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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Historical Places
Azaadi ke Diwane museum inaugurated at Red Fort
Tags: Historical Places, Personalities
Published on: 05 March 2019
Earth Museum: Government to set up museum of natural history
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 07 March 2019
India, Portugal to set up maritime museum in Lothal
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 10 June 2019
Chaukhandi Stupa declared Monument of National Importance
Tags: Architecture, Historical Places
Published on: 10 June 2019
Maharaja Ranjit Singh statue unveiled at Lahore Fort, Pakistan
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 27 June 2019
Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 20 October 2019
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'title' => 'Azaadi ke Diwane museum inaugurated at Red Fort',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum dedicated to unsung heroes of the country's freedom struggle was recently inaugurated on the Red Fort premises. It is fifth in Kranti Mandir series which also includes Subhash Chandra Bose and INA museum, Yaad-e-Jallian museum, Museum on 1857 (on country's first war of Independence) and Drishyakala (a Museum on Indian Art) on the sacrifices of India's freedom fighters.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been built by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). It pays homage to hundreds of freedom fighters who do not find mention in popular culture.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to inspire younger generation and letting them know the cost of freedom that the great fighters achieve by sacrificing their lives.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It attempts to document unsung hero’s contributions to India’s Freedom Struggle. It also pays tribute to selfless sacrifices of revolutionaries, brave women freedom fighters and valiant children. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is digitised and interactive museum with state-of-the-art, informative and educational exhibition allowing visitors to engage with exhibits through multi-sensor technology.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Government will set up <strong>Indian Museum of the Earth (TIME)</strong> to showcase India’s natural heritage including fossils and geological features. <em>It will be first of its kind museum in the country and help in better conservation of India’s prehistoric heritage</em>. It is one of four key projects identified by Prime Minister's Advisory Council on Science, Technology & Innovation.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Earth Museum </span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will house India’s geological and palaeontological wealth in one location and make people aware of India’s prehistorical wealth.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be set up as public-private partnership. It will be located somewhere in NCR Delhi in Noida or Gurugram.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be modelled on American Museum of Natural History or Smithsonian museum in US. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will organize several collections of fossils and important geological specimens at single place. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, it will serve as single site, accessible to public as well as researchers wanting to investigate rare and important finds. </span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India has rich geological history and fossils dating back to breaking up of Gondwanaland super-continent nearly 150 million years ago.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It home to vast treasury of geological and palaeontological specimens ranging from dinosaur fossils to pre-human skulls, that contain wealth of scientific information about planet and its history. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prominent fossils include jaw of an extinct ape, <em>Gigantopithecus bilaspurensi,</em> large dinosaur eggs and e skeleton of horned carnivore, <em>Rajasaurus narmadensis</em> (royal Narmada dinosaur). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">But these rare historical specimens are scattered in different labs all over the country. Moreover, there is no such museum in India to showcase its natural heritage including fossils and geological features. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Most of developed countries have well organised museums for housing and display of pre-historic animals and plants</span></span></li>
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'description' => '<h1 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India and Portugal have announced cooperation in the setting up of National Maritime Heritage Museum near ancient Harappans civilization at Lothal in Gujarat. It is likely to come up on the lines of a similar museum at Lisbon, which is administered by Portuguese Navy. </span></span></span></span></h1>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About National Maritime Heritage Museum</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The foundation stone for proposed museum was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in March 2019. It will be located near ancient Indian site of Lothal in Gujarat.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The complex will be built in public-private partnership (PPP) model. It will have huge museum displaying India’s heritage of inland waterways and trade through water route.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will showcase and preserve India’s rich and diverse maritime heritage. It will also display objects relating to ships and travel on large bodies of water. It also intends to highlight the ancient shipbuilding and navigational technologies developed by India.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Implementing agencies:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be implemented Union Ministry of Shipping through its Sagarmala programme with support of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State government and other stakeholders. The Indian Navy is also keen to be a stakeholder in the project. Besides, Portuguese Navy also has agreed to assist with their experience of administering the maritime museum in Lisbon.</span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lothal </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is located 85 kilometers away from Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It was centre of major maritime activities of Harappans civilization. It is one of the oldest man-made dockyards in India and the world. It displays engineering standards used during Harappan times in creating artificial dock. It also showcases high standards of scientific and engineering skill of that time which were far more advanced than anywhere else in the world in 3rd millennium BCE.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared ancient Buddhist site in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh known as <strong>Chaukhandi Stupa</strong> as "protected area (monument) of national importance”.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Chaukhandi Stupa </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is said to be originally a terraced temple constructed during the Gupta period between 4th to 6th century. Presently, this stupa is high earthen mound covered with brickwork edifice topped by octagonal tower. It is maintained by ASI.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It was built to mark site where Lord Buddha and his first disciples met traveling from Bodh Gaya to Sarnath.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Present shape to Chaukhandi Stupa: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was given during reign of Govardhan, the son of Raja Todarmal. Under this rule, an octagonal tower was built to commemorate visit of Humayun, the great Mughal ruler.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Excavations:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Some Buddha and other statues found during excavations at Chaukhandi Stupa are said to be rare artefacts and classic examples of art from the Gupta period.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What is Ancient Monument of National Importance?</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Section 4 of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 empowers government to declare ancient monuments or archaeological sites which are of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which have been in existence for not less than 100 years as of national importance.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Role of ASI:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The protection and maintenance of monuments, declared as of national importance is taken up by ASI by way of chemical preservation m structural repairs, environmental development around the monument.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Japan gifts Imphal Peace Museum to Manipur',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Japan gifted Manipur museum of peace to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, one of the fiercest battles of the Second World War. The Imphal Peace Museum was inaugurated at Red Hill, about 20 km southwest of Manipur’s capital Imphal. The museum is funded by Nippon Foundation, a private, non-profit grant-making organization based in Japan.