Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Historical Places
Azaadi ke Diwane museum inaugurated at Red Fort
Tags: Historical Places, Personalities
Published on: 05 March 2019
Earth Museum: Government to set up museum of natural history
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 07 March 2019
India, Portugal to set up maritime museum in Lothal
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 10 June 2019
Chaukhandi Stupa declared Monument of National Importance
Tags: Architecture, Historical Places
Published on: 10 June 2019
Maharaja Ranjit Singh statue unveiled at Lahore Fort, Pakistan
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 27 June 2019
Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 20 October 2019
Parliament passes Jallianwala Bagh memorial Trust Bill
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 20 November 2019
Monsoon decided history of Indian subcontinent
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 23 December 2019
Sarcophagus dedicated to Sky god excavated in Egypt
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 31 January 2020
Scientists to digitally create port city Poompuhar
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 03 February 2020
How Quit India movement gave new direction to freedom struggle
Tags: Historical Places
Published on: 11 August 2020
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been built by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). It pays homage to hundreds of freedom fighters who do not find mention in popular culture.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to inspire younger generation and letting them know the cost of freedom that the great fighters achieve by sacrificing their lives.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It attempts to document unsung hero’s contributions to India’s Freedom Struggle. It also pays tribute to selfless sacrifices of revolutionaries, brave women freedom fighters and valiant children. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is digitised and interactive museum with state-of-the-art, informative and educational exhibition allowing visitors to engage with exhibits through multi-sensor technology.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Government will set up <strong>Indian Museum of the Earth (TIME)</strong> to showcase India’s natural heritage including fossils and geological features. <em>It will be first of its kind museum in the country and help in better conservation of India’s prehistoric heritage</em>. It is one of four key projects identified by Prime Minister's Advisory Council on Science, Technology & Innovation.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Earth Museum </span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will house India’s geological and palaeontological wealth in one location and make people aware of India’s prehistorical wealth.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be set up as public-private partnership. It will be located somewhere in NCR Delhi in Noida or Gurugram.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be modelled on American Museum of Natural History or Smithsonian museum in US. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will organize several collections of fossils and important geological specimens at single place. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, it will serve as single site, accessible to public as well as researchers wanting to investigate rare and important finds. </span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India has rich geological history and fossils dating back to breaking up of Gondwanaland super-continent nearly 150 million years ago.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It home to vast treasury of geological and palaeontological specimens ranging from dinosaur fossils to pre-human skulls, that contain wealth of scientific information about planet and its history. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prominent fossils include jaw of an extinct ape, <em>Gigantopithecus bilaspurensi,</em> large dinosaur eggs and e skeleton of horned carnivore, <em>Rajasaurus narmadensis</em> (royal Narmada dinosaur). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">But these rare historical specimens are scattered in different labs all over the country. Moreover, there is no such museum in India to showcase its natural heritage including fossils and geological features. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Most of developed countries have well organised museums for housing and display of pre-historic animals and plants</span></span></li>
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'description' => '<h1 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India and Portugal have announced cooperation in the setting up of National Maritime Heritage Museum near ancient Harappans civilization at Lothal in Gujarat. It is likely to come up on the lines of a similar museum at Lisbon, which is administered by Portuguese Navy. </span></span></span></span></h1>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About National Maritime Heritage Museum</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The foundation stone for proposed museum was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in March 2019. It will be located near ancient Indian site of Lothal in Gujarat.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The complex will be built in public-private partnership (PPP) model. It will have huge museum displaying India’s heritage of inland waterways and trade through water route.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will showcase and preserve India’s rich and diverse maritime heritage. It will also display objects relating to ships and travel on large bodies of water. It also intends to highlight the ancient shipbuilding and navigational technologies developed by India.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Implementing agencies:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be implemented Union Ministry of Shipping through its Sagarmala programme with support of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State government and other stakeholders. The Indian Navy is also keen to be a stakeholder in the project. Besides, Portuguese Navy also has agreed to assist with their experience of administering the maritime museum in Lisbon.</span></span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lothal </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is located 85 kilometers away from Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It was centre of major maritime activities of Harappans civilization. It is one of the oldest man-made dockyards in India and the world. It displays engineering standards used during Harappan times in creating artificial dock. It also showcases high standards of scientific and engineering skill of that time which were far more advanced than anywhere else in the world in 3rd millennium BCE.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared ancient Buddhist site in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh known as <strong>Chaukhandi Stupa</strong> as "protected area (monument) of national importance”.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Chaukhandi Stupa </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is said to be originally a terraced temple constructed during the Gupta period between 4th to 6th century. Presently, this stupa is high earthen mound covered with brickwork edifice topped by octagonal tower. It is maintained by ASI.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It was built to mark site where Lord Buddha and his first disciples met traveling from Bodh Gaya to Sarnath.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Present shape to Chaukhandi Stupa: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was given during reign of Govardhan, the son of Raja Todarmal. Under this rule, an octagonal tower was built to commemorate visit of Humayun, the great Mughal ruler.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Excavations:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Some Buddha and other statues found during excavations at Chaukhandi Stupa are said to be rare artefacts and classic examples of art from the Gupta period.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What is Ancient Monument of National Importance?</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Section 4 of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 empowers government to declare ancient monuments or archaeological sites which are of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which have been in existence for not less than 100 years as of national importance.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Role of ASI:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The protection and maintenance of monuments, declared as of national importance is taken up by ASI by way of chemical preservation m structural repairs, environmental development around the monument.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Japan gifts Imphal Peace Museum to Manipur',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Japan gifted Manipur museum of peace to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, one of the fiercest battles of the Second World War. The Imphal Peace Museum was inaugurated at Red Hill, about 20 km southwest of Manipur’s capital Imphal. The museum is funded by Nippon Foundation, a private, non-profit grant-making organization based in Japan.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Signifance of Imphal Peace Museum </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It symbolises reconciliation between Japan and Britain and Japan and India. It will serve as living memory of tragic war, reinforcing message that history changes and will make world learn from past which is required for lasting peaceful world.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It took place in region around city of Imphal (now Manipur’s capital) from March to July 1944 during Second World War. During this war, Japanese armies attempted to invade India by destroy Allied forces at Imphal. However, they were diven back into Burma (todays’ Myanmar) with heavy losses. The Battle of Imphal together with simultaneous Battle of Kohima (also known as Stalingrad of the East) were main turning points of Japan’s Burma Campaign during World War Second. Around, 70,000 Japanese soldiers, alongside those of Indian National Army (INA) led by Subhash Chandra Bose had died in battles with British-led Allied forces in areas around Imphal and Kohima from March to June 1944. The last of these battles was fought at Red Hill, where the Japanese War Memorial was built in 1994 to mark the 50th anniversary of the battle.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Maharaja Ranjit Singh statue unveiled at Lahore Fort, Pakistan',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Life-size bronze statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was unveiled at Lahore fort near Maharani Jinda haveli at Lahore, Pakistan on the occasion of 180th death anniversary of Sikh ruler. The life-size statue shows Maharaja Ranjit Singh, riding his favourite Arabic horse Kahar Bahar. The statue is located in open space outside Mai Jindian Haveli in Lahore Fort, close to the building that houses Ranjit Singh samadhi. The haveli is named after Ranjit Singh’s youngest queen. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Arabic horse Kahar Bahar was gifted to Maharaja Ranjit Singh by Dost Muhammad Khan, the founder of the Barazkai dynasty.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Maharaja Ranjit Singh</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab Singh. He had ruled over Punjab for close to 40 years in the early 19th century from 1801-1839. He had a long association with Lahore, which was the capital of Sikh Empire under leadership of Ranjit Singh and is also his final resting place.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He captured Lahore in 1799 and unified all the warring misls(groups) into one empire. He also protected Lahore from invading Afghans and was responsible for restoration of Mughal architecture in the city. Before he took reigns of Sikh empire, factionalism was prevalent in Lahore with different warring misls ruling different parts of the city.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other Maharaja Ranjit Singh Statues: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">22-feet tall bronze statue of Ranjit Singh was installed in Parliament of India in 2003. French town called Saint Tropez, that had military links with Punjab also had installed bronze bust of Ranjit Singh in 2016. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Hampi Flooding',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Heavy rains in catchment areas of Karnataka have resulted in flooding of World famous heritage site of Hampi.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Many places along the banks of Tungabhadra river, including the world heritage site Hampi, are facing flood threat after water was released from the Tungabhadra reservoir on Sunday morning.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The reservoir was receiving heavy inflow, thanks to the downpour in Tungabhadra catchment area in the Western Ghats for the last one week</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Hampi- UNESCO world Heritage site</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Hampi was the last capital of the Vijayanagara rulers. Its rulers built temples and palaces, which have been sites of admiration ever since. Constructed between the 14th and 16th centuries, the region was conquered and pillaged by the Deccan confederacy in 1565.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">A popular tourist attraction in Karnataka, Hampi was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Monuments of Hampi</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Vittala Temple Complex</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Virupaksha Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Virupaksha Bazar</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Krishna Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Ugra Narasimha statue</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Lotus Mahal</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Elephant Stables</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Hazara Rama Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Vijayanagara Empire</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The Vijayanagara Empire (also called Karnata Empire,<sup>[3]</sup> and the Kingdom of Bisnegar by the Portuguese) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi,</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Indus Valley Genetic lineage',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study of DNA from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi argues that the hunter-gatherers of South Asia, who then became a settled people, have an independent origin.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DNA, which belongs to an individual who lived four to five millennia ago, suggests that modern people in India are likely to be largely descended from people of this ancient culture. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers who conducted the study contend that the theory of the Harappans having Steppe pastoral or ancient Iranian farmer ancestry thus stands refuted. The finding also negates the hypothesis about mass migration during Harappan times from outside South Asia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have successfully sequenced the first genome of an individual from Harappa and combining it with archaeological data, found that hunter-gatherers of South Asia had an independent origin, and authored the settled way of life in this part of the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study, he said, finds that the same hunter-gatherer communities developed into agricultural communities and formed the Harappan civilisation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also suggest that there was a movement of people from east to west as the Harappan people’s presence is evident at sites like Gonur in Turkmenistan and Sahr-i-Sokhta in Iran.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other Information</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indus valley Civilization</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2204,
'title' => 'New discoveries in Aryan Migration theory',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new paper published in scientific journal has thrown light on various aspects of ancient genetic history of modern day Indians. The study has also provided answers to Aryan miigration theory.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Aryan were central Asian Steppe pastoralists who arrived in India between roughly 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE, and brought Indo-European languages to the subcontinent.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Importantly, the two recent studies are based on 12 ancient DNA samples: one from Rakhigarhi, 8 from Shahr-i-Sokhta in eastern Iran and three from Gonur in BMAC.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary source of ancestry for today’s South Asians is a mixture of First Indians and a people related to the hunter-gatherers of Iran. This mixed population created the agricultural revolution in northwestern India and built the Harappan Civilisation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the Harappan Civilisation declined after 2000 BCE due to a long drought, the Harappans moved south-eastwards (from northwestern India) to mix with other First Indians to form the <strong>Ancestral South Indian</strong> (ASI) population whose descendants live in <strong>south India</strong> today.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Harappans also mixed with Steppe pastoralists who had migrated to north India through Central Asia, to form the <strong>Ancestral North Indian</strong> (ANI) population.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Steppe ancestry of the people of both South Asia and Eastern Europe in the Bronze Age explains how the movements of the Central Asians between the two regions caused the well-known similarities between the Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been found that the genome of IVC people lacked steppe ancestry as widely believeds earlier.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This indicates that the Steppe migrations to India happened after the decline of the Harappan Civilisation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The earlier study on Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia said the migrants from Iran who mixed with First Indians were herders. The new study says the Iranians arrived in India before agriculture or even herding had begun anywhere in the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This means that these migrants were likely to have been hunter-gatherers, i.e they did not bring the knowledge of agriculture<span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2273,
'title' => 'Keeladi findings on Historical accounts',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tamil Nadu Archaeology<strong> </strong>Department (TNAD) has stated that the cultural deposits unearthed during excavations at Keeladi in Sivaganga district could be safely dated to a period between 6th century BCE and 1st century CE. This is a major turning point in cultural history of ancient sangam age.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report titled, ‘<strong>Keeladi-An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the Banks of River Vaigai’</strong>, was published by the TNAD and released recently bt the tamil Nadu government, which reported this findings.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report, place Keeladi artefacts about 300 years earlier than previously believed era of 3rd century BCE.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results from the excavations suggest that the “second urbanisation of Vaigai plains happened in Tamil Nadu around 6th century BCE as it happened in Gangetic plains.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The recent scientific dates obtained for Keeladi findings push back the date of Tamil-Brahmi script to another century, i.e., 6th century BCE.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fifty-six Tamil-Brahmi inscribed potsherds were also recovered from the site of excavation .</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pottery specimens from Keeladi sent for mineral analysis, confirmed that water containers and cooking vessels were shaped out of locally available raw materials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The next round of excavations are underway to determine further studies.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Keeladi</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Keeladi is a <strong>Sangam period</strong> residence that is being excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This excavation site is located 12 km southeast of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, near the town of Keeladi in Sivagangai district.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is found on the shores of river Vaigai and it brings out the culture of Tamils</span></span></p>
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(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2385,
'title' => 'Ajanta caves',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japanese tourists visiting the Ajanta caves have complained that bad roads have been deterring them from recommending the tourist destination back home.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are one of the most famous and sought after tourist destination in India after the Taj Mahal. The caves are famous for their ancient paintings and sculptures depicting Buddhist culture.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 (approximately) rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The caves include paintings and rock-cut sculptures described as among the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The site is a protected monument in the care of the Archaeological Survey of India, and since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a <strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Art</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paintings in the Ajanta caves predominantly narrate the Jataka tales. These are Buddhist legends describing the previous births of the Buddha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These fables embed ancient morals and cultural lores that are also found in the fables and legends of Hindu and Jain texts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paintings are in "dry fresco", painted on top of a dry plaster surface rather than into wet plaster.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Famous paintings include <strong>Bodhisattva Padmapani,King Janaka and wife, Persian ambassador, Buddha painting, Doorway painting</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
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'title' => 'Chalukyas of Badami',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Graves of Chalukyan rulers have been found in a village near Huligemmanakolla in Pattadakal of Bagalkot district in <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Chalukyan kings were famous for building gigantic temples with intricate architecture in places such as Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal in Bagalkot district. There are 11 small temple-like structures in Huligemmanakolla that are believed to be the final resting place of the royal family.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukyan kings built marvellous monuments and temples, but there are no clear details available of the places where they lived including their graves, which they had kept discreet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovered area contains small temples built over linga, which is assumed to be graves of the Chalukyan royal family.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Chalukyas</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakeshin I in 543 AD. <strong>Pulakeshin I</strong> took Vatapi (modern Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pulakeshin I and his descendants are referred to as "<strong>Chalukyas of Badami</strong>". </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pulakeshin II, the most famous ruler, extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and halted the southward march of <strong>Harsha</strong>, belonging to <strong>Pushyabhuti</strong> dynasty by defeating him on the banks of the river <strong>Narmada.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Architecture</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Their style of architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" , "Karnata Dravida architecture" or the “Vesara Style” of architecture, which is the fusion between northern “Nagara” style and southern “Dravida” style.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Badami Cave temples</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Badami cave temples have rock-cut halls with three basic features: pillared veranda, columned hall and a sanctum cut out deep into rock.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pattadkal temples</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Virupaksha temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Papanatha temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mallikarjuna temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sangameshwara temple</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Aihole temples</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lad khan temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Durga temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Suryanarayan temple</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ravana Phadi temple</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Contributions</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rise of this empire saw the birth of <strong>efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kannada literature, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukyas provided patronage to various religions and traditions such as Jainism, Veerashaiva etc and allowed them to prosper.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2557,
'title' => 'Rangdum monastery',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Archaelogical Survey of India(ASI) is planning to declare the Rangdum monastery, located in Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, a monument of national importance.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The centre is looking at bringing more monuments under protection in order to boost tourism in the region , after its decision to split Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories J&K and Ladakh.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rangdum Monastery</strong> is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery belonging to the Gelugpa sect, located in the Suru Valley, in Ladakh.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Famous Monastries</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hemis Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery (gompa) of the Drukpa Lineage, in Hemis, Ladakh, India. It is situated near Leh in Jammu and Kashmir State, on the West bank of river Indus.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tabo Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located in the Tabo village of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tsulglagkhang Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the home for His Holiness Dalai Lama and is situated in Maclodganj suburb of Dharamshala district in Himachal Pradesh.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thiksey Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a gompa (monastery) affiliated with the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. It is located on top of a hill in Thiksey village near Leh in Ladakh.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tawang Monastery</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located in Tawang city of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world .</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rumtek Monastery - </strong>Gangtok, Sikkim</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Nako Monastery - </strong>Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Matho Monastery - </strong>Ladakh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Alchi Gompa Monastery -</strong> Ladakh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lingdum Monastery - </strong>Sikkim</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kye Gompa Monastery - </strong>Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ghum Monastery - </strong>West Bengal</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Shashur Monastery -</strong> Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bylakuppe Monastery – </strong>Karnataka</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
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'title' => 'Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta cave paintings have started deteriorating in the past few decades and are losing the battle against insects and other climatic stressors.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are classic masterpiece of Buddhist art and is a UNESCO world heritage site and a protected monument of the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research team from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) has looked at all the available literature on the Ajanta caves and mapped out the different factors causing this damage.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have also mentioned a few environmentally friendly solutions to the problem that can help preserve them from the threat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team writes that the most common insects were silverfish, beetles and common bugs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another main problem was the entry of rainwater and water from the <strong>Waghura</strong> River which lead to dampness in the cave atmosphere causing an increase in algae, fungi, insects, and microbes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These factors together were changing the original colour of the paintings, where white is turning to yellow and blue is becoming green.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that a mixture of hemp, clay, and lime plaster was considered efficient for preserving paintings and carvings in nearby Ellora caves, but this method was not used in Ajanta caves. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that basal layer of the murals was made of mud plaster and organic matter such as paddy husks, grass, vegetable fibres, thus making it a good breeding place for microbes and insects.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Protective measures</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study has suggested using certain lights and colour to tackle the problem of insects such as using ultraviolet light traps, as nocturnal insects are known to get attracted to ultraviolet radiation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yellow lamps can also be an excellent tool to effectively control moths, which are diurnal and attracted to yellow light.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spraying of insecticides and herbicides, fixing the loose plaster on cave walls, regular cleaning and use of preservative coating on the painting.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2688,
'title' => 'Berlin wall',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Germany<strong> </strong>has marked three decades since the fall of the Berlin Wall. A hint of a return of the Cold War and the rise of nationalism is dampening the mood.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fall of the wall that divided post-war Europe had led to hopes of a liberal democratic era and disarmament three decades ago but has not changed yet.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Berlin Wall was a wall that separated the city of Berlin in Germany from 1961 to 1989.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It separated the eastern half from the western half. Many people think it was a symbol of the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was taken down on November 9, 1989.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After World War II ended, Germany was divided into four zones, one zone for each of the main Allied countries: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its capital Berlin was also divided into four zones, so that it was an enclave, like an island inside the Soviet zone.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On May 8, 1949, the French, United Kingdom and US zones were made into West Germany and West Berlin. The Soviet zones were made into East Germany and East Berlin.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After Germany split into West and East Germany many East Germans left to go to West Germany. In Berlin alone, 3.6 million people fled to the west.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> To stop this, the Communist government of East Germany built a wall separating East and West Berlin.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In October 1989 mass demonstrations against the government in East Germany began. In November, 1989, the Central Committee of East Germany decided to make it easier for East Germans to pass through the wall.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Less than one year after the Berlin Wall was broken down, Germany again became one country.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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'title' => 'Parliament passes Jallianwala Bagh memorial Trust Bill',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parliament has passed the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial (Amendment) Bill, 2019. Rajya Sabha approved the bill on 19th November while Lok Sabha had passed it in the last session.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Act provides for the erection of a National Memorial in memory of those killed or wounded on April 13, 1919, in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar. In addition, it creates a Trust to manage the National Memorial.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bill seeks to amend the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 1951. It has a provision to remove the President of the Congress party as a trustee and clarifies that when there is no Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the leader of the single largest Opposition party will be the trustee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under the 1951 Act, the Trustees of the Memorial include: </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(i) the Prime Minister as Chairperson, (ii) President of the Indian National Congress, (iii) Minister in-charge of Culture, (iv) Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, (v) Governor of Punjab, (vi) Chief Minister of Punjab, and (vii) three eminent persons nominated by the central government. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bill amends this provision to remove the President of the Indian National Congress as a Trustee. Further, it clarifies that when there is no Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, then the leader of the single largest opposition party will be the Trustee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bill also allows the Central government to terminate the term of a nominated trustee before the expiry of the period of his term, without assigning any reason.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13 April 1919 when Acting Brigadier-General <strong>Reginald Dyer</strong> ordered troops of the British Indian Army to fire their rifles into a crowd of unarmed civilians in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government had sent a notification to ban all meetings under the Rowlatt Act during Baisakhi but it was not widely circulated.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many villagers had gathered in the Bagh to celebrate the important Sikh festival of Baisakhi, and peacefully protest the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, <strong>Satyapal</strong> and<strong> Saifuddin Kitchlew</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dyer was initially lauded for his actions in Britain and became a hero among many who were directly benefiting from the British Raj, such as members of the House of Lords.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He was, however, widely criticised in the House of Commons, whose July 1920 committee of investigation censured him.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This incident shocked <strong>Rabindranath Tagore</strong> to such extent that he renounced his <strong>knighthood</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Rowlatt Act or The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in British India for up to two years without a trial, and gave the imperial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities.It was named after its president, British judge <strong>Sir Sidney Rowlatt.</strong> </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Government of India repealed the Rowlatt Act, the Press Act, and twenty-two other laws in March 1922.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rowlatt Satyagraha</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>M. K Gandhi</strong> started campaign against Rowlatt bill and set up Satyagraha Sabha 24th February AD 1919 at Bombay. It was also called the ‘<strong>Himalayan Blunder</strong>’ for its failure to curb violence.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Hunter Commission</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government of India formed a committee of inquiry to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh shootings. On October 14, 1919, the Government of India announced the formation of the Disorders Inquiry Committee. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The committee was commonly known as Hunter Commission after the name of chairman, Lord William Hunter. It also had no Indian members.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 2869,
'title' => 'Climate induced human migration',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The items collected during research from the Karim Shahi in Rann of Kutch region revealed that humans occupied that region from Early Iron Age to the Early Historic (3,100 – 2,300 years) period.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Recent research article that says that this region might have been home to the early Iron Age settlements about 3,000 years ago. The region was also inhabited during the Medieval periods of about 1,500 to 900 years ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from IIT Kharagpur during their geological explorations stumbled upon artefacts like pitchers, jewellery, jars, figurines. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using modern luminescence and radiocarbon methods, the team tried to date them, which revealed that these items were the earliest to be found in the presently arid Rann of Kutch and the Thar Desert.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bronze age Indus Valley civilisation started declining around 4,000 years and finally collapsed at 3,300 years before present.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After this period there is no evidence of any settlements in the Indus valley region. This was called the ‘Dark Age’.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Karim Shahi region was found to be very close to sea-level and based on the artefacts collected it has been pointed out that this region could have been a local trade center. The people are believed to have traded jewellery and pottery. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Also, Chinese and Persian pottery were found at the Vigakot site indicating that it was a hub for a long-distance trade both through sea and land from China through India to West Asia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sedimentological observation revealed that below these settlements, there was evidence of riverine system. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon isotopes and pollens in these sediments revealed that there was gradual increase in grasslands and plant communities that thrive in arid environments.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Monsoon started to decline 7000 years ago. Eventhough Harappan people had adopted water conservation techniques, they were forced to migrate from early Iron Age till medieval time.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 3089,
