had said that the rioters would be made strictly liable for the damage, and compensation would be collected to “make good” the damage.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The High Court’s judgement</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As and when any incident of damage of public property takes place, if such agitation has been called at the “invitation of a political party or a sitting or former people’s representative”, a “report” shall be registered by the police against the political party/person by name.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A “concerned department, local body, public corporation”, that is, the owner of the property, would assess the damage and shall file a claim for realization of such amount before a “competent authority”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There will be an “opportunity of hearing” against whom the claims is filed; and the competent authority is mandated to pass the “appropriate order” with a month after the hearing is complete.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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(int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 3336,
'title' => 'SC judgement on internet shutdown',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has for the first time set the stage for challenging suspension orders before courts by directing government to publish all orders mandatorily.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Service) Rules, 2017 issued under the Telegraph Act, the law that deals with restricting Internet access does not provide for publication or notification of the order suspending Internet.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court declared that it is a “settled principle of law, and of natural justice” that requires publication of such orders, “particularly one that affects lives, liberty and property of people”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This allows individuals to now challenge the orders before courts in J&K and rest of India. While suspension orders were always subject to judicial review, lack of availability of such orders in public domain prevented such challenges before courts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India tops the list of Internet shutdowns globally. According to Software Freedom Law Center’s tracker, there have been 381 shutdowns since 2012, 106 of which were in 2019.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court also said that there should not be excessive burden on free speech even if complete prohibition is imposed, and the government has to justify imposition of such prohibition and explain why lesser alternatives will be inadequate.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court also declared access to internet a fundamental right. A government cannot deprive the citizens of fundamental rights except under certain conditions explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian constitution makes the right to freedom of speech and expression a fundamental right for all citizens. It has been listed in Article 19 (1)(a) of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has on many occasions expanded the scope of the right to freedom of speech and expression.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court ruling is also in sync with the United Nations recommendation that every country should make access to Internet a fundamental right. In India, Kerala had become the first state in 2017 to declare access to Internet "a basic human right".</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 19</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(1) All citizens shall have the right</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to freedom of speech and expression</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to assemble peaceably and without arms;</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to form associations or unions;</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to move freely throughout the territory of India;</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">omitted (the right to property)</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The only restrictions which may be imposed are those mentioned in clause (2) of Article 19. These are:</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India,</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">the security of the State,</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">friendly relations with foreign States,</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">public order, decency or morality</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">in relation to contempt of court, defamation or</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">incitement to an offence</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'Time limit on advance bail violates liberty: Supreme Court',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A constitutional bench of the Supreme court has ruled that the protection of anticipatory or pre-<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/634-633-600/arrest/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank">arrest<strong> </strong></a>bail cannot be limited to any time frame or fixed period as denial of bail amounts to deprivation of the fundamental right to personal liberty in a free and democratic country.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Section 438 (anticipatory bail) of the Code of Criminal Procedure protects people from the ignominy of detention in jail for days on end and disgrace to their reputation. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A five-judge Bench acknowledged that anticipatory bail helps thwart influential powers from implicating their rivals in false cases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said, the life or duration of an anticipatory bail order does not normally end at the time and stage when the accused is summoned by the court, or when charges are framed, but can continue till the end of the trial.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The questions referred to the Constitution Bench were twofold: whether the protection granted to a person under Section 438 should be limited to a fixed period till the accused surrenders in court, and whether the life of anticipatory bail should end when the accused is summoned by the court.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court held that protection against arrest should inure in favour of the accused. Restricting the protection would prove unfavourable for the accused.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It said that, courts have to consider the nature of the offence, the role of the person, the likelihood of his influencing the course of investigation or tampering of evidence, including intimidating witnesses and fleeing justice.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court held that a plea for anticipatory bail can be filed even before the registration of FIR as long as there is reasonable basis for apprehension of arrest and clarity of facts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The grant of protection should not be “blanket” but confined to specific offence or incident for which relief from arrest is sought. It is open for the police to move court for arrest of the accused if there is any violation of bail conditions, the ruling said.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 3619,
'title' => 'Reservation in job promotion not a fundamental right',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reservation in promotion in public posts cannot be claimed as a fundamental right, the Supreme Court stated in a judgement.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The judgment was based in a batch of appeals pertaining to the reservations to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in promotions in the posts of Assistant Engineer (Civil) in Public Works Department of Uttarakhand.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Apex court observed that State governments are not bound to make reservations. Even the courts could not issue a mandamus directing States to provide reservations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said, <strong>Articles 16 (4) </strong>and<strong> 16 (4-A)</strong> of the Constitution did not confer individuals with a fundamental right to claim reservations in promotion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Articles empower the State to make reservation in matters of appointment and promotion in favour of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes only if in the opinion of the State they are not adequately represented in the services of the State.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The top court observed the state government has the absolute discretion to decide whether or not to provide for reservation in jobs or reservation in promotions. Also, the state government is not under any obligation to do so.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court also said, if a State wishes to exercise its discretion and make reservation in promotions, it has to first collect quantifiable data showing inadequacy of representation of a class or community in public services.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
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'title' => 'Supreme court order on permanent commission for women officers',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court brought women officers in 10 streams of the Army on a par with their male counterparts in all respects, setting aside longstanding objections of the government.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The case was first filed in the Delhi High Court by women officers in 2003, and had received a favourable order in 2010. But the order was never implemented, and was challenged in the Supreme Court by the government.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The induction of women officers in the Army started in 1992. They were commissioned for a period of five years in certain chosen streams such as Army Education Corps, Corps of Signals, Intelligence Corps, and Corps of Engineers. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recruits under the Women Special Entry Scheme (WSES) had a shorter pre-commission training period than their male counterparts who were commissioned under the Short Service Commission (SSC) scheme.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Serving WSES officers were given the option to move to the new SSC scheme, or to continue under the erstwhile WSES. They were to be however, restricted to roles in streams specified earlier, which excluded combat arms such as infantry and armoured corps.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While male SSC officers could opt for permanent commission at the end of 10 years of service, this option was not available to women officers. They were, thus, kept out of any command appointment, and could not qualify for government pension, which starts only after 20 years of service as an officer.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government put forth other arguments before the Supreme Court to justify the proposal on the grounds of permanent commission, grants of pensionary benefits, limitations of judicial review on policy issues, occupational hazards, reasons for discrimination against women, SSC as a support cadre, and rationalization on physiological limitations for employment in staff appointments.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supreme court’s order: Implications</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The SC has done away with all discrimination on the basis of years of service for grant of PC in 10 streams of combat support arms and services, bringing them on a par with male officers. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also removed the restriction of women officers only being allowed to serve in staff appointments, which is the most significant and far-reaching aspect of the judgment.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It means that women officers will be eligible to tenant all the command appointments, at par with male officers, which would open avenues for further promotions to higher ranks for them: if women officers had served only in staff, they would not have gone beyond the rank of Colonel.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also means that in junior ranks and career courses, women officers would be attending the same training courses and tenanting critical appointments, which are necessary for higher promotions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The implications of the judgment will have to be borne by the human resources management department of the Army, which will need to change policy in order to comply.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bigger shift will have to take place in the culture, norms, and values of the rank and file of the Army, which will be the responsibility of the senior military and political leadership.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 3780,
'title' => 'Court’s interferance in policy decisons of government',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Telangana<strong> </strong>High Court will hold final hearing on a batch of PIL pleas over the State government’s decision to demolish the Secretariat building and on the issue of whether courts can intervene in an important policy decision taken by the government.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mentioning about the PIL petitions over government’s proposal to demolish the existing Secretariat building (now completely evacuated) and construction of a new one, the AG appealed to the Bench to decide if the HC can intervene over a key policy decision taken by the government.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The larger question in the issue was whether the courts can decide upon legality of a major policy decision taken by government. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government said the bench should decide upon the issue as to whether the court can interfere with the government’s decision just because some one approaches it opposing such policy decision.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An earlier Supreme court ruling had said that courts can decide the legality of Government decisions, but cannot substitute their views in policy matters.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Various judicial officials have opined that courts cannot behave as “super-legislatures” and that the judiciary should maintain self-restraint and respect separation of powers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Seperation of Power</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Separation of powers is a doctrine of constitutional law under which the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is also known as the system of <strong>checks </strong>and<strong> balances</strong>, because each branch is given certain powers so as to check and balance the other branches.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It refers to the division of responsibilities into distinct branches of government by limiting any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent of separation of powers is to <strong>prevent the concentration of power</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Constitution has indeed <strong>not</strong> <strong>recognized</strong> the doctrine of separation of powers in its <strong>absolute</strong> <strong>rigidity</strong>, but the functions of different parts or branches of the government have been sufficiently differentiated and consequently it can very well be said that our Constitution does not contemplate assumption, by one organ or part of the state, of functions that essentially belong to another.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'Supreme court ruling on Cryptocurrency',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court set aside a ban by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on banks and financial institutions from dealing with virtual currency holders and exchanges.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Virtual currency is the larger umbrella term for all forms of non-fiat currency being traded online. Virtual currencies are mostly created, distributed and accepted in local virtual networks.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court held that the ban did not pass the “proportionality” test. The test of proportionality of any action by the government, the court held, must pass the test of Article 19(1)(g), which states that all citizens of the country will have the right to practise any profession, or carry on any occupation or trade and business.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Cryptocurrency</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no globally accepted definition of what exactly is virtual currency. Some agencies have called it a method of exchange of value; others have labelled it a goods item, product or commodity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cryptocurrencies have an extra layer of security, in the form of encryption algorithms. Cryptographic methods are used to make the currency as well as the network on which they are being traded, secure. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most cryptocurrencies now operate on the blockchain or distributed ledger technology, which allows everyone on the network to keep track of the transactions occurring globally.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This essentially meant there would be no central regulator for virtual currencies as they would be placed in a globally visible ledger, accessible to all the users of the technology. All users of such virtual currencies would be able to see and keep track of the transactions taking place.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for RBI to ban cryptocurrency</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Owing to the lack of any underlying fiat, episodes of excessive volatility in their value, and their anonymous nature which goes against global money-laundering rules.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Risks and concerns about data security and consumer protection on the one hand, and far-reaching potential impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The RBI argues that owing to a significant spurt in the valuation of many virtual currencies and rapid growth in initial coin offerings, virtual currencies were not safe for use.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 5094,
'title' => 'Encounter rules',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The killing of gangster Vikas Dubey by the Uttar Pradesh Police has put the spotlight back on encounters or executive killings. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The legality of police action in such circumstances has been debated for long, and a legal framework was put in place with the intention of establishing accountability.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) have framed guidelines that are to be followed in cases of custodial deaths.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1993, the Commission had issued general guidelines that every case of custodial death must be intimated to it within 24 hours. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further, the post mortem reports, inquest requests, and other related documentation was to be sent to the human rights watchdog to ascertain its reliability within two months of the incident.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If a death is prime facie found to be a case of death that took place unlawfully, the Commission would grant compensation to the victim’s kin and penalise the errant state and its officials, it was decided.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This meant that for every case of custodial death, the concerned officers would be on trial, and their actions would not constitute an offence in only two circumstances:</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(a)If they have killed the individual in order to protect themselves and, b) if the use of force extending to death is necessary for making an arrest.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An FIR is registered under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code which penalises culpable homicide. The Indian Evidence Act puts the burden of proof on the defence — the police in this case — to prove that the offence was not committed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the guidelines that are the law of the land, encounter killings continue to happen. Political patronage to such incidents also adds to the lack of proper investigation.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Judicial provisions</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2009, a five-judge Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court recognised in the case of ‘Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee vs. Government of Andhra Pradesh’ that illegal killings by policemen have been taking place with impunity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The verdict in the public interest litigation, which was decided in 2014, mandated that every custodial death would be probed by a magistrate as per Section 170 of the CrPC.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The court also issued several guidelines on holding an independent investigation into the encounter. The court said that the investigation shall be conducted by the CID or police team of another police station under the supervision of a senior officer at least a level above the head of the police party engaged in the encounter.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 5104,
'title' => 'Padmanabha Swamy temple verdict',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court upheld the right of the Travancore royal family to manage the property of deity at Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ruling ends the legal battle the temple and members of the royal family have fought with the government for decades over control of one of the richest temples in the world.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since 2011, the process of opening the vaults has led to the discovery of treasures within the Padmanabhaswamy temple, prompting a debate on who owns temple property and how it should be regulated.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said that, as per customary law, the she bait rights (right to manage the financial affairs of the deity) survive with the members of the family even after the death of the last ruler.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central legal question was whether Utradam Thirunal Marthanda Varma, the younger brother of Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the last Ruler of Travancore, could claim to be the “Ruler of Travancore” after the death of the ruler in 1991. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court examined this claim within the limited meaning of that term according to the Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act, 1950 to claim ownership, control, and management of the ancient Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All the temples which were under the control and management of the erstwhile Princely States of Travancore and Cochin were under the control of the Travancore and Cochin Devaswom Boards before 1947. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, as per the Instrument of Accession signed between the princely states and the Government of India, since 1949, the administration of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple was “vested in trust” in the Ruler of Travancore. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1991, when the last ruler’s brother took over the temple management, it created a furore among devotees who moved the courts leading to a long-drawn legal battle.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Despite being a secular country that separates religion from the affairs of the state, Hindu temples, its assets are governed through statutory laws and boards heavily controlled by state governments.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 5472,
'title' => 'Domicile-based job quota',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Madhya Pradesh government’s recent decision to reserve all government jobs for “children of the state” raises questions relating to the fundamental right to equality.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While domicile-based reservations have been implemented in education, courts have been reluctant to expand this to employment. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 16 of the Constitution, which guarantees equal treatment under law in matters of public employment, prohibits the state from discriminating on grounds of place of birth or residence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 16(2) states that “no citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect or, any employment or office under the State”. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, Article 16(3) of the Constitution provides an exception by saying that Parliament may make a law “prescribing” a requirement of residence for jobs in a particular state. This power vests solely in the Parliament, not state legislatures.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As India has common citizenship, which gives citizens the liberty to move around freely in any part of the country, the requirement of a place of birth or residence cannot be qualifications for granting public employment in any state.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has ruled against reservation based on place of birth or residence. In 1984, ruling in Dr Pradeep Jain v Union of India, the issue of legislation for “sons of the soil” was discussed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a subsequent ruling in Sunanda Reddy v State of Andhra Pradesh (1995), the Supreme Court affirmed the observation in Pradeep Jain to strike down a state government policy that gave 5% extra weightage to candidates who had studied with Telugu as the medium of instruction.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2019, the Allahabad High Court struck down a recruitment notification by the UP Subordinate Service Selection Commission which prescribed preference for women who are “original residents” of the UP alone.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Constitutionally, some states also have special protections under Article 371. Andhra Pradesh under Section 371(d) has powers to have “direct recruitment of local cadre” in specified areas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before the abrogation of the special status of J&K in August last year, state government jobs were reserved exclusively for state subjects as per Article 370 of the Constitution.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Some states have gone around the mandate of Article 16(2) by using language. States that conduct official business in their regional languages prescribe knowledge of the language as a criterion.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => 'The Madhya Pradesh government’s recent decision to reserve all government jobs for “children of the state” raises questions relating to the fundamental right to equality',
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(int) 30 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 5531,