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Signifance of Imphal Peace Museum </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It symbolises reconciliation between Japan and Britain and Japan and India. It will serve as living memory of tragic war, reinforcing message that history changes and will make world learn from past which is required for lasting peaceful world.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It took place in region around city of Imphal (now Manipur’s capital) from March to July 1944 during Second World War. During this war, Japanese armies attempted to invade India by destroy Allied forces at Imphal. However, they were diven back into Burma (todays’ Myanmar) with heavy losses. The Battle of Imphal together with simultaneous Battle of Kohima (also known as Stalingrad of the East) were main turning points of Japan’s Burma Campaign during World War Second. Around, 70,000 Japanese soldiers, alongside those of Indian National Army (INA) led by Subhash Chandra Bose had died in battles with British-led Allied forces in areas around Imphal and Kohima from March to June 1944. The last of these battles was fought at Red Hill, where the Japanese War Memorial was built in 1994 to mark the 50th anniversary of the battle.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Life-size bronze statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was unveiled at Lahore fort near Maharani Jinda haveli at Lahore, Pakistan on the occasion of 180th death anniversary of Sikh ruler. The life-size statue shows Maharaja Ranjit Singh, riding his favourite Arabic horse Kahar Bahar. The statue is located in open space outside Mai Jindian Haveli in Lahore Fort, close to the building that houses Ranjit Singh samadhi. The haveli is named after Ranjit Singh’s youngest queen. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Arabic horse Kahar Bahar was gifted to Maharaja Ranjit Singh by Dost Muhammad Khan, the founder of the Barazkai dynasty.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Maharaja Ranjit Singh</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab Singh. He had ruled over Punjab for close to 40 years in the early 19th century from 1801-1839. He had a long association with Lahore, which was the capital of Sikh Empire under leadership of Ranjit Singh and is also his final resting place.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He captured Lahore in 1799 and unified all the warring misls(groups) into one empire. He also protected Lahore from invading Afghans and was responsible for restoration of Mughal architecture in the city. Before he took reigns of Sikh empire, factionalism was prevalent in Lahore with different warring misls ruling different parts of the city.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other Maharaja Ranjit Singh Statues: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">22-feet tall bronze statue of Ranjit Singh was installed in Parliament of India in 2003. French town called Saint Tropez, that had military links with Punjab also had installed bronze bust of Ranjit Singh in 2016. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Hampi Flooding',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Heavy rains in catchment areas of Karnataka have resulted in flooding of World famous heritage site of Hampi.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Many places along the banks of Tungabhadra river, including the world heritage site Hampi, are facing flood threat after water was released from the Tungabhadra reservoir on Sunday morning.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The reservoir was receiving heavy inflow, thanks to the downpour in Tungabhadra catchment area in the Western Ghats for the last one week</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Hampi- UNESCO world Heritage site</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Hampi was the last capital of the Vijayanagara rulers. Its rulers built temples and palaces, which have been sites of admiration ever since. Constructed between the 14th and 16th centuries, the region was conquered and pillaged by the Deccan confederacy in 1565.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">A popular tourist attraction in Karnataka, Hampi was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Monuments of Hampi</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Vittala Temple Complex</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Virupaksha Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Virupaksha Bazar</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Krishna Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Ugra Narasimha statue</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Lotus Mahal</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Elephant Stables</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Hazara Rama Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Vijayanagara Empire</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The Vijayanagara Empire (also called Karnata Empire,<sup>[3]</sup> and the Kingdom of Bisnegar by the Portuguese) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi,</span></span></span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Indus Valley Genetic lineage',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study of DNA from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi argues that the hunter-gatherers of South Asia, who then became a settled people, have an independent origin.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DNA, which belongs to an individual who lived four to five millennia ago, suggests that modern people in India are likely to be largely descended from people of this ancient culture. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers who conducted the study contend that the theory of the Harappans having Steppe pastoral or ancient Iranian farmer ancestry thus stands refuted. The finding also negates the hypothesis about mass migration during Harappan times from outside South Asia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have successfully sequenced the first genome of an individual from Harappa and combining it with archaeological data, found that hunter-gatherers of South Asia had an independent origin, and authored the settled way of life in this part of the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study, he said, finds that the same hunter-gatherer communities developed into agricultural communities and formed the Harappan civilisation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also suggest that there was a movement of people from east to west as the Harappan people’s presence is evident at sites like Gonur in Turkmenistan and Sahr-i-Sokhta in Iran.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other Information</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indus valley Civilization</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2204,
'title' => 'New discoveries in Aryan Migration theory',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new paper published in scientific journal has thrown light on various aspects of ancient genetic history of modern day Indians. The study has also provided answers to Aryan miigration theory.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Aryan were central Asian Steppe pastoralists who arrived in India between roughly 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE, and brought Indo-European languages to the subcontinent.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Importantly, the two recent studies are based on 12 ancient DNA samples: one from Rakhigarhi, 8 from Shahr-i-Sokhta in eastern Iran and three from Gonur in BMAC.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary source of ancestry for today’s South Asians is a mixture of First Indians and a people related to the hunter-gatherers of Iran. This mixed population created the agricultural revolution in northwestern India and built the Harappan Civilisation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the Harappan Civilisation declined after 2000 BCE due to a long drought, the Harappans moved south-eastwards (from northwestern India) to mix with other First Indians to form the <strong>Ancestral South Indian</strong> (ASI) population whose descendants live in <strong>south India</strong> today.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Harappans also mixed with Steppe pastoralists who had migrated to north India through Central Asia, to form the <strong>Ancestral North Indian</strong> (ANI) population.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Steppe ancestry of the people of both South Asia and Eastern Europe in the Bronze Age explains how the movements of the Central Asians between the two regions caused the well-known similarities between the Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been found that the genome of IVC people lacked steppe ancestry as widely believeds earlier.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This indicates that the Steppe migrations to India happened after the decline of the Harappan Civilisation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The earlier study on Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia said the migrants from Iran who mixed with First Indians were herders. The new study says the Iranians arrived in India before agriculture or even herding had begun anywhere in the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This means that these migrants were likely to have been hunter-gatherers, i.e they did not bring the knowledge of agriculture<span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2273,