'title' => 'Evidence of Saraswati river’s existence',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, and Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, have analysed sand from 3-10 metres below surface of modern <strong>Ghaggar</strong> river and found that it was indeed a perennial river, fed by glacial rivers in the past.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rig veda mentions a mighty, snow-fed river Saraswati on whose banks the literature was supposed to be derived. Today, the Ghaggar is a seasonal, monsoon-fed river originating in the sub-Himalayas. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indus valley civilisation which flourished in present day northwestern India and adjacent Pakistan was the largest and oldest urban civilisation in the world. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nearly two-thirds of the 1,500 archaeological sites of the Harappans occur on the dried up banks of the Ghaggar river.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coarse-grained white or grey sands that contain abundant white mica are typical of glacier-fed Higher Himalayan rivers such as the Ganga, Yamuna and Sutlej. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers found such sand layers 3-10 metres below the surface on both sides of the modern Ghaggar in a stretch of 300 kilometres up to the Pakistan border.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Presence of this sand itself is an indication of existence of a powerful river in the past. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team identified the source of these sands by studying the <strong>strontium-neodymium isotopic</strong> <strong>ratios</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also measured the ages of the mica samples in the sand by <strong>argon-argon dating method</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was found that the isotopic ratios and Ar-Ar ages overlap with those of the rocks of the Higher Himalaya, thus establishing that these sands have been transported by the river from Higher Himalaya to the plains.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team established the depositional ages of the samples by radiocarbon dating and optical dating of mollusk shells found in the deposit. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers thus established that the ancient Ghaggar transported sands from glaciated regions of the Higher Himalaya.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The key result of the research is that the river Ghaggar had two distinct perennial phases: one during 80,000-20,000 years ago and the other during 9,000-4,500 years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On the basis of the data the researchers show that the <strong>Sutlej</strong> River was flowing into the Ghaggar River to make it perennial for the Early Harappans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers say that the revived perennial condition of the Ghaggar, between 9,000 and 4,500 years ago can be correlated with the Rig vedic Saraswati, and that it likely facilitated development of the early Harappan settlements along its banks.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Perennial and non-perennial rivers</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Perennial rivers are those rivers which exhibit a continuous flow of water throughout the year except during extreme drought. Examples: <strong>Indus</strong>, <strong>Ganges</strong>, <strong>Brahmaputra</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Non-perennial rivers are those rivers which have no flow for at least a part of the year. Examples : <strong>Mahanadi</strong>, <strong>Krishna</strong>, <strong>Narmada</strong>, <strong>Tapi</strong>, <strong>Godavari</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 3160,
'title' => 'Monsoon decided history of Indian subcontinent',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A recent study by researchers at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (IIT-KGP) has revealed that abrupt changes in the Indian monsoon in the last 900 years decided the course of human history in the subcontinent.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Abrupt changes in Indian summer monsoon strength during the last 900 years and their linkages to socio-economic conditions in the Indian subcontinent. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study highlights that decline of Indian dynasties was linked to weak monsoon and reduced food production.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Deficient rainfall led to the collapse of the Mansabdari system, started by Mughal emperor Akbar, in the late 17th century. Similarly, drought interspersed with violent monsoon rains sounded the death knell for the Khmer empire of south-east Asia in the 15th century.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several dynasties, such as the Sena in Bengal, Solanki in Gujarat in the mid-13th century and Paramara and Yadav in the early to mid-14th century, all of which flourished during abundant rainfall, declined during the dry phases of Indian summer monsoon (ISM), suggesting role of the climate in the socio-political crisis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study highlights strong monsoon during Medieval Climate Anomaly and Current Warm Period and phases of weak and strong monsoon in Little Ice Age.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study suggests that from the beginning of the 19 century, the changes in the ISM became more abrupt with a rise in atmospheric temperature that coincides with the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists also said that they were doing similar work extending their Palaeoclimatic study to 6000 years ago to see the impact of climate change on Indus Valley civilization and on population migrations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mansabdari system</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mansabdari System was a system introduced by Akbar for military administration and territorial commands (grant and revenue) to sustain parts of army.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mansabdari system was borrowed from the system followed in Mongolia. The Mughal officers whether Hindus or Muslims were granted territorial commands in return for the military service.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They had to bring in some fixed number of men-at-arms, horses and elephants to the field and were rated as per the numbers which was known as Zats. So they were called Mansabdars of 10, 20, 100, and 1000 and so on.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
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'title' => 'Bhima Koregaon violence',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lakhs of people paid their tributes at the “Jaystambh” (victory pillar) in Perne village in Pune district of Maharashtra<strong> </strong>on the occasion of the 202nd anniversary of the Bhima- Koregaon battle.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bhima Koregaon obelisk is dedicated to the Mahar British soldiers who fought against the Peshwa forces in the 1818 battle. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bhima Koregaon </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1818 Battle of Koregaon is of communal importance for the Dalits. On 1 January 1818, 800 troops of the British Army, with small number of Mahars (leather workers) predominant among them, defeated a numerically superior force of the <strong>Peshwa Baji Rao II</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A victory pillar (Vijay Sthamb) was erected in Koregaon by the British, commemorating the dead soldiers. In 1928, the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar led the first commemoration ceremony here. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since then, on 1 January every year, Ambedkarite Dalits gather at Bhima Koregaon to celebrate their victory against the upper caste Peshwa regime, whom they see as their oppressors.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Battle of Koregaon</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Battle of Koregaon (also called the Battle of Koregaon Bhima, after the river <strong>Bhima</strong> that flows close to it) was fought on <strong>1 January 1818</strong> between the British East India Company and the <strong>Peshwa faction of the Maratha Confederacy</strong>, at Koregaon Bhima.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The battle was part of the <strong>Third Anglo Maratha</strong> <strong>war</strong>, a series of battles that culminated in the defeat of the Maratha empire (under the Peshwas) and subsequent rule of the British East India Company in nearly all of Western, Central and Southern India. The company forces were led by <strong>Captain Francis Staunton.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 3310,
'title' => 'Nankana Sahib',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tension mounted in Nankana Sahib in Pakistan when a man hurled stones at Gurdwara Janam Asthan, the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev, and threatened to convert it into a mosque.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nankana Sahib is a city in Pakistan’s Punjab province, where Gurdwara Janam Asthan (also called Nankana Sahib Gurdwara) is located. The shrine is built over the site where Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was believed to be born in 1469. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Besides Gurdwara Janam Asthan, Nankana Sahib has several important shrines, including Gurdwara Patti Sahib, Gurdwara Bal Leela, Gurdwara Mal Ji Sahib, Gurdwara Kiara Sahib, Gurdwara Tambu Sahib, all dedicated to stages in the life of the first Guru. There is also a Gurdwara in memory of Guru Arjan (5th Guru) and Guru Hargobind (6th Guru).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Janam Asthan shrine was constructed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, after he visited Nankana Sahib in 1818-19 while returning from the Battle of Multan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During British rule, the Gurdwara Janam Asthan was the site of a violent episode when in 1921, over 130 Akali Sikhs were killed after they were attacked by the Mahant of the shrine.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The incident is regarded as one of the key milestones in the Gurdwara Reform Movement, which led to the passing of the Sikh Gurdwara Act in 1925 that ended the Mahant control of Gurdwaras.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Gurudwara Reform Movement</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Akali Movement also known as Gurdwara Reform Movement came into full swing from the early 1920's. Its aim was to bring reform in the working and management of Sikh Gurdwaras. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Akali Movement was created to free the Sikhs historic Gurdwaras from Mahants who were supported by the British rule.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eventually the Gurdwara Reform Act was passed in July 1925 which placed all Gurdwaras in Punjab under Panthic control. This control was to be exercised through elected Panthic bodies viz, Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandak Committee and local Gurdwara Committees.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 3368,
'title' => 'Alamparai fort',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Alamparai Fort, which was once a thriving port and mint of the Muslim and French rulers, is set to regain its majesty after 350 years.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The funding for the conservation and restoration project has come from the Asian Development Bank, which has allotted ?8.02 crore for the initiative.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Situated along the Chennai-Puducherry East Coast Road in Madurantakam taluk of Kancheepuram district, the 15-acre brick and lime square structure was built by the Muslim rulers in the 17th century AD.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was under the control of Nawab Dost Ali Khan in 1735, and was gifted to French Governor Joseph François Dupleix in 1750.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Important commodities like salt, cloth and ghee were exported from Alamparai, which is situated close to the Marakkanam port.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Alamparai, a flourishing place of trade and commerce, fell into oblivion when the British, led by Sir Thomas Eyre Coote, captured the fort in 1760 and inflicted damage on it.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Carnatic Wars</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the 18th century, three Carnatic Wars were fought between various Indian rulers and British and French East India Company on either side. These wars resulted in establishment of political supremacy of British East India Company.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The French company was reduced in the areas around Pondicherry only. Commercial and maritime rivalry between France and England was the primary reason for the wars.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>First war (1744-48)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The war began with British Fleet arrived on Coromandel Coast and they started capturing the French Ships. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">French asked backup forces from Mauritius. When these forces came, they attacked British, captured Madras and imprisoned the British Company servants. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To recapture Madras from French, Nawab of Arcot sent troops to Fort St George but the forces of Nawab were defeated by French.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in Europe and this also restored the peace between France and England. With this treaty, Madras was restored to the English for some territories (Louisburg) in North America.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Second war (1749-54)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A victory over Indian Nawab in first war boosted the confidence of Dupleix, who now thought to expand influence in South India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1748 he saw an opportunity when Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah I died and a war for succession broke out. There was a trouble in Arcot also.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dupleix pledged French support for Nizam’s grandson Muzaffar Zang for Hyderabad and Chanda Sahib for Arcot.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">British pledged support to Nasir Zang for Hyderabad and Muhammad Ali for Arcot.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">French protégé Muzaffar Zang was killed. French quickly put his nominee Salabat Zang on throne and maintained French Influence on Hyderabad for several years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Robert Clive, who was a Clerk at that time in the Company suggest to attack on Arcot. This plan was approved, Arcot was occupied Chanda Sahib was captured and executed. Mohammad Ali was made Nawab of Arcot / Carnatic.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">French and British signed a treaty of Pondicherry in 1755 and by this both countries agreed to not to interfere in quarrels of Indian princes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Third War (1757-63)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The conflict between the France and England got renewed in 1756 in Europe, in the form of Seven Years War, which is coterminous with the Third Carnatic war.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Third Carnatic War put an end to the French ambitions to create a colonial empire in India. The British Forces were able to capture the French Settlements at Chandranagar in 1757.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The British Forces were able to capture the French Settlements at Chandranagar in 1757. The French forces in south were led by Comte De Lally. The British forces under Sir Eyre Coote, defeated the French in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and besieged Pondicherry.</span></span></p>
</li>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 3536,
'title' => 'Sarcophagus dedicated to Sky god excavated in Egypt',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Egypt’s Antiquities Ministry has unveiled the tombs of ancient high priests and a sarcophagus dedicated to the sky god <strong>Horus</strong> at an archaeological site in <strong>Minya</strong> governorate.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Egypt<strong> </strong>has in recent years sought to promote archaeological discoveries across the country in a bid to revive tourism, which took a hit from the turmoil that followed its 2011 uprising.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mission found 16 tombs containing 20 sarcophagi, some engraved with hieroglyphics, at the <strong>Al-Ghoreifa</strong> site, about 300 km south of Cairo.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The shared tombs were dedicated to high priests of the god Djehuty and senior officials, from the Late Period around 3,000 years ago. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They were from the 15th nome, an ancient Egyptian territorial division ruled over by a Provincial Governor.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the stone sarcophagi was dedicated to the god Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris, and features a depiction of the goddess Nut spreading her wings. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ministry also unveiled 10,000 blue and green ushabti (funerary figurines), 700 amulets bearing scarab shapes, and one bearing the figure of a winged cobra.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Painted limestone canopic jars, which the ancient Egyptians used to store the entrails of their mummified dead, were also unearthed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 3553,
'title' => 'Heritage archaelogical sites to be developed',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government proposes to set up an Indian Institute of Heritage and Conservation under the Ministry of Culture, and develop five archaeological sites as “iconic sites”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The heritage sites with on-site museum are <strong>Rakhigarhi</strong> (Haryana), <strong>Hastinapur</strong> (Uttar Pradesh), <strong>Sivsagar</strong> (Assam), <strong>Dholavira</strong> (Gujarat) and <strong>Adichanallur</strong> (Tamil Nadu).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rakhigarhi</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rakhigarhi in Haryana’s Hissar district is one of the most prominent and largest sites of the Harappan civilisation. It is one among the five known townships of the Harappan civilisation in the Indian subcontinent.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In one of the excavations, the skeletal remains of a couple were discovered. Interestingly, of the 62 graves discovered in Rakhigarhi, only this particular grave consisted of more than one skeletal remains and of individuals of the opposite sex together.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hastinapur</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hastinapur finds mention in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. One of the most significant discoveries made at this site was of the “new ceramic industry”, which was named the Painted Grey Ware, which as per the report represented the relics of the early Indo-Aryans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sites of Hastinapur, Mathura, Kurukshetra, Barnawa, etc., are identifiable with those of the same name mentioned in the Mahabharata. If that be so, the Painted Grey Ware would be associated with the early settlers on these sites, viz. The Pauravas, Panchalas, etc., who formed a part of the early Aryan stock in India.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Shivsagar</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Sivasagar, excavations at the Karenghar (Talatalghar) complex between 2000 and 2003 led to the discovery of buried structures in the north-western and north-eastern side of the complex.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the structural remains found at the site were ceramic assemblages including vases, vessels, dishes, and bowls, etc. Terracotta smoking pipes were also found.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another excavation site in Sivasagar district is the Garhgaon Raja’s palace. A burnt-brick wall running in north-south orientation was found, along with the remains of two huge circular wooden posts.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dholavira</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dholavira in Gujarat is located in the Khadir island of the Rann of Kutch, and like Rakhigarhi is one of the sites where the remains of the Harappan civilisation have been found.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dholavira is unique because remains of a complete water system have been found here. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The people who lived there for an estimated 1,200 years during the Harappan civilisation are noted for their water conservation system using rainwater harvesting techniques in an otherwise parched landscape.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Adichnallur</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adichnallur lies in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. The urn-burial site was first brought to light during a “haphazard excavation” by a German archaeologist in 1876.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the years, the site has gained attention because of three important findings: the discovery of an ancient Tamil-Brahmi script on the inside of an urn containing a full human skeleton, a fragment of a broken earthenware, and the remains of living quarters.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Scientists to digitally create port city Poompuhar',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chola Dynasty port city in Tamil Nadu that vanished from maritime history around 1,000 years ago will be digitally reconstructed by a team led by the Department of Science and Technology.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reconstruction of Poompuhar is part of DST’s Indian Digital Heritage project. An exhibition of its first project ‘Digital Hampi’ is currently on display at the National Museum.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are exhaustive narrations in works of Sangam Tamil literature to infer that the city, located 30 km from the existing Poompuhar town in southern TN, was submerged due to “<em>kadalkol</em>” or rising sea levels.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite several studies on Tamil literature, archaeology, history, epigraphy, underwater exploration and geosciences, the mystery of the exact location of initial establishment of Poompuhar, its age, later shifts, along with periods, time-series spatial evolution in the present location at the mouth of river Cauvery, and the reasons and periods of its extinction, remain unresolved.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study involves underwater surveys and photography by remotely operated vehicles and sea bed drilling, remote sensing-based geodynamic studies to bring out comprehensive information on the time series evolution and extinction. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also involves the visualisation of geodynamic processes of the last 20,000 years like land subsidence, sea-level rise, Cauvery’s migration, floods, tsunami, cyclones and erosion. The information extracted from the studies will help digitally reconstruct the life history of Poompuhar.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Initial studies carried out by the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites show that the city was established initially in the Cauvery Delta-A about 30km away from the present town around 15,000 years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It shifted further 10 km to the west to Delta-B around 11,000 years ago and again further 10 km west to Delta-C around 8000 years ago. Finally, it was re-established at the present location at the mouth of the river Cauvery around 3,000 years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Ancient city in Haryana’s Sirsa',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A mound in Sirsa indistinguishable from the dusty background of most Haryana small towns could hold clues to the ancient city of ‘<strong>Sarishika’</strong>.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Falling on the old route to Takshashila, the 6th-5th century BC city found mention in the Mahabharata, Panini’s Ashtadhyayi and the Buddhist text Divyavadana.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) can confirm the historicity of the site, it has to convince the nearly 50,000 people living on the identified 82 acres to move.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is also a dispute over the size of the protected area, with surveys by the ASI and government departments such as Revenue and Archaeology and Museums coming up with different figures.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government is said to be trying to see if the ASI can take the parts of Ther that are heavily inhabited out of the protected zone.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ASI found numerous antiquarian remains, ranging from the Gupta to the Mughal period in three months of excavation, but needs more time to verify the facts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Following an affidavit to court regarding the area for protection, a joint survey conducted by the ASI and Haryana’s Archaeological and Museums Department too had put the Ther area at 82 acres.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
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'title' => 'Early human habitat in northern India',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An archaeological excavation carried out in the trenches at Dhaba in the upper Son river valley in central India has found evidence of human occupation in this area almost 80,000 years ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The international team of researchers found evidence of the continuous presence of humans in this region between 80,000 years ago and 65,000 years ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The lithic industry (stone tools) from Dhaba strongly resembles stone tool assemblages from the African Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Arabia, and the earliest artefacts from Australia, suggesting that it is likely the product of <em>Homo sapiens</em> as they dispersed eastward out of Africa.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This finding is important in the face of competing theories on the first presence of human populations in different regions of the world and on human dispersal from Africa.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About 74,000 years ago, the Toba volcanic super-eruption, centred around Sumatra, is believed to have caused an almost decade-long spell of cold weather across many parts of the Earth. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is an argument that this induced winter not only led to the cooling of the Earth’s surface for almost a thousand years since the eruption, but also destroyed huge populations of hominins.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hypothesis is that the ‘volcanic winter’ caused a bottleneck in the gene pool of humans, because only a few survived who were in Africa at the time. Later, this population is believed to have emerged from Africa and colonised different parts of the world. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, the present study rules out this hypothesis as it implies that a population of early humans inhabited northern India even before the date of the eruption (74,000 years ago) and continued through the period of the devastation and until much later.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The excavation unearthed a large tool industry spanning the period of the Toba super-eruption. The large Megalithic tools were dated between approximately 80,000 years and 65,000 years and the small tools were dated at approximately 50,000 years suggesting a continuous inhabiting of this region by humans undisturbed by the super-eruption.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fact that we find these before and after the Toba eruption with no apparent change in technology indicates that major eruptions like Toba appear not to have had a catastrophic effect on small hunter-gatherer bands living in India at the time.</span></span></p>
</li>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 3789,
'title' => 'Rakhigarhi Harappan site',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Centre is moving ahead with its plan to develop the site of Rakhigarhi as a tourist hub and set up a museum,which has got the residents worried.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had announced the government’s plan to fund five on-site museums, including the under-construction museum initiated by the Haryana government at Rakhigarhi in her budget speech.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ASI has been able to get under its control just 83.5 acres of the 350-hectare site that spans 11 mounds, after first taking over the site in 1996, due to encroachments and pending court cases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Regarding the concerns, the government would work with the villagers to address their concerns as the tourist hub is formed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rakhigarhi</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rakhigarhi is the site of a pre-Indus Valley Civilisation settlement going back to about 6500 BCE, located in the state of Haryana. Later, it was also part of the mature Indus Valley Civilisation, dating to 2600-1900 BCE. The site is located in the Sarasvati river plain, some 27 km from the seasonal <strong>Ghaggar</strong> river.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rakhigarhi encompasses a set of seven mounds, and there are many more settlement mounds in the immediate vicinity. In January 2014, the discovery of additional mounds resulted in it becoming the largest Indus Valley Civilization site, overtaking Mohenjodaro (300 Hectares) by almost 50 hectares, resulting in almost 350 hectares.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Findings</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Terracotta statues, weights, bronze artefacts, comb, copper fish hooks, needles and terracotta seals have also been found. A bronze vessel has been found which is decorated with gold and silver. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A gold foundry with about 3000 unpolished semi-precious stones has been found. Many tools used for polishing these stones and a furnace were found there. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A burial site has been found with 11 skeletons, with their heads in the north direction. Near the heads of these skeletons, utensils for everyday use were kept. The three female skeletons have shell bangles on their left wrists. Near one female skeleton, a gold armlet has been found.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hunting tools like copper hafts and fish hooks have been found here. Presence of various toys like mini wheels, miniature lids, sling balls, animal figurines indicates a prevalence of toy culture.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A granary belonging to mature Harappan phase (2600 BCE to 2000 BCE) has been found here. Granary is made up of mud-bricks with a floor of ramped earth plastered with mud. It has 7 rectangular or square chambers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 4151,
'title' => 'The Great Depression',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With the novel coronavirus pandemic severely affecting the global economy, some experts have begun comparing the current crisis with the Great Depression, the devastating economic decline of the 1930s that went on to shape countless world events.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> A depression is a severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity. In economics, a depression is commonly defined as an extreme recession that lasts three or more years or leads to a decline in real gross domestic product (GDP) of at least 10 percent.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Experts have warned that unemployment levels in some countries could reach those from the 1930s era, when the unemployment rate was as high as around 25 per cent in the United States.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Currently, unemployment levels in the US are already estimated to be at 13 per cent, highest since the Great Depression, according to a New York Times report.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Great Depression</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Great Depression was a major economic crisis that began in the United States in 1929, and went to have a worldwide impact until 1939.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It began on October 24, 1929, a day that is referred to as “Black Thursday”, when a monumental crash occurred at the New York Stock Exchange as stock prices fell by 25 per cent.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the Wall Street crash was triggered by minor events, the extent of the decline was due to more deep-rooted factors such as a fall in aggregate demand, misplaced monetary policies, and an unintended rise in inventory levels.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the United States, prices and real output fell dramatically. Industrial production fell by 47 per cent, the wholesale price index by 33 per cent, and real GDP by 30 per cent.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The havoc caused in the US spread to other countries mainly due to the gold standard, which linked most of the world’s currencies by fixed exchange rates.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In almost every country of the world, there were massive job losses, deflation, and a drastic contraction in output.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unemployment in the US increased from 3.2 per cent to 24.9 per cent between 1929 and 1933. In the UK, it rose from 7.2 per cent to 15.4 per cent between 1929 and 1932.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Europe, economic stagnation that the Depression caused is believed to be the principal reason behind the rise of fascism, and consequently the Second World War.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects on India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Depression had an important impact on India’s freedom struggle. Due to the global crisis, there was a drastic fall in agricultural prices, the mainstay of India’s economy, and a severe credit contraction occurred as colonial policymakers refused to devalue the rupee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The effects of the Depression became visible around the harvest season in 1930, soon after Mahatma Gandhi had launched the Civil Disobedience movement in April the same year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were “No Rent” campaigns in many parts of the country, and radical Kisan Sabhas were started in Bihar and eastern UP. Agrarian unrest provided a groundswell of support to the Congress, whose reach was yet to extend into rural India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The endorsement by farming classes is believed to be among the reasons that enabled the party to achieve its landslide victory in the 1936-37 provincial elections held under the Government of India Act, 1935– which significantly increased the party’s political might for years to come.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
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'title' => 'The Armenian genocide',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Armenian diaspora marks April 24 as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. This year marks 105 years since the beginning of the genocide, something Turkey has consistently denied.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Armenian Genocide is often called the first genocide of the twentieth century. It refers to the systematic annihilation of Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire between 1915 to 1917.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Armenian Genocide occured during the First World War, and in many ways a direct result of the developments during the war. Although Armenians had always faced harassment and persecution in Asia Minor, this heightened around 1908. During the Ottoman rule, minorities like the Armenians were subjected to discriminatory treatment. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Armenians in the Ottoman empire were Christians by faith and the Ottoman Caliphate feared that the Armenians would bear allegiance to neighbouring countries, Russia for instance, with similar religious affiliations than the Ottoman empire, especially during a war.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A result of this continued hostility and suspicion towards Armenians was the first state-sanctioned pogroms called the Hamidian Massacres between 1894–1896. These violent massacres were implemented to crush protests against discrimination that was being perpetrated against minorities in the Ottoman Caliphate.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reigning monarch, Abdul Hamid II was never held accountable for the massacres although researchers believe that the violence was perpetrated with his approval.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1908, a political reform movement that called itself the Young Turks formed of intellectuals and revolutionaries led a rebellion against Abdul Hamid II in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy in favour of a constitutional government.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, as the political ideology of the Young Turks changed, the group became less tolerant of Armenians asking for liberties and freedoms. The Russo-Turkish wars and the conflict in the Balkans and Russia further increased hostilities against the Armenians.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ottoman Turks believed the Armenians would side with Russia in the war and aggressively engaged in propaganda against them. This resulted in the Ottoman Turks engaging in a mass-removal campaign of Armenians from the border areas along the Eastern Front.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On April 24, 1915, Ottoman Turkish government officials arrested and executed thousands of Armenian intellectuals. Women and girls were subjected to widespread sexual violence and abuse and were also trafficked into sexual slavery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers of the Armenian Genocide say may actions against Armenians bear similarities to abuses and torture perpetrated by the Nazis during the Holocaust.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">As of 2020, the Armenian Genocide has been formally recognised by 32 countries and parliaments. While other countries may not have officially recognised the genocide, presently, only Turkey and Azerbaijan openly deny the occurence of the genocide. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
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'title' => 'The revolt of 1857',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Large sections of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs together challenged the greatest imperialist power, Britain, during India’s first war of independence which began on May 10, 1857. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its name is contested, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for rebellion</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the main reasons for the revolt was that the British East India Company also started meddling with India’s political and financial system</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the British East Indian Company (BEIC) were ignited by the sepoy mutineers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle February, 1857. The cartridges were rumoured to have been made from cow and sow fat. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Loading the Enfield required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth. This would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices; cows were considered holy by Hindus, while pigs were considered unclean by Muslims.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the BEIC, also rebelled against British rule.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Centres of rebellion</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At <strong>Delhi</strong>, the nominal and symbolic; leadership belonged to the<strong> Emperor Bahadur Shah</strong>, but the real command lay with a Court of Soldiers headed by <strong>General Bakht Khan</strong> who had led the revolt of the Bareilly troops and brought them to Delhi.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At <strong>Kanpur</strong>, the Revolt was led by <strong>Nana Sahib</strong>, the adopted son of Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa. Nana Sahib expelled the English from Kanpur with the help of the sepoys and proclaimed himself the Peshwa. At the same time, he acknowledged Bahadur Shah as the Emperor of India and declared himself to be his Governor.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The revolt at <strong>Lucknow</strong> was led by the <strong>Begum of Avadh</strong> who had proclaimed her young son, Birjis Kadr, as the Nawab of Avadh.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rani of <strong>Jhansi</strong> joined the rebels when the British refused to acknowledge her right to adopt an heir to the Jhansi gaddi (throne) annexed her state, and threatened to treat her as an instigator of the rebellion of the sepoys at Jhansi.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kunwar Singh</strong>, a ruined and discontented zamindar of Jagdishpur near <strong>Arrah</strong>, was the chief organizer of the Revolt in Bihar.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>British suppression of revolt</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Revolt was suppressed. Sheer courage could not win against a powerful and determined enemy who planned its every step.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rebels were dealt an early blow when the British captured Delhi on 20 September 1857 after prolonged and bitter fighting.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The aged Emperor Bahadur Shah was taken prisoner. The Royal Princes were captured and butchered on the spot. The Emperor was tried and exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rani Jhansi had died on the field of battle earlier on 17 June 1858. By 1859, Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan, Khan Bahadur Khan of Bareilly, Rao Sahib brother of Nana Sahib, and Maulavi Ahmadullah were all dead, while the Begum of Avadh was compelled to hide in Nepal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">John Lawrence, Outram, Havelock, Neil, Campbell, and Hugh Rose were some of the British commanders who earned military fame in the course of the revolt.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 4914,