'title' => 'Quota within quota',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court reopened the legal debate on sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for reservations.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the Bench ruled in favour of giving preferential treatment to certain Scheduled Castes over others to ensure equal representation of all Scheduled Castes, it referred the issue to a larger Bench to decide.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earlier the Supreme Court had ruled that state governments had no power to create sub-categories of SCs for the purpose of reservation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">States have argued that among the Scheduled Castes, there are some that remain grossly under-represented despite reservation in comparison to other Scheduled Castes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This inequality within the Scheduled Castes is underlined in several reports, and special quotas have been framed to address it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For example, in Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Bihar, special quotas were introduced for the most vulnerable Dalits. In 2007, Bihar set up the Mahadalit Commission to identify the castes within SCs that were left behind.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Constitution, while providing for special treatment of SCs and STs to achieve equality, does not specify the castes and tribes that are to be called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. This power is left to the central executive, the President.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per Article 341, those castes notified by the President are called SCs and STs. A caste notified as SC in one state may not be a SC in another state. These vary from state to state to prevent disputes as to whether a particular caste is accorded reservation or not.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has engaged with the argument on whether the benefits of reservation have trickled down to the “weakest of the weak”. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The concept of a “creamy layer” within SCs was upheld by the court in a 2018 judgment in Jarnail Singh v Lachhmi Narain Gupta.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The “creamy layer” concept puts an income ceiling on those eligible for reservation. While this concept applies to Other Backward Castes, it was applied to promotions of Scheduled Castes for the first time in 2018.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In the Jarnail Singh case, the court held that the objective of reservation is to ensure that all backward classes march hand in hand and that will not be possible if only a select few get all the coveted services of the government.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 5404,
'title' => 'Hindu Women’s inheritance rights',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has expanded on a Hindu woman’s right to be a joint legal heir and inherit ancestral property on terms equal to male heirs.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A three-judge Bench headed ruled that a Hindu woman’s right to be a joint heir to the ancestral property is by birth and does not depend on whether her father was alive or not when the law was enacted in 2005. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 gave Hindu women the right to be coparceners or joint legal heirs in the same way a male heir does.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mitakshara school of Hindu law codified as the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 governed succession and inheritance of property but only recognised males as legal heirs. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The law applied to everyone who is not a Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jew by religion. Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and followers of Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj are also considered Hindus for the purposes of this law.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a Hindu Undivided Family, several legal heirs through generations can exist jointly. Traditionally, only male descendants of a common ancestor along with their mothers, wives, and unmarried daughters are considered a joint Hindu family. The legal heirs hold the family property jointly.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Women were recognised as coparceners or joint legal heirs for partition arising from 2005. Section 6 of the Act was amended that year to make a daughter of a coparcener also a coparcener by birth “in her own right in the same manner as the son”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even before the 2005 amendment, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu had made this change in the law, and Kerala had abolished the Hindu Joint Family System in 1975.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the 2005 law granted equal rights to women, questions were raised in multiple cases on whether the law applied retrospectively, and if the rights of women depended on the living status of the father through whom they would inherit. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Different benches of the Supreme Court had taken conflicting views on the issue. Different High Courts had also followed different views of the top court as binding precedents.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In February 2018, contrary to the 2015 ruling, a two-judge bench headed by Justice A K Sikri held that the share of a father who died in 2001 will also pass to his daughters as coparceners during the partition of the property as per the 2005 law.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Then in April that year, yet another two-judge bench, headed by Justice R K Agrawal, reiterated the position taken in 2015.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The ruling now overrules the verdicts from 2015 and April 2018. It settles the law and expands on the intention of the 2005 legislation “to remove the discrimination as contained in section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 by giving equal rights to daughters in the Hindu Mitakshara coparcenary property as the sons have”.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
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'title' => 'SC order on demolition of slums',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi government and the Northern Railway have been trying to come up with a plan to demolish slums that have been built alongside the railway tracks in the city, and to rehabilitate the residents of these dwellings.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The order for demolition was passed by the Supreme Court on August 31, which also said that no other court will grant a stay in the matter.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The writ petition case being heard in the Supreme Court, in which the August 31 order to remove the slums was passed, was filed in 1985 by a lawyer over air pollution in Delhi. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several other petitions and applications were then tagged along with the original petition and the scope of the petition widened to include vehicular pollution, garbage disposal, air quality etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the present instance, the court was hearing a matter related to dumping garbage along railway tracks, in which the SC-mandated body – Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority – filed a report, and Northern Railway and civic administration were parties in the case.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The removal will result in lakhs of people ending up on the road during the pandemic, if the Centre (Northern Railway) and the state do not arrive upon a plan for relocation and rehabilitation of these people soon.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As part of the policy, slum clusters which have come up before January 2015 shall not be demolished without providing alternate housing. After this cut-off date, slums that came up will be demolished without providing alternate housing. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The policy says that of the land freed after slum clusters are removed, 60 percent has to be used for in-situ development to rehabilitate slum dwellers while the rest can be used as a resource.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This clause also applied to slums that are to be demolished under court orders if the particular piece of land is required for a specific public project. The protocol includes surveys to determine eligibility.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Railway and DUSIB now have to decide which of these models it will follow before it implements the Supreme Court’s order to demolish the slums.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 5861,
'title' => 'Ayodhya conspiracy case',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A special CBI court in Lucknow has pronounced its judgment in the Babri Masjid demolition case and acquitted all the accused in the case.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the Supreme Court has delivered the final judgment in the Ayodhya title suit, this judgment will be the first in the nearly 28-year-old demolition case. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the demolition of the Babri Masjid on December 6, 1992, two separate cases were filed at Ram Janmabhoomi police station in Faizabad.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The FIR was filed against eight persons including senior BJP leaders — L K Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi, Ashok Singhal (now deceased), Giriraj Kishore (deceased), Vishnu Hari Dalmia (deceased), Vinay Katiyar, Uma Bharti, and Sadhvi Ritambhara. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This was under IPC sections 153-A, 153-B (imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration) and 505 (statements conducing to public mischief).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Between December 6 and 21, police registered 47 more FIRs, mostly relating to assault on and looting of media persons during the demolition.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state government initially assigned the case against unidentified kar sevaks to the Crime Branch’s Criminal Investigation Department (CB-CID). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On December 12, 1992, the state sent a recommendation to the Centre for transfer of the investigation to the CBI, which lodged an FIR and began its investigation the following day.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In August 1993, the state government sent a recommendation for a CBI probe into the other 48 FIRs. The CBI was handed over all these cases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In September 1997, the Lucknow court took cognisance of the CBI chargesheet, and ordered charges be framed against accused. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Summonses were issued. In its chargesheet, the CBI claimed it had evidence that the demolition was the fallout of a larger conspiracy. Charges under section 120-B IPC were added.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In May 2017, the Lucknow court ordered framing of charges against Advani, Joshi, Katiyar, and Bharti. Fresh charges were made out against the 13 against whom proceedings were dropped.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The recording of prosecution witness statements was completed in March this year. The court then began recording statements of the accused under Section 313 CrPC.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 6453,
'title' => 'Consent of Attorney General for contempt proceedings',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Attorney General has given his consent for initiating contempt proceedings against illustrator Rachita Taneja for scandalising judiciary through her works.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The comic illustrations were made with respect to the bail given to Republic TV co-founder Arnab Goswami by the apex court.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, lays down the law on contempt of court. Section 15 of the legislation describes the procedure on how a case for contempt of court can be initiated.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In case of Supreme Court the Attorney General and in case of High courts the Advocate General may bring a motion for initiating case of contempt.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If motion of contempt is brought by other person then written consent by the AG in writing is necessary for proceeding.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The motion for initiating the case will have to specify the contempt of which the person charged is alleged to be guilty.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective behind requiring consent is saving time of the court. Judicial time is wasted if court is involved in frivolous cases having no subsistence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The AG’s consent will indicate that as the highest law officer of the country, he has certified the case to be worthy of Supreme Court’s attention.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">AG’s consent is compulsory for contempt petition by a private citizen. Before the plea is registered, the AG must sign the complaint.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The consent of AG is not required if the court takes contempt initiation on its own through sou motu action, using its extraordinary powers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">If the AG refuses to grant permission for contempt, the matter shall end. There shall be no more deliberation regarding the particular case.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 6631,
'title' => 'Future Group and Amazon tussle',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi High Court has declined to grant Future Retail Ltd’s (FRL) plea for an interim injunction preventing Amazon from writing to SEBI, CCI and other authorities about the arbitral order against its asset sale.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In August this year, Future Group entered into an agreement with Reliance Retail to sell its retail, wholesale, logistics and warehousing to the latter. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As a part of the deal, Future Retail will sell its supermarket chain Big Bazaar, premium food supply unit Foodhall and fashion and clothes supermart Brand Factory’s retail as well as wholesale units to Reliance Retail.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Future Group was under immense pressure from its lenders to manage its debt, and the deal in seen as a bid by the group to cut down on the same.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Following the nationwide lockdown, the retail business of Future Group had come under more stress. Sales in many of its premium food sales arm Foodhall and Brand Factory had come to a near halt.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Amazon’s objection</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Last year, Future Retail had signed another deal with global e-commerce giant Amazon. As part of the deal, Amazon had acquired 49 per cent stake in Future Coupons, the promoter firm of Future Retail.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deal had also given Amazon a ‘call’ option, which enabled it to exercise the option of acquiring all or part of Future Coupon’s promoter, Future Retail’s shareholding in the company, within 3-10 years of the agreement.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After Future’s agreement with Reliance, Amazon said the deal was a violation of a non-compete clause and a right-of-first-refusal pact it had signed with the Future Group. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deal also required Future Group to inform Amazon before entering into any sale agreement with third parties.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Future Group has said that it has not sold any stake in the company, and was merely selling its assets and had therefore not violated any terms of the contract.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the order says the statutory authorities and regulators can take a view on the deal in accordance with the law, it also held the award given by the arbitrator as valid.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon will be allowed to make its case in front of various government bodies and regulators, mainly on the basis of the arbitration award.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 6911,
'title' => 'IBC section 32 (A)',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court held that the successful bidders for a corporate debtor under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) would be immune from any investigations being conducted either by any investigating agencies.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protection to successful bidders and the assets of a corporate debtor are provided by the rules under Section 32A of the IBC. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The SC upheld the validity of Section 32A of IBC and said it was important for the IBC to attract bidders who would offer reasonable and fair value for the corporate debtor to ensure the timely completion of corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such protection must also extend to the assets of a corporate debtor, which form a crucial attraction for potential bidders and helps them in assessing and placing a fair bid for the company, which will help banks clean up their books of bad loans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The immunity would be applicable only if there is an approved resolution plan, and a change in the management control of the corporate debtor.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of judgement</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the IBC came into being in 2016, the implementation of resolution plan of several big ticket cases has been delayed because of various challenges mounted by its own agencies and regulators.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With the Supreme Court upholding the validity of Section 32 A, the cases such as that of Bhushan Power are expected to be completed soon. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Experts also said that this will give confidence to other bidders to proceed with confidence while bidding on such disputed companies and their assets.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'Bombay High Court verdict on sexual assault',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bombay High Court has acquitted a man of sexual assault charges under the Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act for groping a child, and instead convicted him under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for a lesser offence.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ruling has drawn criticism for its restricted interpretation of the offence and highlights the concept of mandatory minimum sentencing in legislation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court reversed the decision of a sessions court which had convicted accused under Section 8 of the POCSO Act, and sentenced him to three years in jail. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The convict was accused of luring the 12-year old victim to his house on the pretext of giving her a guava, and pressing her breast and attempting to remove her salwar.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The High Court upheld the conviction under sections that carry a lesser minimum sentence of one year under the Indian Penal Code, including outraging the modesty of a woman.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court reasoned that since the offence under POCSO carried a higher punishment, a conviction would require a higher standard of proof, and allegations that were more serious.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said that since the convict groped the victim over her clothes, this indirect contact would not constitute sexual assault.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Restrictive interpretation</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In State v Bijender (2014), a Delhi court acquitted a man under the POCSO Act and instead convicted him of IPC offences. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court restrictively interpreted the lack of physical contact with sexual organs to mean that there was no physical contact.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>POSCO Act</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Section 8 of the POCSO Act carries a sentence of rigorous imprisonment of three to five years. However, imposing the minimum sentence is mandatory. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Courts do not have the discretion to pass lighter sentences irrespective of any specific circumstances that the case or the convict might present.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mandatory minimum sentences</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A mandatory sentence is prescribed to underline the seriousness of the offence, and is often claimed to act as a deterrent to crime. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mandatory minimum sentences are also prescribed in some cases to remove the scope for arbitrariness by judges using their discretion. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Criticism of mandatory sentencing</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that mandatory sentencing in laws lead to fewer convictions, because when judges perceive that the punishment for the offence is harsh, they might prefer to acquit the accused instead.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way forward</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Legal experts have argued that mandatory sentences are counterproductive to the aim of reducing crime or acting as a deterrent. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Instead of harsher punishment, they recommend judicial reform that makes the sentencing process more accountable and transparent. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">This would include holding transparent proceedings for sentencing, recording specific reasons for punishment in rulings, etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 6797,
'title' => 'Horizontal and Vertical quotas',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has clarified the position of law on the interplay of vertical and horizontal reservations.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes is referred to as vertical reservation. It applies separately for each of the groups specified under the law.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Horizontal reservation refers to the equal opportunity provided to other categories of beneficiaries such as women, veterans, the transgender community, and individuals with disabilities, cutting through the vertical categories.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The horizontal quota is applied separately to each vertical category, and not across the board. For example, if women have 50% horizontal quota, then half of the selected candidates will have to necessarily be women in each vertical quota category.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Saurav Yadav case</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sonam Tomar and Rita Rani had secured 276.5949 and 233.1908 marks respectively. They had applied under the categories of OBC-Female and SC-Female respectively.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two candidates did not qualify in their categories. However, in the General-Female (unreserved-female) category, the last qualifying candidate had secured 274.8298 marks, a score that was lower than Tomar’s.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The question before the court was that if the underlying criterion for making selections is “merit”, should Tomar be selected under General-Female quota instead of the OBC-Female category for having secured a higher score.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Government’s stand</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government’s policy was to restrict and contain reserved category candidates to their categories, even when they had secured higher grades. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Court’s decision</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court ruled against the Uttar Pradesh government and said the person would be counted as qualifying without the vertical reservation, and cannot be excluded from the horizontal quota in the general category.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">If a person in the SC category secures a higher score than the cut-off for the general category, the person would be counted as having qualified under the general category instead of the SC quota.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => 'Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes is referred to as vertical reservation. It applies separately for each of the groups',
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 7013,
'title' => 'Delhi HC order on Future Group-Amazon dispute',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi High Court held that the order of the emergency arbitrator of Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) had rightly barred Future Retail and Future Coupon from going ahead with their deal with Reliance Retail and Fashionstyle.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The high court also held that the order of the emergency arbitrator was not a nullity as claimed by Future Retail and Reliance Retail and that it was enforceable under Indian laws.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon’s plea had sought a stay on the deal between Future Retail and Reliance Retail alleging that it would violate the agreement it had with Future Retail.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The emergency arbitrator asked Future Retail if it was willing to maintain status quo on their deal with Reliance Retail until the SIAC reached a final conclusion on the matter.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Future Retail refused, following which the emergency arbitrator passed an order barring the company from going ahead with the Rs 24,713-crore deal to sell its retail, wholesale, logistics and warehousing units to Reliance Retail.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of ruling</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi High Court’s order and observation that the emergency arbitrator’s decision to block the deal was not a nullity and it was enforceable in India gives a boost to Amazon’s stand on the issue.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon had repeatedly submitted that the deal between Future Retail and Reliance Retail was a violation of an earlier deal that Amazon had signed with the Future Group.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Deal with Future group</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2019, Future Retail had signed a Rs 2,000-crore deal for Amazon to acquire 49 percent stake in Future Coupons, the promoter firm of Future Retail.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It said the deal also required Future Group to inform Amazon before entering into any sale agreement with third parties.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Both Future Retail and Reliance Retail had maintained that the order of the emergency arbitrator was not recognised under Indian laws.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Future course</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi High Court has for now asked both the parties to not take any further steps until it decides on the plea that it pending before it. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Future has also moved the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) seeking approval of its merger with Reliance Retail.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 6649,