'title' => 'Keeladi findings on Historical accounts',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tamil Nadu Archaeology<strong> </strong>Department (TNAD) has stated that the cultural deposits unearthed during excavations at Keeladi in Sivaganga district could be safely dated to a period between 6th century BCE and 1st century CE. This is a major turning point in cultural history of ancient sangam age.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report titled, ‘<strong>Keeladi-An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the Banks of River Vaigai’</strong>, was published by the TNAD and released recently bt the tamil Nadu government, which reported this findings.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report, place Keeladi artefacts about 300 years earlier than previously believed era of 3rd century BCE.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results from the excavations suggest that the “second urbanisation of Vaigai plains happened in Tamil Nadu around 6th century BCE as it happened in Gangetic plains.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The recent scientific dates obtained for Keeladi findings push back the date of Tamil-Brahmi script to another century, i.e., 6th century BCE.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fifty-six Tamil-Brahmi inscribed potsherds were also recovered from the site of excavation .</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pottery specimens from Keeladi sent for mineral analysis, confirmed that water containers and cooking vessels were shaped out of locally available raw materials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The next round of excavations are underway to determine further studies.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Keeladi</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Keeladi is a <strong>Sangam period</strong> residence that is being excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This excavation site is located 12 km southeast of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, near the town of Keeladi in Sivagangai district.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is found on the shores of river Vaigai and it brings out the culture of Tamils</span></span></p>
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(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2385,
'title' => 'Ajanta caves',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japanese tourists visiting the Ajanta caves have complained that bad roads have been deterring them from recommending the tourist destination back home.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are one of the most famous and sought after tourist destination in India after the Taj Mahal. The caves are famous for their ancient paintings and sculptures depicting Buddhist culture.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 (approximately) rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The caves include paintings and rock-cut sculptures described as among the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The site is a protected monument in the care of the Archaeological Survey of India, and since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a <strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Art</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paintings in the Ajanta caves predominantly narrate the Jataka tales. These are Buddhist legends describing the previous births of the Buddha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These fables embed ancient morals and cultural lores that are also found in the fables and legends of Hindu and Jain texts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paintings are in "dry fresco", painted on top of a dry plaster surface rather than into wet plaster.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Famous paintings include <strong>Bodhisattva Padmapani,King Janaka and wife, Persian ambassador, Buddha painting, Doorway painting</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2507,
'title' => 'Chalukyas of Badami',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Graves of Chalukyan rulers have been found in a village near Huligemmanakolla in Pattadakal of Bagalkot district in <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Chalukyan kings were famous for building gigantic temples with intricate architecture in places such as Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal in Bagalkot district. There are 11 small temple-like structures in Huligemmanakolla that are believed to be the final resting place of the royal family.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukyan kings built marvellous monuments and temples, but there are no clear details available of the places where they lived including their graves, which they had kept discreet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovered area contains small temples built over linga, which is assumed to be graves of the Chalukyan royal family.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Chalukyas</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakeshin I in 543 AD. <strong>Pulakeshin I</strong> took Vatapi (modern Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pulakeshin I and his descendants are referred to as "<strong>Chalukyas of Badami</strong>". </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pulakeshin II, the most famous ruler, extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and halted the southward march of <strong>Harsha</strong>, belonging to <strong>Pushyabhuti</strong> dynasty by defeating him on the banks of the river <strong>Narmada.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Architecture</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Their style of architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" , "Karnata Dravida architecture" or the “Vesara Style” of architecture, which is the fusion between northern “Nagara” style and southern “Dravida” style.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Badami Cave temples</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Badami cave temples have rock-cut halls with three basic features: pillared veranda, columned hall and a sanctum cut out deep into rock.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pattadkal temples</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Virupaksha temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Papanatha temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mallikarjuna temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sangameshwara temple</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Aihole temples</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lad khan temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Durga temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Suryanarayan temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ravana Phadi temple</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Contributions</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rise of this empire saw the birth of <strong>efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kannada literature, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukyas provided patronage to various religions and traditions such as Jainism, Veerashaiva etc and allowed them to prosper.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Archaelogical Survey of India(ASI) is planning to declare the Rangdum monastery, located in Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, a monument of national importance.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The centre is looking at bringing more monuments under protection in order to boost tourism in the region , after its decision to split Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories J&K and Ladakh.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rangdum Monastery</strong> is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery belonging to the Gelugpa sect, located in the Suru Valley, in Ladakh.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Famous Monastries</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hemis Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery (gompa) of the Drukpa Lineage, in Hemis, Ladakh, India. It is situated near Leh in Jammu and Kashmir State, on the West bank of river Indus.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tabo Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located in the Tabo village of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tsulglagkhang Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the home for His Holiness Dalai Lama and is situated in Maclodganj suburb of Dharamshala district in Himachal Pradesh.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thiksey Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a gompa (monastery) affiliated with the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. It is located on top of a hill in Thiksey village near Leh in Ladakh.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tawang Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located in Tawang city of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world .