'title' => 'Victory Day and World War II',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Defence Minister Rajnath Singh is on a three-day trip to Russia to attend the 75th Victory Day. India has sent a tri-services contingent to participate in the Victory Day Parade.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Victory Day marks the end of World War II and the victory of the Allied Forces in 1945. Adolf Hitler had shot himself on April 30. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On May 7, German troops surrendered, which was formally accepted the next day and came into effect on May 9. In most European countries, it is celebrated on May 8, and is called the Victory in Europe Day.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The erstwhile Soviet Union had not wanted the surrender to take place in the west and wanted that such a significant event should reflect the contribution of the Red Army and the Soviet population.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This year, the celebrations this year were pushed to June because of the Covid-19 pandemic. In November 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin had invited Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the Victory Day celebration which were due to be held on May 9.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parade will see the participation of military personnel from 19 countries, including India and China. The celebrations are expected to include 64,000 participants. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many Indian leaders have attended several Victory Day Parades. At the 70th anniversary of Victory Day celebrations in 2015, then President Pranab Mukherjee went to represent India. Manmohan Singh had attended the 60th anniversary in 2005 as the then Prime Minister of India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mukherjee had attended the celebrations earlier as well. He had then said there were several reasons why the government should not participate in Victory Day celebrations for the Second World War.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">He had stated that the Indian National Army of Subhash Chandra Bose had fought the Allied Forces and that leaders of Congress were jailed during the war for their protests.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 5002,
'title' => 'Timbuktu',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coronavirus has reached far corners of the Earth including faraway Timbuktu in the Western African country of Mali.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city, located 1,000 km from the capital Bamako, has already seen more than 500 cases, and, at least, nine deaths, making it one of the worst affected places in the country.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Located about 20 km away from the river Niger, on the southern tip of the Sahara desert, there is nothing but thousands of miles of barren desert to its north. In its heyday, the city was both a great centre of learning and a prosperous trading outpost, dealing primarily in salt, gold, cotton, and ivory.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since medieval times, the remoteness of Timbuktu, in the heart of sub-Saharan Africa, has inspired many literary works that describe it a place of splendors and richness.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Historical accounts suggest that there have been settlements in Timbuktu since the early 12th century, when it was a local Tuareg outpost. But it soon established itself as an important pit stop for camel caravans on the Saharan trade routes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Timbuktu came to signify a kind of El Dorado to the outside world, a place brimming with treasures, that revealed itself only to those who were lucky enough to reach its realm. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city would reach its pinnacle under the Songhai empire, one of Africa’s most influential ruling states in the 15th and 16th century.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">King Musa is also credited with paving the way for establishing Timbuktu as a seat of intellectual resonance. During his time in Mecca, Musa is believed to have invited religious scholars to Timbuktu to bring to fruition his plan for a new centre of Islamic scholarship.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the next several decades, it became a dynamic centre of learning and discourse, producing about 70,000 manuscripts on a wide range of topics, including Sufism, Arabic grammar, Islamic jurisprudence, philology, lexicography, astronomy, and arithmetic. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Timbuktu today is a distant cry from what it used to be in its golden age. Still relatively inaccessible, it has been plagued by poverty, corruption, war and terrorism, following its years as a French colony.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sahara desert has been fast breaching its boundaries, the silting of the Niger River impacting its water supply.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">From 2008, acts of terrorism had impacted its fledgling tourism industry, prompting several nations to issue advisories against visiting the place.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 5101,
'title' => 'Srebrenica massacre',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In July 1995, approximately 8,000 Muslims, mostly men, and boys were killed in Srebrenica, a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina in south-eastern Europe, by Bosnian Serb forces.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991 threw the south-eastern and central Europe in chaos and led to violent inter-ethnic wars in the region over the next few years.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The violence perpetrated against Bosniaks or Bosnian Muslims during the Srebrenica massacre was a result of this regional conflict. Some consider this massacre was the worst atrocity against civilians in Europe since the Holocaust.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bosnian War that occurred between 1992-1995, witnessed a period of displacement and ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats by the Bosnian Serb army and paramilitary forces.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thousands of Bosnian Muslim families sought refuge with the Dutchbat, a Dutch battalion under the United Nations forces that had been deployed following the upheaval during the Bosnia War, believing that the area under their control was a safe zone.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UN peacekeeping mission not only did it not protect Bosnian Muslims, in some cases, it actively handed over young boys and men to Bosnian Serb forces knowing that they would be killed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia that investigated war crimes that occurred during the conflict in the Balkans in the 1990s found that efforts had been made by the Bosnian Serb army to remove bodies from these mass graves to other sites in an attempt to conceal the extent of the crimes and killings.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1995, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia indicted Ratko Mladi? and Radovan Karadži?, the President of the Republika Srpska, for war crimes against Bosnian Muslims in Srebrenica. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On July 11, 25 years on, commemoration services were held at the Srebrenica-Potocari Memorial and Cemetery in remembrance of the victims of the massacre. During this ceremony, bodies of nine victims that were recently identified were buried in the cemetery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Many Serbian politicians and citizens refuse to call it genocide and public buildings continue to hold names of people convicted of war crimes against Bosnian Muslims and others who were in positions of power during the massacre but did little to intervene.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 5333,
'title' => 'Junagadh and plebiscite',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan has unveiled a new political map that includes all of Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The release comes a day before the first anniversary of the government’s August 5 decisions rolling back special status of J&K and the bifurcation of the state into two.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The inclusion of Sir Creek on the Kutch coastline, a 96-km estuary on the India-Pakistan through Gujarat and Sindh, on which India and Pakistan had nearly reached an agreement in 2007-08 is a surprise because the issue has been largely solved.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other inclusion is that of Junagadh, also in coastal Gujarat, whose decision to join India in 1947, formalised through a Plebiscite in 1948, was not accepted by Pakistan then, but was overtaken by the first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir that began at the end of October 1947 and continued for over a year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Junagadh was mentioned by Pakistan when the Security Council took up the issue of the hostilities in J&K in January 1948.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But after the initial resistance from Pakistan, Junagadh has been seen as a settled matter in the bilateral relationship.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Junagadh was in the Kathiawar region, where most other princely states had already acceded to India. The ruler of Junagadh was Nawab Mahabatkhan Rasulkhanji.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state was not contiguous with Pakistan. Eighty per cent of the population was Hindu. Somnath, where the famous Shiva temple was ransacked by Mahmud Ghazni, is located in Junagadh, near the port of Veraval.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the decision of Indian leaders to keep Junagadh was conveyed and Pakistan had no chance to claim, the Nawab of Junagadh fled to Karachi by air, with his family, his favourite dogs and valuables.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India had indicated that it would want to formalise the arrangement through a plebiscite. This was held on February 20, 1948. Of 2,01,457 registered voters, 1,90,870 cast their votes. Of this number only 91 cast their votes in favour of accession to Pakistan. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A referendum was also held in five neighbouring territories. Out of 31,434 votes cast in these areas, only 39 were for accession to Pakistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 35 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 5344,
'title' => 'Hiroshima and Nagasaki anniversary',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On August 6, 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and three days later, on August 9, it dropped another bomb on Nagasaki.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The blasts killed hundreds of thousands of people and affected many more who would suffer the effects of the radiation from the blast and the “black rain” that fell in the aftermath of the explosions.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the conclusion of World War II in 1945, the relations between Japan and the US worsened, especially after Japan forces decided to take an aim at Indochina with the intention of capturing the oil-rich areas of the East Indies. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore, US president Harry Truman authorised the use of atomic bombs in order to make Japan surrender in WWII, which it did.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On the morning of August 6, a B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the atomic bomb called “Little Boy” with a force of over 20,000 tonnes of TNT on the city of Hiroshima, when most of the industrial workers had already reported to work, many were en route and children were in school. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US Strategic Bombing Survey of 1946 notes that the bomb, which had exploded slightly northwest of the centre of the city, killed over 80,000 people and injured as many.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Three days later, another atomic bomb called “Fat Man” was dropped over Nagasaki around 11:00 am local time killing more than 40,000 people. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1946 survey notes that due to the uneven terrain of Nagasaki, damage there was confined to the valley over which the bomb exploded.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Truman decided that only bombing a city would make an adequate impression and, therefore, target cities were chosen keeping in mind the military production in the area.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was made sure that the target sites did not hold cultural significance for Japan, like Kyoto did. This was because the aim was to destroy Japan’s ability to fight wars.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hiroshima at the time was also the seventh-largest city of Japan and served as the headquarters of the Second Army and of the Chugoku Regional Army, making it one of the most important military command stations in Japan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It was also the site of one of the largest military supply depots and the foremost military shipping point for troops and supplies.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 36 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 5384,
'title' => 'How Quit India movement gave new direction to freedom struggle',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On August 8, 78 years ago, Mahatma Gandhi gave the call for British colonisers to “Quit India” and for the Indians to “do or die” to make this happen. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gandhi and almost the entire top Congress leadership were arrested, and thus began a truly <strong>people</strong>-<strong>led</strong> <strong>movement</strong> in our freedom struggle.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While factors leading to such a movement had been building up, matters came to a head with the failure of the Cripps Mission.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The World War II was raging, and a worried British needed the cooperation of their colonial subjects in India. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To this end, in March <strong>1942</strong>, a mission led by Sir Stafford <strong>Cripps</strong> arrived in India to meet leaders of the Congress and the Muslim League. The idea was to secure India’s whole-hearted support in the war, in return for self-governance.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the promise of “the earliest possible realization of self-government in India”, the offer Cripps made was of dominion status, and not freedom. Also, there was a provision of the partition of India, which was not acceptable to the Congress.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The failure of the Cripps Mission made Mahatma Gandhi realize that freedom would be had only by fighting tooth and nail for it. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Though initially reluctant to launch a movement that could hamper Britain’s efforts to defeat Fascist forces in the World War, the Congress eventually decided to launch a mass civil disobedience. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the Working Committee meeting in Wardha in July 1942, it was decided the time had come for the movement to move into an active phase.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gandhi and all other senior Congress leaders had been jailed. He was kept at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune, and later in the Yerawada jail. It was during this time that Kasturba Gandhi died at the Aga Khan Palace.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The arrest of the leaders, however, failed to deter the masses. With no one to give directions, people took the movement into their own hands.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were strikes, demonstrations, and people’s marches in defiance of prohibitory orders in Kanpur, Patna, Varanasi, and Allahabad.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protests spread rapidly into smaller towns and villages. Till mid-September, police stations, courts, post offices and other symbols of government authority were attacked.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Railway tracks were blocked, students went on strike in schools and colleges across India, and distributed illegal nationalist literature. Mill and factory workers in Bombay, Ahmedabad, Poona, Ahmednagar, and Jamshedpur stayed away for weeks.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Gandhi gave the clarion call of Quit India, the slogan was coined by <strong>Yusuf</strong> <strong>Meherally</strong>, a socialist and trade unionist who also served as Mayor of Mumbai. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Quit India movement was violently suppressed by the British – people were shot, lathi-charged, villages burnt and enormous fines imposed. In the five months up to December 1942, an estimated 60,000 people had been thrown in jail.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 6690,
'title' => 'Pompeii snack bar',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have unearthed a thermopolium, Latin for hot drinks counter, in the Roman empire town of Pompeii.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The snack food counter was found complete with decorative still-life frescoes, food residues, animals’ bones and victims who died during the volcanic eruption of 79 CE.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The find is significant because it shows the variety of food consumed by the residents of the town such as traces of pork, fish, snails and beef have been found in the containers of the stall. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is also the first time an entire thermopolium has been excavated, complete with pateras, or bronze drinking bowls, ceramic jars used for cooking stews and soups, wine flasks and amphora, usually used for storing and transporting wine and olive oil.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pompeii</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pompeii was a Roman town in Southern Italy’s Campania region situated along the Bay of Naples. The town was completely buried by volcanic ash after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, over 2000 years ago. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is due to the tragedy that the town is well preserved and has given archaeologists vast materials to study daily Roman daily life, as it was centuries ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Located 8 km from the volcano, Pompeii was as a resort town frequented by Rome’s elite citizens and consisted of villas, cafes and marketplaces.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1748, King Charles III of Bourbon initiated scientific excavations at the site, after which large parts of the city have been unearthed, and several artefacts and other items of interest discovered.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research into Pompeii and Herculaneum so far has revised scientists’ understanding of the town, the disaster and the sequence of events. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further, the investigations of those who died have also revealed details of the town’s citizens and a revised interpretation of a rescue operation launched by the admiral of one of Rome’s navies, Pliny the Elder, stationed at the opposite side of the Bay of Naples.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 38 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 6966,
'title' => 'Patharughat peasant uprising',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assam CM Sarabananda Sonowal attended Krishak Swahid Diwas programme to mark the anniversary of Patharughat peasant uprising.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Twenty five years before the Jallianwallah Bagh massacre, more than a hundred peasants fell to the bullets of the British on January 28, 1894 in Assam. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The unarmed peasants were protesting against the increase in land revenue levied by the colonial administration, when the military opened fire. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue leading to uprising</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the British annexation of Assam in 1826, surveys of the vast lands of the state began. On the basis of such surveys, the British began to impose land taxes, much to the resentment of the farmers. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1893, the British government decided to increase agricultural land tax reportedly by 70- 80 percent. Up until then the peasants would pay taxes in kind or provide a service in lieu of cash.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite these gatherings being democratic, the British perceived them as breeding grounds for sedition. So whenever there was a Raij Mel, the British used to come down on it with a heavy hand to disperse them.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On January 28, 1894, when the British officers were refusing to listen to the farmers’ grievances, things heated up. There was a lathi charge, followed by an open firing which killed many of the peasants present.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of incident</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This was one of the few occasions in the history of the pre-Congress, pan-Indian anti-imperialist movement, when, in the absence of a well defined leadership, the masses organised themselves to resist the autocratic designs of the British.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, it rarely features in mainstream historical discourse of the freedom struggle. For the larger Assamese community, Patharughat comes second only to the Battle of Saraighat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Every year on January 28, the government and local people pay respects to the martyrs of the incident (Krishak Swahid Diwas) in an official function.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 7186,
'title' => 'Chariot discovered in Pompeii',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Archaeologists working at Pompeii have announced the discovery of a large ceremonial chariot. It was found with four wheels, its iron components, bronze and tin decorations, mineralised wood remains, and imprints of organic materials. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is likely that the chariot was used as a transport vehicle by Roman elites during various ceremonies. This chariot is not a chariot used for agricultural products or the activities of daily life.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The chariot was spotted during an excavation effort, when an iron artefact’s shape emerged from the volcanic material.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pompeii disaster</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pompeii was a resort town frequented by Rome’s elite citizens and consisted of villas, cafes, marketplaces and a 20,000-seat arena.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pompeii was a situated in Southern Italy’s Campania region situated along the Bay of Naples. The town was completely buried by volcanic ash after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, over 2,000 years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was not only the residents of Pompeii who were affected but the eruption also destroyed the neighbouring town of Herculaneum. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is due to the tragedy that the town is well-preserved, and has given archaeologists vast materials to study daily Roman daily life as it was centuries ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Excavations</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1748, King Charles III of Bourbon initiated scientific excavations at the site, after which large parts of the city were unearthed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research into Pompeii and Herculaneum so far has revised scientists’ understanding of the town, the disaster and the sequence of events. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The investigations of those who died have also revealed details of the town’s citizens and a revised interpretation of a rescue operation launched by the admiral of one of Rome’s navies, Pliny the Elder.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In November 2020, the Italian Culture Ministry announced the discovery of well-preserved remains of two men, who perished during the volcanic eruption.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Archaeologists preserved their teeth and bones, and the void left by their decomposed soft tissues has been filled by plaster using a well-perfected casting method by which it is possible to see the outline of their bodies.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 7262,
'title' => 'Bengal partition',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bengal politicians are highlighting contributions of Shyama Prasad Mookerjee towards ensuring division of Bengal.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The separation of West Bengal and East Bengal was a major event in Indian history. It sowed the seeds for partition of India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Partition of Bengal (1905) was aimed at separating the large Muslim eastern areas from the Hindu western areas of Bengal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India during that period. The partition was reversed six years later in 1911.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The British stressed that the partition was for the purpose of better administration of the region but it was known that the measure was aimed at separating Hindus and Muslims.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The partition inspired Muslims to form their own organisation along communal lines to appease Bengalis and counter congress leaders.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Congress party started the anti-partition movement, Swadeshi movement and Vande Mataram movement against the partition.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>United Bengal Plan</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Muslim League leader and prime minister of Bengal Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy had proposed a united Bengal Plan under which Bengal will be separate nation separate from India and Pakistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu Mahasabha put forward the demand for dividing Bengal on religious grounds as they felt United Bengal Plan was not in their favour.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reason for opposition</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bengali Hindus felt that united Bengal will give powers to Muslim ruling class and push them towards the fringes. The communal award further strengthened the sentiments.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The communal clashes in Bengal grew manifold until the Partition and it was felt that an equal population of Hindu and Muslim would further aggravate communal clashes and thus partition of Bengal was supported.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Support for United Bengal Plan</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Opposers felt that partition of Bengal would be an economic disaster for East Bengal since all jute mills, coal mines and industrial plants would remain on the western part of the state.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">There was concern that the largest city and commercial capital of India, Calcutta would go to the western part of the state.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 7461,
'title' => 'Megalithic era cave discovered',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A cave was discovered while renovating a temple in Paniyadi in Udupi district, which is assumed to be belonging to the Megalithic era.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers visited the cave and found that it was rock-cut. The cave is about 2000 years old and dates to 800 BC.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovery is unique in understanding the history of the Phanis. Similar caves have been discovered earlier in coastal Karnataka.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Paniyadi is said to be the original habitat of Phanis, who were an indigenous community living in the country. They are also mentioned in Mahabharata and Puranas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Phanis are known for their Naga worship while Naga was also their totemic emblem. Anantha Padbhanabha is the presiding deity of Paniyadi and is related with Naga worship.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Megalithic culture</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megalithic cultures are one of the pre-civilization cultures that is distinguished by its large tomb stones. The culture derives its name from Mega (Large) Lith (stone).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megaliths were set up either as burial sites or commemorative memorials by pre-historic people.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many burial sites in Megalithic culture include dolmenoid cists, cairn circles and capstones. They are spread mostly across peninsular India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megaliths are majorly found concentrated in the states of Maharashtra (especially in Vidarbha), Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megalithic age ranged from Neolithic Stone Age to the early Historical Period. Historians have indicated megalithic people followed Iron culture.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Cultural practices</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megalithic people are known to carry out agricultural activity in both the rabi and kharif seasons. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have grown variety of grains such as rice, wheat, millet, barley, black gram, horse gram, common pea, pigeon pea etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megalithic people are known to have believed in life after death and possibly rebirth. This prompted them to bury people along with goods.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Various types of iron artefacts recovered shows that the megalithic people practised different occupations including carpenters, cobblers, bamboo craftsmen, gemstone work, blacksmiths, coppersmiths etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bronze images of animals like buffaloes, goats, tigers, elephants and antelopes have been recovered from inside burials at the site of Adichanallur.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 8240,
'title' => 'Indian Army Memorial in Italy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chief of Army Staff will be inaugurating a memorial for Indian soldiers in Cassino, Italy, during his official tour of Europe.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian soldiers during pre-independence era had a major role to play in liberation of Italy. More than 3100 commonwealth soldiers are commemorated on the memorial.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The memorial is located about 140 km from Rome and is named as Indian Army Memorial. It also has names of about 900 Indian army men.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Italy joined hands with Nazi Germany and declared war on allies. Italian dictator Mussolini was overthrown in 1943 and allies went to liberate the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India was under British rule during World War II. Indians fought in both the East India Company army and British army during their campaign.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Records show that more than 2 million Indian soldiers participated in the World War II along with allies. They liberated Italy and defeated Hitler.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s role in war efforts have not been acknowledged enough. Very little information is available on the role played by British-Indian soldiers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The divisions of 8th, 4th and 10th were deployed in Italy to fight the axis forces. The fourth division served in Cassimo.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The soldiers mainly arrived from Punjab and northern plains. There were some Gurkha men also present in the army.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These men showed exemplary courage to fight even while facing extreme climate of Italian mountains and persistent freezing rains.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 43 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 8425,
'title' => 'Dholavira as UNESCO heritage site',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Dholavira archeological site in Gujarat has received the UNESCO world heritage site tag, making it the 40th site with that distinction in India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dholavira has been in the UNESCO tentative list since long time. It will be the fourth site from Gujarat to get the honour.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located near the Dholavira hillock on an island in the Rann of Kutch. It is the fifth largest Indus Valley Civilization site after Mohenjo-Daro, Ganweriwala and Harappa in Pakistan and Rakhigarhi in Haryana.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">JP Joshi has discovered the site in 1968. The further excavations revealed a major ancient city that remained a commercial and trade hub for more than 1500 years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city has all the features of an IVC town with a citadel, a lower town and middle town. The buildings are made up of sandstones and limestone instead of bricks like all other IVC towns.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Discoveries</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Series of water conservation reservoirs, open air ground, market place, designed gates and funerary architecture has been discovered.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No human remains have been discovered in graves or memorials. This gives a new facet to the culture and traditions of ancient Harappans.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rise of Dholavira</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Residents were experts in metallurgy, especially copper. They made finished copper products and exported them to all over the world.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jewellery made of semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli and agate was also exported. Sea shell jewellery was also common.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were trading relations with Mesopotamia. After the fall of Mesopotamia, the effects were felt on many sectors of Harappan civilization.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The migration and decline</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Residents started moving towards south Gujarat or Ganges valley once the area started to turn arid. Major snow-fed river such as Saraswati started drying up.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other sites in India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lothal in Ahmedabad district on the banks of Sabarmati river was a famous port town. Ship dockyards, ploughed fields and artifacts have been discovered.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Rangpur in Surendranagar district, Deshalpar in Kutch, Rojdi in Rajkot, and Prabhas near Gir Somanath are some of the IVC sites of Gujarat.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 8802,
'title' => 'Battle of Saragarhi',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 124th anniversary of the Battle of Saragarhi was recently observed on September 12. The battle is considered one of the finest last stands.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The battle has inspired a host of armies, books and films both in India as well as abroad.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the battle, twenty-one soldiers were pitted against over 8,000 Afridi and Orakzai tribals. They managed to hold the fort for seven hours.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sikhs were outnumbered heavily but they managed to kill 200 Afghan tribals and injure 600. The regiment of 36th Sikhs (now 4 Sikh), led by Havildar Ishar Singh, was involved in the battle.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Military historian and CM of Punjab, Capt. Amarinder Singh says that the soldiers knew that they were looking at a certain death but did not surrender.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance of Saragarhi</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Saragarhi was a communication tower built between Fort Lockhart and Fort Gulistan in North West Frontier Province (NWFP), now in Pakistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The post was usually manned by 40 soldier platoon but on the day of battle there were only 21 Sikhs and a non-combatant Pashtun.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two forts were important for British security and had large number of troops, including family of commanding officer of 36th Sikh, Lt Col John Haughton.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Unfolding of events</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sentry at Saragarhi saw a thick haze of dust and knew it was caused due to a marching army of about 8,000-15,000 troops.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A message was sent through the Morse code to ask for reinforcement. The tribals wanted to cut off communication between the two forts by capturing Saragarhi.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Odds staked against the soldiers</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The soldiers were outnumbered heavily. In addition, their ammunition was also limited with around 400 rounds per person.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Honours</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 21 martyrs were given Indian Order of Merit along with two ‘marabas’ (50 acres) and Rs 500 each. This was against the tradition of giving the award posthumously.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">September 12 has been declared Saragarhi Day by the Punjab government in 2017. This day is declared a holiday.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakistani army mounts a guard at the Saragarhi memorial close to Fort Lockhart. The British built an obelisk for the martyrs using burnt bricks of Saragarhi.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Gurdwaras were commissioned at Amritsar and Ferozepur in the honour of the martyrs of the battle. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 45 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 9083,
'title' => 'Mt Manipur',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The union government has renamed the historic Mount Harriet in Andaman and Nicobar as Mount Manipur.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The renaming was conducted in order to honour the contribution of the Northeastern state in resisting the British.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The resistance by the Manipuris to British rule was displayed during the historic 1891 Anglo-Manipur war.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the end of the war, many Manipuris were captured and sent to British penal colony in the Andaman Islands. This also included the King of Manipur, Maharaja Kulachandra Dhwaja Singh.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cellular jail in Andaman and Nicobar was yet to be constructed and thus the prisoners were kept on Mount Harriet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mt Harriet is a hillock which is located in the Ferragunj tehsil of South Andaman district. The prisoners were transported for life to the Andamans.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Anglo-Manipur War of 1891</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The kingdom of Manipur and the British were involved in the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891. It was fought for over a month.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main reason for the battle was the British interference in state of affairs of the kingdom after a coup in the palace of Manipur.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Start of conflict</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The King of Manipur named Surachandra as the heir to the throne. A rebel faction led by his brothers Kulachandra and Tikendrajit deposed him and made Kulachandra the King.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deposed King Surachandra asked the British to help him to get back the throne. The British sent the Chief Commissioner of Assam for the mission.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The aim of the mission was to recognise Kulachandra the King of Manipur only if Tikendrajit was handed over to British and deported from Manipur. This was strongly opposed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The consequences of War</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the first phase, the British surrendered and their officers were publicly executed. During the second phase, Manipur was attacked from three sides.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Kangla Fort in Imphal was captured and Prince Tikendrajit along with four others was hanged. King Kulachandra was banished to Andamans.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even though the British won the war, they lost five important officers. It was a big blow for their prestige.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The war came to be known as a part of general uprising against British rule in the country after the 1857 revolt of Sepoys.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The renaming of Mt Harriet was long due to recognise the role of Manipuris in opposing British rule in India.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mt Harriet</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mt Harriet is the third highest peak of Andaman and Nicobar Island. It was the summer headquarters of the Chief Commissioner.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The mountain is named after Harriet Christina Tytler, who was a well-known British artist and photographer.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 46 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 9214,