'title' => 'Cairn arbitration case',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague has ruled that the Indian government was<strong> </strong>wrong in applying retrospective tax on Cairn. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government will have to pay roughly 8000 crore in damages to Cairn. This is the second such tax-related setback for the government after the Vodafone verdict.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2006-07, as a part of internal rearrangement, Cairn UK transferred shares of Cairn India Holdings to Cairn India. The Income Tax authorities then contented that Cairn UK had made capital gains and slapped it with a tax demand of Rs 24,500 crore.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The company refused to pay the tax, which prompted cases being filed at the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) and the High Court. While Cairn had lost the case at ITAT, a case on the valuation of capital gains is still pending before the Delhi High court.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2011, Cairn Energy sold majority of its India business, Cairn India, to mining conglomerate Vedanta. Cairn UK was however not allowed to sell a minor stake of about 10 per cent by the income tax authorities.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The judgement</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In its judgment, the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague said Cairn Tax Issue was not just a tax related issue but an investment related dispute, and therefore under the jurisdiction of the international arbitration court.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Akin to the ruling in the Vodafone arbitration case, the PCA at The Hague has once again ruled that the Indian government’s retrospective demand was “in breach of the guarantee of fair and equitable treatment”. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has noted that Cairn UK’s argument that the demand on them was made after the Vodafone retrospective tax demand, which has since been set aside by Indian courts.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments',
'id' => (int) 7077,
'title' => 'Transit bail',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bombay High Court has granted transit anticipatory bail to Shantanu Shivlal Muluk in the Greta Thunberg toolkit case registered by the Delhi Police in connection with the ongoing protests against the three farm laws. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The transit anticipatory bail has been granted for 10 days to allow him to approach the competent court in the national capital for a pre-arrest bail.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Section 56 of the CrPC states that the person arrested has to be taken before the magistrate without unnecessary delay. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to Section 167 (2) of CrPC, when the Magistrate before whom the accused person has been produced does not have the jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial, the judicial officer is required to forward the accused to a Magistrate having such jurisdiction. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Anticipatory transit bail</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When a person is apprehending arrest by the police of a state other than where they are at present, they approach the nearest competent court for a transit anticipatory or pre-arrest bail. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court does not have jurisdiction over the place where the case is registered or where crime has been alleged to have been committed but since the question of personal liberty is involved, the High Courts across India generally allow such prayer depending upon the merits of the case.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The relief is sought to seek temporary protection from arrest and simultaneously get time to approach the appropriate court of that place, wherefrom the police has come or where the case is registered.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Transit remand</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the arrested person is required under the law to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, they are produced by the police of the other state before the nearest magistrate of the place from where the person has been arrested to get a transit remand. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is done to comply with the provisions of law regarding the production of the accused before a magistrate within 24 hours since it may not be otherwise possible due to travel from one state to another.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The application is filed by the police who have come to arrest the accused, before the nearest magistrate of that area where the accused is at present or residing.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Magistrate should ask the person arrested and brought before him whether he has been informed of the grounds of arrest and whether he was required to consult and be defended by any legal practitioner of his choice.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The apex court in different judgments has also held and reiterated that a Magistrate should not pass a remand order of remand automatically or in a mechanical manner<span style="color:#3e3e3e">.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments',
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'title' => 'UK ruling on Uber drivers',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court Friday ruled that Uber drivers were to be considered workers and not freelance contractors.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This makes them eligible for all employment related benefits such as minimum wage, annual leaves, and insurance.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uber and other service providing platforms could also potentially face legal and regulatory challenges in India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court was adjudicating an appeal by Uber against a ruling by an employment tribunal of the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tribunal had held that Uber drivers were entitled to all benefits of regularised workers and that they would be considered on duty even if they were logged into the app, and not just when they were driving their passengers to their destination.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uber said it solely acted as a platform which connected willing drivers and service seeking passengers, and that the contract as such was made between them.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court turned down this plea and that the lack of a legal agreement as such between Uber and the drivers on its platform would not be an impediment in its being considered an employer.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Conditions for the decision</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court considered five main aspects to rule against Uber’s contentions. The first was fixing of a certain maximum fare by Uber, which has to be accepted both by the driver as well as the customer. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the drivers could not possibly charge a fare higher than what was mandated by Uber, it therefore meant that the app was dictating how much the driver could earn.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, the terms of the service are imposed by Uber on the drivers and the drivers have no say in changing or challenging that, which is akin to workers under permanent contracts. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third aspect that the court considered was that once the driver partner had logged into the app, they had very little say in accepting or denying rides, and that Uber controlled this by monitoring their acceptance and declining rates.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fourth aspect was the rating systems offered to the passengers, which also influenced the drivers’ delivery of services and the quality of ride they get.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fifth aspect considered by the court was Uber actively discouraging any form of communication between the driver and the passengers, thereby acting as the intermediary in between.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications of judgement on India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central government has increased its focus on the differential treatment of workers associated with such big tech platform in India compared to other countries of the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The variation in terms of service offered by these platforms has also been under scrutiny by the central government. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The budget for the 2021-22 has already mandated that the law on minimum wages would now apply to workers of all categories including those associated with platforms such as Uber.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Driver partners of Uber and Ola have also mounted legal challenges against the two companies. They claimed that the drivers registered with both these platforms were being denied even the basic benefits such as compensation in case of accidents or deaths.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court Friday ruled that Uber drivers were to be considered workers and not freelance contractors.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This makes them eligible for all employment related benefits such as minimum wage, annual leaves, and insurance.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uber and other service providing platforms could also potentially face legal and regulatory challenges in India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court was adjudicating an appeal by Uber against a ruling by an employment tribunal of the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tribunal had held that Uber drivers were entitled to all benefits of regularised workers and that they would be considered on duty even if they were logged into the app, and not just when they were driving their passengers to their destination.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uber said it solely acted as a platform which connected willing drivers and service seeking passengers, and that the contract as such was made between them.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court turned down this plea and that the lack of a legal agreement as such between Uber and the drivers on its platform would not be an impediment in its being considered an employer.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Conditions for the decision</strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court considered five main aspects to rule against Uber’s contentions. The first was fixing of a certain maximum fare by Uber, which has to be accepted both by the driver as well as the customer. </span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the drivers could not possibly charge a fare higher than what was mandated by Uber, it therefore meant that the app was dictating how much the driver could earn.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, the terms of the service are imposed by Uber on the drivers and the drivers have no say in changing or challenging that, which is akin to workers under permanent contracts. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third aspect that the court considered was that once the driver partner had logged into the app, they had very little say in accepting or denying rides, and that Uber controlled this by monitoring their acceptance and declining rates.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fourth aspect was the rating systems offered to the passengers, which also influenced the drivers’ delivery of services and the quality of ride they get.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fifth aspect considered by the court was Uber actively discouraging any form of communication between the driver and the passengers, thereby acting as the intermediary in between.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications of judgement on India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central government has increased its focus on the differential treatment of workers associated with such big tech platform in India compared to other countries of the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The variation in terms of service offered by these platforms has also been under scrutiny by the central government. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The budget for the 2021-22 has already mandated that the law on minimum wages would now apply to workers of all categories including those associated with platforms such as Uber.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Driver partners of Uber and Ola have also mounted legal challenges against the two companies. They claimed that the drivers registered with both these platforms were being denied even the basic benefits such as compensation in case of accidents or deaths.</span></span></p>
</li>
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object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 408, 'title' => 'SC appoints 3-member panel to mediate in Ayodhya dispute', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The five-judge Constitution Bench of Supreme Court led by Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi has proposed court-monitored mediation in Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land dispute case to arrive at a permanent solution.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Three-member mediation panel</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">SC has appointed three-member panel of mediators to find “permanent solution” to Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land dispute in Ayodhya in eight weeks. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The panel will be headed by former <strong><em>Supreme Court judge F.M.I. Kalifulla as chairman</em></strong> and comprise of Art of Living founder<em>Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, </em>and <em>Sriram Panchu</em>, a senior advocate with experience in alternative dispute resolution. <em>All three panel members hail from Tamil Nadu</em></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mediation Process</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Mediation panel has been given eight weeks and all mediators have been urged to “conclude at the earliest.” Court also directed them to file status report in four weeks with 8 weeks’ deadline to conclude the hearing.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will start in week in Faizabad district (officially renamed to Ayodhya) of Uttar Pradesh of which disputed area is a part — with the process conducted in-camera.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Media has been refrained from reporting the proceedings, considering need for “utmost confidentiality” in conduct of mediation to ensure its success.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ayodhya dispute</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is political, historical and socio-religious debate centred on ownership of plot of land in city of Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The main issues revolve around access to site (land) of Babri Masjid (16th century mosque) which is claimed by Hindus to be birthplace of Hindu deity Rama.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Section of Hindus argue that Hindu temple of deity Ram this site was destroyed by Mughals in 16th century and Babri Masjid erected on it.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Babri Masjid was destroyed during political rally which turned into riot on 6 December 1992. Subsequently, land title case was lodged in Allahabad High Court, e verdict of which was pronounced in September 2010. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Allahabad High Court had ruled that 2.77 acres of Ayodhya land be divided into 3 parts, with 1/3 going to Ram Lalla or Infant Rama represented by Hindu Maha Sabha for construction of the Ram temple, 1/3 going to Islamic Sunni Waqf Board and remaining 1/3 going to Hindu religious denomination Nirmohi Akhara. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Reacting to HC verdict, all the three claimant parties in the land dispute had appeal against the division of disputed land in Supreme Court for resolution of long-standing dispute. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => '3-member-panel-mediate-ayodhya-dispute', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8714/l0t95ke6g2tzli26g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8714/l0t95ke6g2tzli26g.jpg', 'metatitle' => ' SC appoints 3-member panel to mediate in Ayodhya dispute', 'metakeyword' => 'In national Current Affairs, SC appoints 3-member panel to mediate in Ayodhya dispute, FMI Kalifulla, Ravi Shankar,Sriram Panchu,Ayodhya dispute', 'metadescription' => 'The five-judge Constitution Bench of Supreme Court led by Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi has proposed court-monitored mediation in Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land dispute case to arrive at a permanent solution.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/hry51am3usam5uk/9Mar_SC_appoints_3-member_panel.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 721, 'title' => 'SC directs EC to increase random checking of VVPAT slips', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Supreme Court has directed Election Commission of India (ECI) to increase random matching of Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) machine slips with Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) results from one to five polling booths in each assembly segment for the multiphase Lok Sabha polls<strong>. </strong>It held that this move will bring more "credibility" and "integrity" to the electoral process.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Petition</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">SC gave this order on petition filed by 21 Opposition leaders led by Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister and TDP chief N Chandrababu Naidu. It had demanded counting of at least 50% of VVPAT machine slips per assembly segment to match the results of EVM. It also had mentioned that existing guideline issued by ECI makes VVPAT completely ineffective and merely ornamental in nature. It defeats the entire purpose of introducing VVPAT and renders judgement and directions passed by apex completely otiose.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">VVPAT Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is device which dispenses slip with symbol of party for which person has voted for. The slip appears on small window for 7 seconds and then drops in box. The voter cannot take this slip at home. The VVPAT slip displays candidate’s serial number, Name of the candidate and Corresponding symbol for whom the vote has been cast.<strong> </strong>VVPAT machines will be used for the first time in all polling booths along with EVMs in 2019 Lok Sabha elections<strong>. </strong>They were deployed in some parliamentary and assembly bypolls.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Previous EC Guideline</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Currently, EC was following one EVM per assembly segment guidelines wherein there was random counting of VVPAT machines in one booth of each assembly segment. It was decided by draw of lots or lottery system in the presence of candidates to select random booth.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'sc-directs-ec-increase-random-checking-vvpat-slips', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ca7d/yihl4uts3pr3ft96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ca7d/yihl4uts3pr3ft96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'SC directs EC to increase random checking of VVPAT slips', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, SC directs EC to increase random checking of VVPAT slips', 'metadescription' => 'Supreme Court has directed Election Commission of India (ECI) to increase random matching of Voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) machine ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3aixx4lwbsqd139/SC_directs_EC_to_increase.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 1132, 'title' => 'UN not state under Article 12: Delhi HC', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Delhi High court has held that United Nations Organization (UNO) is not ‘State’ in terms of Article 12 of the Constitution of India and is thus not amenable to Article 226 jurisdiction.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What is the case?</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Delhi HC passed this judgment in petition concerning immunity enjoyed by UNO under United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947. The petitioner was former employee of UNO who was found guilty of misconduct pursuant to findings of Procurement Task Force. The petitioner also had faced trial in United States and after serving his sentence, he was deported to India. Thereafter, the petitioner sought permission of Union Ministry of External Affairs to initiate legal action against UNO in terms of section 86 of Civil Procedure Code, 1908. (This provision provides that foreign State may be sued in any Court with the consent of Central government).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> MEA had stated that consent of Union Government was not required to initiate legal suit against UNO as it was not foreign State and but is only International Organization. It, however, added that UNO and its officials enjoyed immunity under United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947. It also stated that as per Section 2 of Article II of Schedule of Act, 1947, UNO has immunity from every form of legal process except insofar as in any particular case it has expressly waived its immunity. The same became subject matter of the petition filed before the High Court. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Constitutional Provisions</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 12:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Its states state in context of Part III (Fundamental Rights) of Constitution includes Government and Parliament of India, Government and Legislature of each of State, all local or other authorities within territory of India or under control of Union of India. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 226:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It empowers high courts to issue directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, certiorari or any of them to any person or authority, including government (in appropriate cases).</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'un-not-state-under-article-12', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ee06/btccio4c4760wx96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ee06/btccio4c4760wx96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'UN not state under Article 12: Delhi HC', 'metakeyword' => 'Delhi High court has held that United Nations Organization (UNO) is not ‘State’ in terms of Article 12 of the Constitution of India and is thus not amenable to Article 226 jurisdiction.', 'metadescription' => 'Delhi High court has held that United Nations Organization (UNO) is not ‘State’ in terms of Article 12 of the Constitution of India and is thus not amenable to Article 226 jurisdiction.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/lei805ztuz78ztg/UN_not_state.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 1186, 'title' => 'President appoints 4 new judges of Supreme Court', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President of India Ram Nath Kovind in exercise of powers under Article 124 (2) has appointed four judges to Supreme Court. They are <em>Justice Aniruddha Bose, Justice A S Bopanna, Justice B R Gavai and Justice Surya Kant</em>. With appointment of these four judges, SC will now function with its full sanctioned strength of 31 judges, including Chief Justice of India. At present, the apex court has strength of 27 judges. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Appointment Procedure:</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 124(3) of the constitution:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It mentions following criteria for people eligible to become a Supreme Court (SC) Judge (i) High Court (HC) judge who has held that post for 5 years or more. (ii) Advocate who has practiced in HC/SC for 10 years or more. (iii) Distinguished Jurist (no judge appointed on this basis till date).</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 124(2):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It says that judges of Supreme Court can be appointed by President of India after <strong>consultation</strong> with such number of Judges of the SC/HCs as he deems necessary. For appointment of any Judge of SC other than Chief Justice of India (CJI), CJI must be consulted.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Collegium system: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was formalized by three Judges cases of 1981, 1993 & 1998 for the purpose of consultation mentioned in Article 124 (2). The collegium for appointing SC judge consists of CJI and four senior-most judges of SC.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Memorandum of Procedure (MoP)</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It was evolved after Third Judge Case of 1998 to provide the process for Collegium to recommend names for appointments to the Executive. As per it, President of India can either accept recommendation or send it back for reconsideration. The reconsidered advice is binding on President and he must accept it.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'president-4-new-judges-supreme-court', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/12a5/x3z979r808le7916g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/12a5/x3z979r808le7916g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'President appoints 4 new judges of Supreme Court', 'metakeyword' => 'President of India Ram Nath Kovind in exercise of powers under Article 124 (2) has appointed four judges to Supreme Court', 'metadescription' => 'President of India Ram Nath Kovind in exercise of powers under Article 124 (2) has appointed four judges to Supreme Court', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/edgd1otzlpa12i6/President_appoints.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 1320, 'title' => 'High Court declares all animals in Haryana as legal persons', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Punjab and Haryana High Court has accorded status of “legal person or entity” to animals in Haryana, granting them “corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person”. It also asserted that animals might be mute but we as a society have to speak on their behalf.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The verdict of Punjab and Haryana HC comes nearly a year after Uttarakhand HC passed similar order to protect and promote greater welfare of animals. Both orders were written by Justice Rajiv Sharma, who was transferred from Uttarakhand to Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh in 2018. Justice Sharma was also part of bench in Uttarkahand that had in 2017 declared rivers Ganga and Yamuna as living entities, a verdict that was later stayed by Supreme Court.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Punjab and Haryana HC Ruling</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Entire animal kingdom, including avian and aquatic, had a right to life (under Article 21) and bodily integrity, honour and dignity, are entitled to justice.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Animals and birds could not be treated merely as objects or property and they have legal rights like humans.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Animals should be healthy, well nourished, comfortable, safe, able to express innate behavior without fear, painand distress.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Declared all citizens throughout Haryana as persons in loco parentis (meaning – in place of parent) as the human face for welfare/protection of animals.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Directed Police to ensure that carts driven by animals were given the right of way to avoid inconvenience to animals.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bans their deployment for pulling vehicles in extreme cold and heat conditions and also fixed load to be carried by animals.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'high-court-declares-all-animals-haryana-legal-persons', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1dd9/sk7394v7d818lw86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1dd9/sk7394v7d818lw86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'High Court declares all animals in Haryana as legal persons', 'metakeyword' => 'Punjab and Haryana High Court, accords, status of legal person or entity, animals, Haryana, granting, corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person', 'metadescription' => 'Punjab and Haryana High Court, accords, status of legal person or entity, animals, Haryana, granting, corresponding rights, duties and liabilities of a living person', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3xs34c4oaxummkl/High_Court_declares_all_animals_in_Haryana_as_legal_persons.