</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rumtek Monastery - </strong>Gangtok, Sikkim</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Nako Monastery - </strong>Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Matho Monastery - </strong>Ladakh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Alchi Gompa Monastery -</strong> Ladakh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lingdum Monastery - </strong>Sikkim</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kye Gompa Monastery - </strong>Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ghum Monastery - </strong>West Bengal</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Shashur Monastery -</strong> Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bylakuppe Monastery – </strong>Karnataka</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are classic masterpiece of Buddhist art and is a UNESCO world heritage site and a protected monument of the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research team from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) has looked at all the available literature on the Ajanta caves and mapped out the different factors causing this damage.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have also mentioned a few environmentally friendly solutions to the problem that can help preserve them from the threat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team writes that the most common insects were silverfish, beetles and common bugs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another main problem was the entry of rainwater and water from the <strong>Waghura</strong> River which lead to dampness in the cave atmosphere causing an increase in algae, fungi, insects, and microbes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These factors together were changing the original colour of the paintings, where white is turning to yellow and blue is becoming green.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that a mixture of hemp, clay, and lime plaster was considered efficient for preserving paintings and carvings in nearby Ellora caves, but this method was not used in Ajanta caves. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that basal layer of the murals was made of mud plaster and organic matter such as paddy husks, grass, vegetable fibres, thus making it a good breeding place for microbes and insects.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Protective measures</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study has suggested using certain lights and colour to tackle the problem of insects such as using ultraviolet light traps, as nocturnal insects are known to get attracted to ultraviolet radiation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yellow lamps can also be an excellent tool to effectively control moths, which are diurnal and attracted to yellow light.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spraying of insecticides and herbicides, fixing the loose plaster on cave walls, regular cleaning and use of preservative coating on the painting.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta cave paintings have started deteriorating in the past few decades and are losing the battle against insects and other climatic stressors.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are classic masterpiece of Buddhist art and is a UNESCO world heritage site and a protected monument of the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research team from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) has looked at all the available literature on the Ajanta caves and mapped out the different factors causing this damage.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have also mentioned a few environmentally friendly solutions to the problem that can help preserve them from the threat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team writes that the most common insects were silverfish, beetles and common bugs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another main problem was the entry of rainwater and water from the <strong>Waghura</strong> River which lead to dampness in the cave atmosphere causing an increase in algae, fungi, insects, and microbes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
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</li>
<li>
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</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that basal layer of the murals was made of mud plaster and organic matter such as paddy husks, grass, vegetable fibres, thus making it a good breeding place for microbes and insects.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Protective measures</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study has suggested using certain lights and colour to tackle the problem of insects such as using ultraviolet light traps, as nocturnal insects are known to get attracted to ultraviolet radiation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yellow lamps can also be an excellent tool to effectively control moths, which are diurnal and attracted to yellow light.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spraying of insecticides and herbicides, fixing the loose plaster on cave walls, regular cleaning and use of preservative coating on the painting.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.</span></span></p>
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$currentaffairs = [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 345, 'title' => 'Azaadi ke Diwane museum inaugurated at Red Fort', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum dedicated to unsung heroes of the country's freedom struggle was recently inaugurated on the Red Fort premises. It is fifth in Kranti Mandir series which also includes Subhash Chandra Bose and INA museum, Yaad-e-Jallian museum, Museum on 1857 (on country's first war of Independence) and Drishyakala (a Museum on Indian Art) on the sacrifices of India's freedom fighters.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been built by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). It pays homage to hundreds of freedom fighters who do not find mention in popular culture.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to inspire younger generation and letting them know the cost of freedom that the great fighters achieve by sacrificing their lives.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It attempts to document unsung hero’s contributions to India’s Freedom Struggle. It also pays tribute to selfless sacrifices of revolutionaries, brave women freedom fighters and valiant children. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is digitised and interactive museum with state-of-the-art, informative and educational exhibition allowing visitors to engage with exhibits through multi-sensor technology.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'azaadi-ke-diwane-museum', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/696d/7m56o0k6zm34km66g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/696d/7m56o0k6zm34km66g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Azaadi ke Diwane museum inaugurated at Red Fort', 'metakeyword' => 'In Art and Culture Current Affairs, Azaadi ke Diwane museum, Red Fort, unsung heroes, India's freedom struggle,Archaeological Survey of India', 'metadescription' => 'Azaadi ke Diwane museum dedicated to unsung heroes of the country's freedom struggle was recently inaugurated on the Red Fort premises.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/fdy22f61b4sihss/5Mar_Azaadi_ke_Diwane_museum.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 370, 'title' => ' Earth Museum: Government to set up museum of natural history', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Government will set up <strong>Indian Museum of the Earth (TIME)</strong> to showcase India’s natural heritage including fossils and geological features. <em>It will be first of its kind museum in the country and help in better conservation of India’s prehistoric heritage</em>. It is one of four key projects identified by Prime Minister's Advisory Council on Science, Technology & Innovation.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Earth Museum </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will house India’s geological and palaeontological wealth in one location and make people aware of India’s prehistorical wealth.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be set up as public-private partnership. It will be located somewhere in NCR Delhi in Noida or Gurugram.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be modelled on American Museum of Natural History or Smithsonian museum in US. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will organize several collections of fossils and important geological specimens at single place. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, it will serve as single site, accessible to public as well as researchers wanting to investigate rare and important finds. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India has rich geological history and fossils dating back to breaking up of Gondwanaland super-continent nearly 150 million years ago.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It home to vast treasury of geological and palaeontological specimens ranging from dinosaur fossils to pre-human skulls, that contain wealth of scientific information about planet and its history. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prominent fossils include jaw of an extinct ape, <em>Gigantopithecus bilaspurensi,</em> large dinosaur eggs and e skeleton of horned carnivore, <em>Rajasaurus narmadensis</em> (royal Narmada dinosaur). </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">But these rare historical specimens are scattered in different labs all over the country. Moreover, there is no such museum in India to showcase its natural heritage including fossils and geological features. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Most of developed countries have well organised museums for housing and display of pre-historic animals and plants</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'earth-museum-indias-natural-history', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1f2a/wrhk2gf59ivk6x36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1f2a/wrhk2gf59ivk6x36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => ' Earth Museum: Government to set up museum of natural history', 'metakeyword' => 'In Art and Culture Current Affairs, Government,to set up, Indian Museum of the Earth, TIME, showcase, India’s natural heritage,fossils, geological features, Delhi', 'metadescription' => 'Government will set up Indian Museum of the Earth (TIME) to showcase India’s natural heritage including fossils and geological features', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/p8qy4llf2vsxds1/7Mar_Earth_Museum.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1406, 'title' => 'India, Portugal to set up maritime museum in Lothal', 'description' => '<h1 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India and Portugal have announced cooperation in the setting up of National Maritime Heritage Museum near ancient Harappans civilization at Lothal in Gujarat. It is likely to come up on the lines of a similar museum at Lisbon, which is administered by Portuguese Navy. </span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About National Maritime Heritage Museum</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The foundation stone for proposed museum was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in March 2019. It will be located near ancient Indian site of Lothal in Gujarat.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The complex will be built in public-private partnership (PPP) model. It will have huge museum displaying India’s heritage of inland waterways and trade through water route.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will showcase and preserve India’s rich and diverse maritime heritage. It will also display objects relating to ships and travel on large bodies of water. It also intends to highlight the ancient shipbuilding and navigational technologies developed by India.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Implementing agencies:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be implemented Union Ministry of Shipping through its Sagarmala programme with support of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State government and other stakeholders. The Indian Navy is also keen to be a stakeholder in the project. Besides, Portuguese Navy also has agreed to assist with their experience of administering the maritime museum in Lisbon.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lothal </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is located 85 kilometers away from Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It was centre of major maritime activities of Harappans civilization. It is one of the oldest man-made dockyards in India and the world. It displays engineering standards used during Harappan times in creating artificial dock. It also showcases high standards of scientific and engineering skill of that time which were far more advanced than anywhere else in the world in 3rd millennium BCE.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'maritime-museum-lothal', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4fb7/e69zto8imtis8xu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4fb7/e69zto8imtis8xu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India, Portugal to set up maritime museum in Lothal', 'metakeyword' => 'India, Portugal , cooperation, setting up, National Maritime Heritage Museum, ancient Harappans civilization, Lothal, Gujarat', 'metadescription' => 'India and Portugal have announced cooperation in the setting up of National Maritime Heritage Museum near ancient Harappans civilization at Lothal in Gujarat.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/n6g5f48tj5v4obg/India%2C_Portugal.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1407, 'title' => 'Chaukhandi Stupa declared Monument of National Importance', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared ancient Buddhist site in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh known as <strong>Chaukhandi Stupa</strong> as "protected area (monument) of national importance”.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Chaukhandi Stupa </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is said to be originally a terraced temple constructed during the Gupta period between 4th to 6th century. Presently, this stupa is high earthen mound covered with brickwork edifice topped by octagonal tower. It is maintained by ASI.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It was built to mark site where Lord Buddha and his first disciples met traveling from Bodh Gaya to Sarnath.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Present shape to Chaukhandi Stupa: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was given during reign of Govardhan, the son of Raja Todarmal. Under this rule, an octagonal tower was built to commemorate visit of Humayun, the great Mughal ruler.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Excavations:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Some Buddha and other statues found during excavations at Chaukhandi Stupa are said to be rare artefacts and classic examples of art from the Gupta period.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What is Ancient Monument of National Importance?</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Section 4 of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 empowers government to declare ancient monuments or archaeological sites which are of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which have been in existence for not less than 100 years as of national importance.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Role of ASI:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The protection and maintenance of monuments, declared as of national importance is taken up by ASI by way of chemical preservation m structural repairs, environmental development around the monument.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chaukhandi-stupa-monument-mational-importance', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/30e2/arm8bq2gxmxzcld6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/30e2/arm8bq2gxmxzcld6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Chaukhandi Stupa declared Monument of National Importance', 'metakeyword' => 'Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared ancient Buddhist site in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh known as Chaukhandi Stupa as "protected area (monument) of national importanceâ€.', 'metadescription' => 'Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared ancient Buddhist site in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh known as Chaukhandi Stupa as "protected area (monument) of national importanceâ€.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/gw1tdx97s6zp89b/Chaukhandi_Stupa.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1524, 'title' => 'Japan gifts Imphal Peace Museum to Manipur', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Japan gifted Manipur museum of peace to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, one of the fiercest battles of the Second World War. The Imphal Peace Museum was inaugurated at Red Hill, about 20 km southwest of Manipur’s capital Imphal. The museum is funded by Nippon Foundation, a private, non-profit grant-making organization based in Japan.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Signifance of Imphal Peace Museum </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It symbolises reconciliation between Japan and Britain and Japan and India. It will serve as living memory of tragic war, reinforcing message that history changes and will make world learn from past which is required for lasting peaceful world.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It took place in region around city of Imphal (now Manipur’s capital) from March to July 1944 during Second World War. During this war, Japanese armies attempted to invade India by destroy Allied forces at Imphal. However, they were diven back into Burma (todays’ Myanmar) with heavy losses. The Battle of Imphal together with simultaneous Battle of Kohima (also known as Stalingrad of the East) were main turning points of Japan’s Burma Campaign during World War Second. Around, 70,000 Japanese soldiers, alongside those of Indian National Army (INA) led by Subhash Chandra Bose had died in battles with British-led Allied forces in areas around Imphal and Kohima from March to June 1944. The last of these battles was fought at Red Hill, where the Japanese War Memorial was built in 1994 to mark the 50th anniversary of the battle.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'japan-imphal-peace-museum-manipur', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0e70/1ln5e7q7tb8ftg16g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0e70/1ln5e7q7tb8ftg16g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Japan gifts Imphal Peace Museum to Manipur', 'metakeyword' => 'Japan gifted Manipur museum of peace to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, one of the fiercest battles of the Second World War', 'metadescription' => 'Japan gifted Manipur museum of peace to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, one of the fiercest battles of the Second World War', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/2wredsn4hifyzle/japan_gifts_Imphal_Peace_Museum_to_Manipur.