'title' => 'Onake Obavva',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Karnataka government will be celebrating the birth anniversary of Onake Obavva every year on November 11th throughout the state.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The birth celebrations of Obavva will be state-sponsored by the Kannada and culture department.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Onake Obavva is remembered as a warrior-woman who fought Hyder Ali’s forces single-handedly in Chitradurga using a pestle (‘onake’ in Kannada).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>History of Obavva</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Obavva lived in Chitradurga fort, known as Elusuttina Kote, (the fort of seven circles in Kannada). The fort was ruled by Madakari Nayaka.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The fort was attacked by the ruler of Mysore and father of Tipu Sultan, Hyder Ali. Obavva died fighting trying to defend the fort single-handedly.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Protecting the fort</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Obavva was the wife of a soldier guarding the fort, Kahale Mudda Hanuma. She overheard enemy soldiers planning to enter the fort through a small secret tunnel.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She decided to alert her husband about the danger but found him having lunch. She decided to fight them alone using an ‘onake’ or pestle.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She hid next to the secret hole and killed each soldier trying to enter the fort by hitting them on head and dragging their body inside.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Many of Hyder Ali’s soldiers were already killed by the time her husband discovered the bodies and alerted his soldiers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Obavva was killed during the same time when she failed to spot another Hyder Ali’s soldier, who in turn killed her.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Legacy of Obavva</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She is celebrated as a great warrior along with queens of Karnataka such as Keladi Chennamma, Abbakka Rani and Kittur Chennamma.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Obavva’s courage and strength is depicted in folklores. The hole through which soldiers entered the fort is named as ‘Onake Obavvana Kindi’ (kindi means hole in Kannada).</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Honours</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The state government of Karnataka has formed ‘Obavva squads’ to protect and educate women. This includes patrolling the cities to look out for incidents such as eve-teasing, drug abuse, sexual exploitation etc.</span></span></p>
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(int) 47 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 9280,
'title' => 'Kartarpur corridor',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Central government has announced the re-opening of the Kartarpur corridor between India and Pakistan.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Kartarpur corridor is a visa-free stretch of 4.7 Km that connects Indian territory with Pakistan.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The corridor joins Dera Baba Nanak in India with Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Pakistan, which is the final resting place of Sikhism founder Guru Nanak Dev.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The idea of the corridor first conceptualized in early 1999 by Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif during the bus diplomacy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>History</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Sikh commune was founded by Baba Guru Nanak Dev along the banks of river Ravi in Kartarpur. The Guru was laid to rest at the same place after his death in 1539.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">During the partition, the Radcliffe award gave areas on the right bank of Ravi river, including Kartarpur to Pakistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian devotees were able to visit the place before 1965. During the war, the connecting bridge was destroyed and access denied.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Since opening of pilgrimage centres between the two countries, Indian devotees to Kartarpur had to make a bus journey from Lahore.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian devotees can visit the shrine directly from India without having to cross into Pakistan by availing a Visa and complete a long process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It will act as a tool of diplomacy between India and Pakistan by easing the tensions that have been persisting.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 48 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 9308,
'title' => 'Rani Gaidinliu',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The foundation stone for the ‘Rani Gaidinliu Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum’ in Manipur’s Tamenglong was laid by Home Minister Amit Shah.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The museum was sanctioned by Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India at a cost of Rs 15 crore in 2019.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The museum will host various artifacts related to tribal freedom fighters who fought against the British during various phases of the freedom struggle.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The museum is at the conception stage and it will come up at Luangkao Village in Tamenglong district of Manipur, which is the birth-place of Rani Gaidinliu.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Rani Gaidinliu</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She was the political and spiritual leader of the Rongmei tribe. She was born on 26 January 1915 in Tamenglong district of Manipur.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She joined the social, religious and political movement of religious leader and freedom fighter, Haipou Jadonang at the age of 13.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Jadonang belonged to the Rongmei tribe. He initiated the ‘Heraka movement’, based on ancient Naga customs and fought for Naga independence.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Association with freedom struggle</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She took leadership of Heraka movement after the execution of Jadonang. The political revolution started by her, forced British to imprison her for life. She was released in 1947, 14 years after spending time in jail.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Legacy</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Despite all the challenges, she displayed exemplary courage in fighting British. She was one among the few women political leaders.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The struggle undertaken by Rani Gaidinliu inspired many fighters to join freedom struggle. She is considered as a beacon of freedom movement in North-east.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Honours</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru called Rani Gaidinliu as the “Daughter of the Hills” and gave her the title “Rani” or queen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She was honoured with many awards such as Tamrapatra in 1972, Padma Vibhushan in 1982, Stree Shakti Puraskar in 1991 and Vivekananda Sewa Summan in 1983.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She was awarded Bhagwan Birsa Munda Puraskar in 1996 posthumously. A commemorative stamp was released in her honour.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A Fast Patrol Vessel named “ICGS Rani Gaidinliu” was commissioned by Indian Coast Guard in 2016 in her memory.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The government of India issued commemorative coins of Rs 100 and a circulation coin of Rs 5 in 2015 on her birth anniversary.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 49 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 9389,
'title' => 'Paika rebellion',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The centre has refused to accept Paika rebellion as the first War of Independence. It was informed to Rajya Sabha via a written reply.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Paika rebellion is said to have occurred in 1817 and since 2017, Odisha has been demanding that it be declared as first war of independence.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Paika Bidroh (Paika rebellion) took place 40 years before the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. It was orchestrated by Paikas, the peasant militia of Gajapati rulers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The start</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">King of Khurda, Raja Mukunda Deva was dethroned by British, who firmly established their rule of Odisha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The King decided to snatch back the territory through a rebellion in 1804. He involved Paikas for the rebellion, which was leaked to British.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The British confiscated the entire territory, with Paikas losing their estates. The interference and oppression of farmers triggered a rebellion.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The occurrence</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Paikas organized themselves under the leadership of Bakshi Jagabandhu. The peasant force confronted British at various region of the kingdom.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Policemen were killed, British treasury was looted and government buildings were set on fire. The rebellion was overpowered subsequently.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The demand from Odisha</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In 2017, the Odisha Cabinet passed a proposal to formally urge the centre to declare the Paika rebellion as the first war of Independence. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The same demand was reiterated in 2019 during the foundation laying of Paika rebellion memorial at Barunei by President Ram Nath Kovind.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Centre’s move</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The centre had considered the proposal and used the services of Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) to examine the claim.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">According to the report of the ICHR, the Paika Rebellion cannot be called the first War of Independence.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Since the rebellion had a significant impact on fight against British rule, it would now be included in the curriculum of Class VIII history textbook of NCERT.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 50 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 9505,
'title' => 'Goa liberation day',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prime Minister Modi had recently visited the state of Goa to participate in the 60th liberation day celebrations held on 19th December.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The state liberation day is celebrated to mark the withdrawal of Portuguese from the country’s smallest state in 1961.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Goa was a colony of Portuguese and was ruled by them for 451 years. It was an important port for trade and military operations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Goa was captured by Portuguese from the Maratha rule in 1641. They were the last colonizers to leave India.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Goa independence movement</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Independence movement in Goa started in 18th and 19th century but gained momentum after the British withdrawal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The movement gained strength after Dr Ram Manohar Lohia participated in the demand for independence..</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The centre started diplomatic talks for getting back Portuguese colonies, which failed to succeed. The government decided to take military action.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operation Vijay</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The government of India in 1961 adopted a plan called Operation Vijay to free the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">All the three sections of the Indian armed forces participated in Operation Vijay. The Indian attack overpowered the Portuguese army.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Advance into Goa</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army advanced into the state from the North and the East. The Air force bombed Portuguese Airbase in Dabolim.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Navy prevented Portuguese Naval Ships from taking offensive action from Mormugao harbor and secured Anjadip Island near Karnataka coast.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Implications</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Portuguese Governor General Vassalo De Silva signed the document of surrender on December 19. The state came under Indian control.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Post liberation</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Goa remained a Union Territory until 1987 when it was accorded statehood. A plebiscite stopped its merger with Maharashtra.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Remembering martyrs</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A War Memorial at Indian Naval Ship Gomantak was constructed in memory of seven sailors and other personnel who laid down their lives.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 9861,
'title' => 'The Chauri Chaura incident',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The historical Chauri Chaura incident occurred on 4th February in 1922 near Gorakhpur (United Provinces). </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mahatma Gandhi had launched the Non-cooperation movement to challenge oppressive government regulatory measures such as the Rowlatt Act.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A protest march was organized by satyagrahis to protest against rise in food prices and also selling of alcohol.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The police arrested several of the protestors and locked them up. Following this incident, a subsequent march took place neat the station.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The occurrence</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A large group of protesters had gathered and moved towards the station. The police fired and several of them were killed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all its occupants. Three civilians and 23 policemen were killed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The response</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">British colonial authorities declared martial law in and around Chauri Chaura. Several raids took place and hundreds of people were arrested.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Non-cooperation Movement on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Gandhiji felt that people had violated the code of non-violence during the Chauri Chaura incident and they had to be trained to observe the code under all circumstances.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Non-cooperation movement</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Non-cooperation movement was a political campaign undertaken in 1922 by Indians to revoke their cooperation to the British colonial government.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The major aim of the movement was to force the British to grant self-governance and full independence (Purna Swaraj) to India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was the first large-scale Satyagraha in India. Indian masses participated in a freedom movement for the first time in India.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Steps taken by public</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Protestors would boycott foreign goods and clothes, promote local handicrafts and also picket liquor shops.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indians would be encouraged to leave British schools and services such as police, lawyers and civil administration.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Many people also gave up honours and titles that were bestowed upon them by the British administration.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 9943,
'title' => 'Shahid Diwas',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar has announced that February 15 would be commemorated as “Shahid Diwas”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It will be carried out in the memory of 34 freedom fighters killed by police in Tarapur town of Bihar’s Munger district 90 years ago.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Tarapur massacre was the biggest one carried out by the British police after the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in 1919.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was also mentioned by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his monthly Mann Ki Baat programme.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Start of protest</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Protest started after the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru. The collapse of Gandhi-Irwin pact resulted in arrest of major congress party leaders.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Local leaders decided that there was need for participation in the movement. A decision to hoist national flag was made.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The incident</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A group of young freedom fighters planned to hoist an Indian national flag at Thana Bhavan in Tarapur on February 15, 1932.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Being aware of the plan, several officers were present at the spot. Despite the lathicharge, an individual managed to hoist the flag.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The atrocity</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A large crowd started stone pelting on the police, injuring a police officer. The police open fired on the crowd, killing 34 people.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">While 34 bodies were found at the spot, the actual number of people killed was larger. Only 13 of the dead were identified.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Government plans</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Chief Minister announced that 21 statues will be erected near the existing memorial, symbolizing the unidentified dead.</span></span></p>
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(int) 53 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 10024,
'title' => 'Lachit Borphukan',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> The 400th birth anniversary celebration of Lachit Borphukan, the military commander of Ahoms was launched by President Ram Nath Kovind.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Lachit Borphukan led the Ahoms against the Mughals in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671. The battle prevented Mughals from taking back Assam.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Borphukan was expert in guerilla tactics, which he employed while dealing with the Mughal army in the battle.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Battle of Alaboi</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The battle took place in 1669 in which Ahom forces were decimated by Mughals. The Mughals captured the Brahmaputra valley. The battle led to massacre of 10,000 Ahom soldiers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Battle of Saraighat</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was a naval battle between Mughals (led by Raja Ram Singh I) and Ahoms (led by Lachit Borphukan) near Guwahati.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is considered one of the greatest naval victories in history. The Brahmaputra river is least wide at the point, which made it a location for Mughal assault.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance of battle</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The battle was the last attempt by the Mughals to expand their empire into Assam. Despite winning Guwahati later, they could not maintain their control for long.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Honours</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Lachit Borphukan Medal is presented to the best cadet of the National Defence Academy in honour of the great military commander.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">November 24 is celebrated in Assam as Lachit Divas to commemorate the heroism of Lachit Borphukan and the victory of the Ahom army at the Battle of Saraighat. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 54 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 10093,
'title' => 'Pal-Dadhvav massacre',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A ceremony was organized by the Gujarat government to mark 100 years of Pal-Dadhvav killings.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The government claims that the massacre was bigger than the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of Amritsar. It has also featured on the state’s Republic Day tableau.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The massacre of Pal-Dadhvav occurred on March 7, 1922 in the villages of Pal-Chitariya and Dadhvav, located in Sabarkantha district.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Prelude</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The incident occurred on Amalki Ekadashi, which comes before a major tribal festival, Holi. The villagers from Pal, Dadhvav, and Chitariya were gathered for the festival.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They were gathered on the banks of Heir river as part of Eki Movement organised by Motilal Tejawat, an outlaw of Udaipur state.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Organization</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tribals had assembled to protest against the land revenue tax (lagaan) imposed on the peasants by the British and feudal lords.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The occurrence</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The paramilitary force raised by the British, known as Mewad Bhil Corps (MBC), heard of the gathering and went to arrest Tejawat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Tejawat asked gatherers to raise their bows towards the British forces and deny payment of taxes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The British forces fired in unison, causing a stampede. Many tribals were killed by bullets and many others jumped into nearby well.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Casualty</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The British claimed that 22 tribals were killed during the incident but villagers claim that 1200-1500 people died.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Honouring</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In 2003, the Gujarat government represented the massacre in the Republic day tableau, which also featured Tejawat and British officer.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A memorial called ‘Shahid Smriti Van’ was built by the state government and also a memorial for Tejawat.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Motilal Tejawat</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was a landlord employed by the British. Looking at exploitation of tribals, he quit his job to work towards tribal upliftment and reform.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Tribals in Gujarat</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">About 14% of Gujarat’s population consists of tribals, residing in a stretch called ‘poorvi patti’, bordering the districts of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The dominant group is the Bhils. They are in significant numbers in districts of Aravali, Sabarkantha, Dahod, Tapti, Navsari, Narmada etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 55 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 10139,
'title' => 'The final voyage of Endurance',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A research team has successfully located polar explorer Ernest Shackleton’s ship “Endurance” in the Weddell Sea.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ship was being commanded by Sir Shackleton to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The discovery of the ship’s remains was made by the Endurance 22 Mission organized by the Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The discovery was made using advanced underwater vehicles known as Sabertooth, fitted with high-definition scanners and cameras.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Sir Ernest Shackleton</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sir Shackleton was an explorer who started his career in a merchant navy. He later qualified as master mariner.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was chosen to go with Robert Falcon on a polar expedition on board the “Discovery”, before returning back due to bad health.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He came closest to the South Pole in 1907 on his ship “Nimrod”. He was knighted post his return to Britain.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He made his final attempt to reach Antarctic in 1914 on board the “Endurance”. His ship sank in 1915 but he and his crew survived.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The last voyage</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The voyage started just before First World War and Shackleton decided to take the South Georgia route instead of Falklands.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The objective of the mission was to cross the Antarctic from Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea via South Pole.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">During the journey in 1915, the ship got stuck in dense ice and the crew abandoned the ship and lived in makeshift camps to survive.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Survival attempt</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The crew members used lifeboats to row to the Elephant Island and survived on a diet of seals and penguins.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sir Shackleton and the captain decided to row to South Georgia with some members as rescue from Elephant Island was unlikely.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The members rowed for about 1,300 km to reach a remote Norwegian whaling station. Then a mission was planned to rescue rest of crew stuck on Elephant Islands.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">On the fourth attempt, the remaining crew members stuck on Elephant Island were rescued. Miraculously, all the members of the “Endurance” survived.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 56 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 10406,
'title' => 'Guru Tegh Bahadur',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prime Minister Narendra Modi will give an address from the Red Fort to mark the 401st birth anniversary of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Guru Tegh Bahadur was the son of Mata Nanki and Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru, who introduced the concept of warrior saints.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was born on April 21, 1621 in Amritsar. In childhood, he was named Tyag Mal for his ascetic nature.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He studied Gurmukhi, Hindi, Sanskrit, and Indian religious philosophy along with archery, swordsmanship and horse-riding.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">His bravery and fighting skills against the Mughals in the battle earned him the name of Tegh Bahadur. He was married to Mata Gujri.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The Ninth Guru</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After the death of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s father Guru Ram Das, his son Har Rai became the Guru in 1644.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was succeeded by Guru Har Krishan, who passed away at a young age. It is said that he nominated Guru Tegh Bahadur as the next guru before his death.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Conflict with Mughals</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">During the reign of Mughals, conversion was at its peak. People were forced to convert either through a government order or through coercion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He opposed the tradition of worshipping at the graves of pirs and faqirs. His teachings became extremely popular with common people of the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was arrested for the first time on fabricated charges of collecting revenue from villagers. Raja Ram Singh secured his release by convincing Aurangzeb of his innocence.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Martyrdom</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">When a group of Kashmiri Brahmins asked Guru to protect them from conversion, he told the group that rulers should first try to convert the guru.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This was considered as an open challenge to Aurangzeb’s authority. Guru travelled to Delhi and was subsequently arrested.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After Guru declined to convert to Islam, Aurangzeb ordered open execution. He was beheaded after torturing in Chandni Chowk area of Delhi.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Along with his three companions, the Guru laid down his life for protection of his people. Gurudwara Sis Ganj was built on the site on which they were executed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 57 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 10496,
'title' => 'Clotilda excavation',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Excavation of submerged wreck of the <em>Clotilda</em> will be carried out by researchers. It is believed to be the most complete remains of a slave ship.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Clotilda was the last known slave ship to arrive in the United States from Africa in 1860. It sunk after offloading its cargo.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The location of the ship’s sinking place is in the Gulf of Mexico close to the mouth of the Mobile River in Alabama.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After the identity of the ship was confirmed, the researchers announced that two-thirds of the original ship remained intact.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Slave trade</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ships travelled from the coast of West Africa to America. About 10-12 million Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the transatlantic slave trade.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The conditions were unhygienic and extremely difficult. Slaves were treated like animals and fastened using metal chains.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">About 10-15 per cent of slaves died during the journey due to bad health.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The Clotilda</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Clotilda was owned by a wealthy businessman named Timothy Meaher. The ship was captained by William Foster.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ship sailed to Whydah, a port in the kingdom of Dahomey (now Benin) and returned after purchasing cargo of slaves.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The sinking</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ship was sunk deliberately after being set on fire and slaves removed illegally due to prohibition of a law that prevented import of new slaves into the US.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Demand for slaves</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The cultivation of cotton relied heavily on slave labour, and the ban had resulted in skyrocketing of slave prices.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Plantation owners were in favour of resumption of the global slave trade, and provided incentive for men like Meaher.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Abolishing slavery</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In January 1865, President Abraham Lincoln enabled the Congress to pass the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Many of the freed slaves purchased some land and established a community. The community succeeded in preserving their culture and traditions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 58 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 10539,
'title' => 'New findings at Rakhigarhi Harappan site',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Latest round of excavations in Harappan site of Rakhigarhi has revealed new information such as houses, lanes and a drainage system, and a jewellery-making unit.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Harappan cities are one of the oldest human settlements in the subcontinent. They offer clues on Indian civilization.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Skeletal remains</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Skeletal remains of two women were excavated from mound No. 7 and believed to be nearly 5,000 years old.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The DNA remains were sent for analysis, which might provide clues about the ancestry and food habits of people who lived in the region thousands of years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Pots and other artefacts were found buried next to the remains. This indicates an important funeral custom.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Habitation</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">An aristocratic settlement has been discovered after excavations on mound 3. Such settlements are fairly common across Harappan cities.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The three tiers of habitation in Harappan cities include ‘common settlements’ with mud brick walls, ‘elite settlement’ with burnt brick walls, and possible ‘middle-rung settlements’.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Discovered artefacts</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Steatite seals, terracotta bangles, terracotta unbaked sealing with relief of elephants, and the Harappan script are some of the artefacts discovered.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The objects are said to have been from the mature-Harappan period. Other cities existing during this period include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira and Ganweriwala.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Jewellery unit</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Steatite beads, beads of semi-precious stones, shells, and objects made of agate and carnelian have been recovered at the site.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This is assumed to be a jewellery-making unit. It shows that the city was a major hub of jewellery trade.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">An important piece of jewellery was lapis lazuli. This precious stone is found in Afghanistan and not in India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Some ornament shells were also recovered. The clues offered during excavation indicate that extensive trade was in prevalence.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
'keyword' => 'historical-places',
'id' => (int) 10611,
'title' => 'Lumbini',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for India International Centre for Buddhist Culture and Heritage in Lumbini, Nepal.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Prime Minister had visited the birth place of Buddha along with his Nepalese counterpart on the occasion of Buddha Jayanti.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Lumbini is located in Rupandehi district of Nepal’s Lumbini province. It is believed to be the birth-place of Siddhartha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Siddhartha was the prince of Shakya clan, who later came to be known as Gautama Buddha after gaining enlightenment.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Lumbini complex also contains the famous Mayadevi temple, which is dedicated to The Buddha’s mother.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Birth of Buddha</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Buddha was born as Siddhartha to King Suddhodana and Queen Mayadevi. He was brought up by his aunt Gautami.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was shielded from all sorrow of the world as he was destined to become a great king if he embraced royal life.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Great departure</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Once on a visit out of the palace, he witnessed an old man, a sick person, a corpse, and an ascetic, which moved him deeply.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He decided to find answers to the questions of life. He went out of his palace, leaving behind his wife and newborn son.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Enlightenment</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Gautama began meditating under a Bodhi tree in Gaya. On the 49th day of continuous meditation, he is said to have achieved Enlightenment. He came to be known as Buddha.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Famous Buddhist sites</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Saranath and Kushinagar were important sites associated with the life of Buddha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Lumbini was where he was born; he attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, gave his first sermon in Saranath and attained Mahaparinirvana in Kushinagar.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong> Historical accounts of Lumbini</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Travel accounts of Chinese monks Faxian (Fa-Hien) and Xuanzang (Huien Tsang), who visisted Lumbini, were used by historians to locate the place.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After Asoka converted to Buddhism, he visited the place in 249 BC and built a large temple-like structure over the birthplace of Buddha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A sandstone inscribed pillar was erected to mark the location of birth. The inscription is in brahmi script.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Lumbini remained hidden for many centuries, until it was rediscovered in 1896, and excavations were conducted at the site.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Social and religious reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy was born on 22nd May 1772 in Bengal Presidency’s Radhanagar.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Roy’s role in women’s emancipation, modernizing education and seeking changes to religious orthodoxy is unparalleled.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Roy was born in an orthodox family, which practiced child-marriage, polygamy, dowry and Sati in the existing form.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Roy was a polyglot who spoke language such as Arabic, Sanskrit, English, Persian as well as Bengali.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The title of Raja was bestowed upon him by the Mughal emperor Akbar II.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Ideological inclinations</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Roy had an appetite for philosophy and theology, and he spent considerable time studying the Vedas and the Upanishads.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He also extensively studied religious texts of Islam and Christianity. He was particularly attracted by the Unitarian faction of Christianity and was drawn by the precepts of monotheism.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Contributions</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He worked in the field of religion, politics, law and jurisprudence, commerce and agrarian enterprise, Constitutions and civic rights.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was one of India’s earliest liberals, who opposed the conservative approach of the majority group.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He started the Atmiya Sabha (Society of Friends) in 1814, to nurture philosophical discussions on the idea of monotheism. The Atmiya Sabha transformed into Brahmo Sabha in 1828.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Social reforms</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Roy launched a campaign against idolatry, casteism, child marriage and other social ills. He campaigned for the modernisation of education, especially western education.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">His efforts led to abolition of Sati under the governor generalship of William Bentinck in 1829. He also argued for property rights for women.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Education sector</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He set up Hindu College in 1817 along with Scottish philanthropist David Hare. He also founded the Anglo-Hindu School in 1822.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Opposition</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Roy was attacked by groups and individuals who felt threatened by his reformist agenda. British reformers and functionaries criticized him for his differential views on Christianity.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Historical Places',