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 1578, 'title' => 'Bombay High Court uphelds Maratha reservation with cuts', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bombay High Court upheld Maharashtra government’s decision to provide reservation to Maratha community under the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Act, 2018. However, the court ruled that 16 % quota granted by state is not “justifiable” and reduced it to 12% in education and 13 % in government jobs, as recommended by the Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">HC Jugdement</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In exceptional circumstances, limit of 50% reservation set out by Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney case of 1992 can be crossed subject to availability of quantifiable and contemporaneous data reflecting backwardness, inadequacy of representation and without affecting the efficiency in administration.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">While the backwardness of Maratha community was not comparable to SCs and STs, it was comparable to several other backward classes, which find place in list of Other Backward Classes pursuant to the Mandal Commission.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">State government has legislative competence to create a separate category of Socially and Educationally Backward Class (SEBC) and grant reservation.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also held that though Maratha community had sufficient representation not to warrant reservation in the political arena, but that does not make it socially advanced.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Indra Sawhney case (also known as Mandal case):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> In 1992, nine-judge constitutional bench of Supreme Court had ruled that total reservation for backward classes could not go beyond 50 %.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Total Reservation in Maharashtra</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The addition of 12-13</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Maratha quota will take the total reservation in the state to 64-65</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">. Prior to this, in Maharashtra, following 2001 State Reservation Act, the total reservation is 52</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">. This includes quotas for SC (13%), ST (7%), OBC (19%), Special Backward Class (2%), Vimukti Jati (3%), Nomadic Tribe B (2.5%), Nomadic Tribe C-Dhangar (3.5%) and Nomadic Tribe D-Vanjari (2%). The quotas for Nomadic Tribes and Special Backward Classes have been carved out of the total OBC quota.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bombay-hc-uphelds-maratha-reservation-with-cuts', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9b10/c1ckljuo2ov64jl6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9b10/c1ckljuo2ov64jl6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bombay HC uphelds Maratha reservation with cuts', 'metakeyword' => 'Bombay High Court upheld Maharashtra government’s decision to provide reservation to Maratha community under the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Act, 2018', 'metadescription' => 'Bombay High Court upheld Maharashtra government’s decision to provide reservation to Maratha community under the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) Act, 2018', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/tbj9e2f02emp1uo/Bombay_High_Court_uphelds_Maratha_cuts.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 535, 'title' => 'Justice Pinaki Ghose sworn in as first Lokpal of India', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Justice Pinaki Ghose was sworn in as first Lokpal of India, national anti-corruption ombudsman of the country. He was oath to office by President Ram Nath Kovind. His appointment was approved by President based on recommendation of Lokpal selection panel chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and comprised of Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi, Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan, eminent jurist Mukul Rohatgi. Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Mallikarjun Kharge was not present in meeting of selection panel. President also has appointed four judicial and four non-judicial members of the Lokpal. They are</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Judicial Members: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dilip B. Bhosale (Former Chief Justice), Pradip Kumar Mohanty (Former Chief Justice), Abhilasha Kumari (Former Chief Justice), Ajay Kumar Tripathi (sitting Chief Justice of Chhattisgarh).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Non-Judicial Members:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Archana Ramasundaram (First woman Chief of Sashastra Seema Bal), Dinesh Kumar Jain (Former Chief Secretary, Maharashtra), Mahender Singh (Former IRS officer), Indrajeet Prasad Gautam (Former IAS officer).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is national anti-corruption authority or body of ombudsmen with jurisdiction over central government to inquire into allegations of corruption against its public functionaries and for matters connected to corruption.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Historical Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The institution of ombudsman originated in Scandinavian (referred to Norway, Denmark and Sweden) countries. It first came into being in Sweden in 1713 as “chancellor of justice” appointed by King to assist as invigilator by looking into functioning of a wartime government. Word Lokpal is derived from Sanskrit word “Loka” meaning people and “pala” meaning protector or caretaker. Together it means “protector of people”. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Statutory Backing</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provides for establishment of Lokpal for Centre and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It extends to whole of India, including Jammu & Kashmir. It is applicable to “public servants” within and outside India. It mandates for creation of Lokpal for Union and Lokayukta for states.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Structure of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is statutory body without any constitutional backing. It is multimember body, made up of one chairperson and maximum of 8 members. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Person to be appointed as chairperson of Lokpal should be either the former Chief Justice of India or former Judge of Supreme Court or eminent person.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this case, eminent person must have impeccable integrity and outstanding ability, special knowledge and expertise of minimum 25 years in matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, finance including insurance and banking, law and management.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Out of maximum eight members, four are judicial members and four are non judicial. Minimum 50% of members must be from SC/ST/OBC/minorities and women. Judicial members should be either a former Judge of Supreme Court or former Chief Justice of High Court.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Jurisdiction of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It includes Prime Minister under its ambit. But except in cases on allegations of corruption related to international relations, security, public order, atomic energy and space. Moreover, bench of Lokpal and at least two-thirds of members approve an inquiry. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has jurisdiction over ministers and MPs (but not in matter of anything said in Parliament or a vote given there).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also cover all categories of public servants viz, Group A, B, C or D officers defined as such under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Any corruption complaint against Group A and B officers, after inquiry, will directly come to Lokpal. However, in case of Group C and D officers, Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) will investigate and report to Lokpal. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Powers of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Superintendence over CBI and give direction to CBI. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Investigating officer of case transferred to CBI by Lokpal cannot be transferred without its approval.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can authorize CBI for search and seizure operations connected to such case.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its Inquiry Wing is vested with the powers of a civil court.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can confiscate assets, proceeds, receipts and benefits arisen or procured by means of corruption in special circumstances</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can recommend transfer or suspension of public servant connected with allegation of corruption.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can give directions to prevent destruction of records during preliminary inquiry.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'justice-pinaki-ghose-sworn-in-first-lokpal-india', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9b61/qk0ccozu34ptf2c6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9b61/qk0ccozu34ptf2c6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Justice Pinaki Ghose sworn in as first Lokpal of India', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs,Justice Pinaki Ghose, sworn in, first, Lokpal of India, national anti-corruption ombudsman, President Ram Nath Kovind.', 'metadescription' => 'Justice Pinaki Ghose was sworn in as first Lokpal of India, national anti-corruption ombudsman of the country. He was oath to office by President Ram Nath Kovind.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ptqt378pnpc3xqc/Justice_Pinaki_Ghose.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 1811, 'title' => 'First in 28 years CJI allows FIR against sitting HC judge', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Context:</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul style="list-style-type:square"> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Chief Justice of India Ranjan (CJI) Gogoi has allowed <strong>the Central Bureau of Investigation</strong> (CBI) <strong>to lodge an FIR against justice S.N. Shukla of the Allahabad High Court</strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This comes only a few days after justice Shukla requested CJI Gogoi to restore judicial functions to his jurisdiction. </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CJI Gogoi had ordered to take away his judicial functions in January 2018. </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Justice Shukla’s prosecution is<strong> the 1<sup>st</sup> such case since the 1991 Supreme Court judgement in Veeraswamy Case</strong></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Why would Justice S.N. Shukla be prosecuted?</span></strong></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Why would Justice S.N. Shukla be prosecuted?</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Justice Shukla is accused of<strong> favouring a private medical college </strong>by extending the deadline for admission of students in contravention of the existing rules.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">About the prosecution judges of the higher judiciary (Supreme Court and High Courts) in India:</span></span></strong></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">About the prosecution judges of the higher judiciary (Supreme Court and High Courts) in India:</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Prosecution of judges of the high court and the Supreme Court were <strong>not allowed till July 1991.</strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Veeraswamy case, 1991:</span></span></strong></span></span></li> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ul> <li> <ul style="list-style-type:square"> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">Justice Veeraswany of Madras High Court had challenged the government’s decision of booking him in a corruption case of, 1976.</span></span></strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">His argument was “<strong>law gives immunity to judges of the appellate courts from prosecution.”</strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:black">However, <strong>the Supreme Court</strong> rejected this argument of justice Veeraswamy and <strong>provided for lodging FIR against such judges if nod for the same is given by the CJI.</strong></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'first-in-28-years-cji', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/494a/rfvctfro4gkj95h6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/494a/rfvctfro4gkj95h6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'First in 28 years CJI allows FIR against sitting HC judge', 'metakeyword' => 'CJI, Chief Justice of India Ranjan ', 'metadescription' => 'Chief Justice of India Ranjan (CJI) Gogoi has allowed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to lodge an FIR against justice S.N.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/2yvmt3vrms48y5w/First_in_28_years_CJI_allows_FIR_against_sitting_HC_judge.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 1820, 'title' => 'Cabinet nod for more Supreme Court judges', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Context:</span></span></strong> <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Acting at the request of the Chief Justice of India, the Union Cabinet on Wednesday (31/07/2019) <strong>decided to increase the number of Supreme Court judges from 31 to 34.</strong></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">About the strength of the Supreme Court:</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">At present</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">, the sanctioned strength of the court is <strong>30, excluding the Chief Justice of India.</strong></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Once the Bill gets parliamentary approval</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">, the number of judges will go up to 33, excluding the CJI.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">According to a <strong>written reply by the Law Ministr</strong>y to a Rajya Sabha question on July <strong>11, 59,331 cases are pending in the top court.</strong></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Request by the CJI to increase the strength:</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Due to paucity of judges, the required number of Constitution Benches</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> to decide important cases <strong>was not being formed, the CJI wrote. </strong></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">“You would recall that <strong>way back in 1988,</strong> about three decades ago, the <strong>judge strength of the SC was increased from 18 to 26, and then again after two decades in 2009, it was increased to 31, including the CJI,</strong> to expedite disposal of cases to keep pace with the rate of institution” he said in the request.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'cabinet-nod-for-more-supreme-court-judges', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4a9f/ahpuz0adk5xq4lg6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4a9f/ahpuz0adk5xq4lg6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Cabinet nod for more Supreme Court judges', 'metakeyword' => 'Cabinet nod for more Supreme Court judges, Supreme Court judges', 'metadescription' => 'Acting at the request of the Chief Justice of India, the Union Cabinet on Wednesday (31/07/2019) decided to increase the number of Supreme Court judges from 31 to 34', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5a5f288d8dmn2nl/Cabinet_nod_for_more_Supreme_Court_judges.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 1822, 'title' => 'Form action plan to make Delhi crime-free for women: HC to govt', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Context: </span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white">A Bench of Justices G.S. Sistani and Jyoti Singh asked the city government, the Delhi Police and other stakeholders <strong>to prepare an action plan to make the Capital "crime free for women".</strong></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Other directions:</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">It also <strong>questioned why over 3,000 crore is lying unused in the Nirbhaya Fund,</strong> which was announced in 2013, when it <strong>“could have been used for installing CCTVs and streetlights”.</strong> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">It also said that <strong>a special task force should be formed</strong> and <strong>police officials be given motorcycles so that they can access dark spots </strong>in the city.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white">After considering the suggestions given by advocate <strong>Meera Bhatia, who was appointed amicus curiae to assist the court </strong>in the case, the <strong>Bench asked the Public Works Department to ensure that all streetlights are functional.</strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white">It further directed that <strong>more staff be recruited in 44 police stations. </strong>These stations have been identified as having <strong>areas</strong> under their jurisdiction <strong>that have been flagged as vulnerable spots for crime based on a crime-mapping exercise.</strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The Bench said that <strong>women police officers in plain clothes be deployed </strong>so that <strong>repeat offenders are brought to book. </strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">It also asked the police to <strong>file an affidavit complying with the court’s direction and to submit a monthly report.</strong></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Installation of CCTVs so far:</span></strong></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">The police said that CCTVs had been installed in 179 of 182 police stations.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'delhi-crime-free-for-women', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c0ea/0xm5h31uxrwuvdy6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c0ea/0xm5h31uxrwuvdy6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Form action plan to make Delhi crime-free', 'metakeyword' => 'crime-free for women, Delhi crime-free for women, ', 'metadescription' => 'A Bench of Justices G.S. Sistani and Jyoti Singh asked the city government, the Delhi Police and other stakeholders to prepare an action', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5a5f288d8dmn2nl/Cabinet_nod_for_more_Supreme_Court_judges.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 2134, 'title' => 'Krishna water dispute', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Maharashtra and Karnataka Chief Ministers have agreed to jointly oppose Andhra Pradesh’s application seeking a relook at the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal’s 2010 order on water distribution between the states<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal (KWDT) is a tribunal set up by the Central Government in 1969 under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956 to resolve the disputes between the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra and then undivided Andhra Pradesh over sharing of Krishna river water.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">As new grievances arose between the states, the second KWDT was instituted in 2004. It delivered its report in 2010, which made allocations of the Krishna water at 65 per cent dependability and for surplus flows.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Andhra Pradesh has since asked that Telangana be included as a separate party at the KWDT and that the allocation of Krishna waters be reworked among four states, instead of three.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Telangana was created following bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, which means that allocation of water should be from Andhra Pradesh’s share as approved by the tribunal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Andhra Pradesh wants reconstitution of the tribunal and a new proposal for water sharing. This move is being opposed by Karnataka and Maharashtra, the other basin states of Krishna river.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Krishna river</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Krishna is an east-flowing river that originates at Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra and merges with the Bay of Bengal, flowing through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Together with its tributaries, it forms a vast basin that covers 33% of the total area of the four states.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Tribunals</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#222222">River tribunals are constituted based on ‘The Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956’which is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted under <strong>Article 262 </strong>of Constitution.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'krishna-water-dispute', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ea2c/g07r8rx0e8zysqn6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ea2c/g07r8rx0e8zysqn6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Krishna water dispute', 'metakeyword' => 'Krishna water dispute', 'metadescription' => 'River tribunals are constituted based on ‘The Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956’which is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted under Article 262 of Constitution.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zpnr53qabtrq4jf/Krishna_water_dispute.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 2225, 'title' => 'Collegium of Judges', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The recent controversy over the transfer of the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, Justice Vijaya Tahilramani, to the Meghalaya High Court has once again brought up the debate on the functioning of the ‘Collegium’ of judges that makes appointments and transfers in the higher judiciary.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Justice Tahilramani had requested for a reconsideration of the decision of collegium but the collegium headed by the CJI has dismissed the request citing strong reasons for their decision. Questions have been asked regarding the method of appointment of the judges through the collegium.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Collegium can be defined as a system under which judges are appointed by an institution comprising judges.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Collegium of judges is the Supreme Court’s invention. It is <strong>not mentioned</strong> in the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/1353-1349/constitution/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank"><strong>Constitution. </strong></a></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The constitution says that judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President and speaks of a process of consultation.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background for Current collegium coming into existence</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>First Judges Case</strong> (1981) ruled that the “consultation” with the CJI in the matter of appointments must be full and effective. However, it rejected the idea that the CJI’s opinion should have primacy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Second Judges Case</strong> (1993) introduced the Collegium system, holding that “consultation” really meant “concurrence”. It added that it was not the CJI’s individual opinion, but an institutional opinion formed in consultation with the two senior-most judges of the <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/Supreme_Court/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank"><strong>Supreme Court. </strong></a></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Third Judges Case</strong> (1998) expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Collegium Procedure</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>President of India</strong> appoints the <strong>CJI</strong> and the other <strong>SC judges</strong>. As far as the CJI is concerned, the outgoing CJI recommends his successor who is the seniormost judge of the Supreme court according to convention. The Union Law Minister forwards the recommendation to the Prime Minister who, in turn, advises the President.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For appointing the <strong>judges of the Supreme court</strong>, the proposal is initiated by the CJI. The CJI consults the rest of the Collegium members, as well as the senior-most judge<strong> </strong>of the court hailing from the High Court to which the recommended person belongs. The Collegium sends the recommendation to the Law Minister, who forwards it to the Prime Minister to advise the President.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Chief Justice of High Courts </strong>is appointed as per the policy of having Chief Justices from outside the respective States. The Collegium takes the call on the elevation as well as transfers.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks of the system</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Opaqueness and a lack of transparency, and the scope for nepotism are considered as a major issue in this process.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Majority opinions have asked for the need for transparency. In an effort to boost transparency, the Collegium’s resolutions are now posted online, but reasons are not given.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'collegium-of-judges', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bd8c/tsn2qpp99og7ghn6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bd8c/tsn2qpp99og7ghn6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Collegium of Judges', 'metakeyword' => 'For appointing the judges of the Supreme court, the proposal is initiated by', 'metadescription' => 'For appointing the judges of the Supreme court, the proposal is initiated by the CJI. The CJI consults the rest of the Collegium members, as well as the senior-most judge of the court hailin', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7a3b2zz7clssqzu/Collegium_of_Judges.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 2268, 'title' => 'Right to access internet is part of RTE and Right to Privacy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Kerala High Court held that the <strong>right to have access to the Internet </strong>is part of the fundamental right to education as well as the right to privacy under <strong>Article 21 </strong>of the Constitution.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The verdict came on a petition filed by a student of third-semester B.A. English from a college at Chelanur, challenging her expulsion for not adhering to restrictions on the use of mobile phone and internet.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court observed that the action of the college authorities infringed the fundamental freedom as well as privacy and would adversely affect the future and career of students who want to acquire knowledge and compete with their peers. It said that such restriction could not be permitted to be enforced.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The college authorities had placed restrictions on the use of internet on the basis of Article 19(1)(a) of the constitution that restricts fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Right to Privacy</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>right to privacy</strong> is protected as an intrinsic part of the <strong>right to life and personal liberty</strong> under <strong>Article 21</strong> and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by <strong>Part III of the Constitution</strong>.