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1545, 'title' => 'Maharaja Ranjit Singh statue unveiled at Lahore Fort, Pakistan', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Life-size bronze statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was unveiled at Lahore fort near Maharani Jinda haveli at Lahore, Pakistan on the occasion of 180th death anniversary of Sikh ruler. The life-size statue shows Maharaja Ranjit Singh, riding his favourite Arabic horse Kahar Bahar. The statue is located in open space outside Mai Jindian Haveli in Lahore Fort, close to the building that houses Ranjit Singh samadhi. The haveli is named after Ranjit Singh’s youngest queen. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Arabic horse Kahar Bahar was gifted to Maharaja Ranjit Singh by Dost Muhammad Khan, the founder of the Barazkai dynasty.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Maharaja Ranjit Singh</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab Singh. He had ruled over Punjab for close to 40 years in the early 19th century from 1801-1839. He had a long association with Lahore, which was the capital of Sikh Empire under leadership of Ranjit Singh and is also his final resting place.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He captured Lahore in 1799 and unified all the warring misls(groups) into one empire. He also protected Lahore from invading Afghans and was responsible for restoration of Mughal architecture in the city. Before he took reigns of Sikh empire, factionalism was prevalent in Lahore with different warring misls ruling different parts of the city.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other Maharaja Ranjit Singh Statues: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">22-feet tall bronze statue of Ranjit Singh was installed in Parliament of India in 2003. French town called Saint Tropez, that had military links with Punjab also had installed bronze bust of Ranjit Singh in 2016. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'maharaja-ranjit-singh-statue-lahore-fort-pakistan', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1fa1/fg7s2sb4chfiqng6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1fa1/fg7s2sb4chfiqng6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Maharaja Ranjit Singh statue unveiled at Lahore Fort, Pakistan', 'metakeyword' => 'Life-size bronze statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was unveiled at Lahore fort near Maharani Jinda haveli at Lahore, Pakistan on the occasion of 180th death anniversary of Sikh ruler.', 'metadescription' => 'Life-size bronze statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was unveiled at Lahore fort near Maharani Jinda haveli at Lahore, Pakistan on the occasion of 180th death anniversary of Sikh ruler.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1878, 'title' => 'Hampi Flooding', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Heavy rains in catchment areas of Karnataka have resulted in flooding of World famous heritage site of Hampi.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Many places along the banks of Tungabhadra river, including the world heritage site Hampi, are facing flood threat after water was released from the Tungabhadra reservoir on Sunday morning.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The reservoir was receiving heavy inflow, thanks to the downpour in Tungabhadra catchment area in the Western Ghats for the last one week</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Hampi- UNESCO world Heritage site</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Hampi was the last capital of the Vijayanagara rulers. Its rulers built temples and palaces, which have been sites of admiration ever since. Constructed between the 14th and 16th centuries, the region was conquered and pillaged by the Deccan confederacy in 1565.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">A popular tourist attraction in Karnataka, Hampi was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Monuments of Hampi</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Vittala Temple Complex</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Virupaksha Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Virupaksha Bazar</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Krishna Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Ugra Narasimha statue</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Lotus Mahal</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Elephant Stables</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Hazara Rama Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Vijayanagara Empire</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The Vijayanagara Empire (also called Karnata Empire,<sup>[3]</sup> and the Kingdom of Bisnegar by the Portuguese) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi,</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hampi-flooding', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/08b7/oysr0z1smxjm2il6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/08b7/oysr0z1smxjm2il6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hampi Flooding', 'metakeyword' => 'Hampi Flooding', 'metadescription' => 'Heavy rains in catchment areas of Karnataka have resulted in flooding of World famous heritage site of Hampi', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yi1j6bq9yszwhxt/Hampi_Flooding.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2122, 'title' => 'Indus Valley Genetic lineage', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study of DNA from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi argues that the hunter-gatherers of South Asia, who then became a settled people, have an independent origin.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DNA, which belongs to an individual who lived four to five millennia ago, suggests that modern people in India are likely to be largely descended from people of this ancient culture. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers who conducted the study contend that the theory of the Harappans having Steppe pastoral or ancient Iranian farmer ancestry thus stands refuted. The finding also negates the hypothesis about mass migration during Harappan times from outside South Asia.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have successfully sequenced the first genome of an individual from Harappa and combining it with archaeological data, found that hunter-gatherers of South Asia had an independent origin, and authored the settled way of life in this part of the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study, he said, finds that the same hunter-gatherer communities developed into agricultural communities and formed the Harappan civilisation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also suggest that there was a movement of people from east to west as the Harappan people’s presence is evident at sites like Gonur in Turkmenistan and Sahr-i-Sokhta in Iran.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other Information</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indus valley Civilization</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indus-valley-genetic-lineage', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c3b5/mf3190r4w9sysr06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c3b5/mf3190r4w9sysr06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Indus Valley Genetic lineage', 'metakeyword' => 'Indus Valley Genetic lineage', 'metadescription' => 'A study of DNA from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi argues that the hunter-gatherers of South Asia,', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0jve0m4973qrb9p/Indus_Valley_Genetic_lineage.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2204, 'title' => 'New discoveries in Aryan Migration theory', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new paper published in scientific journal has thrown light on various aspects of ancient genetic history of modern day Indians. The study has also provided answers to Aryan miigration theory.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Aryan were central Asian Steppe pastoralists who arrived in India between roughly 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE, and brought Indo-European languages to the subcontinent.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Importantly, the two recent studies are based on 12 ancient DNA samples: one from Rakhigarhi, 8 from Shahr-i-Sokhta in eastern Iran and three from Gonur in BMAC.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary source of ancestry for today’s South Asians is a mixture of First Indians and a people related to the hunter-gatherers of Iran. This mixed population created the agricultural revolution in northwestern India and built the Harappan Civilisation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the Harappan Civilisation declined after 2000 BCE due to a long drought, the Harappans moved south-eastwards (from northwestern India) to mix with other First Indians to form the <strong>Ancestral South Indian</strong> (ASI) population whose descendants live in <strong>south India</strong> today.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Harappans also mixed with Steppe pastoralists who had migrated to north India through Central Asia, to form the <strong>Ancestral North Indian</strong> (ANI) population.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Steppe ancestry of the people of both South Asia and Eastern Europe in the Bronze Age explains how the movements of the Central Asians between the two regions caused the well-known similarities between the Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been found that the genome of IVC people lacked steppe ancestry as widely believeds earlier.