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Gujjar and Rajput communities of Rajasthan have laid claims to the legacy of 12th century King Prithviraj Chauhan.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A movie named ‘Prithviraj’ based on the life of King Prithviraj Chauhan will soon be released.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Another group representing Rajput community has announced that they would oppose the film unless the word ‘Samrat’ was prefixed to his name in the title.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prithviraj Chauhan is seen as the “last Hindu emperor” of India who made a valiant attempt to stop the Islamic invaders.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Historical perspective</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prithviraj Chauhan belonged to the Chauhan or Chahamana dynasty of Ajmer which emerged after the fall of the Pratihara Empire in the 11th century AD.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He came to power in 1177 or 1178. He expanded kingdom by defeating smaller Rajput states but failed to win against Chalukyas of Gujarat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prithviraj managed to defeat Ghurid King Muhammad of Ghor in the First battle of Tarain in 1191. In the Second Battle of Tarain (1192), he was defeated.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">His defeat marked a watershed moment in history of India as it paved the way for establishment of Muslim rule.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Legend of Prithviraj Chauhan</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The legend of Prithviraj Chauhan was popularized by the poem ‘Prithviraj Raso’ composed by Chand Bardai in Brajbhasha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The poem says that Prithviraj was captured and blinded after the defeat in Second battle of Tarain and taken to Ghazni in Afghanistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Muhammad of Ghor is said to have challenged Prithviraj to demonstrate his proficiency in archery by piercing metal gongs with an arrow. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prithviraj killed Muhammad using an arrow by identifying his location through his voice and later killed himself.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>British records</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Modern historical evidences about Prithviraj Chauhan can be traced back to James Tod’s ‘Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan’ (1829).</span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Gujjar and Rajput communities of Rajasthan have laid claims to the legacy of 12th century King Prithviraj Chauhan.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A movie named ‘Prithviraj’ based on the life of King Prithviraj Chauhan will soon be released.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Another group representing Rajput community has announced that they would oppose the film unless the word ‘Samrat’ was prefixed to his name in the title.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prithviraj Chauhan is seen as the “last Hindu emperor” of India who made a valiant attempt to stop the Islamic invaders.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Historical perspective</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prithviraj Chauhan belonged to the Chauhan or Chahamana dynasty of Ajmer which emerged after the fall of the Pratihara Empire in the 11th century AD.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He came to power in 1177 or 1178. He expanded kingdom by defeating smaller Rajput states but failed to win against Chalukyas of Gujarat.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prithviraj managed to defeat Ghurid King Muhammad of Ghor in the First battle of Tarain in 1191. In the Second Battle of Tarain (1192), he was defeated.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">His defeat marked a watershed moment in history of India as it paved the way for establishment of Muslim rule.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Legend of Prithviraj Chauhan</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The legend of Prithviraj Chauhan was popularized by the poem ‘Prithviraj Raso’ composed by Chand Bardai in Brajbhasha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The poem says that Prithviraj was captured and blinded after the defeat in Second battle of Tarain and taken to Ghazni in Afghanistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Muhammad of Ghor is said to have challenged Prithviraj to demonstrate his proficiency in archery by piercing metal gongs with an arrow. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prithviraj killed Muhammad using an arrow by identifying his location through his voice and later killed himself.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>British records</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Modern historical evidences about Prithviraj Chauhan can be traced back to James Tod’s ‘Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan’ (1829).</span></span></p>
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style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum dedicated to unsung heroes of the country's freedom struggle was recently inaugurated on the Red Fort premises. It is fifth in Kranti Mandir series which also includes Subhash Chandra Bose and INA museum, Yaad-e-Jallian museum, Museum on 1857 (on country's first war of Independence) and Drishyakala (a Museum on Indian Art) on the sacrifices of India's freedom fighters.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Azaadi ke Diwane museum</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been built by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). It pays homage to hundreds of freedom fighters who do not find mention in popular culture.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to inspire younger generation and letting them know the cost of freedom that the great fighters achieve by sacrificing their lives.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It attempts to document unsung hero’s contributions to India’s Freedom Struggle. It also pays tribute to selfless sacrifices of revolutionaries, brave women freedom fighters and valiant children. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is digitised and interactive museum with state-of-the-art, informative and educational exhibition allowing visitors to engage with exhibits through multi-sensor technology.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'azaadi-ke-diwane-museum', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/696d/7m56o0k6zm34km66g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/696d/7m56o0k6zm34km66g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Azaadi ke Diwane museum inaugurated at Red Fort', 'metakeyword' => 'In Art and Culture Current Affairs, Azaadi ke Diwane museum, Red Fort, unsung heroes, India's freedom struggle,Archaeological Survey of India', 'metadescription' => 'Azaadi ke Diwane museum dedicated to unsung heroes of the country's freedom struggle was recently inaugurated on the Red Fort premises.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/fdy22f61b4sihss/5Mar_Azaadi_ke_Diwane_museum.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 370, 'title' => ' Earth Museum: Government to set up museum of natural history', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Government will set up <strong>Indian Museum of the Earth (TIME)</strong> to showcase India’s natural heritage including fossils and geological features. <em>It will be first of its kind museum in the country and help in better conservation of India’s prehistoric heritage</em>. It is one of four key projects identified by Prime Minister's Advisory Council on Science, Technology & Innovation.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Earth Museum </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will house India’s geological and palaeontological wealth in one location and make people aware of India’s prehistorical wealth.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be set up as public-private partnership. It will be located somewhere in NCR Delhi in Noida or Gurugram.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be modelled on American Museum of Natural History or Smithsonian museum in US. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will organize several collections of fossils and important geological specimens at single place. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, it will serve as single site, accessible to public as well as researchers wanting to investigate rare and important finds. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India has rich geological history and fossils dating back to breaking up of Gondwanaland super-continent nearly 150 million years ago.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It home to vast treasury of geological and palaeontological specimens ranging from dinosaur fossils to pre-human skulls, that contain wealth of scientific information about planet and its history. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prominent fossils include jaw of an extinct ape, <em>Gigantopithecus bilaspurensi,</em> large dinosaur eggs and e skeleton of horned carnivore, <em>Rajasaurus narmadensis</em> (royal Narmada dinosaur). </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">But these rare historical specimens are scattered in different labs all over the country. Moreover, there is no such museum in India to showcase its natural heritage including fossils and geological features. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Most of developed countries have well organised museums for housing and display of pre-historic animals and plants</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'earth-museum-indias-natural-history', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1f2a/wrhk2gf59ivk6x36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1f2a/wrhk2gf59ivk6x36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => ' Earth Museum: Government to set up museum of natural history', 'metakeyword' => 'In Art and Culture Current Affairs, Government,to set up, Indian Museum of the Earth, TIME, showcase, India’s natural heritage,fossils, geological features, Delhi', 'metadescription' => 'Government will set up Indian Museum of the Earth (TIME) to showcase India’s natural heritage including fossils and geological features', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/p8qy4llf2vsxds1/7Mar_Earth_Museum.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1406, 'title' => 'India, Portugal to set up maritime museum in Lothal', 'description' => '<h1 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">India and Portugal have announced cooperation in the setting up of National Maritime Heritage Museum near ancient Harappans civilization at Lothal in Gujarat. It is likely to come up on the lines of a similar museum at Lisbon, which is administered by Portuguese Navy. </span></span></span></span></h1> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About National Maritime Heritage Museum</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The foundation stone for proposed museum was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in March 2019. It will be located near ancient Indian site of Lothal in Gujarat.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The complex will be built in public-private partnership (PPP) model. It will have huge museum displaying India’s heritage of inland waterways and trade through water route.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will showcase and preserve India’s rich and diverse maritime heritage. It will also display objects relating to ships and travel on large bodies of water. It also intends to highlight the ancient shipbuilding and navigational technologies developed by India.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Implementing agencies:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will be implemented Union Ministry of Shipping through its Sagarmala programme with support of Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State government and other stakeholders. The Indian Navy is also keen to be a stakeholder in the project. Besides, Portuguese Navy also has agreed to assist with their experience of administering the maritime museum in Lisbon.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lothal </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is located 85 kilometers away from Ahmedabad, Gujarat. It was centre of major maritime activities of Harappans civilization. It is one of the oldest man-made dockyards in India and the world. It displays engineering standards used during Harappan times in creating artificial dock. It also showcases high standards of scientific and engineering skill of that time which were far more advanced than anywhere else in the world in 3rd millennium BCE.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'maritime-museum-lothal', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4fb7/e69zto8imtis8xu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4fb7/e69zto8imtis8xu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India, Portugal to set up maritime museum in Lothal', 'metakeyword' => 'India, Portugal , cooperation, setting up, National Maritime Heritage Museum, ancient Harappans civilization, Lothal, Gujarat', 'metadescription' => 'India and Portugal have announced cooperation in the setting up of National Maritime Heritage Museum near ancient Harappans civilization at Lothal in Gujarat.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/n6g5f48tj5v4obg/India%2C_Portugal.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1407, 'title' => 'Chaukhandi Stupa declared Monument of National Importance', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared ancient Buddhist site in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh known as <strong>Chaukhandi Stupa</strong> as "protected area (monument) of national importance”.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Chaukhandi Stupa </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is said to be originally a terraced temple constructed during the Gupta period between 4th to 6th century. Presently, this stupa is high earthen mound covered with brickwork edifice topped by octagonal tower. It is maintained by ASI.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It was built to mark site where Lord Buddha and his first disciples met traveling from Bodh Gaya to Sarnath.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Present shape to Chaukhandi Stupa: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was given during reign of Govardhan, the son of Raja Todarmal. Under this rule, an octagonal tower was built to commemorate visit of Humayun, the great Mughal ruler.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Excavations:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Some Buddha and other statues found during excavations at Chaukhandi Stupa are said to be rare artefacts and classic examples of art from the Gupta period.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What is Ancient Monument of National Importance?</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Section 4 of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 empowers government to declare ancient monuments or archaeological sites which are of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which have been in existence for not less than 100 years as of national importance.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Role of ASI:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The protection and maintenance of monuments, declared as of national importance is taken up by ASI by way of chemical preservation m structural repairs, environmental development around the monument.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chaukhandi-stupa-monument-mational-importance', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/30e2/arm8bq2gxmxzcld6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/30e2/arm8bq2gxmxzcld6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Chaukhandi Stupa declared Monument of National Importance', 'metakeyword' => 'Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared ancient Buddhist site in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh known as Chaukhandi Stupa as "protected area (monument) of national importanceâ€.', 'metadescription' => 'Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has declared ancient Buddhist site in Sarnath Uttar Pradesh known as Chaukhandi Stupa as "protected area (monument) of national importanceâ€.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/gw1tdx97s6zp89b/Chaukhandi_Stupa.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1524, 'title' => 'Japan gifts Imphal Peace Museum to Manipur', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Japan gifted Manipur museum of peace to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, one of the fiercest battles of the Second World War. The Imphal Peace Museum was inaugurated at Red Hill, about 20 km southwest of Manipur’s capital Imphal. The museum is funded by Nippon Foundation, a private, non-profit grant-making organization based in Japan.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Signifance of Imphal Peace Museum </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It symbolises reconciliation between Japan and Britain and Japan and India. It will serve as living memory of tragic war, reinforcing message that history changes and will make world learn from past which is required for lasting peaceful world.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It took place in region around city of Imphal (now Manipur’s capital) from March to July 1944 during Second World War. During this war, Japanese armies attempted to invade India by destroy Allied forces at Imphal. However, they were diven back into Burma (todays’ Myanmar) with heavy losses. The Battle of Imphal together with simultaneous Battle of Kohima (also known as Stalingrad of the East) were main turning points of Japan’s Burma Campaign during World War Second. Around, 70,000 Japanese soldiers, alongside those of Indian National Army (INA) led by Subhash Chandra Bose had died in battles with British-led Allied forces in areas around Imphal and Kohima from March to June 1944. The last of these battles was fought at Red Hill, where the Japanese War Memorial was built in 1994 to mark the 50th anniversary of the battle.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'japan-imphal-peace-museum-manipur', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0e70/1ln5e7q7tb8ftg16g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0e70/1ln5e7q7tb8ftg16g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Japan gifts Imphal Peace Museum to Manipur', 'metakeyword' => 'Japan gifted Manipur museum of peace to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, one of the fiercest battles of the Second World War', 'metadescription' => 'Japan gifted Manipur museum of peace to mark the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, one of the fiercest battles of the Second World War', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/2wredsn4hifyzle/japan_gifts_Imphal_Peace_Museum_to_Manipur.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1545, 'title' => 'Maharaja Ranjit Singh statue unveiled at Lahore Fort, Pakistan', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Life-size bronze statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was unveiled at Lahore fort near Maharani Jinda haveli at Lahore, Pakistan on the occasion of 180th death anniversary of Sikh ruler. The life-size statue shows Maharaja Ranjit Singh, riding his favourite Arabic horse Kahar Bahar. The statue is located in open space outside Mai Jindian Haveli in Lahore Fort, close to the building that houses Ranjit Singh samadhi. The haveli is named after Ranjit Singh’s youngest queen. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Arabic horse Kahar Bahar was gifted to Maharaja Ranjit Singh by Dost Muhammad Khan, the founder of the Barazkai dynasty.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Maharaja Ranjit Singh</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He was popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab Singh. He had ruled over Punjab for close to 40 years in the early 19th century from 1801-1839. He had a long association with Lahore, which was the capital of Sikh Empire under leadership of Ranjit Singh and is also his final resting place.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He captured Lahore in 1799 and unified all the warring misls(groups) into one empire. He also protected Lahore from invading Afghans and was responsible for restoration of Mughal architecture in the city. Before he took reigns of Sikh empire, factionalism was prevalent in Lahore with different warring misls ruling different parts of the city.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other Maharaja Ranjit Singh Statues: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">22-feet tall bronze statue of Ranjit Singh was installed in Parliament of India in 2003. French town called Saint Tropez, that had military links with Punjab also had installed bronze bust of Ranjit Singh in 2016. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'maharaja-ranjit-singh-statue-lahore-fort-pakistan', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1fa1/fg7s2sb4chfiqng6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1fa1/fg7s2sb4chfiqng6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Maharaja Ranjit Singh statue unveiled at Lahore Fort, Pakistan', 'metakeyword' => 'Life-size bronze statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was unveiled at Lahore fort near Maharani Jinda haveli at Lahore, Pakistan on the occasion of 180th death anniversary of Sikh ruler.', 'metadescription' => 'Life-size bronze statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh was unveiled at Lahore fort near Maharani Jinda haveli at Lahore, Pakistan on the occasion of 180th death anniversary of Sikh ruler.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 1878, 'title' => 'Hampi Flooding', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Heavy rains in catchment areas of Karnataka have resulted in flooding of World famous heritage site of Hampi.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Many places along the banks of Tungabhadra river, including the world heritage site Hampi, are facing flood threat after water was released from the Tungabhadra reservoir on Sunday morning.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">The reservoir was receiving heavy inflow, thanks to the downpour in Tungabhadra catchment area in the Western Ghats for the last one week</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#282828">Hampi- UNESCO world Heritage site</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Hampi was the last capital of the Vijayanagara rulers. Its rulers built temples and palaces, which have been sites of admiration ever since. Constructed between the 14th and 16th centuries, the region was conquered and pillaged by the Deccan confederacy in 1565.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">A popular tourist attraction in Karnataka, Hampi was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Monuments of Hampi</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Vittala Temple Complex</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Virupaksha Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Virupaksha Bazar</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Krishna Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Ugra Narasimha statue</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Lotus Mahal</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Elephant Stables</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Hazara Rama Temple</span></span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:#f1f1f1"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#2a2828">Vijayanagara Empire</span></span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The Vijayanagara Empire (also called Karnata Empire,<sup>[3]</sup> and the Kingdom of Bisnegar by the Portuguese) </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a major military defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the combined armies of the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi,</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hampi-flooding', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/08b7/oysr0z1smxjm2il6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/08b7/oysr0z1smxjm2il6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hampi Flooding', 'metakeyword' => 'Hampi Flooding', 'metadescription' => 'Heavy rains in catchment areas of Karnataka have resulted in flooding of World famous heritage site of Hampi', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yi1j6bq9yszwhxt/Hampi_Flooding.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2122, 'title' => 'Indus Valley Genetic lineage', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study of DNA from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi argues that the hunter-gatherers of South Asia, who then became a settled people, have an independent origin.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The DNA, which belongs to an individual who lived four to five millennia ago, suggests that modern people in India are likely to be largely descended from people of this ancient culture. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers who conducted the study contend that the theory of the Harappans having Steppe pastoral or ancient Iranian farmer ancestry thus stands refuted. The finding also negates the hypothesis about mass migration during Harappan times from outside South Asia.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have successfully sequenced the first genome of an individual from Harappa and combining it with archaeological data, found that hunter-gatherers of South Asia had an independent origin, and authored the settled way of life in this part of the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study, he said, finds that the same hunter-gatherer communities developed into agricultural communities and formed the Harappan civilisation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers also suggest that there was a movement of people from east to west as the Harappan people’s presence is evident at sites like Gonur in Turkmenistan and Sahr-i-Sokhta in Iran.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other Information</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indus valley Civilization</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indus-valley-genetic-lineage', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c3b5/mf3190r4w9sysr06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c3b5/mf3190r4w9sysr06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Indus Valley Genetic lineage', 'metakeyword' => 'Indus Valley Genetic lineage', 'metadescription' => 'A study of DNA from skeletal remains excavated from the Harappan cemetery at Rakhigarhi argues that the hunter-gatherers of South Asia,', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0jve0m4973qrb9p/Indus_Valley_Genetic_lineage.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2204, 'title' => 'New discoveries in Aryan Migration theory', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new paper published in scientific journal has thrown light on various aspects of ancient genetic history of modern day Indians. The study has also provided answers to Aryan miigration theory.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Aryan were central Asian Steppe pastoralists who arrived in India between roughly 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE, and brought Indo-European languages to the subcontinent.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Importantly, the two recent studies are based on 12 ancient DNA samples: one from Rakhigarhi, 8 from Shahr-i-Sokhta in eastern Iran and three from Gonur in BMAC.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary source of ancestry for today’s South Asians is a mixture of First Indians and a people related to the hunter-gatherers of Iran. This mixed population created the agricultural revolution in northwestern India and built the Harappan Civilisation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the Harappan Civilisation declined after 2000 BCE due to a long drought, the Harappans moved south-eastwards (from northwestern India) to mix with other First Indians to form the <strong>Ancestral South Indian</strong> (ASI) population whose descendants live in <strong>south India</strong> today.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Harappans also mixed with Steppe pastoralists who had migrated to north India through Central Asia, to form the <strong>Ancestral North Indian</strong> (ANI) population.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Steppe ancestry of the people of both South Asia and Eastern Europe in the Bronze Age explains how the movements of the Central Asians between the two regions caused the well-known similarities between the Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also been found that the genome of IVC people lacked steppe ancestry as widely believeds earlier.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This indicates that the Steppe migrations to India happened after the decline of the Harappan Civilisation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The earlier study on Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia said the migrants from Iran who mixed with First Indians were herders. The new study says the Iranians arrived in India before agriculture or even herding had begun anywhere in the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This means that these migrants were likely to have been hunter-gatherers, i.e they did not bring the knowledge of agriculture<span style="background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="color:#282828">.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'new-discoveries-in-aryan-migration-theory', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6caf/9ietmnqad3uy4gu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6caf/9ietmnqad3uy4gu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'New discoveries in Aryan Migration theory', 'metakeyword' => 'A new paper published in scientific journal has', 'metadescription' => 'A new paper published in scientific journal has thrown light on various aspects of ancient genetic history of modern day Indians. The study has also provided ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5sk2ce1dlb5vo1x/New_discoveries_in_Aryan_Migration_theory.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2273, 'title' => 'Keeladi findings on Historical accounts', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tamil Nadu Archaeology<strong> </strong>Department (TNAD) has stated that the cultural deposits unearthed during excavations at Keeladi in Sivaganga district could be safely dated to a period between 6th century BCE and 1st century CE. This is a major turning point in cultural history of ancient sangam age.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report titled, ‘<strong>Keeladi-An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the Banks of River Vaigai’</strong>, was published by the TNAD and released recently bt the tamil Nadu government, which reported this findings.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report, place Keeladi artefacts about 300 years earlier than previously believed era of 3rd century BCE.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The results from the excavations suggest that the “second urbanisation of Vaigai plains happened in Tamil Nadu around 6th century BCE as it happened in Gangetic plains.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The recent scientific dates obtained for Keeladi findings push back the date of Tamil-Brahmi script to another century, i.e., 6th century BCE.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fifty-six Tamil-Brahmi inscribed potsherds were also recovered from the site of excavation .</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pottery specimens from Keeladi sent for mineral analysis, confirmed that water containers and cooking vessels were shaped out of locally available raw materials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The next round of excavations are underway to determine further studies.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Keeladi</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Keeladi is a <strong>Sangam period</strong> residence that is being excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This excavation site is located 12 km southeast of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, near the town of Keeladi in Sivagangai district.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is found on the shores of river Vaigai and it brings out the culture of Tamils</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'keeladi-findings-on-historical-accounts', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2b41/himij75504aabzm6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2b41/himij75504aabzm6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Keeladi findings on Historical accounts', 'metakeyword' => 'Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department (TNAD) has stated ', 'metadescription' => 'Tamil Nadu Archaeology Department (TNAD) has stated that the cultural deposits unearthed during excavations at Keeladi in Sivaganga district could be safely ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7ksfmod1tejvj7m/Keeladi_findings_on_Historical_accounts.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2385, 'title' => 'Ajanta caves', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japanese tourists visiting the Ajanta caves have complained that bad roads have been deterring them from recommending the tourist destination back home.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are one of the most famous and sought after tourist destination in India after the Taj Mahal. The caves are famous for their ancient paintings and sculptures depicting Buddhist culture.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 (approximately) rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state of India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The caves include paintings and rock-cut sculptures described as among the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The site is a protected monument in the care of the Archaeological Survey of India, and since 1983, the Ajanta Caves have been a <strong>UNESCO World Heritage Site</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Art</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paintings in the Ajanta caves predominantly narrate the Jataka tales. These are Buddhist legends describing the previous births of the Buddha.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These fables embed ancient morals and cultural lores that are also found in the fables and legends of Hindu and Jain texts.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paintings are in "dry fresco", painted on top of a dry plaster surface rather than into wet plaster.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Famous paintings include <strong>Bodhisattva Padmapani,King Janaka and wife, Persian ambassador, Buddha painting, Doorway painting</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ajanta-caves', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b7d8/9jajlzbr7vbe4k86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b7d8/9jajlzbr7vbe4k86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ajanta caves | Ajanta', 'metakeyword' => 'Ajanta caves', 'metadescription' => 'Japanese tourists visiting the Ajanta caves have complained that bad roads have been deterring them from recommending the tourist destination back home.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/15lt1ezbpyaqyxa/Ajanta_caves.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2507, 'title' => 'Chalukyas of Badami', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Graves of Chalukyan rulers have been found in a village near Huligemmanakolla in Pattadakal of Bagalkot district in <strong>Karnataka</strong>.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Chalukyan kings were famous for building gigantic temples with intricate architecture in places such as Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal in Bagalkot district. There are 11 small temple-like structures in Huligemmanakolla that are believed to be the final resting place of the royal family.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukyan kings built marvellous monuments and temples, but there are no clear details available of the places where they lived including their graves, which they had kept discreet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovered area contains small temples built over linga, which is assumed to be graves of the Chalukyan royal family.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Chalukyas</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakeshin I in 543 AD. <strong>Pulakeshin I</strong> took Vatapi (modern Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pulakeshin I and his descendants are referred to as "<strong>Chalukyas of Badami</strong>". </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pulakeshin II, the most famous ruler, extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and halted the southward march of <strong>Harsha</strong>, belonging to <strong>Pushyabhuti</strong> dynasty by defeating him on the banks of the river <strong>Narmada.</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Architecture</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Their style of architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" , "Karnata Dravida architecture" or the “Vesara Style” of architecture, which is the fusion between northern “Nagara” style and southern “Dravida” style.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Badami Cave temples</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Badami cave temples have rock-cut halls with three basic features: pillared veranda, columned hall and a sanctum cut out deep into rock.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pattadkal temples</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Virupaksha temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Papanatha temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mallikarjuna temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sangameshwara temple</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Aihole temples</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lad khan temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Durga temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Suryanarayan temple</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ravana Phadi temple</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Contributions</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rise of this empire saw the birth of <strong>efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce.</strong></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kannada literature, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chalukyas provided patronage to various religions and traditions such as Jainism, Veerashaiva etc and allowed them to prosper.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chalukyas-of-badami', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5752/1p2m3whrlggxopo6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5752/1p2m3whrlggxopo6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Chalukyas of Badami | Badami Cave temples', 'metakeyword' => 'Chalukyas of Badami', 'metadescription' => 'Graves of Chalukyan rulers have been found in a village near Huligemmanakolla in Pattadakal of Bagalkot district in Karnataka.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/xy2lpfk9f5hijnr/Chalukyas_of_Badami.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2557, 'title' => 'Rangdum monastery', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Archaelogical Survey of India(ASI) is planning to declare the Rangdum monastery, located in Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, a monument of national importance.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The centre is looking at bringing more monuments under protection in order to boost tourism in the region , after its decision to split Jammu and Kashmir into two Union Territories J&K and Ladakh.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rangdum Monastery</strong> is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery belonging to the Gelugpa sect, located in the Suru Valley, in Ladakh.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Famous Monastries</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hemis Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery (gompa) of the Drukpa Lineage, in Hemis, Ladakh, India. It is situated near Leh in Jammu and Kashmir State, on the West bank of river Indus.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tabo Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located in the Tabo village of Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tsulglagkhang Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the home for His Holiness Dalai Lama and is situated in Maclodganj suburb of Dharamshala district in Himachal Pradesh.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thiksey Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a gompa (monastery) affiliated with the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism. It is located on top of a hill in Thiksey village near Leh in Ladakh.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tawang Monastery</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located in Tawang city of Tawang district in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world .</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rumtek Monastery - </strong>Gangtok, Sikkim</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Nako Monastery - </strong>Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Matho Monastery - </strong>Ladakh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Alchi Gompa Monastery -</strong> Ladakh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lingdum Monastery - </strong>Sikkim</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kye Gompa Monastery - </strong>Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ghum Monastery - </strong>West Bengal</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Shashur Monastery -</strong> Himachal Pradesh</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bylakuppe Monastery – </strong>Karnataka</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rangdum-monastery', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/328f/6phnbbttsgcu5h36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/328f/6phnbbttsgcu5h36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rangdum monastery', 'metakeyword' => 'The Archaelogical Survey of India(ASI) is planning ', 'metadescription' => 'The Archaelogical Survey of India(ASI) is planning to declare the Rangdum monastery, located in Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir, a monument of national ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/bzm2nh7s2m8ql24/Rangdum_monastery.