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 21</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It states that<em> “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law”.</em></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 21</strong> secures two rights:</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1) Right to life</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>2) Right to personal liberty.</strong></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'right-to-access-internet-is-part-of-rte-and-right-to-privacy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ad8c/d5vimamagqppgqz6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ad8c/d5vimamagqppgqz6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Right to access internet is part of RTE and Right to Privacy', 'metakeyword' => 'The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the', 'metadescription' => 'The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/aawh6o3jokc683a/Right_to_access_internet_is_part.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 2464, 'title' => 'Foreigner’s tribunal', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Gauhati High Court has pulled up a foreigner’s tribunal in Assam that will deliver the final judgement for those excluded from the National Register of Citizens.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The final list of bonafide citizens under NRC was published on August 31, and excluded more than 19 lakh people. Foreigner’s tribunals are now reviewing their cases.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Foreigner’s Tribunal</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Foreigners' Tribunals are Quasi judicial courts mandated to hear appeals of those excluded from the NRC.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tribunals will be established in convenient locations to ensure that filing and hearing of appeals is smooth and efficient.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under the provisions of Foreigners Act, 1946 and Foreigners Tribunal Order, 1964, only Foreigner Tribunals are empowered to declare a person as a foreigner.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964 was issued by the Central Government under Section 3 of The Foreigners Act, 1946. It is applicable to the whole country.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Functions</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It lays down the modalities for the Tribunals to decide on appeals made by persons not satisfied with the outcome of claims and objections filed against the NRC.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tribunal will act like an institution that will provide assistance for individuals whose name does not figure in NRC list. It will give them chances to prove their citizenship claims.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'foreigner-tribunal', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d45b/adpcsbf1qm0n9fh6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d45b/adpcsbf1qm0n9fh6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Foreigner’s tribunal | The Gauhati High Court', 'metakeyword' => 'Foreigner’s tribunal', 'metadescription' => 'The Gauhati High Court has pulled up a foreigner’s tribunal in Assam that will deliver the final judgement for those excluded from the National Register of Citizens.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ccebg9ru45hqu0k/Foreigner%C6s_tribunal.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 2545, 'title' => 'Ayodhya case', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya appeals hearing in the Supreme Court is likely to end on October 16, two days before the deadline.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fourteen appeals were filed in the apex court against the 2010 Allahabad High Court judgment, delivered in four civil suits, that the 2.77-acre land in Ayodhya be partitioned equally among the three parties , the Sunni Waqf Board, the Nirmohi Akhara and Ram Lalla.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya dispute is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in India, centred on a plot of land in the city of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The issues revolve around access to a site traditionally regarded among Hindus to be the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama, the history and location of the Babri Masjid at the site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The issue gained political significance in 80’s with many right-wing parties and groups coming together to demand a temple in the disputed area.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On December 6, 1992 during a rally under Ramjanmabhoomi movement, provocative speeches by various leaders resulted in demolition of Babri Masjid by a mob of activists.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Librahan Commission (Librahan Ayodhya Commission for Inquiry)</strong> was set up to investigate the destruction of the disputed structure of Babri Masjid under retired High Court Judge M. S. Liberhan by an order of the Indian Home Union Ministry.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The High Court also passed an order to the <strong>Archaeological Survey of India</strong> to find out if there would be evidence of temple beneath the Mosque.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The<strong> Archaeological Survey of India</strong> started excavation to find out the evidence of temple beneath the Babri-Masjid disputed land and submitted its report that there is evidence of temple on the basis of stone columns and pillars that might be representation of Hindu, Buddhist or Jaina elements.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lucknow bench of Allahabad High Court </strong>reserved its order and suggested all the parties to resolve issue through friendly discussion but unfortunately no one was interested.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court appoints Redt. Justice <strong>Kalifullah</strong>, Senior advocate <strong>Sriram Panchu</strong> and Spiritual guru <strong>Sri Sri Ravishankar</strong> to act as <strong>mediator</strong>s between the parties of Ayodhya dispute. But there was no success.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ayodhya-case', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5070/0p2qm652olgop7u6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5070/0p2qm652olgop7u6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ayodhya case | Ram Mandir | Ram janma bhoomi', 'metakeyword' => 'On December 6, 1992 during a rally under Ram janma bhoomi', 'metadescription' => 'On December 6, 1992 during a rally under Ramjanmabhoomi movement, provocative speeches by various leaders resulted in demolition of Babri Masjid by a ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/o4bzggyypdcmao1/Ayodhya_case.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 2727, 'title' => 'Ayodhya verdict to be out today', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya dispute verdict, which is pending in Supreme Court since past nine years will be pronounced today.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The verdict in the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land title case will be delivered by Supreme Court Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi, bringing to a close one of modern India’s longest-running Hindu-Muslim disputes.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya dispute is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in India, centred on a plot of land in the city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The issues revolve around the control of a site traditionally regarded among Hindus to be the birthplace of the Hindu deity <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, the history and location of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a> at the site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nirmohi Akhara, a religious denomination, had sought directions to construct a Ram temple on the disputed land in Ayodhya and wanted the management rights of the premises to be given to it.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ram Lalla (or the infant Ram), represented by the Hindu Mahasabha, wanted the entire land to be handed over to them, with no part going to Muslim parties or the Nirmohi Akhara.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sunni Waqf Board, which looks after religious properties, had demanded that the Babri Masjid be restored to the form that existed before it was brought down by Hindu groups on 6 December 1992.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Allahabad High court had pronounced its judgement on 30 September 2010 with majority decision of 2:1, and held that the 22.7 acres (1.12 ha) land located in Ayodhya will be divided into a three-way division, where one-third for the Sunni Waqf Board, one-third for the Nirmohi Akhara and one-third to the party for 'Ram Lalla' or infant Ram represented by the Hindu Maha Sabha.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Babri Masjid demolition</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After a provocative speech by political leaders on 6th of december 1992, mob of violent political workers escaped protective barricades and destroyed the Babri Masjid, which was a disputed building in the Ayodhya case.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To investigate the occurance of events, a committee was formed involving a retired judge, known as Liberhan commitee.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ayodhya-verdict-to-be-out-today', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/dbd3/kj8iw9v1p4ucbyd6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/dbd3/kj8iw9v1p4ucbyd6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ayodhya verdict to be out today', 'metakeyword' => 'modern India’s longest-running Hindu-Muslim disputes.', 'metadescription' => 'The verdict in the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid land title case will be delivered by Supreme Court Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi, bringing to a close one of ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5vjt28ig3gxrz4z/Ayodhya_verdict_to_be_out_today.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 2730, 'title' => 'Supreme court verdict on Ayodhya case', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme court has delivered the final verdict in the Ayodhya case with an almost unanimous decision, which brings to an end one of the longest running issue in modern Indian history.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ayodhya case was a dispute between Muslim and Hindu parties regarding a piece of land which the Hindus claimed to be the birth place of Lord Ram whereas the Muslims believed that the land belonged to the now-destroyed Babri Masjid.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme court bench led by CJI Ranjan Gogoi have given unanimous decision regarding the ownership of the land which is as follows:</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supreme Court has granted the entire 2.77 acre of disputed land in Ayodhya to deity Ram Lalla.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supreme Court has directed the Centre and Uttar Pradesh government to allot an alternative 5 acre land to the Muslims at a prominent place to build a mosque.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court has asked Centre to consider granting some kind of representation to Nirmohi Akhara in setting up of trust. Nirmohi Akhara was the third party in the Ayodhya dispute.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court dismissed the plea of Nirmohi Akhara, which was seeking control of the entire disputed land, saying they are the custodian of the land.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Supreme Court has directed the Union government to set up a trust in 3 months for the construction of the Ram mandir at the disputed site where Babri Masjid was demolished in 1992.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court said the underlying structure below the disputed site at Ayodhya was not an Islamic structure, but the ASI has not established whether a temple was demolished to build a mosque.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court also said that the Hindus consider the disputed site as the birthplace of Lord Ram while the Muslims also say the same about the Babri Masjid site.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court also said that the faith of the Hindus that Lord Ram was born at the disputed site where the Babri Masjid once stood cannot be disputed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court also said that the 1992 demolition of the 16th century Babri Masjid mosque was a violation of law.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While reading out its judgment, the Supreme Court said that the UP Sunni Central Waqf Board has failed to establish its case in Ayodhya dispute case and Hindus have established their case that they were in possession of outer courtyard of the disputed site.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'supreme-court-verdict-on-ayodhya-case', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/44e4/s77eqom9uhblio16g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/44e4/s77eqom9uhblio16g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Supreme court verdict on Ayodhya case', 'metakeyword' => 'whereas the Muslims believed that the land ', 'metadescription' => 'The Ayodhya case was a dispute between Muslim and Hindu parties regarding a piece of land which the Hindus claimed to be the birth place of Lord Ram ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fc96h4011jyamox/Supreme_court_verdict_on_Ayodhya_case.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 2814, 'title' => 'Review petition', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The All India Muslim Personal Law Board (AIMPLB) and Jamiat ulama i Hind announced have that they would file review petitions on the Supreme Court judgment in the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid dispute.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The expert panel of the litigant observed that the judgment was against the Babri Masjid and it was not a final judgment as the option of reviewing is available under the Constitution.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parties against the verdict have been thinking about challenging the apex court’s decision in front of a review bench.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In India, a binding decision of the Supreme Court/High Court can be reviewed in Review Petition. The parties aggrieved on any order of the Supreme Court on any apparent error can file a review petition.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Review petitions</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 137 of the Constitution provides that subject to provisions of any law and rule made under Article 145 the Supreme Court of India has the power to review any judgement pronounced (or order made) by it. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under Supreme Court Rules, 1966 such a petition needs to be filed within 30 days from the date of judgement or order.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is also recommended that the petition should be circulated without oral arguments to the same bench of judges that delivered the judgement (or order) sought to be reviewed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even after dismissal of a review petition, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">SC</a> may consider a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curative_petition" title="Curative petition">curative petition</a> in order to prevent abuse of its process and to cure gross <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">miscarriage of justice</a><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:#222222">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'review-petition', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/916c/q9on5pdobrma59w6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/916c/q9on5pdobrma59w6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Review petition | Babri Masjid | Ram Mandir', 'metakeyword' => 'Review petition, babri masjid, Ram Mandir', 'metadescription' => 'The expert panel of the litigant observed that the judgment was against the Babri Masjid and it was not a final judgment as the option of reviewing', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dzgwox7fhcwqwv3/Review_petition.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3028, 'title' => 'Creamy layer principle in Sc/ST quota for promotion', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Centre has urged the Supreme Court<strong> </strong>to refer to a larger Bench its decision last year had to apply the creamy layer principle to promotions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in government jobs.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The petitioners claimed that amendments were brought to reverse the effect of the decision in the Indra Sawhney case of 1992 (Mandal Commission case), in which the Supreme Court had excluded the creamy layer of OBCs from reservation benefits.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Jarnail Singh vs Lachhmi Narain Gupta (2018), the court dealt with a batch of appeals relating to two reference orders, first by a two-judge Bench and then by a three-judge Bench, on the correctness of the Supreme Court’s judgment in M Nagaraj & Others vs Union of India (2006). </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nagaraj case, in turn, had arisen out of a challenge to the validity of four Constitution amendments, which the court eventually upheld.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said reservation should be applied in a limited sense, otherwise it will perpetuate casteism in the country.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is made clear that even if the State has compelling reasons, it will have to see that its reservation provision does not lead to excessiveness so as to breach the ceiling-limit of 50% or obliterate the creamy layer or extend the reservation indefinitely”. In other words, the court extended the creamy layer principle to SCs and STs too.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Last year, a five-judge Constitution Bench refused to refer the Nagaraj verdict to a larger bench. It held as “invalid” the requirement laid down by the Nagaraj verdict that states should collect quantifiable data on the backwardness of SCs and STs in granting quota in promotions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">when a Court applies the creamy layer principle to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, it does not in any manner tinker with the Presidential List under Articles 341 or 342. It is only those persons within that group or sub-group, who have come out of untouchability or backwardness by virtue of belonging to the creamy layer, who are excluded from the benefit of reservation.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Important amendments</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>77th Amendment:</strong> It introduced Clause 4A to the Constitution, empowering the state to make provisions for reservation in matters of promotion to SC/ST employees if the state feels they are not adequately represented.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>82nd Amendment:</strong> It inserted a proviso at the end of Article 335 to enable the state to make any provision for SC/STs “for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the standards of evaluation, for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of services or posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State”.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>85th Amendment:</strong> It said reservation in promotion can be applied with consequential seniority for the SC/ST employee.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way Forward</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The whole object of reservation is to see that backward classes of citizens move forward so that they may march hand in hand with other citizens of India on an equal basis. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This will not be possible if only the creamy layer within that class bag all the coveted jobs in the public sector and perpetuate themselves, leaving the rest of the class as backward as they always were.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'creamy-layer-principle-in-sc-st-quota-for-promotion', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/eae7/mbzco0kgo2xst4m6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/eae7/mbzco0kgo2xst4m6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Creamy layer principle in Sc/ST quota for promotion', 'metakeyword' => 'Creamy layer principle in Sc/ST quota for promotion', 'metadescription' => 'The Centre has urged the Supreme Court to refer to a larger Bench its decision last year had to apply the creamy layer principle to promotions for Scheduled', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/to4sxoc8ubsyr29/Creamy_layer_principle_in_Sc_ST_quota_for_promotion.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3108, 'title' => 'Law to protect against destruction of public property during protests', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Supreme Court Bench headed by Chief Justice of India S A Bobde has expressed displeasure over rioting and destruction of public property during protets.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite a law against the destruction of property, incidents of rioting, vandalism, and arson have been common during protests across the country.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 1984 punishes anyone who commits mischief by doing any act in respect of any public property, with a jail term of up to five years and a fine or both. Provisions of this law can be coupled with those under the Indian Penal Code.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Public property under this Act includes “any building, installation or other property used in connection with the production, distribution or supply of water, light, power or energy; any oil installation; any sewage works; any mine or factory; any means of public transportation or of telecommunications, or any building, installation or other property used in connection therewith”. But they are found to be inadequate.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2007, the court took suo motu cognizance of various instances where there was large scale destruction of public and private properties in the name of agitations, bandhs, hartals and the like, and set up two Committees headed by former apex court judge Justice K T Thomas and senior advocate Fali Nariman to suggest changes to the law.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Thomas Committee recommended reversing the burden of proof against protesters. Accepting the suggestion, the court said that the prosecution should be required to prove that public property had been damaged in direct action called by an organisation, and that the accused also participated in such direct action.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It added that the law must be amended to give the court the power to draw a presumption that the accused is guilty of destroying public property, and it would then be open to the accused to rebut such presumption.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such a reversal of the burden of proof is applicable in cases of sexual violence, among others. Generally, the law presumes that the accused is innocent until the prosecution proves its case.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nariman Committee’s recommendations dealt with extracting damages for destruction. Accepting the recommendations, the court said the rioters would be made strictly liable for the damage, and compensation would be collected to “make good” the damage.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from holding rioters liable and imposing costs, the court also issued guidelines including directing High Courts to order suo motu action, and to set up a machinery to investigate the damage caused and award compensation wherever mass destruction to property takes place due to protests.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Like the law, the guidelines too, have had a limited impact. This is because the identification of protesters remains difficult, especially in cases where there is no leader who gave the call to protest.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'law to-protect-against-destruction', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0a3e/cr47641p3mz525b6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0a3e/cr47641p3mz525b6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Law to protect against destruction of public property during', 'metakeyword' => 'Law to protect against destruction of public property during protests', 'metadescription' => 'A Supreme Court Bench headed by Chief Justice of India S A Bobde has expressed displeasure over rioting and destruction of public property during protets.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/cqi3a6310rk0yn6/Law_to_protect_against_destruction_of_public_property_during_protests.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3241, 'title' => 'Law on Payment for destruction of public property', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Uttar Pradesh government has directed district administrations to serve notices on persons allegedly involved in arson and damage of public property, and direct them to pay a penalty.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The quantum of the penalty is being determined according to the total cost of the damaged property. The protestors were found to have damaged public properties during the protest against the Citizenship Amendment Bill.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The administration has said it derives such powers on the basis of an Allahabad High Court order of December 2, 2010 in Mohammad Shujauddin vs State of Uttar Pradesh. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has said the police are empowered to take penal action under The Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 1984. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The High Court order, due to lacunae in the 1984 Act, has also empowered the civil administration to take action against the accused.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The High Court referred to a 2009 judgment of the Supreme Court relating to the destruction of public and private properties. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court had issued guidelines on the basis of recommendations made by two committees, headed by former Supreme Court Justice K T Thomas and senior advocate Fali Nariman.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nariman Committee’s recommendations had dealt with extracting damages for destruction. Accepting the recommendations, the Supreme Court had said that the rioters would be made strictly liable for the damage, and compensation would be collected to “make good” the damage.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The High Court’s judgement</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As and when any incident of damage of public property takes place, if such agitation has been called at the “invitation of a political party or a sitting or former people’s representative”, a “report” shall be registered by the police against the political party/person by name.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A “concerned department, local body, public corporation”, that is, the owner of the property, would assess the damage and shall file a claim for realization of such amount before a “competent authority”.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There will be an “opportunity of hearing” against whom the claims is filed; and the competent authority is mandated to pass the “appropriate order” with a month after the hearing is complete.