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This indicates that the Steppe migrations to India happened after the decline of the Harappan Civilisation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The earlier study on Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia said the migrants from Iran who mixed with First Indians were herders. The new study says the Iranians arrived in India before agriculture or even herding had begun anywhere in the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This means that these migrants were likely to have been hunter-gatherers, i.e they did not bring the knowledge of agriculture<span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'new-discoveries-in-aryan-migration-theory', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6caf/9ietmnqad3uy4gu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6caf/9ietmnqad3uy4gu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'New discoveries in Aryan Migration theory', 'metakeyword' => 'A new paper published in scientific journal has', 'metadescription' => 'A new paper published in scientific journal has thrown light on various aspects of ancient genetic history of modern day Indians. The study has also provided ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5sk2ce1dlb5vo1x/New_discoveries_in_Aryan_Migration_theory.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2273, 'title' => 'Keeladi findings on Historical accounts', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tamil Nadu Archaeology<strong> </strong>Department (TNAD) has stated that the cultural deposits unearthed during excavations at Keeladi in Sivaganga district could be safely dated to a period between 6th century BCE and 1st century CE. This is a major turning point in cultural history of ancient sangam age.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report titled, ‘<strong>Keeladi-An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the Banks of River Vaigai’</strong>, was published by the TNAD and released recently bt the tamil Nadu government, which reported this findings.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report, place Keeladi artefacts about 300 years earlier than previously believed era of 3rd century BCE.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results from the excavations suggest that the “second urbanisation of Vaigai plains happened in Tamil Nadu around 6th century BCE as it happened in Gangetic plains.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The recent scientific dates obtained for Keeladi findings push back the date of Tamil-Brahmi script to another century, i.e., 6th century BCE.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fifty-six Tamil-Brahmi inscribed potsherds were also recovered from the site of excavation .</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pottery specimens from Keeladi sent for mineral analysis, confirmed that water containers and cooking vessels were shaped out of locally available raw materials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The next round of excavations are underway to determine further studies.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Keeladi</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Keeladi is a <strong>Sangam period</strong> residence that is being excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This excavation site is located 12 km southeast of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, near the town of Keeladi in Sivagangai district.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is found on the shores of river Vaigai and it brings out the culture of Tamils</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'keeladi-findings-on-historical-accounts', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2b41/himij75504aabzm6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2b41/himij75504aabzm6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Keeladi findings on Historical accounts', 'metakeyword' => 'Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department (TNAD) has stated ', 'metadescription' => 'Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department (TNAD) has stated that the cultural deposits unearthed during excavations at Keeladi in Sivaganga district could be safely ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7ksfmod1tejvj7m/Keeladi_findings_on_Historical_accounts.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2385, 'title' => 'Ajanta caves', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japanese tourists visiting the Ajanta caves have complained that bad roads have been deterring them from recommending the tourist destination back home.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are one of the most famous and sought after tourist destination in India after the Taj Mahal. The caves are famous for their ancient paintings and sculptures depicting Buddhist culture.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 (approximately) rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The caves include paintings and rock-cut sculptures described as among the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The site is a protected monument in the care of the Archaeological Survey of India, and since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a <strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Art</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paintings in the Ajanta caves predominantly narrate the Jataka tales. These are Buddhist legends describing the previous births of the Buddha.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These fables embed ancient morals and cultural lores that are also found in the fables and legends of Hindu and Jain texts.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paintings are in "dry fresco", painted on top of a dry plaster surface rather than into wet plaster.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Famous paintings include <strong>Bodhisattva Padmapani,King Janaka and wife, Persian ambassador, Buddha painting, Doorway painting</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ajanta-caves', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b7d8/9jajlzbr7vbe4k86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b7d8/9jajlzbr7vbe4k86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ajanta caves | Ajanta', 'metakeyword' => 'Ajanta caves', 'metadescription' => 'Japanese tourists visiting the Ajanta caves have complained that bad roads have been deterring them from recommending the tourist destination back home.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/15lt1ezbpyaqyxa/Ajanta_caves.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2507, 'title' => 'Chalukyas of Badami', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Graves of Chalukyan rulers have been found in a village near Huligemmanakolla in Pattadakal of Bagalkot district in <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Chalukyan kings were famous for building gigantic temples with intricate architecture in places such as Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal in Bagalkot district. There are 11 small temple-like structures in Huligemmanakolla that are believed to be the final resting place of the royal family.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukyan kings built marvellous monuments and temples, but there are no clear details available of the places where they lived including their graves, which they had kept discreet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovered area contains small temples built over linga, which is assumed to be graves of the Chalukyan royal family.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Chalukyas</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakeshin I in 543 AD. <strong>Pulakeshin I</strong> took Vatapi (modern Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pulakeshin I and his descendants are referred to as "<strong>Chalukyas of Badami</strong>". </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pulakeshin II, the most famous ruler, extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and halted the southward march of <strong>Harsha</strong>, belonging to <strong>Pushyabhuti</strong> dynasty by defeating him on the banks of the river <strong>Narmada.</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Architecture</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Their style of architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" , "Karnata Dravida architecture" or the “Vesara Style” of architecture, which is the fusion between northern “Nagara” style and southern “Dravida” style.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Badami Cave temples</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Badami cave temples have rock-cut halls with three basic features: pillared veranda, columned hall and a sanctum cut out deep into rock.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pattadkal temples</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Virupaksha temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Papanatha temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mallikarjuna temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sangameshwara temple</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Aihole temples</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lad khan temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Durga temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Suryanarayan temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ravana Phadi temple</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Contributions</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rise of this empire saw the birth of <strong>efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce.</strong></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kannada literature, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukyas provided patronage to various religions and traditions such as Jainism, Veerashaiva etc and allowed them to prosper.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chalukyas-of-badami', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5752/1p2m3whrlggxopo6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5752/1p2m3whrlggxopo6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Chalukyas of Badami | Badami Cave temples', 'metakeyword' => 'Chalukyas of Badami', 'metadescription' => 'Graves of Chalukyan rulers have been found in a village near Huligemmanakolla in Pattadakal of Bagalkot district in Karnataka.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/xy2lpfk9f5hijnr/Chalukyas_of_Badami.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2557, 'title' => 'Rangdum monastery', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Archaelogical Survey of India(ASI) is planning to declare the Rangdum monastery, located in Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, a monument of national importance.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The centre is looking at bringing more monuments under protection in order to boost tourism in the region , after its decision to split Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories J&K and Ladakh.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rangdum Monastery</strong> is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery belonging to the Gelugpa sect, located in the Suru Valley, in Ladakh.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Famous Monastries</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hemis Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery (gompa) of the Drukpa Lineage, in Hemis, Ladakh, India. It is situated near Leh in Jammu and Kashmir State, on the West bank of river Indus.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tabo Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located in the Tabo village of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tsulglagkhang Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the home for His Holiness Dalai Lama and is situated in Maclodganj suburb of Dharamshala district in Himachal Pradesh.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thiksey Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a gompa (monastery) affiliated with the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. It is located on top of a hill in Thiksey village near Leh in Ladakh.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tawang Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located in Tawang city of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world .</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rumtek Monastery - </strong>Gangtok, Sikkim</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Nako Monastery - </strong>Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Matho Monastery - </strong>Ladakh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Alchi Gompa Monastery -</strong> Ladakh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lingdum Monastery - </strong>Sikkim</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kye Gompa Monastery - </strong>Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ghum Monastery - </strong>West Bengal</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Shashur Monastery -</strong> Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bylakuppe Monastery – </strong>Karnataka</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 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(int) 2590, 'title' => 'Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta cave paintings have started deteriorating in the past few decades and are losing the battle against insects and other climatic stressors.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are classic masterpiece of Buddhist art and is a UNESCO world heritage site and a protected monument of the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research team from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) has looked at all the available literature on the Ajanta caves and mapped out the different factors causing this damage.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have also mentioned a few environmentally friendly solutions to the problem that can help preserve them from the threat.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team writes that the most common insects were silverfish, beetles and common bugs.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another main problem was the entry of rainwater and water from the <strong>Waghura</strong> River which lead to dampness in the cave atmosphere causing an increase in algae, fungi, insects, and microbes. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These factors together were changing the original colour of the paintings, where white is turning to yellow and blue is becoming green.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that a mixture of hemp, clay, and lime plaster was considered efficient for preserving paintings and carvings in nearby Ellora caves, but this method was not used in Ajanta caves. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that basal layer of the murals was made of mud plaster and organic matter such as paddy husks, grass, vegetable fibres, thus making it a good breeding place for microbes and insects.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Protective measures</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study has suggested using certain lights and colour to tackle the problem of insects such as using ultraviolet light traps, as nocturnal insects are known to get attracted to ultraviolet radiation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yellow lamps can also be an excellent tool to effectively control moths, which are diurnal and attracted to yellow light.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spraying of insecticides and herbicides, fixing the loose plaster on cave walls, regular cleaning and use of preservative coating on the painting.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'insects-and-pests-threatening-ajanta-paintings', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddd0/7of2et48c9bsqz06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddd0/7of2et48c9bsqz06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings', 'metakeyword' => 'Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings', 'metadescription' => 'The Ajanta cave paintings have started deteriorating in the past few decades and are losing the battle against insects 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of Buddhist art and is a UNESCO world heritage site and a protected monument of the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research team from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) has looked at all the available literature on the Ajanta caves and mapped out the different factors causing this damage.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have also mentioned a few environmentally friendly solutions to the problem that can help preserve them from the threat.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team writes that the most common insects were silverfish, beetles and common bugs.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another main problem was the entry of rainwater and water from the <strong>Waghura</strong> River which lead to dampness in the cave atmosphere causing an increase in algae, fungi, insects, and microbes. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These factors together were changing the original colour of the paintings, where white is turning to yellow and blue is becoming green.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that a mixture of hemp, clay, and lime plaster was considered efficient for preserving paintings and carvings in nearby Ellora caves, but this method was not used in Ajanta caves. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that basal layer of the murals was made of mud plaster and organic matter such as paddy husks, grass, vegetable fibres, thus making it a good breeding place for microbes and insects.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Protective measures</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study has suggested using certain lights and colour to tackle the problem of insects such as using ultraviolet light traps, as nocturnal insects are known to get attracted to ultraviolet radiation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yellow lamps can also be an excellent tool to effectively control moths, which are diurnal and attracted to yellow light.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spraying of insecticides and herbicides, fixing the loose plaster on cave walls, regular cleaning and use of preservative coating on the painting.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'insects-and-pests-threatening-ajanta-paintings', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddd0/7of2et48c9bsqz06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddd0/7of2et48c9bsqz06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings', 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