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2590, 'title' => 'Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta cave paintings have started deteriorating in the past few decades and are losing the battle against insects and other climatic stressors.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ajanta caves are classic masterpiece of Buddhist art and is a UNESCO world heritage site and a protected monument of the Archaeological Survey of India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research team from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI) has looked at all the available literature on the Ajanta caves and mapped out the different factors causing this damage.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have also mentioned a few environmentally friendly solutions to the problem that can help preserve them from the threat.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team writes that the most common insects were silverfish, beetles and common bugs.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another main problem was the entry of rainwater and water from the <strong>Waghura</strong> River which lead to dampness in the cave atmosphere causing an increase in algae, fungi, insects, and microbes. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These factors together were changing the original colour of the paintings, where white is turning to yellow and blue is becoming green.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers found that a mixture of hemp, clay, and lime plaster was considered efficient for preserving paintings and carvings in nearby Ellora caves, but this method was not used in Ajanta caves. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Studies have shown that basal layer of the murals was made of mud plaster and organic matter such as paddy husks, grass, vegetable fibres, thus making it a good breeding place for microbes and insects.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Protective measures</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study has suggested using certain lights and colour to tackle the problem of insects such as using ultraviolet light traps, as nocturnal insects are known to get attracted to ultraviolet radiation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yellow lamps can also be an excellent tool to effectively control moths, which are diurnal and attracted to yellow light.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Spraying of insecticides and herbicides, fixing the loose plaster on cave walls, regular cleaning and use of preservative coating on the painting.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ajanta Caves</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to about 480 CE in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'insects-and-pests-threatening-ajanta-paintings', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddd0/7of2et48c9bsqz06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ddd0/7of2et48c9bsqz06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings', 'metakeyword' => 'Insects and pests threatening Ajanta paintings', 'metadescription' => 'The Ajanta cave paintings have started deteriorating in the past few decades and are losing the battle against insects and other climatic stressors.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/e31kgt40m6s72mx/Insects_and_pests_threatening_Ajanta_paintings.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2688, 'title' => 'Berlin wall', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Germany<strong> </strong>has marked three decades since the fall of the Berlin Wall. A hint of a return of the Cold War and the rise of nationalism is dampening the mood.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fall of the wall that divided post-war Europe had led to hopes of a liberal democratic era and disarmament three decades ago but has not changed yet.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Berlin Wall was a wall that separated the city of Berlin in Germany from 1961 to 1989.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It separated the eastern half from the western half. Many people think it was a symbol of the Cold War. The Berlin Wall was taken down on November 9, 1989.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After World War II ended, Germany was divided into four zones, one zone for each of the main Allied countries: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its capital Berlin was also divided into four zones, so that it was an enclave, like an island inside the Soviet zone.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On May 8, 1949, the French, United Kingdom and US zones were made into West Germany and West Berlin. The Soviet zones were made into East Germany and East Berlin.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After Germany split into West and East Germany many East Germans left to go to West Germany. In Berlin alone, 3.6 million people fled to the west.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> To stop this, the Communist government of East Germany built a wall separating East and West Berlin.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In October 1989 mass demonstrations against the government in East Germany began. In November, 1989, the Central Committee of East Germany decided to make it easier for East Germans to pass through the wall.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Less than one year after the Berlin Wall was broken down, Germany again became one country.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'berlin-wall', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0fe9/ktt0c972vn5pyuq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0fe9/ktt0c972vn5pyuq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Berlin wall | The Fall of The Berlin Wall', 'metakeyword' => 'After World War II ended, Germany was divided into four ', 'metadescription' => 'After World War II ended, Germany was divided into four zones, one zone for each of the main Allied countries: France, the United Kingdom, the United ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/des4cr0g9l4yqjx/Berlin_wall.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2840, 'title' => 'Parliament passes Jallianwala Bagh memorial Trust Bill', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Parliament has passed the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial (Amendment) Bill, 2019. Rajya Sabha approved the bill on 19th November while Lok Sabha had passed it in the last session.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The Act provides for the erection of a National Memorial in memory of those killed or wounded on April 13, 1919, in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar. In addition, it creates a Trust to manage the National Memorial.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bill seeks to amend the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act, 1951. It has a provision to remove the President of the Congress party as a trustee and clarifies that when there is no Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, the leader of the single largest Opposition party will be the trustee.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under the 1951 Act, the Trustees of the Memorial include: </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(i) the Prime Minister as Chairperson, (ii) President of the Indian National Congress, (iii) Minister in-charge of Culture, (iv) Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, (v) Governor of Punjab, (vi) Chief Minister of Punjab, and (vii) three eminent persons nominated by the central government. </span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bill amends this provision to remove the President of the Indian National Congress as a Trustee. Further, it clarifies that when there is no Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, then the leader of the single largest opposition party will be the Trustee.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bill also allows the Central government to terminate the term of a nominated trustee before the expiry of the period of his term, without assigning any reason.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13 April 1919 when Acting Brigadier-General <strong>Reginald Dyer</strong> ordered troops of the British Indian Army to fire their rifles into a crowd of unarmed civilians in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government had sent a notification to ban all meetings under the Rowlatt Act during Baisakhi but it was not widely circulated.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many villagers had gathered in the Bagh to celebrate the important Sikh festival of Baisakhi, and peacefully protest the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, <strong>Satyapal</strong> and<strong> Saifuddin Kitchlew</strong>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dyer was initially lauded for his actions in Britain and became a hero among many who were directly benefiting from the British Raj, such as members of the House of Lords.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He was, however, widely criticised in the House of Commons, whose July 1920 committee of investigation censured him.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This incident shocked <strong>Rabindranath Tagore</strong> to such extent that he renounced his <strong>knighthood</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Rowlatt Act or The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in British India for up to two years without a trial, and gave the imperial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities.It was named after its president, British judge <strong>Sir Sidney Rowlatt.</strong> </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Government of India repealed the Rowlatt Act, the Press Act, and twenty-two other laws in March 1922.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rowlatt Satyagraha</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>M. K Gandhi</strong> started campaign against Rowlatt bill and set up Satyagraha Sabha 24th February AD 1919 at Bombay. It was also called the ‘<strong>Himalayan Blunder</strong>’ for its failure to curb violence.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Hunter Commission</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government of India formed a committee of inquiry to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh shootings. On October 14, 1919, the Government of India announced the formation of the Disorders Inquiry Committee. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The committee was commonly known as Hunter Commission after the name of chairman, Lord William Hunter. It also had no Indian members.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'jallianwala-bagh-memorial-trust-bill', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5690/x1fsq2zg13qcixx6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5690/x1fsq2zg13qcixx6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Parliament passes Jallianwala Bagh memorial Trust Bill', 'metakeyword' => 'Parliament passes Jallianwala Bagh memorial Trust Bill', 'metadescription' => 'Parliament has passed the Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial (Amendment) Bill, 2019. Rajya Sabha approved the bill on 19th November while Lok Sabha', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hve3ct60wejb1ly/Parliament_passes_Jallianwala_Bagh_memorial_Trust_Bill.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 2869, 'title' => 'Climate induced human migration', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The items collected during research from the Karim Shahi in Rann of Kutch region revealed that humans occupied that region from Early Iron Age to the Early Historic (3,100 – 2,300 years) period.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Recent research article that says that this region might have been home to the early Iron Age settlements about 3,000 years ago. The region was also inhabited during the Medieval periods of about 1,500 to 900 years ago.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from IIT Kharagpur during their geological explorations stumbled upon artefacts like pitchers, jewellery, jars, figurines. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Using modern luminescence and radiocarbon methods, the team tried to date them, which revealed that these items were the earliest to be found in the presently arid Rann of Kutch and the Thar Desert.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bronze age Indus Valley civilisation started declining around 4,000 years and finally collapsed at 3,300 years before present.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After this period there is no evidence of any settlements in the Indus valley region. This was called the ‘Dark Age’.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Karim Shahi region was found to be very close to sea-level and based on the artefacts collected it has been pointed out that this region could have been a local trade center. The people are believed to have traded jewellery and pottery. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Also, Chinese and Persian pottery were found at the Vigakot site indicating that it was a hub for a long-distance trade both through sea and land from China through India to West Asia.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sedimentological observation revealed that below these settlements, there was evidence of riverine system. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon isotopes and pollens in these sediments revealed that there was gradual increase in grasslands and plant communities that thrive in arid environments.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Monsoon started to decline 7000 years ago. Eventhough Harappan people had adopted water conservation techniques, they were forced to migrate from early Iron Age till medieval time.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'climate-induced-human-migration', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9290/yyir025ezmzwnxu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9290/yyir025ezmzwnxu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Climate induced human migration', 'metakeyword' => 'Climate induced human migration', 'metadescription' => 'The items collected during research from the Karim Shahi in Rann of Kutch region revealed that humans occupied that region from Early Iron Age to the Early ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/q1uzkeoa6ins38p/Climate_induced_human_migration.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3089, 'title' => 'Evidence of Saraswati river’s existence', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, and Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, have analysed sand from 3-10 metres below surface of modern <strong>Ghaggar</strong> river and found that it was indeed a perennial river, fed by glacial rivers in the past.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rig veda mentions a mighty, snow-fed river Saraswati on whose banks the literature was supposed to be derived. Today, the Ghaggar is a seasonal, monsoon-fed river originating in the sub-Himalayas. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indus valley civilisation which flourished in present day northwestern India and adjacent Pakistan was the largest and oldest urban civilisation in the world. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nearly two-thirds of the 1,500 archaeological sites of the Harappans occur on the dried up banks of the Ghaggar river.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coarse-grained white or grey sands that contain abundant white mica are typical of glacier-fed Higher Himalayan rivers such as the Ganga, Yamuna and Sutlej. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers found such sand layers 3-10 metres below the surface on both sides of the modern Ghaggar in a stretch of 300 kilometres up to the Pakistan border.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Presence of this sand itself is an indication of existence of a powerful river in the past. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team identified the source of these sands by studying the <strong>strontium-neodymium isotopic</strong> <strong>ratios</strong>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also measured the ages of the mica samples in the sand by <strong>argon-argon dating method</strong>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was found that the isotopic ratios and Ar-Ar ages overlap with those of the rocks of the Higher Himalaya, thus establishing that these sands have been transported by the river from Higher Himalaya to the plains.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team established the depositional ages of the samples by radiocarbon dating and optical dating of mollusk shells found in the deposit. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers thus established that the ancient Ghaggar transported sands from glaciated regions of the Higher Himalaya.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The key result of the research is that the river Ghaggar had two distinct perennial phases: one during 80,000-20,000 years ago and the other during 9,000-4,500 years ago.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On the basis of the data the researchers show that the <strong>Sutlej</strong> River was flowing into the Ghaggar River to make it perennial for the Early Harappans.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers say that the revived perennial condition of the Ghaggar, between 9,000 and 4,500 years ago can be correlated with the Rig vedic Saraswati, and that it likely facilitated development of the early Harappan settlements along its banks.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Perennial and non-perennial rivers</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Perennial rivers are those rivers which exhibit a continuous flow of water throughout the year except during extreme drought. Examples: <strong>Indus</strong>, <strong>Ganges</strong>, <strong>Brahmaputra</strong>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Non-perennial rivers are those rivers which have no flow for at least a part of the year. Examples : <strong>Mahanadi</strong>, <strong>Krishna</strong>, <strong>Narmada</strong>, <strong>Tapi</strong>, <strong>Godavari</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'evidence-of-saraswati-river-existence', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2368/8vmnxil3lgle2qz6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2368/8vmnxil3lgle2qz6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Evidence of Saraswati river’s existence', 'metakeyword' => 'Evidence of Saraswati river’s existence', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, and Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, have analysed sand from 3-10 metres', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4tz0u6lcxsr89ty/Evidence_of_Saraswati_river%C6s_existence.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3160, 'title' => 'Monsoon decided history of Indian subcontinent', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A recent study by researchers at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (IIT-KGP) has revealed that abrupt changes in the Indian monsoon in the last 900 years decided the course of human history in the subcontinent.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Abrupt changes in Indian summer monsoon strength during the last 900 years and their linkages to socio-economic conditions in the Indian subcontinent. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study highlights that decline of Indian dynasties was linked to weak monsoon and reduced food production.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Deficient rainfall led to the collapse of the Mansabdari system, started by Mughal emperor Akbar, in the late 17th century. Similarly, drought interspersed with violent monsoon rains sounded the death knell for the Khmer empire of south-east Asia in the 15th century.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several dynasties, such as the Sena in Bengal, Solanki in Gujarat in the mid-13th century and Paramara and Yadav in the early to mid-14th century, all of which flourished during abundant rainfall, declined during the dry phases of Indian summer monsoon (ISM), suggesting role of the climate in the socio-political crisis.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study highlights strong monsoon during Medieval Climate Anomaly and Current Warm Period and phases of weak and strong monsoon in Little Ice Age.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study suggests that from the beginning of the 19 century, the changes in the ISM became more abrupt with a rise in atmospheric temperature that coincides with the dawn of the Industrial Revolution.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The scientists also said that they were doing similar work extending their Palaeoclimatic study to 6000 years ago to see the impact of climate change on Indus Valley civilization and on population migrations.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mansabdari system</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mansabdari System was a system introduced by Akbar for military administration and territorial commands (grant and revenue) to sustain parts of army.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Mansabdari system was borrowed from the system followed in Mongolia. The Mughal officers whether Hindus or Muslims were granted territorial commands in return for the military service.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They had to bring in some fixed number of men-at-arms, horses and elephants to the field and were rated as per the numbers which was known as Zats. So they were called Mansabdars of 10, 20, 100, and 1000 and so on.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'monsoon-decided-history-of-indian-subcontinent', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fac0/qej2rh34ovb3uhl6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fac0/qej2rh34ovb3uhl6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Monsoon decided history of Indian subcontinent', 'metakeyword' => 'Monsoon decided history of Indian subcontinent', 'metadescription' => 'A recent study by researchers at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (IIT-KGP) has revealed that abrupt changes in the Indian monsoon in the last 900', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/h6btp2rw1fp3ym8/Monsoon_decided_history_of_Indian_subcontinent.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3247, 'title' => 'Bhima Koregaon violence', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lakhs of people paid their tributes at the “Jaystambh” (victory pillar) in Perne village in Pune district of Maharashtra<strong> </strong>on the occasion of the 202nd anniversary of the Bhima- Koregaon battle.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bhima Koregaon obelisk is dedicated to the Mahar British soldiers who fought against the Peshwa forces in the 1818 battle. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bhima Koregaon </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1818 Battle of Koregaon is of communal importance for the Dalits. On 1 January 1818, 800 troops of the British Army, with small number of Mahars (leather workers) predominant among them, defeated a numerically superior force of the <strong>Peshwa Baji Rao II</strong>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A victory pillar (Vijay Sthamb) was erected in Koregaon by the British, commemorating the dead soldiers. In 1928, the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar led the first commemoration ceremony here. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since then, on 1 January every year, Ambedkarite Dalits gather at Bhima Koregaon to celebrate their victory against the upper caste Peshwa regime, whom they see as their oppressors.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Battle of Koregaon</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Battle of Koregaon (also called the Battle of Koregaon Bhima, after the river <strong>Bhima</strong> that flows close to it) was fought on <strong>1 January 1818</strong> between the British East India Company and the <strong>Peshwa faction of the Maratha Confederacy</strong>, at Koregaon Bhima.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The battle was part of the <strong>Third Anglo Maratha</strong> <strong>war</strong>, a series of battles that culminated in the defeat of the Maratha empire (under the Peshwas) and subsequent rule of the British East India Company in nearly all of Western, Central and Southern India. The company forces were led by <strong>Captain Francis Staunton.</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bhima-koregaon-violence', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f86e/70menika4q5unai6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f86e/70menika4q5unai6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bhima Koregaon violence', 'metakeyword' => 'Bhima Koregaon violence', 'metadescription' => 'Lakhs of people paid their tributes at the “Jaystambh” (victory pillar) in Perne village in Pune district of Maharashtra on the occasion of the 202nd anniversary', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/majy6bfd0t7tp9z/Bhima_Koregaon_violence.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3310, 'title' => 'Nankana Sahib', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tension mounted in Nankana Sahib in Pakistan when a man hurled stones at Gurdwara Janam Asthan, the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev, and threatened to convert it into a mosque.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nankana Sahib is a city in Pakistan’s Punjab province, where Gurdwara Janam Asthan (also called Nankana Sahib Gurdwara) is located. The shrine is built over the site where Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was believed to be born in 1469. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Besides Gurdwara Janam Asthan, Nankana Sahib has several important shrines, including Gurdwara Patti Sahib, Gurdwara Bal Leela, Gurdwara Mal Ji Sahib, Gurdwara Kiara Sahib, Gurdwara Tambu Sahib, all dedicated to stages in the life of the first Guru. There is also a Gurdwara in memory of Guru Arjan (5th Guru) and Guru Hargobind (6th Guru).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Janam Asthan shrine was constructed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, after he visited Nankana Sahib in 1818-19 while returning from the Battle of Multan.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During British rule, the Gurdwara Janam Asthan was the site of a violent episode when in 1921, over 130 Akali Sikhs were killed after they were attacked by the Mahant of the shrine.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The incident is regarded as one of the key milestones in the Gurdwara Reform Movement, which led to the passing of the Sikh Gurdwara Act in 1925 that ended the Mahant control of Gurdwaras.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Gurudwara Reform Movement</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Akali Movement also known as Gurdwara Reform Movement came into full swing from the early 1920's. Its aim was to bring reform in the working and management of Sikh Gurdwaras. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Akali Movement was created to free the Sikhs historic Gurdwaras from Mahants who were supported by the British rule.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eventually the Gurdwara Reform Act was passed in July 1925 which placed all Gurdwaras in Punjab under Panthic control. This control was to be exercised through elected Panthic bodies viz, Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandak Committee and local Gurdwara Committees.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'nankana-sahib', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fd96/oznb0z5etqljhs96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fd96/oznb0z5etqljhs96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Nankana Sahib | Nankana Sahib in Pakistan', 'metakeyword' => 'Nankana Sahib, Nankana Sahib in Pakistan', 'metadescription' => 'Tension mounted in Nankana Sahib in Pakistan when a man hurled stones at Gurdwara Janam Asthan, the birthplace of Guru Nanak Dev, and threatened ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/x8lzi3wnsec9ncn/Nankana_Sahib.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3368, 'title' => 'Alamparai fort', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Alamparai Fort, which was once a thriving port and mint of the Muslim and French rulers, is set to regain its majesty after 350 years.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The funding for the conservation and restoration project has come from the Asian Development Bank, which has allotted ?8.02 crore for the initiative.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Situated along the Chennai-Puducherry East Coast Road in Madurantakam taluk of Kancheepuram district, the 15-acre brick and lime square structure was built by the Muslim rulers in the 17th century AD.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was under the control of Nawab Dost Ali Khan in 1735, and was gifted to French Governor Joseph François Dupleix in 1750.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Important commodities like salt, cloth and ghee were exported from Alamparai, which is situated close to the Marakkanam port.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Alamparai, a flourishing place of trade and commerce, fell into oblivion when the British, led by Sir Thomas Eyre Coote, captured the fort in 1760 and inflicted damage on it.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Carnatic Wars</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the 18th century, three Carnatic Wars were fought between various Indian rulers and British and French East India Company on either side. These wars resulted in establishment of political supremacy of British East India Company.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The French company was reduced in the areas around Pondicherry only. Commercial and maritime rivalry between France and England was the primary reason for the wars.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>First war (1744-48)</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The war began with British Fleet arrived on Coromandel Coast and they started capturing the French Ships. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">French asked backup forces from Mauritius. When these forces came, they attacked British, captured Madras and imprisoned the British Company servants. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To recapture Madras from French, Nawab of Arcot sent troops to Fort St George but the forces of Nawab were defeated by French.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in Europe and this also restored the peace between France and England. With this treaty, Madras was restored to the English for some territories (Louisburg) in North America.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Second war (1749-54)</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A victory over Indian Nawab in first war boosted the confidence of Dupleix, who now thought to expand influence in South India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1748 he saw an opportunity when Nizam of Hyderabad Asaf Jah I died and a war for succession broke out. There was a trouble in Arcot also.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dupleix pledged French support for Nizam’s grandson Muzaffar Zang for Hyderabad and Chanda Sahib for Arcot.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">British pledged support to Nasir Zang for Hyderabad and Muhammad Ali for Arcot.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">French protégé Muzaffar Zang was killed. French quickly put his nominee Salabat Zang on throne and maintained French Influence on Hyderabad for several years.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Robert Clive, who was a Clerk at that time in the Company suggest to attack on Arcot. This plan was approved, Arcot was occupied Chanda Sahib was captured and executed. Mohammad Ali was made Nawab of Arcot / Carnatic.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">French and British signed a treaty of Pondicherry in 1755 and by this both countries agreed to not to interfere in quarrels of Indian princes.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Third War (1757-63)</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The conflict between the France and England got renewed in 1756 in Europe, in the form of Seven Years War, which is coterminous with the Third Carnatic war.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Third Carnatic War put an end to the French ambitions to create a colonial empire in India. The British Forces were able to capture the French Settlements at Chandranagar in 1757.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The British Forces were able to capture the French Settlements at Chandranagar in 1757. The French forces in south were led by Comte De Lally. The British forces under Sir Eyre Coote, defeated the French in the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 and besieged Pondicherry.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'alamparai-fort', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ec5e/sqq35cssvi9qh5e6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ec5e/sqq35cssvi9qh5e6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Alamparai fort | The Alamparai Fort,', 'metakeyword' => 'Alamparai fort, The Alamparai Fort,', 'metadescription' => 'The Alamparai Fort, which was once a thriving port and mint of the Muslim and French rulers, is set to regain its majesty after 350 years.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/thildfdmuyfj8oz/Alamparai_fort.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3536, 'title' => 'Sarcophagus dedicated to Sky god excavated in Egypt', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Egypt’s Antiquities Ministry has unveiled the tombs of ancient high priests and a sarcophagus dedicated to the sky god <strong>Horus</strong> at an archaeological site in <strong>Minya</strong> governorate.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Egypt<strong> </strong>has in recent years sought to promote archaeological discoveries across the country in a bid to revive tourism, which took a hit from the turmoil that followed its 2011 uprising.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The mission found 16 tombs containing 20 sarcophagi, some engraved with hieroglyphics, at the <strong>Al-Ghoreifa</strong> site, about 300 km south of Cairo.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The shared tombs were dedicated to high priests of the god Djehuty and senior officials, from the Late Period around 3,000 years ago. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They were from the 15th nome, an ancient Egyptian territorial division ruled over by a Provincial Governor.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the stone sarcophagi was dedicated to the god Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris, and features a depiction of the goddess Nut spreading her wings. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ministry also unveiled 10,000 blue and green ushabti (funerary figurines), 700 amulets bearing scarab shapes, and one bearing the figure of a winged cobra.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Painted limestone canopic jars, which the ancient Egyptians used to store the entrails of their mummified dead, were also unearthed.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'sarcophagus-dedicated-to-sky-god-excavated-in-egypt', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b86e/ksuxrdoxfnsliff6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b86e/ksuxrdoxfnsliff6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Sarcophagus dedicated to Sky god excavated in Egypt', 'metakeyword' => 'Sarcophagus dedicated to Sky god excavated in Egypt', 'metadescription' => 'Egypt has in recent years sought to promote archaeological discoveries across the country in a bid to revive tourism, which took a hit from the turmoil', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ufy9dx9n44suxo9/Sarcophagus_dedicated_to_Sky_god_excavated_in_Egypt.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3553, 'title' => 'Heritage archaelogical sites to be developed', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government proposes to set up an Indian Institute of Heritage and Conservation under the Ministry of Culture, and develop five archaeological sites as “iconic sites”.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The heritage sites with on-site museum are <strong>Rakhigarhi</strong> (Haryana), <strong>Hastinapur</strong> (Uttar Pradesh), <strong>Sivsagar</strong> (Assam), <strong>Dholavira</strong> (Gujarat) and <strong>Adichanallur</strong> (Tamil Nadu).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rakhigarhi</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rakhigarhi in Haryana’s Hissar district is one of the most prominent and largest sites of the Harappan civilisation. It is one among the five known townships of the Harappan civilisation in the Indian subcontinent.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In one of the excavations, the skeletal remains of a couple were discovered. Interestingly, of the 62 graves discovered in Rakhigarhi, only this particular grave consisted of more than one skeletal remains and of individuals of the opposite sex together.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hastinapur</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hastinapur finds mention in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. One of the most significant discoveries made at this site was of the “new ceramic industry”, which was named the Painted Grey Ware, which as per the report represented the relics of the early Indo-Aryans.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sites of Hastinapur, Mathura, Kurukshetra, Barnawa, etc., are identifiable with those of the same name mentioned in the Mahabharata. If that be so, the Painted Grey Ware would be associated with the early settlers on these sites, viz. The Pauravas, Panchalas, etc., who formed a part of the early Aryan stock in India.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Shivsagar</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Sivasagar, excavations at the Karenghar (Talatalghar) complex between 2000 and 2003 led to the discovery of buried structures in the north-western and north-eastern side of the complex.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the structural remains found at the site were ceramic assemblages including vases, vessels, dishes, and bowls, etc. Terracotta smoking pipes were also found.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another excavation site in Sivasagar district is the Garhgaon Raja’s palace. A burnt-brick wall running in north-south orientation was found, along with the remains of two huge circular wooden posts.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dholavira</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dholavira in Gujarat is located in the Khadir island of the Rann of Kutch, and like Rakhigarhi is one of the sites where the remains of the Harappan civilisation have been found.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dholavira is unique because remains of a complete water system have been found here. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The people who lived there for an estimated 1,200 years during the Harappan civilisation are noted for their water conservation system using rainwater harvesting techniques in an otherwise parched landscape.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Adichnallur</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Adichnallur lies in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. The urn-burial site was first brought to light during a “haphazard excavation” by a German archaeologist in 1876.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the years, the site has gained attention because of three important findings: the discovery of an ancient Tamil-Brahmi script on the inside of an urn containing a full human skeleton, a fragment of a broken earthenware, and the remains of living quarters.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'heritage-archaelogical-sites-to-be-developed', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6818/0h70pn66hr85zm96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6818/0h70pn66hr85zm96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Heritage archaelogical sites to be developed', 'metakeyword' => 'Heritage archaelogical sites to be developed', 'metadescription' => 'The government proposes to set up an Indian Institute of Heritage and Conservation under the Ministry of Culture, and develop five archaeological sites', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/nvca62asgl7j9h6/Heritage_archaeological_sites_to_be_developed.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3555, 'title' => 'Scientists to digitally create port city Poompuhar', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chola Dynasty port city in Tamil Nadu that vanished from maritime history around 1,000 years ago will be digitally reconstructed by a team led by the Department of Science and Technology.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reconstruction of Poompuhar is part of DST’s Indian Digital Heritage project. An exhibition of its first project ‘Digital Hampi’ is currently on display at the National Museum.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are exhaustive narrations in works of Sangam Tamil literature to infer that the city, located 30 km from the existing Poompuhar town in southern TN, was submerged due to “<em>kadalkol</em>” or rising sea levels.