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'law-on-payment-for-destruction', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddb4/99rm5m3fznej1ar6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddb4/99rm5m3fznej1ar6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Law on Payment for destruction of public property', 'metakeyword' => 'Law on Payment for destruction of public property', 'metadescription' => 'The Uttar Pradesh government has directed district administrations to serve notices on persons allegedly involved in arson and damage of public property,', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/s4z71lr198mnu4s/Law_on_Payment_for_destruction_of_public_property.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3336, 'title' => 'SC judgement on internet shutdown', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has for the first time set the stage for challenging suspension orders before courts by directing government to publish all orders mandatorily.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although the Temporary Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public Service) Rules, 2017 issued under the Telegraph Act, the law that deals with restricting Internet access does not provide for publication or notification of the order suspending Internet.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court declared that it is a “settled principle of law, and of natural justice” that requires publication of such orders, “particularly one that affects lives, liberty and property of people”.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This allows individuals to now challenge the orders before courts in J&K and rest of India. While suspension orders were always subject to judicial review, lack of availability of such orders in public domain prevented such challenges before courts.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India tops the list of Internet shutdowns globally. According to Software Freedom Law Center’s tracker, there have been 381 shutdowns since 2012, 106 of which were in 2019.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court also said that there should not be excessive burden on free speech even if complete prohibition is imposed, and the government has to justify imposition of such prohibition and explain why lesser alternatives will be inadequate.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court also declared access to internet a fundamental right. A government cannot deprive the citizens of fundamental rights except under certain conditions explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian constitution makes the right to freedom of speech and expression a fundamental right for all citizens. It has been listed in Article 19 (1)(a) of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has on many occasions expanded the scope of the right to freedom of speech and expression.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court ruling is also in sync with the United Nations recommendation that every country should make access to Internet a fundamental right. In India, Kerala had become the first state in 2017 to declare access to Internet "a basic human right".</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 19</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(1) All citizens shall have the right</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to freedom of speech and expression</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to assemble peaceably and without arms;</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to form associations or unions;</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to move freely throughout the territory of India;</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">omitted (the right to property)</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The only restrictions which may be imposed are those mentioned in clause (2) of Article 19. These are:</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India,</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">the security of the State,</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">friendly relations with foreign States,</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">public order, decency or morality</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">in relation to contempt of court, defamation or</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">incitement to an offence</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'sc-judgement-on-internet-shutdown', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/183b/onbc5no7ubb5ijx6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/183b/onbc5no7ubb5ijx6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'SC judgement on internet shutdown', 'metakeyword' => 'SC judgement on internet shutdown', 'metadescription' => 'The Supreme Court has for the first time set the stage for challenging suspension orders before courts by directing government to publish all orders', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9qngxvrv6j2b62r/SC_judgement_on_internet_shutdown.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3520, 'title' => 'Time limit on advance bail violates liberty: Supreme Court', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A constitutional bench of the Supreme court has ruled that the protection of anticipatory or pre-<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/634-633-600/arrest/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank">arrest<strong> </strong></a>bail cannot be limited to any time frame or fixed period as denial of bail amounts to deprivation of the fundamental right to personal liberty in a free and democratic country.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Section 438 (anticipatory bail) of the Code of Criminal Procedure protects people from the ignominy of detention in jail for days on end and disgrace to their reputation. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A five-judge Bench acknowledged that anticipatory bail helps thwart influential powers from implicating their rivals in false cases.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said, the life or duration of an anticipatory bail order does not normally end at the time and stage when the accused is summoned by the court, or when charges are framed, but can continue till the end of the trial.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The questions referred to the Constitution Bench were twofold: whether the protection granted to a person under Section 438 should be limited to a fixed period till the accused surrenders in court, and whether the life of anticipatory bail should end when the accused is summoned by the court.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court held that protection against arrest should inure in favour of the accused. Restricting the protection would prove unfavourable for the accused.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It said that, courts have to consider the nature of the offence, the role of the person, the likelihood of his influencing the course of investigation or tampering of evidence, including intimidating witnesses and fleeing justice.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court held that a plea for anticipatory bail can be filed even before the registration of FIR as long as there is reasonable basis for apprehension of arrest and clarity of facts.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The grant of protection should not be “blanket” but confined to specific offence or incident for which relief from arrest is sought. It is open for the police to move court for arrest of the accused if there is any violation of bail conditions, the ruling said.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'time-limit-on-advance-bail-violates-liberty-supreme-court', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5910/c7ht1tulpmscjwc6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5910/c7ht1tulpmscjwc6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Time limit on advance bail violates liberty: Supreme Court', 'metakeyword' => 'Time limit on advance bail violates liberty: Supreme Court', 'metadescription' => 'A constitutional bench of the Supreme court has ruled that the protection of anticipatory or pre-arrest bail cannot be limited to any time frame ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/jtpxqo70g98kt58/Time_limit_on_advance_bail_violates_liberty_Supreme_Court.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3619, 'title' => 'Reservation in job promotion not a fundamental right', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reservation in promotion in public posts cannot be claimed as a fundamental right, the Supreme Court stated in a judgement.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The judgment was based in a batch of appeals pertaining to the reservations to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in promotions in the posts of Assistant Engineer (Civil) in Public Works Department of Uttarakhand.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Apex court observed that State governments are not bound to make reservations. Even the courts could not issue a mandamus directing States to provide reservations.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said, <strong>Articles 16 (4) </strong>and<strong> 16 (4-A)</strong> of the Constitution did not confer individuals with a fundamental right to claim reservations in promotion.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Articles empower the State to make reservation in matters of appointment and promotion in favour of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes only if in the opinion of the State they are not adequately represented in the services of the State.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The top court observed the state government has the absolute discretion to decide whether or not to provide for reservation in jobs or reservation in promotions. Also, the state government is not under any obligation to do so.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court also said, if a State wishes to exercise its discretion and make reservation in promotions, it has to first collect quantifiable data showing inadequacy of representation of a class or community in public services.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'reservation-in-job-promotion', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4ab/9pgpoc7q8d5gulv6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d4ab/9pgpoc7q8d5gulv6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Reservation in job promotion not a fundamental right', 'metakeyword' => 'Reservation in job promotion not a fundamental right', 'metadescription' => 'Reservation in promotion in public posts cannot be claimed as a fundamental right, the Supreme Court stated in a judgement.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/soqgfdwi314w4hz/Reservation_in_job_promotion_not_a_fundamental_right.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3699, 'title' => 'Supreme court order on permanent commission for women officers', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court brought women officers in 10 streams of the Army on a par with their male counterparts in all respects, setting aside longstanding objections of the government.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The case was first filed in the Delhi High Court by women officers in 2003, and had received a favourable order in 2010. But the order was never implemented, and was challenged in the Supreme Court by the government.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The induction of women officers in the Army started in 1992. They were commissioned for a period of five years in certain chosen streams such as Army Education Corps, Corps of Signals, Intelligence Corps, and Corps of Engineers. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recruits under the Women Special Entry Scheme (WSES) had a shorter pre-commission training period than their male counterparts who were commissioned under the Short Service Commission (SSC) scheme.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Serving WSES officers were given the option to move to the new SSC scheme, or to continue under the erstwhile WSES. They were to be however, restricted to roles in streams specified earlier, which excluded combat arms such as infantry and armoured corps.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While male SSC officers could opt for permanent commission at the end of 10 years of service, this option was not available to women officers. They were, thus, kept out of any command appointment, and could not qualify for government pension, which starts only after 20 years of service as an officer.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government put forth other arguments before the Supreme Court to justify the proposal on the grounds of permanent commission, grants of pensionary benefits, limitations of judicial review on policy issues, occupational hazards, reasons for discrimination against women, SSC as a support cadre, and rationalization on physiological limitations for employment in staff appointments.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supreme court’s order: Implications</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The SC has done away with all discrimination on the basis of years of service for grant of PC in 10 streams of combat support arms and services, bringing them on a par with male officers. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also removed the restriction of women officers only being allowed to serve in staff appointments, which is the most significant and far-reaching aspect of the judgment.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It means that women officers will be eligible to tenant all the command appointments, at par with male officers, which would open avenues for further promotions to higher ranks for them: if women officers had served only in staff, they would not have gone beyond the rank of Colonel.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also means that in junior ranks and career courses, women officers would be attending the same training courses and tenanting critical appointments, which are necessary for higher promotions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The implications of the judgment will have to be borne by the human resources management department of the Army, which will need to change policy in order to comply.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bigger shift will have to take place in the culture, norms, and values of the rank and file of the Army, which will be the responsibility of the senior military and political leadership.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'permanent-commission-for-women-officers', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1410/9ooms65r83fxk376g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1410/9ooms65r83fxk376g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'SC order on permanent commission for women officers', 'metakeyword' => 'Supreme court order on permanent commission for women officers', 'metadescription' => 'The Supreme Court brought women officers in 10 streams of the Army on a par with their male counterparts in all respects, setting aside longstanding', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/lbts42qvvh41zde/Supreme_court_order_on_permanent_commission_for_women_officers.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3780, 'title' => 'Court’s interferance in policy decisons of government', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Telangana<strong> </strong>High Court will hold final hearing on a batch of PIL pleas over the State government’s decision to demolish the Secretariat building and on the issue of whether courts can intervene in an important policy decision taken by the government.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mentioning about the PIL petitions over government’s proposal to demolish the existing Secretariat building (now completely evacuated) and construction of a new one, the AG appealed to the Bench to decide if the HC can intervene over a key policy decision taken by the government.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The larger question in the issue was whether the courts can decide upon legality of a major policy decision taken by government. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government said the bench should decide upon the issue as to whether the court can interfere with the government’s decision just because some one approaches it opposing such policy decision.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An earlier Supreme court ruling had said that courts can decide the legality of Government decisions, but cannot substitute their views in policy matters.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Various judicial officials have opined that courts cannot behave as “super-legislatures” and that the judiciary should maintain self-restraint and respect separation of powers.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Seperation of Power</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Separation of powers is a doctrine of constitutional law under which the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is also known as the system of <strong>checks </strong>and<strong> balances</strong>, because each branch is given certain powers so as to check and balance the other branches.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It refers to the division of responsibilities into distinct branches of government by limiting any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent of separation of powers is to <strong>prevent the concentration of power</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Constitution has indeed <strong>not</strong> <strong>recognized</strong> the doctrine of separation of powers in its <strong>absolute</strong> <strong>rigidity</strong>, but the functions of different parts or branches of the government have been sufficiently differentiated and consequently it can very well be said that our Constitution does not contemplate assumption, by one organ or part of the state, of functions that essentially belong to another.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'court-interferance-in-policy-decisons-of-government', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/91b7/fwq2d5kbewgko766g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/91b7/fwq2d5kbewgko766g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Court’s interferance in policy decisons of government', 'metakeyword' => 'Court’s interferance in policy decisons of government', 'metadescription' => 'Telangana High Court will hold final hearing on a batch of PIL pleas over the State government’s decision to demolish the Secretariat building and on the issue of whether courts', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7pcczps7atxpzur/Court%C6s_interferance_in_policy_decisons_of_government.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 3848, 'title' => 'Supreme court ruling on Cryptocurrency', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court set aside a ban by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on banks and financial institutions from dealing with virtual currency holders and exchanges.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Virtual currency is the larger umbrella term for all forms of non-fiat currency being traded online. Virtual currencies are mostly created, distributed and accepted in local virtual networks.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court held that the ban did not pass the “proportionality” test. The test of proportionality of any action by the government, the court held, must pass the test of Article 19(1)(g), which states that all citizens of the country will have the right to practise any profession, or carry on any occupation or trade and business.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Cryptocurrency</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is no globally accepted definition of what exactly is virtual currency. Some agencies have called it a method of exchange of value; others have labelled it a goods item, product or commodity.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cryptocurrencies have an extra layer of security, in the form of encryption algorithms. Cryptographic methods are used to make the currency as well as the network on which they are being traded, secure. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Most cryptocurrencies now operate on the blockchain or distributed ledger technology, which allows everyone on the network to keep track of the transactions occurring globally.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This essentially meant there would be no central regulator for virtual currencies as they would be placed in a globally visible ledger, accessible to all the users of the technology. All users of such virtual currencies would be able to see and keep track of the transactions taking place.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for RBI to ban cryptocurrency</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Owing to the lack of any underlying fiat, episodes of excessive volatility in their value, and their anonymous nature which goes against global money-laundering rules.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Risks and concerns about data security and consumer protection on the one hand, and far-reaching potential impact on the effectiveness of monetary policy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The RBI argues that owing to a significant spurt in the valuation of many virtual currencies and rapid growth in initial coin offerings, virtual currencies were not safe for use.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'supreme-court-ruling-on-cryptocurrency', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9202/q5dqk6i6mrz6v3x6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9202/q5dqk6i6mrz6v3x6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Supreme court ruling on Cryptocurrency', 'metakeyword' => 'Supreme court ruling on Cryptocurrency', 'metadescription' => 'The Supreme Court set aside a ban by the Reserve Bank of India on banks and financial institutions from dealing with virtual currency holders and exchanges. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/1bcfhbv3jbsqbm2/Supreme_court_ruling_on_Cryptocurrency.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 5094, 'title' => 'Encounter rules', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The killing of gangster Vikas Dubey by the Uttar Pradesh Police has put the spotlight back on encounters or executive killings. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The legality of police action in such circumstances has been debated for long, and a legal framework was put in place with the intention of establishing accountability.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) have framed guidelines that are to be followed in cases of custodial deaths.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1993, the Commission had issued general guidelines that every case of custodial death must be intimated to it within 24 hours. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further, the post mortem reports, inquest requests, and other related documentation was to be sent to the human rights watchdog to ascertain its reliability within two months of the incident.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If a death is prime facie found to be a case of death that took place unlawfully, the Commission would grant compensation to the victim’s kin and penalise the errant state and its officials, it was decided.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This meant that for every case of custodial death, the concerned officers would be on trial, and their actions would not constitute an offence in only two circumstances:</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(a)If they have killed the individual in order to protect themselves and, b) if the use of force extending to death is necessary for making an arrest.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An FIR is registered under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code which penalises culpable homicide. The Indian Evidence Act puts the burden of proof on the defence — the police in this case — to prove that the offence was not committed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the guidelines that are the law of the land, encounter killings continue to happen. Political patronage to such incidents also adds to the lack of proper investigation.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Judicial provisions</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2009, a five-judge Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court recognised in the case of ‘Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee vs. Government of Andhra Pradesh’ that illegal killings by policemen have been taking place with impunity.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The verdict in the public interest litigation, which was decided in 2014, mandated that every custodial death would be probed by a magistrate as per Section 170 of the CrPC.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The court also issued several guidelines on holding an independent investigation into the encounter. The court said that the investigation shall be conducted by the CID or police team of another police station under the supervision of a senior officer at least a level above the head of the police party engaged in the encounter.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'encounter-rules', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Encounter rules', 'metakeyword' => 'Encounter rules', 'metadescription' => 'Legality of police action in such circumstances has been debated for long, and a legal framework was put in place with the intention of establishing accountability.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 28 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 5104, 'title' => 'Padmanabha Swamy temple verdict', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court upheld the right of the Travancore royal family to manage the property of deity at Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ruling ends the legal battle the temple and members of the royal family have fought with the government for decades over control of one of the richest temples in the world.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since 2011, the process of opening the vaults has led to the discovery of treasures within the Padmanabhaswamy temple, prompting a debate on who owns temple property and how it should be regulated.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said that, as per customary law, the she bait rights (right to manage the financial affairs of the deity) survive with the members of the family even after the death of the last ruler.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central legal question was whether Utradam Thirunal Marthanda Varma, the younger brother of Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, the last Ruler of Travancore, could claim to be the “Ruler of Travancore” after the death of the ruler in 1991. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court examined this claim within the limited meaning of that term according to the Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act, 1950 to claim ownership, control, and management of the ancient Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All the temples which were under the control and management of the erstwhile Princely States of Travancore and Cochin were under the control of the Travancore and Cochin Devaswom Boards before 1947. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, as per the Instrument of Accession signed between the princely states and the Government of India, since 1949, the administration of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple was “vested in trust” in the Ruler of Travancore. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1991, when the last ruler’s brother took over the temple management, it created a furore among devotees who moved the courts leading to a long-drawn legal battle.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Despite being a secular country that separates religion from the affairs of the state, Hindu temples, its assets are governed through statutory laws and boards heavily controlled by state governments.