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite several studies on Tamil literature, archaeology, history, epigraphy, underwater exploration and geosciences, the mystery of the exact location of initial establishment of Poompuhar, its age, later shifts, along with periods, time-series spatial evolution in the present location at the mouth of river Cauvery, and the reasons and periods of its extinction, remain unresolved.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study involves underwater surveys and photography by remotely operated vehicles and sea bed drilling, remote sensing-based geodynamic studies to bring out comprehensive information on the time series evolution and extinction. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also involves the visualisation of geodynamic processes of the last 20,000 years like land subsidence, sea-level rise, Cauvery’s migration, floods, tsunami, cyclones and erosion. The information extracted from the studies will help digitally reconstruct the life history of Poompuhar.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Initial studies carried out by the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites show that the city was established initially in the Cauvery Delta-A about 30km away from the present town around 15,000 years ago.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It shifted further 10 km to the west to Delta-B around 11,000 years ago and again further 10 km west to Delta-C around 8000 years ago. Finally, it was re-established at the present location at the mouth of the river Cauvery around 3,000 years ago.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'scientists-to-digitally-create-port-city-poompuhar', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/09f2/42t20u0izllee6r6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/09f2/42t20u0izllee6r6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists to digitally create port city Poompuhar', 'metakeyword' => 'Scientists to digitally create port city Poompuhar', 'metadescription' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/98mkmgluil7h7k6/Scientists_to_digitally_create_port_city_Poompuhar.pdf/file', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/98mkmgluil7h7k6/Scientists_to_digitally_create_port_city_Poompuhar.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3767, 'title' => 'Ancient city in Haryana’s Sirsa', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A mound in Sirsa indistinguishable from the dusty background of most Haryana small towns could hold clues to the ancient city of ‘<strong>Sarishika’</strong>.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Falling on the old route to Takshashila, the 6th-5th century BC city found mention in the Mahabharata, Panini’s Ashtadhyayi and the Buddhist text Divyavadana.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Before the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) can confirm the historicity of the site, it has to convince the nearly 50,000 people living on the identified 82 acres to move.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is also a dispute over the size of the protected area, with surveys by the ASI and government departments such as Revenue and Archaeology and Museums coming up with different figures.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government is said to be trying to see if the ASI can take the parts of Ther that are heavily inhabited out of the protected zone.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ASI found numerous antiquarian remains, ranging from the Gupta to the Mughal period in three months of excavation, but needs more time to verify the facts.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Following an affidavit to court regarding the area for protection, a joint survey conducted by the ASI and Haryana’s Archaeological and Museums Department too had put the Ther area at 82 acres.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ancient-city-in-haryana-sirsa', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3deb/i8uk3qzx9lw79mv6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3deb/i8uk3qzx9lw79mv6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ancient city in Haryana’s Sirsa', 'metakeyword' => 'Ancient city in Haryana’s Sirsa', 'metadescription' => 'A mound in Sirsa indistinguishable from the dusty background of most Haryana small towns could hold clues to the ancient city of ‘Sarishika’.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ekty5oqbh8gqjbc/Ancient_city_in_Haryana%C6s_Sirsa.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3787, 'title' => 'Early human habitat in northern India', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An archaeological excavation carried out in the trenches at Dhaba in the upper Son river valley in central India has found evidence of human occupation in this area almost 80,000 years ago.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The international team of researchers found evidence of the continuous presence of humans in this region between 80,000 years ago and 65,000 years ago.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The lithic industry (stone tools) from Dhaba strongly resembles stone tool assemblages from the African Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Arabia, and the earliest artefacts from Australia, suggesting that it is likely the product of <em>Homo sapiens</em> as they dispersed eastward out of Africa.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This finding is important in the face of competing theories on the first presence of human populations in different regions of the world and on human dispersal from Africa.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About 74,000 years ago, the Toba volcanic super-eruption, centred around Sumatra, is believed to have caused an almost decade-long spell of cold weather across many parts of the Earth. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is an argument that this induced winter not only led to the cooling of the Earth’s surface for almost a thousand years since the eruption, but also destroyed huge populations of hominins.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hypothesis is that the ‘volcanic winter’ caused a bottleneck in the gene pool of humans, because only a few survived who were in Africa at the time. Later, this population is believed to have emerged from Africa and colonised different parts of the world. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, the present study rules out this hypothesis as it implies that a population of early humans inhabited northern India even before the date of the eruption (74,000 years ago) and continued through the period of the devastation and until much later.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The excavation unearthed a large tool industry spanning the period of the Toba super-eruption. The large Megalithic tools were dated between approximately 80,000 years and 65,000 years and the small tools were dated at approximately 50,000 years suggesting a continuous inhabiting of this region by humans undisturbed by the super-eruption.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fact that we find these before and after the Toba eruption with no apparent change in technology indicates that major eruptions like Toba appear not to have had a catastrophic effect on small hunter-gatherer bands living in India at the time.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'early-human-habitat-in-northern-india', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/69ff/2bgz0h7uy6gzfr76g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/69ff/2bgz0h7uy6gzfr76g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Early human habitat in northern India', 'metakeyword' => 'Early human habitat in northern India', 'metadescription' => 'An archaeological excavation carried out in the trenches at Dhaba in the upper Son river valley in central India has found evidence of human occupation in this area almost 80,000 years ago.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/udosojdr72v4jm3/Early_human_habitat_in_northern_India.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 3789, 'title' => 'Rakhigarhi Harappan site', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Centre is moving ahead with its plan to develop the site of Rakhigarhi as a tourist hub and set up a museum,which has got the residents worried.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had announced the government’s plan to fund five on-site museums, including the under-construction museum initiated by the Haryana government at Rakhigarhi in her budget speech.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ASI has been able to get under its control just 83.5 acres of the 350-hectare site that spans 11 mounds, after first taking over the site in 1996, due to encroachments and pending court cases.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Regarding the concerns, the government would work with the villagers to address their concerns as the tourist hub is formed.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rakhigarhi</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rakhigarhi is the site of a pre-Indus Valley Civilisation settlement going back to about 6500 BCE, located in the state of Haryana. Later, it was also part of the mature Indus Valley Civilisation, dating to 2600-1900 BCE. The site is located in the Sarasvati river plain, some 27 km from the seasonal <strong>Ghaggar</strong> river.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rakhigarhi encompasses a set of seven mounds, and there are many more settlement mounds in the immediate vicinity. In January 2014, the discovery of additional mounds resulted in it becoming the largest Indus Valley Civilization site, overtaking Mohenjodaro (300 Hectares) by almost 50 hectares, resulting in almost 350 hectares.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Findings</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Terracotta statues, weights, bronze artefacts, comb, copper fish hooks, needles and terracotta seals have also been found. A bronze vessel has been found which is decorated with gold and silver. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A gold foundry with about 3000 unpolished semi-precious stones has been found. Many tools used for polishing these stones and a furnace were found there. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A burial site has been found with 11 skeletons, with their heads in the north direction. Near the heads of these skeletons, utensils for everyday use were kept. The three female skeletons have shell bangles on their left wrists. Near one female skeleton, a gold armlet has been found.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hunting tools like copper hafts and fish hooks have been found here. Presence of various toys like mini wheels, miniature lids, sling balls, animal figurines indicates a prevalence of toy culture.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A granary belonging to mature Harappan phase (2600 BCE to 2000 BCE) has been found here. Granary is made up of mud-bricks with a floor of ramped earth plastered with mud. It has 7 rectangular or square chambers.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rakhigarhi-harappan-site', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6fb4/6c199bf2xyvmazg6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6fb4/6c199bf2xyvmazg6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rakhigarhi Harappan site', 'metakeyword' => 'Rakhigarhi Harappan site', 'metadescription' => 'The Centre is moving ahead with its plan to develop the site of Rakhigarhi as a tourist hub and set up a museum,which has got the residents worried.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/q9zbbs7g9ur22sq/Rakhigarhi_Harappan_site.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 28 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 4151, 'title' => 'The Great Depression', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With the novel coronavirus pandemic severely affecting the global economy, some experts have begun comparing the current crisis with the Great Depression, the devastating economic decline of the 1930s that went on to shape countless world events.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> A depression is a severe and prolonged downturn in economic activity. In economics, a depression is commonly defined as an extreme recession that lasts three or more years or leads to a decline in real gross domestic product (GDP) of at least 10 percent.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Experts have warned that unemployment levels in some countries could reach those from the 1930s era, when the unemployment rate was as high as around 25 per cent in the United States.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Currently, unemployment levels in the US are already estimated to be at 13 per cent, highest since the Great Depression, according to a New York Times report.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Great Depression</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Great Depression was a major economic crisis that began in the United States in 1929, and went to have a worldwide impact until 1939.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It began on October 24, 1929, a day that is referred to as “Black Thursday”, when a monumental crash occurred at the New York Stock Exchange as stock prices fell by 25 per cent.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the Wall Street crash was triggered by minor events, the extent of the decline was due to more deep-rooted factors such as a fall in aggregate demand, misplaced monetary policies, and an unintended rise in inventory levels.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the United States, prices and real output fell dramatically. Industrial production fell by 47 per cent, the wholesale price index by 33 per cent, and real GDP by 30 per cent.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The havoc caused in the US spread to other countries mainly due to the gold standard, which linked most of the world’s currencies by fixed exchange rates.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In almost every country of the world, there were massive job losses, deflation, and a drastic contraction in output.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unemployment in the US increased from 3.2 per cent to 24.9 per cent between 1929 and 1933. In the UK, it rose from 7.2 per cent to 15.4 per cent between 1929 and 1932.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In Europe, economic stagnation that the Depression caused is believed to be the principal reason behind the rise of fascism, and consequently the Second World War.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects on India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Depression had an important impact on India’s freedom struggle. Due to the global crisis, there was a drastic fall in agricultural prices, the mainstay of India’s economy, and a severe credit contraction occurred as colonial policymakers refused to devalue the rupee.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The effects of the Depression became visible around the harvest season in 1930, soon after Mahatma Gandhi had launched the Civil Disobedience movement in April the same year.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were “No Rent” campaigns in many parts of the country, and radical Kisan Sabhas were started in Bihar and eastern UP. Agrarian unrest provided a groundswell of support to the Congress, whose reach was yet to extend into rural India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The endorsement by farming classes is believed to be among the reasons that enabled the party to achieve its landslide victory in the 1936-37 provincial elections held under the Government of India Act, 1935– which significantly increased the party’s political might for years to come.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'the-great-depression', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/df6e/jyb3hfmefidwldn6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/df6e/jyb3hfmefidwldn6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'The Great Depression', 'metakeyword' => 'The Great Depression', 'metadescription' => 'With the novel coronavirus pandemic severely affecting the global economy, some experts have begun comparing the current crisis with the Great Depression, the devastating', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/itn5ki7f4gq3vdy/4.The_Great_Depression.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 4357, 'title' => 'The Armenian genocide', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Armenian diaspora marks April 24 as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. This year marks 105 years since the beginning of the genocide, something Turkey has consistently denied.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Armenian Genocide is often called the first genocide of the twentieth century. It refers to the systematic annihilation of Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire between 1915 to 1917.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Armenian Genocide occured during the First World War, and in many ways a direct result of the developments during the war. Although Armenians had always faced harassment and persecution in Asia Minor, this heightened around 1908. During the Ottoman rule, minorities like the Armenians were subjected to discriminatory treatment. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Armenians in the Ottoman empire were Christians by faith and the Ottoman Caliphate feared that the Armenians would bear allegiance to neighbouring countries, Russia for instance, with similar religious affiliations than the Ottoman empire, especially during a war.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A result of this continued hostility and suspicion towards Armenians was the first state-sanctioned pogroms called the Hamidian Massacres between 1894–1896. These violent massacres were implemented to crush protests against discrimination that was being perpetrated against minorities in the Ottoman Caliphate.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The reigning monarch, Abdul Hamid II was never held accountable for the massacres although researchers believe that the violence was perpetrated with his approval.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1908, a political reform movement that called itself the Young Turks formed of intellectuals and revolutionaries led a rebellion against Abdul Hamid II in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy in favour of a constitutional government.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, as the political ideology of the Young Turks changed, the group became less tolerant of Armenians asking for liberties and freedoms. The Russo-Turkish wars and the conflict in the Balkans and Russia further increased hostilities against the Armenians.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ottoman Turks believed the Armenians would side with Russia in the war and aggressively engaged in propaganda against them. This resulted in the Ottoman Turks engaging in a mass-removal campaign of Armenians from the border areas along the Eastern Front.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On April 24, 1915, Ottoman Turkish government officials arrested and executed thousands of Armenian intellectuals. Women and girls were subjected to widespread sexual violence and abuse and were also trafficked into sexual slavery.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers of the Armenian Genocide say may actions against Armenians bear similarities to abuses and torture perpetrated by the Nazis during the Holocaust.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">As of 2020, the Armenian Genocide has been formally recognised by 32 countries and parliaments. While other countries may not have officially recognised the genocide, presently, only Turkey and Azerbaijan openly deny the occurence of the genocide. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'the-armenian-genocide', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/22b2/ci3jdgtbmblqaih6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/22b2/ci3jdgtbmblqaih6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'The Armenian genocide', 'metakeyword' => 'The Armenian genocide', 'metadescription' => 'The Armenian diaspora marks April 24 as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. This year marks 105 years since the beginning of the genocide, something Turkey', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/vis1yidtseg4hi3/5.The_Armenian_genocide.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 30 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 4517, 'title' => 'The revolt of 1857', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Large sections of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs together challenged the greatest imperialist power, Britain, during India’s first war of independence which began on May 10, 1857. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rebellion began on 10 May 1857 in the form of a mutiny of sepoys of the Company's army in the garrison town of Meerut, 40 mi (64 km) northeast of Delhi. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It then erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions chiefly in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, though incidents of revolt also occurred farther north and east.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its name is contested, and it is variously described as the Sepoy Mutiny, the Indian Mutiny, the Great Rebellion, the Revolt of 1857, the Indian Insurrection, and the First War of Independence.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for rebellion</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One of the main reasons for the revolt was that the British East India Company also started meddling with India’s political and financial system</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the British East Indian Company (BEIC) were ignited by the sepoy mutineers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle February, 1857. The cartridges were rumoured to have been made from cow and sow fat. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Loading the Enfield required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth. This would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices; cows were considered holy by Hindus, while pigs were considered unclean by Muslims.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the BEIC, also rebelled against British rule.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Centres of rebellion</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At <strong>Delhi</strong>, the nominal and symbolic; leadership belonged to the<strong> Emperor Bahadur Shah</strong>, but the real command lay with a Court of Soldiers headed by <strong>General Bakht Khan</strong> who had led the revolt of the Bareilly troops and brought them to Delhi.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At <strong>Kanpur</strong>, the Revolt was led by <strong>Nana Sahib</strong>, the adopted son of Baji Rao II, the last Peshwa. Nana Sahib expelled the English from Kanpur with the help of the sepoys and proclaimed himself the Peshwa. At the same time, he acknowledged Bahadur Shah as the Emperor of India and declared himself to be his Governor.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The revolt at <strong>Lucknow</strong> was led by the <strong>Begum of Avadh</strong> who had proclaimed her young son, Birjis Kadr, as the Nawab of Avadh.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rani of <strong>Jhansi</strong> joined the rebels when the British refused to acknowledge her right to adopt an heir to the Jhansi gaddi (throne) annexed her state, and threatened to treat her as an instigator of the rebellion of the sepoys at Jhansi.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Kunwar Singh</strong>, a ruined and discontented zamindar of Jagdishpur near <strong>Arrah</strong>, was the chief organizer of the Revolt in Bihar.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>British suppression of revolt</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Revolt was suppressed. Sheer courage could not win against a powerful and determined enemy who planned its every step.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rebels were dealt an early blow when the British captured Delhi on 20 September 1857 after prolonged and bitter fighting.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The aged Emperor Bahadur Shah was taken prisoner. The Royal Princes were captured and butchered on the spot. The Emperor was tried and exiled to Rangoon where he died in 1862.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Rani Jhansi had died on the field of battle earlier on 17 June 1858. By 1859, Kunwar Singh, Bakht Khan, Khan Bahadur Khan of Bareilly, Rao Sahib brother of Nana Sahib, and Maulavi Ahmadullah were all dead, while the Begum of Avadh was compelled to hide in Nepal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">John Lawrence, Outram, Havelock, Neil, Campbell, and Hugh Rose were some of the British commanders who earned military fame in the course of the revolt.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'the-revolt-of-1857', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c981/xshfkqjv6b3bc0g6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c981/xshfkqjv6b3bc0g6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'The revolt of 1857', 'metakeyword' => 'The revolt of 1857', 'metadescription' => 'Large sections of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs together challenged the greatest imperialist power, Britain, during India’s first war of independence which began on May 10, 1857.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/47fhhr9cqxn5bcs/5.The_revolt_of_1857.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 31 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 4914, 'title' => 'Victory Day and World War II', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Defence Minister Rajnath Singh is on a three-day trip to Russia to attend the 75th Victory Day. India has sent a tri-services contingent to participate in the Victory Day Parade.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Victory Day marks the end of World War II and the victory of the Allied Forces in 1945. Adolf Hitler had shot himself on April 30. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On May 7, German troops surrendered, which was formally accepted the next day and came into effect on May 9. In most European countries, it is celebrated on May 8, and is called the Victory in Europe Day.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The erstwhile Soviet Union had not wanted the surrender to take place in the west and wanted that such a significant event should reflect the contribution of the Red Army and the Soviet population.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This year, the celebrations this year were pushed to June because of the Covid-19 pandemic. In November 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin had invited Prime Minister Narendra Modi to the Victory Day celebration which were due to be held on May 9.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The parade will see the participation of military personnel from 19 countries, including India and China. The celebrations are expected to include 64,000 participants. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many Indian leaders have attended several Victory Day Parades. At the 70th anniversary of Victory Day celebrations in 2015, then President Pranab Mukherjee went to represent India. Manmohan Singh had attended the 60th anniversary in 2005 as the then Prime Minister of India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mukherjee had attended the celebrations earlier as well. He had then said there were several reasons why the government should not participate in Victory Day celebrations for the Second World War.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">He had stated that the Indian National Army of Subhash Chandra Bose had fought the Allied Forces and that leaders of Congress were jailed during the war for their protests.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'victory-day-and-world-war-2nd', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6499/me2hu6q1jcjxd8v6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6499/me2hu6q1jcjxd8v6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Victory Day and World War II', 'metakeyword' => 'Victory Day and World War II', 'metadescription' => 'Defence Minister Rajnath Singh is on a three-day trip to Russia to attend the 75th Victory Day. India has sent a tri-services contingent to participate', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/0997uvhlc3mtysz/2._vICTORY.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 32 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 5002, 'title' => 'Timbuktu', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Coronavirus has reached far corners of the Earth including faraway Timbuktu in the Western African country of Mali.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city, located 1,000 km from the capital Bamako, has already seen more than 500 cases, and, at least, nine deaths, making it one of the worst affected places in the country.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Located about 20 km away from the river Niger, on the southern tip of the Sahara desert, there is nothing but thousands of miles of barren desert to its north. In its heyday, the city was both a great centre of learning and a prosperous trading outpost, dealing primarily in salt, gold, cotton, and ivory.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since medieval times, the remoteness of Timbuktu, in the heart of sub-Saharan Africa, has inspired many literary works that describe it a place of splendors and richness.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Historical accounts suggest that there have been settlements in Timbuktu since the early 12th century, when it was a local Tuareg outpost. But it soon established itself as an important pit stop for camel caravans on the Saharan trade routes.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Timbuktu came to signify a kind of El Dorado to the outside world, a place brimming with treasures, that revealed itself only to those who were lucky enough to reach its realm. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city would reach its pinnacle under the Songhai empire, one of Africa’s most influential ruling states in the 15th and 16th century.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">King Musa is also credited with paving the way for establishing Timbuktu as a seat of intellectual resonance. During his time in Mecca, Musa is believed to have invited religious scholars to Timbuktu to bring to fruition his plan for a new centre of Islamic scholarship.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the next several decades, it became a dynamic centre of learning and discourse, producing about 70,000 manuscripts on a wide range of topics, including Sufism, Arabic grammar, Islamic jurisprudence, philology, lexicography, astronomy, and arithmetic. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Timbuktu today is a distant cry from what it used to be in its golden age. Still relatively inaccessible, it has been plagued by poverty, corruption, war and terrorism, following its years as a French colony.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sahara desert has been fast breaching its boundaries, the silting of the Niger River impacting its water supply.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">From 2008, acts of terrorism had impacted its fledgling tourism industry, prompting several nations to issue advisories against visiting the place.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'timbuktu', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6b24/9mcehk1unqpreuz6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6b24/9mcehk1unqpreuz6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Timbuktu', 'metakeyword' => 'Timbuktu', 'metadescription' => 'Coronavirus has reached far corners of Earth including faraway Timbuktu in the Western African country of Mali. The city, located 1,000 km from the capital Bamako', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/clpfco2tpjituhd/1.Timbuktu.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 5101, 'title' => 'Srebrenica massacre', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In July 1995, approximately 8,000 Muslims, mostly men, and boys were killed in Srebrenica, a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina in south-eastern Europe, by Bosnian Serb forces.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991 threw the south-eastern and central Europe in chaos and led to violent inter-ethnic wars in the region over the next few years.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The violence perpetrated against Bosniaks or Bosnian Muslims during the Srebrenica massacre was a result of this regional conflict. Some consider this massacre was the worst atrocity against civilians in Europe since the Holocaust.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bosnian War that occurred between 1992-1995, witnessed a period of displacement and ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats by the Bosnian Serb army and paramilitary forces.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thousands of Bosnian Muslim families sought refuge with the Dutchbat, a Dutch battalion under the United Nations forces that had been deployed following the upheaval during the Bosnia War, believing that the area under their control was a safe zone.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UN peacekeeping mission not only did it not protect Bosnian Muslims, in some cases, it actively handed over young boys and men to Bosnian Serb forces knowing that they would be killed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia that investigated war crimes that occurred during the conflict in the Balkans in the 1990s found that efforts had been made by the Bosnian Serb army to remove bodies from these mass graves to other sites in an attempt to conceal the extent of the crimes and killings.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1995, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia indicted Ratko Mladi? and Radovan Karadži?, the President of the Republika Srpska, for war crimes against Bosnian Muslims in Srebrenica. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On July 11, 25 years on, commemoration services were held at the Srebrenica-Potocari Memorial and Cemetery in remembrance of the victims of the massacre. During this ceremony, bodies of nine victims that were recently identified were buried in the cemetery.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Many Serbian politicians and citizens refuse to call it genocide and public buildings continue to hold names of people convicted of war crimes against Bosnian Muslims and others who were in positions of power during the massacre but did little to intervene.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'srebrenica-massacre', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0a49/48oq5d6106uy30m6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0a49/48oq5d6106uy30m6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Srebrenica massacre', 'metakeyword' => 'Srebrenica massacre', 'metadescription' => 'In July 1995, approximately 8,000 Muslims, mostly men, and boys were killed in Srebrenica, a town in Bosnia and Herzegovina in south-eastern Europe, by Bosnian', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/m4wigqgk9e2u0ca/1.Srebrenica_massacre.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 5333, 'title' => 'Junagadh and plebiscite', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan has unveiled a new political map that includes all of Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Sir Creek and Junagadh.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The release comes a day before the first anniversary of the government’s August 5 decisions rolling back special status of J&K and the bifurcation of the state into two.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The inclusion of Sir Creek on the Kutch coastline, a 96-km estuary on the India-Pakistan through Gujarat and Sindh, on which India and Pakistan had nearly reached an agreement in 2007-08 is a surprise because the issue has been largely solved.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other inclusion is that of Junagadh, also in coastal Gujarat, whose decision to join India in 1947, formalised through a Plebiscite in 1948, was not accepted by Pakistan then, but was overtaken by the first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir that began at the end of October 1947 and continued for over a year.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Junagadh was mentioned by Pakistan when the Security Council took up the issue of the hostilities in J&K in January 1948.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But after the initial resistance from Pakistan, Junagadh has been seen as a settled matter in the bilateral relationship.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Junagadh was in the Kathiawar region, where most other princely states had already acceded to India. The ruler of Junagadh was Nawab Mahabatkhan Rasulkhanji.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The state was not contiguous with Pakistan. Eighty per cent of the population was Hindu. Somnath, where the famous Shiva temple was ransacked by Mahmud Ghazni, is located in Junagadh, near the port of Veraval.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the decision of Indian leaders to keep Junagadh was conveyed and Pakistan had no chance to claim, the Nawab of Junagadh fled to Karachi by air, with his family, his favourite dogs and valuables.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India had indicated that it would want to formalise the arrangement through a plebiscite. This was held on February 20, 1948. Of 2,01,457 registered voters, 1,90,870 cast their votes. Of this number only 91 cast their votes in favour of accession to Pakistan. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A referendum was also held in five neighbouring territories. Out of 31,434 votes cast in these areas, only 39 were for accession to Pakistan.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'junagadh-and-plebiscite', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c4df/7oygosnw77s3b2k6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c4df/7oygosnw77s3b2k6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Junagadh and plebiscite', 'metakeyword' => 'Junagadh and plebiscite', 'metadescription' => 'The release comes a day before the first anniversary of the government’s August 5 decisions rolling back special status of J&K and the bifurcation of the state', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/8r96oxy4mug6i0m/3.Junagadh+and+plebiscite.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 35 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 5344, 'title' => 'Hiroshima and Nagasaki anniversary', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On August 6, 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and three days later, on August 9, it dropped another bomb on Nagasaki.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The blasts killed hundreds of thousands of people and affected many more who would suffer the effects of the radiation from the blast and the “black rain” that fell in the aftermath of the explosions.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the conclusion of World War II in 1945, the relations between Japan and the US worsened, especially after Japan forces decided to take an aim at Indochina with the intention of capturing the oil-rich areas of the East Indies. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore, US president Harry Truman authorised the use of atomic bombs in order to make Japan surrender in WWII, which it did.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On the morning of August 6, a B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the atomic bomb called “Little Boy” with a force of over 20,000 tonnes of TNT on the city of Hiroshima, when most of the industrial workers had already reported to work, many were en route and children were in school. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The US Strategic Bombing Survey of 1946 notes that the bomb, which had exploded slightly northwest of the centre of the city, killed over 80,000 people and injured as many.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Three days later, another atomic bomb called “Fat Man” was dropped over Nagasaki around 11:00 am local time killing more than 40,000 people. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1946 survey notes that due to the uneven terrain of Nagasaki, damage there was confined to the valley over which the bomb exploded.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Truman decided that only bombing a city would make an adequate impression and, therefore, target cities were chosen keeping in mind the military production in the area.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was made sure that the target sites did not hold cultural significance for Japan, like Kyoto did. This was because the aim was to destroy Japan’s ability to fight wars.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hiroshima at the time was also the seventh-largest city of Japan and served as the headquarters of the Second Army and of the Chugoku Regional Army, making it one of the most important military command stations in Japan.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It was also the site of one of the largest military supply depots and the foremost military shipping point for troops and supplies.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hiroshima-and-nagasaki-anniversary', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/21d3/jbo2c382w72e0v76g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/21d3/jbo2c382w72e0v76g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hiroshima and Nagasaki anniversary', 'metakeyword' => 'Hiroshima and Nagasaki anniversary', 'metadescription' => 'On August 6, 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and three days later, on August 9, it dropped another bomb on Nagasaki.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yf8oo4jhkn01iig/4.Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+anniversary.