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'padmanabha-swamy-temple-verdict', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e959/53ofkdhuwo5qfb36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e959/53ofkdhuwo5qfb36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Padmanabha Swamy temple verdict', 'metakeyword' => 'Padmanabha Swamy temple verdict', 'metadescription' => 'The Supreme Court upheld the right of the Travancore royal family to manage the property of deity at Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/6degndump6q481w/4.Padmanabha_Swamy_temple_verdict.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 5472, 'title' => 'Domicile-based job quota', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Madhya Pradesh government’s recent decision to reserve all government jobs for “children of the state” raises questions relating to the fundamental right to equality.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While domicile-based reservations have been implemented in education, courts have been reluctant to expand this to employment. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 16 of the Constitution, which guarantees equal treatment under law in matters of public employment, prohibits the state from discriminating on grounds of place of birth or residence.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 16(2) states that “no citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, residence or any of them, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect or, any employment or office under the State”. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, Article 16(3) of the Constitution provides an exception by saying that Parliament may make a law “prescribing” a requirement of residence for jobs in a particular state. This power vests solely in the Parliament, not state legislatures.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As India has common citizenship, which gives citizens the liberty to move around freely in any part of the country, the requirement of a place of birth or residence cannot be qualifications for granting public employment in any state.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has ruled against reservation based on place of birth or residence. In 1984, ruling in Dr Pradeep Jain v Union of India, the issue of legislation for “sons of the soil” was discussed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a subsequent ruling in Sunanda Reddy v State of Andhra Pradesh (1995), the Supreme Court affirmed the observation in Pradeep Jain to strike down a state government policy that gave 5% extra weightage to candidates who had studied with Telugu as the medium of instruction.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2019, the Allahabad High Court struck down a recruitment notification by the UP Subordinate Service Selection Commission which prescribed preference for women who are “original residents” of the UP alone.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Constitutionally, some states also have special protections under Article 371. Andhra Pradesh under Section 371(d) has powers to have “direct recruitment of local cadre” in specified areas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before the abrogation of the special status of J&K in August last year, state government jobs were reserved exclusively for state subjects as per Article 370 of the Constitution.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Some states have gone around the mandate of Article 16(2) by using language. States that conduct official business in their regional languages prescribe knowledge of the language as a criterion.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'domicile-based-job-quota', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a1ef/7yi4nn1a0yufhtr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a1ef/7yi4nn1a0yufhtr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Domicile-based job quota', 'metakeyword' => 'Domicile-based job quota', 'metadescription' => 'The Madhya Pradesh government’s recent decision to reserve all government jobs for “children of the state” raises questions relating to the fundamental right to equality', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/5p7usqoonnh7p0z/4.Domicile-based+job+quota.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 30 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 5531, 'title' => 'Quota within quota', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court reopened the legal debate on sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for reservations.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the Bench ruled in favour of giving preferential treatment to certain Scheduled Castes over others to ensure equal representation of all Scheduled Castes, it referred the issue to a larger Bench to decide.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Earlier the Supreme Court had ruled that state governments had no power to create sub-categories of SCs for the purpose of reservation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">States have argued that among the Scheduled Castes, there are some that remain grossly under-represented despite reservation in comparison to other Scheduled Castes. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This inequality within the Scheduled Castes is underlined in several reports, and special quotas have been framed to address it.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For example, in Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Bihar, special quotas were introduced for the most vulnerable Dalits. In 2007, Bihar set up the Mahadalit Commission to identify the castes within SCs that were left behind.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Constitution, while providing for special treatment of SCs and STs to achieve equality, does not specify the castes and tribes that are to be called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. This power is left to the central executive, the President.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per Article 341, those castes notified by the President are called SCs and STs. A caste notified as SC in one state may not be a SC in another state. These vary from state to state to prevent disputes as to whether a particular caste is accorded reservation or not.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has engaged with the argument on whether the benefits of reservation have trickled down to the “weakest of the weak”. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The concept of a “creamy layer” within SCs was upheld by the court in a 2018 judgment in Jarnail Singh v Lachhmi Narain Gupta.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The “creamy layer” concept puts an income ceiling on those eligible for reservation. While this concept applies to Other Backward Castes, it was applied to promotions of Scheduled Castes for the first time in 2018.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In the Jarnail Singh case, the court held that the objective of reservation is to ensure that all backward classes march hand in hand and that will not be possible if only a select few get all the coveted services of the government.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'quota-within-quota', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8aaa/uij73cvd3id902i6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8aaa/uij73cvd3id902i6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Quota within quota', 'metakeyword' => 'Quota within quota', 'metadescription' => 'A five-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court reopened the legal debate on sub-categorisation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for reservations.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/xd06yr0yssqvuso/3.Quota+within+quota.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 31 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 5404, 'title' => 'Hindu Women’s inheritance rights', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has expanded on a Hindu woman’s right to be a joint legal heir and inherit ancestral property on terms equal to male heirs.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A three-judge Bench headed ruled that a Hindu woman’s right to be a joint heir to the ancestral property is by birth and does not depend on whether her father was alive or not when the law was enacted in 2005. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 gave Hindu women the right to be coparceners or joint legal heirs in the same way a male heir does.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mitakshara school of Hindu law codified as the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 governed succession and inheritance of property but only recognised males as legal heirs. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The law applied to everyone who is not a Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jew by religion. Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains and followers of Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj are also considered Hindus for the purposes of this law.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a Hindu Undivided Family, several legal heirs through generations can exist jointly. Traditionally, only male descendants of a common ancestor along with their mothers, wives, and unmarried daughters are considered a joint Hindu family. The legal heirs hold the family property jointly.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Women were recognised as coparceners or joint legal heirs for partition arising from 2005. Section 6 of the Act was amended that year to make a daughter of a coparcener also a coparcener by birth “in her own right in the same manner as the son”.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even before the 2005 amendment, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu had made this change in the law, and Kerala had abolished the Hindu Joint Family System in 1975.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the 2005 law granted equal rights to women, questions were raised in multiple cases on whether the law applied retrospectively, and if the rights of women depended on the living status of the father through whom they would inherit. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Different benches of the Supreme Court had taken conflicting views on the issue. Different High Courts had also followed different views of the top court as binding precedents.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In February 2018, contrary to the 2015 ruling, a two-judge bench headed by Justice A K Sikri held that the share of a father who died in 2001 will also pass to his daughters as coparceners during the partition of the property as per the 2005 law.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Then in April that year, yet another two-judge bench, headed by Justice R K Agrawal, reiterated the position taken in 2015.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The ruling now overrules the verdicts from 2015 and April 2018. It settles the law and expands on the intention of the 2005 legislation “to remove the discrimination as contained in section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 by giving equal rights to daughters in the Hindu Mitakshara coparcenary property as the sons have”.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hindu-womens-inheritance-rights', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d9d2/grda4hvq9g492pg6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d9d2/grda4hvq9g492pg6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hindu Women’s inheritance rights', 'metakeyword' => 'Hindu Women’s inheritance rights', 'metadescription' => 'A three-judge Bench headed ruled that a Hindu woman’s right to be a joint heir to the ancestral property is by birth and does not depend on whether her father', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/gj4515t45kpmfou/5.Hindu+Women’s+inheritance+rights.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 32 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 5747, 'title' => 'SC order on demolition of slums', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi government and the Northern Railway have been trying to come up with a plan to demolish slums that have been built alongside the railway tracks in the city, and to rehabilitate the residents of these dwellings.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The order for demolition was passed by the Supreme Court on August 31, which also said that no other court will grant a stay in the matter.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The writ petition case being heard in the Supreme Court, in which the August 31 order to remove the slums was passed, was filed in 1985 by a lawyer over air pollution in Delhi. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several other petitions and applications were then tagged along with the original petition and the scope of the petition widened to include vehicular pollution, garbage disposal, air quality etc.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the present instance, the court was hearing a matter related to dumping garbage along railway tracks, in which the SC-mandated body – Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority – filed a report, and Northern Railway and civic administration were parties in the case.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The removal will result in lakhs of people ending up on the road during the pandemic, if the Centre (Northern Railway) and the state do not arrive upon a plan for relocation and rehabilitation of these people soon.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As part of the policy, slum clusters which have come up before January 2015 shall not be demolished without providing alternate housing. After this cut-off date, slums that came up will be demolished without providing alternate housing. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The policy says that of the land freed after slum clusters are removed, 60 percent has to be used for in-situ development to rehabilitate slum dwellers while the rest can be used as a resource.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This clause also applied to slums that are to be demolished under court orders if the particular piece of land is required for a specific public project. The protocol includes surveys to determine eligibility.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Railway and DUSIB now have to decide which of these models it will follow before it implements the Supreme Court’s order to demolish the slums.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'sc-order-on-demolition-of-slums', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ab1f/hu37jbp3b0zqdot6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ab1f/hu37jbp3b0zqdot6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'SC order on demolition of slums', 'metakeyword' => 'SC order on demolition of slums', 'metadescription' => 'The Delhi government and the Northern Railway have been trying to come up with a plan to demolish slums that have been built alongside the railway tracks in the city', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/ydyt9hvmg48w6ms/4.SC+order+on+demolition+of+slums.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 5861, 'title' => 'Ayodhya conspiracy case', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A special CBI court in Lucknow has pronounced its judgment in the Babri Masjid demolition case and acquitted all the accused in the case.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the Supreme Court has delivered the final judgment in the Ayodhya title suit, this judgment will be the first in the nearly 28-year-old demolition case. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the demolition of the Babri Masjid on December 6, 1992, two separate cases were filed at Ram Janmabhoomi police station in Faizabad.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The FIR was filed against eight persons including senior BJP leaders — L K Advani, Murli Manohar Joshi, Ashok Singhal (now deceased), Giriraj Kishore (deceased), Vishnu Hari Dalmia (deceased), Vinay Katiyar, Uma Bharti, and Sadhvi Ritambhara. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This was under IPC sections 153-A, 153-B (imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration) and 505 (statements conducing to public mischief).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Between December 6 and 21, police registered 47 more FIRs, mostly relating to assault on and looting of media persons during the demolition.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state government initially assigned the case against unidentified kar sevaks to the Crime Branch’s Criminal Investigation Department (CB-CID). </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On December 12, 1992, the state sent a recommendation to the Centre for transfer of the investigation to the CBI, which lodged an FIR and began its investigation the following day.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In August 1993, the state government sent a recommendation for a CBI probe into the other 48 FIRs. The CBI was handed over all these cases.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In September 1997, the Lucknow court took cognisance of the CBI chargesheet, and ordered charges be framed against accused. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Summonses were issued. In its chargesheet, the CBI claimed it had evidence that the demolition was the fallout of a larger conspiracy. Charges under section 120-B IPC were added.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In May 2017, the Lucknow court ordered framing of charges against Advani, Joshi, Katiyar, and Bharti. Fresh charges were made out against the 13 against whom proceedings were dropped.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The recording of prosecution witness statements was completed in March this year. The court then began recording statements of the accused under Section 313 CrPC.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ayodhya-conspiracy-case', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ef91/x4kyrhyru1ms7jn6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ef91/x4kyrhyru1ms7jn6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ayodhya conspiracy case', 'metakeyword' => 'Ayodhya conspiracy case', 'metadescription' => 'While the Supreme Court has delivered the final judgment in the Ayodhya title suit, this judgment will be the first in the nearly 28-year-old demolition case. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/m5uvebdrofxvadg/4.Ayodhya_conspiracy_case.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 6453, 'title' => 'Consent of Attorney General for contempt proceedings', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Attorney General has given his consent for initiating contempt proceedings against illustrator Rachita Taneja for scandalising judiciary through her works.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The comic illustrations were made with respect to the bail given to Republic TV co-founder Arnab Goswami by the apex court.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, lays down the law on contempt of court. Section 15 of the legislation describes the procedure on how a case for contempt of court can be initiated.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In case of Supreme Court the Attorney General and in case of High courts the Advocate General may bring a motion for initiating case of contempt.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If motion of contempt is brought by other person then written consent by the AG in writing is necessary for proceeding.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The motion for initiating the case will have to specify the contempt of which the person charged is alleged to be guilty.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The objective behind requiring consent is saving time of the court. Judicial time is wasted if court is involved in frivolous cases having no subsistence.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The AG’s consent will indicate that as the highest law officer of the country, he has certified the case to be worthy of Supreme Court’s attention.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">AG’s consent is compulsory for contempt petition by a private citizen. Before the plea is registered, the AG must sign the complaint.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The consent of AG is not required if the court takes contempt initiation on its own through sou motu action, using its extraordinary powers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">If the AG refuses to grant permission for contempt, the matter shall end. There shall be no more deliberation regarding the particular case.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'consent-of-attorney-general-for-contempt-proceedings', 'image' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3e7a/6qzyiaq2hj3hbk16g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3e7a/6qzyiaq2hj3hbk16g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Consent of Attorney General for contempt proceedings', 'metakeyword' => 'Consent of Attorney General for contempt proceedings', 'metadescription' => 'Attorney General has given his consent for initiating contempt proceedings against illustrator Rachita Taneja for scandalising judiciary through her works.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/y1hznpaaf0mxvx1/2.Consent_of_Attorney_General_for_contempt_proceedings.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 35 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 6631, 'title' => 'Future Group and Amazon tussle', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi High Court has declined to grant Future Retail Ltd’s (FRL) plea for an interim injunction preventing Amazon from writing to SEBI, CCI and other authorities about the arbitral order against its asset sale.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In August this year, Future Group entered into an agreement with Reliance Retail to sell its retail, wholesale, logistics and warehousing to the latter. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As a part of the deal, Future Retail will sell its supermarket chain Big Bazaar, premium food supply unit Foodhall and fashion and clothes supermart Brand Factory’s retail as well as wholesale units to Reliance Retail.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Future Group was under immense pressure from its lenders to manage its debt, and the deal in seen as a bid by the group to cut down on the same.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Following the nationwide lockdown, the retail business of Future Group had come under more stress. Sales in many of its premium food sales arm Foodhall and Brand Factory had come to a near halt.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Amazon’s objection</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Last year, Future Retail had signed another deal with global e-commerce giant Amazon. As part of the deal, Amazon had acquired 49 per cent stake in Future Coupons, the promoter firm of Future Retail.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deal had also given Amazon a ‘call’ option, which enabled it to exercise the option of acquiring all or part of Future Coupon’s promoter, Future Retail’s shareholding in the company, within 3-10 years of the agreement.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After Future’s agreement with Reliance, Amazon said the deal was a violation of a non-compete clause and a right-of-first-refusal pact it had signed with the Future Group. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deal also required Future Group to inform Amazon before entering into any sale agreement with third parties.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Future Group has said that it has not sold any stake in the company, and was merely selling its assets and had therefore not violated any terms of the contract.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the order says the statutory authorities and regulators can take a view on the deal in accordance with the law, it also held the award given by the arbitrator as valid.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon will be allowed to make its case in front of various government bodies and regulators, mainly on the basis of the arbitration award.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'future-group-and-amazon-tussle', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/97f3/0d9prb5ojskv3f36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/97f3/0d9prb5ojskv3f36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Future Group and Amazon tussle', 'metakeyword' => 'Future Group and Amazon tussle', 'metadescription' => 'The Delhi High Court has declined to grant Future Retail Ltd’s (FRL) plea for an interim injunction preventing Amazon from writing to SEBI, CCI and other authorities about the arbitral order against its asset sale. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/n9u2t3n0s32ok1n/4.Future+Group+and+Amazon+tussle.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 36 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 6911, 'title' => 'IBC section 32 (A)', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court held that the successful bidders for a corporate debtor under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) would be immune from any investigations being conducted either by any investigating agencies.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protection to successful bidders and the assets of a corporate debtor are provided by the rules under Section 32A of the IBC. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The SC upheld the validity of Section 32A of IBC and said it was important for the IBC to attract bidders who would offer reasonable and fair value for the corporate debtor to ensure the timely completion of corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP). </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such protection must also extend to the assets of a corporate debtor, which form a crucial attraction for potential bidders and helps them in assessing and placing a fair bid for the company, which will help banks clean up their books of bad loans.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The immunity would be applicable only if there is an approved resolution plan, and a change in the management control of the corporate debtor.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of judgement</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the IBC came into being in 2016, the implementation of resolution plan of several big ticket cases has been delayed because of various challenges mounted by its own agencies and regulators.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With the Supreme Court upholding the validity of Section 32 A, the cases such as that of Bhushan Power are expected to be completed soon. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Experts also said that this will give confidence to other bidders to proceed with confidence while bidding on such disputed companies and their assets.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ibc-section-32-a', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3e84/d9xux4m2ihpdof36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3e84/d9xux4m2ihpdof36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'IBC (Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code) section 32 (A)', 'metakeyword' => 'IBC section 32 (A), Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code', 'metadescription' => 'The Supreme Court held that the successful bidders for a corporate debtor under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) would be immune from any investigations being conducted either by any investigating agencies.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/cnx2tqfkic13izi/3.IBC+section+32+(A).pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 37 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 6947, 'title' => 'Bombay High Court verdict on sexual assault', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bombay High Court has acquitted a man of sexual assault charges under the Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act for groping a child, and instead convicted him under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for a lesser offence.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ruling has drawn criticism for its restricted interpretation of the offence and highlights the concept of mandatory minimum sentencing in legislation.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court reversed the decision of a sessions court which had convicted accused under Section 8 of the POCSO Act, and sentenced him to three years in jail. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The convict was accused of luring the 12-year old victim to his house on the pretext of giving her a guava, and pressing her breast and attempting to remove her salwar.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The High Court upheld the conviction under sections that carry a lesser minimum sentence of one year under the Indian Penal Code, including outraging the modesty of a woman.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court reasoned that since the offence under POCSO carried a higher punishment, a conviction would require a higher standard of proof, and allegations that were more serious.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court said that since the convict groped the victim over her clothes, this indirect contact would not constitute sexual assault.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Restrictive interpretation</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In State v Bijender (2014), a Delhi court acquitted a man under the POCSO Act and instead convicted him of IPC offences. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court restrictively interpreted the lack of physical contact with sexual organs to mean that there was no physical contact.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>POSCO Act</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Section 8 of the POCSO Act carries a sentence of rigorous imprisonment of three to five years. However, imposing the minimum sentence is mandatory. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Courts do not have the discretion to pass lighter sentences irrespective of any specific circumstances that the case or the convict might present.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mandatory minimum sentences</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A mandatory sentence is prescribed to underline the seriousness of the offence, and is often claimed to act as a deterrent to crime. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mandatory minimum sentences are also prescribed in some cases to remove the scope for arbitrariness by judges using their discretion. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Criticism of mandatory sentencing</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that mandatory sentencing in laws lead to fewer convictions, because when judges perceive that the punishment for the offence is harsh, they might prefer to acquit the accused instead.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way forward</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Legal experts have argued that mandatory sentences are counterproductive to the aim of reducing crime or acting as a deterrent. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Instead of harsher punishment, they recommend judicial reform that makes the sentencing process more accountable and transparent. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">This would include holding transparent proceedings for sentencing, recording specific reasons for punishment in rulings, etc.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bombay-high-court-verdict-on-sexual-assault', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/da72/2qbfu58puoee1lq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/da72/2qbfu58puoee1lq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bombay High Court verdict on sexual assault', 'metakeyword' => 'Bombay High Court verdict on sexual assault', 'metadescription' => 'The Bombay High Court has acquitted a man of sexual assault charges under the Prevention of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act for groping a child,', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pz3gu7mgd6fbe19/1._Bombay_High_Court_verdict_on_sexual_assault.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 38 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 6797, 'title' => 'Horizontal and Vertical quotas', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Supreme Court has clarified the position of law on the interplay of vertical and horizontal reservations.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes is referred to as vertical reservation. It applies separately for each of the groups specified under the law.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Horizontal reservation refers to the equal opportunity provided to other categories of beneficiaries such as women, veterans, the transgender community, and individuals with disabilities, cutting through the vertical categories.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The horizontal quota is applied separately to each vertical category, and not across the board. For example, if women have 50% horizontal quota, then half of the selected candidates will have to necessarily be women in each vertical quota category.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Saurav Yadav case</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sonam Tomar and Rita Rani had secured 276.5949 and 233.1908 marks respectively. They had applied under the categories of OBC-Female and SC-Female respectively.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two candidates did not qualify in their categories. However, in the General-Female (unreserved-female) category, the last qualifying candidate had secured 274.8298 marks, a score that was lower than Tomar’s.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The question before the court was that if the underlying criterion for making selections is “merit”, should Tomar be selected under General-Female quota instead of the OBC-Female category for having secured a higher score.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Government’s stand</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government’s policy was to restrict and contain reserved category candidates to their categories, even when they had secured higher grades. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Court’s decision</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court ruled against the Uttar Pradesh government and said the person would be counted as qualifying without the vertical reservation, and cannot be excluded from the horizontal quota in the general category.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">If a person in the SC category secures a higher score than the cut-off for the general category, the person would be counted as having qualified under the general category instead of the SC quota.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'horizontal-and-vertical-quotas', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/24e4/z2ecb2uiave2c9v6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/24e4/z2ecb2uiave2c9v6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Horizontal and Vertical quotas', 'metakeyword' => 'Horizontal and Vertical quotas | How horizontal, vertical quotas work; what SC said', 'metadescription' => 'Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes is referred to as vertical reservation. It applies separately for each of the groups', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ynpuxsvoxvn91ih/2.Horizontal_and_Vertical_quotas.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 39 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 7013, 'title' => 'Delhi HC order on Future Group-Amazon dispute', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi High Court held that the order of the emergency arbitrator of Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) had rightly barred Future Retail and Future Coupon from going ahead with their deal with Reliance Retail and Fashionstyle.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The high court also held that the order of the emergency arbitrator was not a nullity as claimed by Future Retail and Reliance Retail and that it was enforceable under Indian laws.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon’s plea had sought a stay on the deal between Future Retail and Reliance Retail alleging that it would violate the agreement it had with Future Retail.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The emergency arbitrator asked Future Retail if it was willing to maintain status quo on their deal with Reliance Retail until the SIAC reached a final conclusion on the matter.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Future Retail refused, following which the emergency arbitrator passed an order barring the company from going ahead with the Rs 24,713-crore deal to sell its retail, wholesale, logistics and warehousing units to Reliance Retail.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of ruling</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi High Court’s order and observation that the emergency arbitrator’s decision to block the deal was not a nullity and it was enforceable in India gives a boost to Amazon’s stand on the issue.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon had repeatedly submitted that the deal between Future Retail and Reliance Retail was a violation of an earlier deal that Amazon had signed with the Future Group.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Deal with Future group</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2019, Future Retail had signed a Rs 2,000-crore deal for Amazon to acquire 49 percent stake in Future Coupons, the promoter firm of Future Retail.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It said the deal also required Future Group to inform Amazon before entering into any sale agreement with third parties.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Both Future Retail and Reliance Retail had maintained that the order of the emergency arbitrator was not recognised under Indian laws.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Future course</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Delhi High Court has for now asked both the parties to not take any further steps until it decides on the plea that it pending before it. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Future has also moved the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) seeking approval of its merger with Reliance Retail.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'delhi-hc-order-on-future-group-amazon-dispute', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1a11/c2b35cgunalbzzq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1a11/c2b35cgunalbzzq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Delhi HC order on Future Group-Amazon dispute', 'metakeyword' => 'Delhi HC order on Future Group-Amazon dispute | Why is the Delhi HC order on Future Group-Amazon dispute important | Delhi HC says all parties in Amazon-Future dispute need to maintain status quo', 'metadescription' => 'The Delhi High Court held that the order of the emergency arbitrator of Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) had rightly barred Future Retail and Future', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yc067zs0kaz742q/1._Delhi_HC_order_on_Future.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 6649, 'title' => 'Cairn arbitration case', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague has ruled that the Indian government was<strong> </strong>wrong in applying retrospective tax on Cairn. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government will have to pay roughly 8000 crore in damages to Cairn. This is the second such tax-related setback for the government after the Vodafone verdict.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2006-07, as a part of internal rearrangement, Cairn UK transferred shares of Cairn India Holdings to Cairn India. The Income Tax authorities then contented that Cairn UK had made capital gains and slapped it with a tax demand of Rs 24,500 crore.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The company refused to pay the tax, which prompted cases being filed at the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) and the High Court. While Cairn had lost the case at ITAT, a case on the valuation of capital gains is still pending before the Delhi High court.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2011, Cairn Energy sold majority of its India business, Cairn India, to mining conglomerate Vedanta. Cairn UK was however not allowed to sell a minor stake of about 10 per cent by the income tax authorities.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The judgement</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In its judgment, the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague said Cairn Tax Issue was not just a tax related issue but an investment related dispute, and therefore under the jurisdiction of the international arbitration court.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Akin to the ruling in the Vodafone arbitration case, the PCA at The Hague has once again ruled that the Indian government’s retrospective demand was “in breach of the guarantee of fair and equitable treatment”. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has noted that Cairn UK’s argument that the demand on them was made after the Vodafone retrospective tax demand, which has since been set aside by Indian courts.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'cairn-arbitration-case', 'image' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b833/eqiq8bpu9o71gcp6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b833/eqiq8bpu9o71gcp6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Cairn arbitration case | Permanent Court of Arbitration', 'metakeyword' => 'Cairn arbitration case, Permanent Court of Arbitration', 'metadescription' => 'The Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague has ruled that the Indian government was wrong in applying retrospective tax on Cairn. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/zuugy3rso6opksq/2.Cairn_arbitration_case.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 7077, 'title' => 'Transit bail', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bombay High Court has granted transit anticipatory bail to Shantanu Shivlal Muluk in the Greta Thunberg toolkit case registered by the Delhi Police in connection with the ongoing protests against the three farm laws. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The transit anticipatory bail has been granted for 10 days to allow him to approach the competent court in the national capital for a pre-arrest bail.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Section 56 of the CrPC states that the person arrested has to be taken before the magistrate without unnecessary delay. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to Section 167 (2) of CrPC, when the Magistrate before whom the accused person has been produced does not have the jurisdiction to try the case or commit it for trial, the judicial officer is required to forward the accused to a Magistrate having such jurisdiction. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Anticipatory transit bail</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When a person is apprehending arrest by the police of a state other than where they are at present, they approach the nearest competent court for a transit anticipatory or pre-arrest bail. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court does not have jurisdiction over the place where the case is registered or where crime has been alleged to have been committed but since the question of personal liberty is involved, the High Courts across India generally allow such prayer depending upon the merits of the case.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The relief is sought to seek temporary protection from arrest and simultaneously get time to approach the appropriate court of that place, wherefrom the police has come or where the case is registered.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Transit remand</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the arrested person is required under the law to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, they are produced by the police of the other state before the nearest magistrate of the place from where the person has been arrested to get a transit remand. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is done to comply with the provisions of law regarding the production of the accused before a magistrate within 24 hours since it may not be otherwise possible due to travel from one state to another.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The application is filed by the police who have come to arrest the accused, before the nearest magistrate of that area where the accused is at present or residing.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Magistrate should ask the person arrested and brought before him whether he has been informed of the grounds of arrest and whether he was required to consult and be defended by any legal practitioner of his choice.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The apex court in different judgments has also held and reiterated that a Magistrate should not pass a remand order of remand automatically or in a mechanical manner<span style="color:#3e3e3e">.</span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'transit-bail', 'image' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9310/5xowssqgt9dh12l6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9310/5xowssqgt9dh12l6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Transit bail | Legal provisions invoked in Greta ‘toolkit’ case', 'metakeyword' => 'Transit bail | Legal provisions invoked in Greta ‘toolkit’ case | What is transit anticipatory bail? All about the bail Nikita & Shantanu got in toolkit case', 'metadescription' => 'The Bombay High Court has granted transit anticipatory bail to Shantanu Shivlal Muluk in the Greta Thunberg toolkit case registered by the Delhi Police in connection', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/sjofkzes6k6ur6w/3._Transit_bail_%25282%2529.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Judiciary & Judgments', 'keyword' => 'judiciary-judgments', 'id' => (int) 7113, 'title' => 'UK ruling on Uber drivers', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court Friday ruled that Uber drivers were to be considered workers and not freelance contractors.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This makes them eligible for all employment related benefits such as minimum wage, annual leaves, and insurance.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uber and other service providing platforms could also potentially face legal and regulatory challenges in India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court was adjudicating an appeal by Uber against a ruling by an employment tribunal of the country.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tribunal had held that Uber drivers were entitled to all benefits of regularised workers and that they would be considered on duty even if they were logged into the app, and not just when they were driving their passengers to their destination.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uber said it solely acted as a platform which connected willing drivers and service seeking passengers, and that the contract as such was made between them.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court turned down this plea and that the lack of a legal agreement as such between Uber and the drivers on its platform would not be an impediment in its being considered an employer.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Conditions for the decision</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court considered five main aspects to rule against Uber’s contentions. The first was fixing of a certain maximum fare by Uber, which has to be accepted both by the driver as well as the customer. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the drivers could not possibly charge a fare higher than what was mandated by Uber, it therefore meant that the app was dictating how much the driver could earn.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, the terms of the service are imposed by Uber on the drivers and the drivers have no say in changing or challenging that, which is akin to workers under permanent contracts. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third aspect that the court considered was that once the driver partner had logged into the app, they had very little say in accepting or denying rides, and that Uber controlled this by monitoring their acceptance and declining rates.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fourth aspect was the rating systems offered to the passengers, which also influenced the drivers’ delivery of services and the quality of ride they get.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fifth aspect considered by the court was Uber actively discouraging any form of communication between the driver and the passengers, thereby acting as the intermediary in between.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications of judgement on India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central government has increased its focus on the differential treatment of workers associated with such big tech platform in India compared to other countries of the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The variation in terms of service offered by these platforms has also been under scrutiny by the central government. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The budget for the 2021-22 has already mandated that the law on minimum wages would now apply to workers of all categories including those associated with platforms such as Uber.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Driver partners of Uber and Ola have also mounted legal challenges against the two companies. They claimed that the drivers registered with both these platforms were being denied even the basic benefits such as compensation in case of accidents or deaths.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'uk-ruling-on-uber-drivers', 'image' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/cbda/6cpwsogvrsr3zr46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/cbda/6cpwsogvrsr3zr46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'UK ruling on Uber drivers', 'metakeyword' => 'UK ruling on Uber drivers | Will the UK ruling on Uber drivers have an impact on India | Uber drivers are workers not self-employed, Supreme Court rules', 'metadescription' => 'The tribunal had held that Uber drivers were entitled to all benefits of regularised workers and that they would be considered on duty even if they were logged', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/uv4e0lkq12a3jn6/3.UK_ruling_on_Uber_drivers.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ 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style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court Friday ruled that Uber drivers were to be considered workers and not freelance contractors.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This makes them eligible for all employment related benefits such as minimum wage, annual leaves, and insurance.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uber and other service providing platforms could also potentially face legal and regulatory challenges in India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court was adjudicating an appeal by Uber against a ruling by an employment tribunal of the country.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The tribunal had held that Uber drivers were entitled to all benefits of regularised workers and that they would be considered on duty even if they were logged into the app, and not just when they were driving their passengers to their destination.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Uber said it solely acted as a platform which connected willing drivers and service seeking passengers, and that the contract as such was made between them.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UK Supreme Court turned down this plea and that the lack of a legal agreement as such between Uber and the drivers on its platform would not be an impediment in its being considered an employer.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Conditions for the decision</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court considered five main aspects to rule against Uber’s contentions. The first was fixing of a certain maximum fare by Uber, which has to be accepted both by the driver as well as the customer. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the drivers could not possibly charge a fare higher than what was mandated by Uber, it therefore meant that the app was dictating how much the driver could earn.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, the terms of the service are imposed by Uber on the drivers and the drivers have no say in changing or challenging that, which is akin to workers under permanent contracts. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third aspect that the court considered was that once the driver partner had logged into the app, they had very little say in accepting or denying rides, and that Uber controlled this by monitoring their acceptance and declining rates.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fourth aspect was the rating systems offered to the passengers, which also influenced the drivers’ delivery of services and the quality of ride they get.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fifth aspect considered by the court was Uber actively discouraging any form of communication between the driver and the passengers, thereby acting as the intermediary in between.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Implications of judgement on India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The central government has increased its focus on the differential treatment of workers associated with such big tech platform in India compared to other countries of the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The variation in terms of service offered by these platforms has also been under scrutiny by the central government. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The budget for the 2021-22 has already mandated that the law on minimum wages would now apply to workers of all categories including those associated with platforms such as Uber.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Driver partners of Uber and Ola have also mounted legal challenges against the two companies. They claimed that the drivers registered with both these platforms were being denied even the basic benefits such as compensation in case of accidents or deaths.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'uk-ruling-on-uber-drivers', 'image' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/cbda/6cpwsogvrsr3zr46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/cbda/6cpwsogvrsr3zr46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'UK ruling on Uber drivers', 'metakeyword' => 'UK ruling on Uber drivers | Will the UK ruling on Uber drivers have an impact on India | Uber drivers are workers not self-employed, Supreme Court rules', 'metadescription' => 'The tribunal had held that Uber drivers were entitled to all benefits of regularised workers and that they would be considered on duty even if they were logged', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/uv4e0lkq12a3jn6/3.UK_ruling_on_Uber_drivers.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ '*' => true ], '[dirty]' => [], '[original]' => [], '[virtual]' => [], '[errors]' => [], '[invalid]' => [], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' } $tags = '<a href="https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/judiciary-judgments">Judiciary & Judgments</a>'include - ROOT/plugins/Studyiq/src/Template/Pages/tags.ctp, line 65 Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196 Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157 Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765 Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 108 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 104 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 98 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 81