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 36 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 5384, 'title' => 'How Quit India movement gave new direction to freedom struggle', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On August 8, 78 years ago, Mahatma Gandhi gave the call for British colonisers to “Quit India” and for the Indians to “do or die” to make this happen. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gandhi and almost the entire top Congress leadership were arrested, and thus began a truly <strong>people</strong>-<strong>led</strong> <strong>movement</strong> in our freedom struggle.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While factors leading to such a movement had been building up, matters came to a head with the failure of the Cripps Mission.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The World War II was raging, and a worried British needed the cooperation of their colonial subjects in India. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To this end, in March <strong>1942</strong>, a mission led by Sir Stafford <strong>Cripps</strong> arrived in India to meet leaders of the Congress and the Muslim League. The idea was to secure India’s whole-hearted support in the war, in return for self-governance.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the promise of “the earliest possible realization of self-government in India”, the offer Cripps made was of dominion status, and not freedom. Also, there was a provision of the partition of India, which was not acceptable to the Congress.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The failure of the Cripps Mission made Mahatma Gandhi realize that freedom would be had only by fighting tooth and nail for it. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Though initially reluctant to launch a movement that could hamper Britain’s efforts to defeat Fascist forces in the World War, the Congress eventually decided to launch a mass civil disobedience. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the Working Committee meeting in Wardha in July 1942, it was decided the time had come for the movement to move into an active phase.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Gandhi and all other senior Congress leaders had been jailed. He was kept at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune, and later in the Yerawada jail. It was during this time that Kasturba Gandhi died at the Aga Khan Palace.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The arrest of the leaders, however, failed to deter the masses. With no one to give directions, people took the movement into their own hands.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were strikes, demonstrations, and people’s marches in defiance of prohibitory orders in Kanpur, Patna, Varanasi, and Allahabad.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The protests spread rapidly into smaller towns and villages. Till mid-September, police stations, courts, post offices and other symbols of government authority were attacked.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Railway tracks were blocked, students went on strike in schools and colleges across India, and distributed illegal nationalist literature. Mill and factory workers in Bombay, Ahmedabad, Poona, Ahmednagar, and Jamshedpur stayed away for weeks.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While Gandhi gave the clarion call of Quit India, the slogan was coined by <strong>Yusuf</strong> <strong>Meherally</strong>, a socialist and trade unionist who also served as Mayor of Mumbai. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Quit India movement was violently suppressed by the British – people were shot, lathi-charged, villages burnt and enormous fines imposed. In the five months up to December 1942, an estimated 60,000 people had been thrown in jail.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'how-quit-india-movement-gave-new-direction-to-freedom-struggle', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/02a1/u4g8xbdbujlz3gp6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/02a1/u4g8xbdbujlz3gp6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'How Quit India movement gave new direction to freedom struggle', 'metakeyword' => 'How Quit India movement gave new direction to freedom struggle', 'metadescription' => 'On August 8, 78 years ago, Mahatma Gandhi gave the call for British colonisers to “Quit India” and for the Indians to “do or die” to make this happen. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/pmp3dpof0w1uhzi/4.How+Quit+India+movement+gave+new+direction+to+freedom+struggle.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 37 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 6690, 'title' => 'Pompeii snack bar', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have unearthed a thermopolium, Latin for hot drinks counter, in the Roman empire town of Pompeii.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The snack food counter was found complete with decorative still-life frescoes, food residues, animals’ bones and victims who died during the volcanic eruption of 79 CE.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The find is significant because it shows the variety of food consumed by the residents of the town such as traces of pork, fish, snails and beef have been found in the containers of the stall. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is also the first time an entire thermopolium has been excavated, complete with pateras, or bronze drinking bowls, ceramic jars used for cooking stews and soups, wine flasks and amphora, usually used for storing and transporting wine and olive oil.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pompeii</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pompeii was a Roman town in Southern Italy’s Campania region situated along the Bay of Naples. The town was completely buried by volcanic ash after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, over 2000 years ago. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is due to the tragedy that the town is well preserved and has given archaeologists vast materials to study daily Roman daily life, as it was centuries ago.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Located 8 km from the volcano, Pompeii was as a resort town frequented by Rome’s elite citizens and consisted of villas, cafes and marketplaces.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1748, King Charles III of Bourbon initiated scientific excavations at the site, after which large parts of the city have been unearthed, and several artefacts and other items of interest discovered.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research into Pompeii and Herculaneum so far has revised scientists’ understanding of the town, the disaster and the sequence of events. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Further, the investigations of those who died have also revealed details of the town’s citizens and a revised interpretation of a rescue operation launched by the admiral of one of Rome’s navies, Pliny the Elder, stationed at the opposite side of the Bay of Naples.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'pompeii-snack-bar', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4501/tvf7r0txbs7r2246g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4501/tvf7r0txbs7r2246g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Pompeii snack bar | snack bar', 'metakeyword' => 'Pompeii snack bar, snack bar', 'metadescription' => 'The snack food counter was found complete with decorative still-life frescoes, food residues, animals’ bones and victims who died during the volcanic eruption of 79 CE.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/jiysoeg0nhq50md/4.Pompeii+snack+bar.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 38 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 6966, 'title' => 'Patharughat peasant uprising', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assam CM Sarabananda Sonowal attended Krishak Swahid Diwas programme to mark the anniversary of Patharughat peasant uprising.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Twenty five years before the Jallianwallah Bagh massacre, more than a hundred peasants fell to the bullets of the British on January 28, 1894 in Assam. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The unarmed peasants were protesting against the increase in land revenue levied by the colonial administration, when the military opened fire. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue leading to uprising</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the British annexation of Assam in 1826, surveys of the vast lands of the state began. On the basis of such surveys, the British began to impose land taxes, much to the resentment of the farmers. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1893, the British government decided to increase agricultural land tax reportedly by 70- 80 percent. Up until then the peasants would pay taxes in kind or provide a service in lieu of cash.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite these gatherings being democratic, the British perceived them as breeding grounds for sedition. So whenever there was a Raij Mel, the British used to come down on it with a heavy hand to disperse them.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On January 28, 1894, when the British officers were refusing to listen to the farmers’ grievances, things heated up. There was a lathi charge, followed by an open firing which killed many of the peasants present.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of incident</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This was one of the few occasions in the history of the pre-Congress, pan-Indian anti-imperialist movement, when, in the absence of a well defined leadership, the masses organised themselves to resist the autocratic designs of the British.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">However, it rarely features in mainstream historical discourse of the freedom struggle. For the larger Assamese community, Patharughat comes second only to the Battle of Saraighat.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Every year on January 28, the government and local people pay respects to the martyrs of the incident (Krishak Swahid Diwas) in an official function.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'patharughat-peasant-uprising', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ee69/ewbkg1mmaqymapg6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ee69/ewbkg1mmaqymapg6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Patharughat peasant uprising', 'metakeyword' => 'Patharughat peasant uprising | The forgotten peasant uprising of Assam in 1894 | CM of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal remembers peasant martyrs of Patharughat uprising', 'metadescription' => 'Twenty five years before the Jallianwallah Bagh massacre, more than a hundred peasants fell to the bullets of the British on January 28, 1894 in Assam. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/31z993vrpxa9o8y/2.Patharughat_peasant_uprising.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 39 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 7186, 'title' => 'Chariot discovered in Pompeii', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Archaeologists working at Pompeii have announced the discovery of a large ceremonial chariot. It was found with four wheels, its iron components, bronze and tin decorations, mineralised wood remains, and imprints of organic materials. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is likely that the chariot was used as a transport vehicle by Roman elites during various ceremonies. This chariot is not a chariot used for agricultural products or the activities of daily life.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The chariot was spotted during an excavation effort, when an iron artefact’s shape emerged from the volcanic material.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pompeii disaster</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pompeii was a resort town frequented by Rome’s elite citizens and consisted of villas, cafes, marketplaces and a 20,000-seat arena.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pompeii was a situated in Southern Italy’s Campania region situated along the Bay of Naples. The town was completely buried by volcanic ash after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, over 2,000 years ago.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It was not only the residents of Pompeii who were affected but the eruption also destroyed the neighbouring town of Herculaneum. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is due to the tragedy that the town is well-preserved, and has given archaeologists vast materials to study daily Roman daily life as it was centuries ago.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Excavations</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1748, King Charles III of Bourbon initiated scientific excavations at the site, after which large parts of the city were unearthed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Research into Pompeii and Herculaneum so far has revised scientists’ understanding of the town, the disaster and the sequence of events. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The investigations of those who died have also revealed details of the town’s citizens and a revised interpretation of a rescue operation launched by the admiral of one of Rome’s navies, Pliny the Elder.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In November 2020, the Italian Culture Ministry announced the discovery of well-preserved remains of two men, who perished during the volcanic eruption.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Archaeologists preserved their teeth and bones, and the void left by their decomposed soft tissues has been filled by plaster using a well-perfected casting method by which it is possible to see the outline of their bodies.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chariot-discovered-in-pompeii', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Chariot discovered in Pompeii', 'metakeyword' => 'Chariot discovered in Pompeii | Archaeologists unveil ceremonial chariot discovered near ruins of Pompeii', 'metadescription' => 'Archaeologists working at Pompeii have announced the discovery of a large ceremonial chariot. It was found with four wheels, its iron components,', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 7262, 'title' => 'Bengal partition', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bengal politicians are highlighting contributions of Shyama Prasad Mookerjee towards ensuring division of Bengal.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The separation of West Bengal and East Bengal was a major event in Indian history. It sowed the seeds for partition of India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Partition of Bengal (1905) was aimed at separating the large Muslim eastern areas from the Hindu western areas of Bengal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lord Curzon was the Viceroy of India during that period. The partition was reversed six years later in 1911.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The British stressed that the partition was for the purpose of better administration of the region but it was known that the measure was aimed at separating Hindus and Muslims.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The partition inspired Muslims to form their own organisation along communal lines to appease Bengalis and counter congress leaders.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Congress party started the anti-partition movement, Swadeshi movement and Vande Mataram movement against the partition.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>United Bengal Plan</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Muslim League leader and prime minister of Bengal Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy had proposed a united Bengal Plan under which Bengal will be separate nation separate from India and Pakistan.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu Mahasabha put forward the demand for dividing Bengal on religious grounds as they felt United Bengal Plan was not in their favour.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reason for opposition</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bengali Hindus felt that united Bengal will give powers to Muslim ruling class and push them towards the fringes. The communal award further strengthened the sentiments.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The communal clashes in Bengal grew manifold until the Partition and it was felt that an equal population of Hindu and Muslim would further aggravate communal clashes and thus partition of Bengal was supported.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Support for United Bengal Plan</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Opposers felt that partition of Bengal would be an economic disaster for East Bengal since all jute mills, coal mines and industrial plants would remain on the western part of the state.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">There was concern that the largest city and commercial capital of India, Calcutta would go to the western part of the state.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bengal-partition', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2324/2l16jb0s5crgqnr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2324/2l16jb0s5crgqnr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bengal partition | Indian history', 'metakeyword' => 'Bengal partition | Partition of Bengal | Indian history | Partition of Bengal, 1905: All about the divide and rule', 'metadescription' => 'The British stressed that the partition was for the purpose of better administration of the region but it was known that the measure was aimed at separating Hindus', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/as99ra6ax16yvh7/1._Bengal_partition.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 7461, 'title' => 'Megalithic era cave discovered', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A cave was discovered while renovating a temple in Paniyadi in Udupi district, which is assumed to be belonging to the Megalithic era.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers visited the cave and found that it was rock-cut. The cave is about 2000 years old and dates to 800 BC.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The discovery is unique in understanding the history of the Phanis. Similar caves have been discovered earlier in coastal Karnataka.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Paniyadi is said to be the original habitat of Phanis, who were an indigenous community living in the country. They are also mentioned in Mahabharata and Puranas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Phanis are known for their Naga worship while Naga was also their totemic emblem. Anantha Padbhanabha is the presiding deity of Paniyadi and is related with Naga worship.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Megalithic culture</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megalithic cultures are one of the pre-civilization cultures that is distinguished by its large tomb stones. The culture derives its name from Mega (Large) Lith (stone).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megaliths were set up either as burial sites or commemorative memorials by pre-historic people.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Many burial sites in Megalithic culture include dolmenoid cists, cairn circles and capstones. They are spread mostly across peninsular India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megaliths are majorly found concentrated in the states of Maharashtra (especially in Vidarbha), Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megalithic age ranged from Neolithic Stone Age to the early Historical Period. Historians have indicated megalithic people followed Iron culture.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Cultural practices</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megalithic people are known to carry out agricultural activity in both the rabi and kharif seasons. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They have grown variety of grains such as rice, wheat, millet, barley, black gram, horse gram, common pea, pigeon pea etc.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Megalithic people are known to have believed in life after death and possibly rebirth. This prompted them to bury people along with goods.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Various types of iron artefacts recovered shows that the megalithic people practised different occupations including carpenters, cobblers, bamboo craftsmen, gemstone work, blacksmiths, coppersmiths etc.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Bronze images of animals like buffaloes, goats, tigers, elephants and antelopes have been recovered from inside burials at the site of Adichanallur.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'megalithic-era-cave-discovered', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7ddf/2ax84pfgbj77knw6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7ddf/2ax84pfgbj77knw6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Megalithic era cave discovered', 'metakeyword' => 'Megalithic era cave discovered | Cave belonging to megalithic era found in Udupi', 'metadescription' => 'Paniyadi is said to be the original habitat of Phanis, who were an indigenous community living in the country. They are also mentioned in Mahabharata and Puranas.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zzlk4ji00req5h1/4._Megalithic_era_cave_discovered.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 8240, 'title' => 'Indian Army Memorial in Italy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Chief of Army Staff will be inaugurating a memorial for Indian soldiers in Cassino, Italy, during his official tour of Europe.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian soldiers during pre-independence era had a major role to play in liberation of Italy. More than 3100 commonwealth soldiers are commemorated on the memorial.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The memorial is located about 140 km from Rome and is named as Indian Army Memorial. It also has names of about 900 Indian army men.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Italy joined hands with Nazi Germany and declared war on allies. Italian dictator Mussolini was overthrown in 1943 and allies went to liberate the country.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India was under British rule during World War II. Indians fought in both the East India Company army and British army during their campaign.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Records show that more than 2 million Indian soldiers participated in the World War II along with allies. They liberated Italy and defeated Hitler.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s role in war efforts have not been acknowledged enough. Very little information is available on the role played by British-Indian soldiers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The divisions of 8th, 4th and 10th were deployed in Italy to fight the axis forces. The fourth division served in Cassimo.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The soldiers mainly arrived from Punjab and northern plains. There were some Gurkha men also present in the army.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These men showed exemplary courage to fight even while facing extreme climate of Italian mountains and persistent freezing rains.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indian-army-memorial-italy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fhkjxyc2guthpom/3.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fhkjxyc2guthpom/3.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Indian Army Memorial in Italy', 'metakeyword' => 'Indian Army Memorial in Italy', 'metadescription' => 'Indian soldiers during pre-independence era had a major role to play in liberation of Italy. More than 3100 commonwealth soldiers are commemorated on the', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/vyam1fyousnyede/3._Indian_Army_Memorial_in_Italy.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 43 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 8425, 'title' => 'Dholavira as UNESCO heritage site', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Dholavira archeological site in Gujarat has received the UNESCO world heritage site tag, making it the 40th site with that distinction in India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dholavira has been in the UNESCO tentative list since long time. It will be the fourth site from Gujarat to get the honour.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is located near the Dholavira hillock on an island in the Rann of Kutch. It is the fifth largest Indus Valley Civilization site after Mohenjo-Daro, Ganweriwala and Harappa in Pakistan and Rakhigarhi in Haryana.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">JP Joshi has discovered the site in 1968. The further excavations revealed a major ancient city that remained a commercial and trade hub for more than 1500 years.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The city has all the features of an IVC town with a citadel, a lower town and middle town. The buildings are made up of sandstones and limestone instead of bricks like all other IVC towns.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Discoveries</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Series of water conservation reservoirs, open air ground, market place, designed gates and funerary architecture has been discovered.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No human remains have been discovered in graves or memorials. This gives a new facet to the culture and traditions of ancient Harappans.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rise of Dholavira</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Residents were experts in metallurgy, especially copper. They made finished copper products and exported them to all over the world.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jewellery made of semi-precious stones such as lapis lazuli and agate was also exported. Sea shell jewellery was also common.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There were trading relations with Mesopotamia. After the fall of Mesopotamia, the effects were felt on many sectors of Harappan civilization.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The migration and decline</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Residents started moving towards south Gujarat or Ganges valley once the area started to turn arid. Major snow-fed river such as Saraswati started drying up.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other sites in India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lothal in Ahmedabad district on the banks of Sabarmati river was a famous port town. Ship dockyards, ploughed fields and artifacts have been discovered.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Rangpur in Surendranagar district, Deshalpar in Kutch, Rojdi in Rajkot, and Prabhas near Gir Somanath are some of the IVC sites of Gujarat.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'dholavira-unesco-heritage-site', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/r3cewnpzavqsv6q/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/r3cewnpzavqsv6q/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Dholavira as UNESCO heritage site', 'metakeyword' => 'Dholavira as UNESCO heritage site | The migration and decline | UNESCO world heritage site tag', 'metadescription' => 'The Dholavira archeological site in Gujarat has received the UNESCO world heritage site tag, making it the 40th site with that distinction in India.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/mnx9fol3xqb8t37/1._Dholavira_as_UNESCO_heritage_site.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 44 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 8802, 'title' => 'Battle of Saragarhi', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 124th anniversary of the Battle of Saragarhi was recently observed on September 12. The battle is considered one of the finest last stands.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The battle has inspired a host of armies, books and films both in India as well as abroad.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the battle, twenty-one soldiers were pitted against over 8,000 Afridi and Orakzai tribals. They managed to hold the fort for seven hours.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Sikhs were outnumbered heavily but they managed to kill 200 Afghan tribals and injure 600. The regiment of 36th Sikhs (now 4 Sikh), led by Havildar Ishar Singh, was involved in the battle.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Military historian and CM of Punjab, Capt. Amarinder Singh says that the soldiers knew that they were looking at a certain death but did not surrender.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance of Saragarhi</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Saragarhi was a communication tower built between Fort Lockhart and Fort Gulistan in North West Frontier Province (NWFP), now in Pakistan.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The post was usually manned by 40 soldier platoon but on the day of battle there were only 21 Sikhs and a non-combatant Pashtun.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two forts were important for British security and had large number of troops, including family of commanding officer of 36th Sikh, Lt Col John Haughton.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Unfolding of events</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sentry at Saragarhi saw a thick haze of dust and knew it was caused due to a marching army of about 8,000-15,000 troops.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A message was sent through the Morse code to ask for reinforcement. The tribals wanted to cut off communication between the two forts by capturing Saragarhi.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Odds staked against the soldiers</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The soldiers were outnumbered heavily. In addition, their ammunition was also limited with around 400 rounds per person.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Honours</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 21 martyrs were given Indian Order of Merit along with two ‘marabas’ (50 acres) and Rs 500 each. This was against the tradition of giving the award posthumously.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">September 12 has been declared Saragarhi Day by the Punjab government in 2017. This day is declared a holiday.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pakistani army mounts a guard at the Saragarhi memorial close to Fort Lockhart. The British built an obelisk for the martyrs using burnt bricks of Saragarhi.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Gurdwaras were commissioned at Amritsar and Ferozepur in the honour of the martyrs of the battle. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'battle-saragarhi', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fo6w1og4mbc7slx/2.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fo6w1og4mbc7slx/2.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Battle of Saragarhi & Importance of Saragarhi', 'metakeyword' => 'Battle of Saragarhi & Importance of Saragarhi | The 124th anniversary of the Battle of Saragarhi was recently observed on September 12', 'metadescription' => 'The Sikhs were outnumbered heavily but they managed to kill 200 Afghan tribals and injure 600. The regiment of 36th Sikhs (now 4 Sikh), led by Havildar Ishar', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3fqvl7k05sddrhp/2._Battle_of_Saragarhi.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 45 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 9083, 'title' => 'Mt Manipur', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The union government has renamed the historic Mount Harriet in Andaman and Nicobar as Mount Manipur.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The renaming was conducted in order to honour the contribution of the Northeastern state in resisting the British.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The resistance by the Manipuris to British rule was displayed during the historic 1891 Anglo-Manipur war.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the end of the war, many Manipuris were captured and sent to British penal colony in the Andaman Islands. This also included the King of Manipur, Maharaja Kulachandra Dhwaja Singh.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cellular jail in Andaman and Nicobar was yet to be constructed and thus the prisoners were kept on Mount Harriet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mt Harriet is a hillock which is located in the Ferragunj tehsil of South Andaman district. The prisoners were transported for life to the Andamans.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Anglo-Manipur War of 1891</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The kingdom of Manipur and the British were involved in the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891. It was fought for over a month.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main reason for the battle was the British interference in state of affairs of the kingdom after a coup in the palace of Manipur.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Start of conflict</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The King of Manipur named Surachandra as the heir to the throne. A rebel faction led by his brothers Kulachandra and Tikendrajit deposed him and made Kulachandra the King.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deposed King Surachandra asked the British to help him to get back the throne. The British sent the Chief Commissioner of Assam for the mission.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The aim of the mission was to recognise Kulachandra the King of Manipur only if Tikendrajit was handed over to British and deported from Manipur. This was strongly opposed.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The consequences of War</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the first phase, the British surrendered and their officers were publicly executed. During the second phase, Manipur was attacked from three sides.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Kangla Fort in Imphal was captured and Prince Tikendrajit along with four others was hanged. King Kulachandra was banished to Andamans.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even though the British won the war, they lost five important officers. It was a big blow for their prestige.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The war came to be known as a part of general uprising against British rule in the country after the 1857 revolt of Sepoys.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The renaming of Mt Harriet was long due to recognise the role of Manipuris in opposing British rule in India.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mt Harriet</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mt Harriet is the third highest peak of Andaman and Nicobar Island. It was the summer headquarters of the Chief Commissioner.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The mountain is named after Harriet Christina Tytler, who was a well-known British artist and photographer.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'mt-manipur', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/15c4rw0xy8nhij8/1_%25282%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/15c4rw0xy8nhij8/1_%25282%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Mt Manipur and The Anglo-Manipur War of 1891', 'metakeyword' => 'Mt Manipur and The Anglo-Manipur War of 1891', 'metadescription' => 'After the end of the war, many Manipuris were captured and sent to British penal colony in the Andaman Islands. This also included the King of Manipur,', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/72pdu11rp1pdaph/1._Mt_Manipur.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 46 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 9214, 'title' => 'Onake Obavva', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Karnataka government will be celebrating the birth anniversary of Onake Obavva every year on November 11th throughout the state.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The birth celebrations of Obavva will be state-sponsored by the Kannada and culture department.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Onake Obavva is remembered as a warrior-woman who fought Hyder Ali’s forces single-handedly in Chitradurga using a pestle (‘onake’ in Kannada).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>History of Obavva</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Obavva lived in Chitradurga fort, known as Elusuttina Kote, (the fort of seven circles in Kannada). The fort was ruled by Madakari Nayaka.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The fort was attacked by the ruler of Mysore and father of Tipu Sultan, Hyder Ali. Obavva died fighting trying to defend the fort single-handedly.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Protecting the fort</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Obavva was the wife of a soldier guarding the fort, Kahale Mudda Hanuma. She overheard enemy soldiers planning to enter the fort through a small secret tunnel.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She decided to alert her husband about the danger but found him having lunch. She decided to fight them alone using an ‘onake’ or pestle.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She hid next to the secret hole and killed each soldier trying to enter the fort by hitting them on head and dragging their body inside.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Many of Hyder Ali’s soldiers were already killed by the time her husband discovered the bodies and alerted his soldiers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Obavva was killed during the same time when she failed to spot another Hyder Ali’s soldier, who in turn killed her.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Legacy of Obavva</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She is celebrated as a great warrior along with queens of Karnataka such as Keladi Chennamma, Abbakka Rani and Kittur Chennamma.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Obavva’s courage and strength is depicted in folklores. The hole through which soldiers entered the fort is named as ‘Onake Obavvana Kindi’ (kindi means hole in Kannada).</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Honours</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The state government of Karnataka has formed ‘Obavva squads’ to protect and educate women. This includes patrolling the cities to look out for incidents such as eve-teasing, drug abuse, sexual exploitation etc.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'onake-obavva', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dzo0jbv9u91ufii/1.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dzo0jbv9u91ufii/1.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Onake Obavva and Protecting the fort', 'metakeyword' => 'Onake Obavva and Protecting the fort', 'metadescription' => 'The Karnataka government will be celebrating the birth anniversary of Onake Obavva every year on November 11th throughout the state.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/tgbp5o8mzy1du7a/1._Onake_Obavva.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 47 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 9280, 'title' => 'Kartarpur corridor', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Central government has announced the re-opening of the Kartarpur corridor between India and Pakistan.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Kartarpur corridor is a visa-free stretch of 4.7 Km that connects Indian territory with Pakistan.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The corridor joins Dera Baba Nanak in India with Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Pakistan, which is the final resting place of Sikhism founder Guru Nanak Dev.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The idea of the corridor first conceptualized in early 1999 by Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif during the bus diplomacy.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>History</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Sikh commune was founded by Baba Guru Nanak Dev along the banks of river Ravi in Kartarpur. The Guru was laid to rest at the same place after his death in 1539.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">During the partition, the Radcliffe award gave areas on the right bank of Ravi river, including Kartarpur to Pakistan.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian devotees were able to visit the place before 1965. During the war, the connecting bridge was destroyed and access denied.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Since opening of pilgrimage centres between the two countries, Indian devotees to Kartarpur had to make a bus journey from Lahore.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Advantages</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indian devotees can visit the shrine directly from India without having to cross into Pakistan by availing a Visa and complete a long process.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It will act as a tool of diplomacy between India and Pakistan by easing the tensions that have been persisting.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'kartarpur-corridor', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0icvur5sj9kxf4s/4_%25282%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0icvur5sj9kxf4s/4_%25282%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Kartarpur corridor | History and Advantages', 'metakeyword' => 'Kartarpur corridor | History and Advantages', 'metadescription' => 'The corridor joins Dera Baba Nanak in India with Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Pakistan, which is the final resting place of Sikhism founder Guru Nanak Dev.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/teve2mit5ru3tw3/4._Kartarpur_corridor.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 48 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 9308, 'title' => 'Rani Gaidinliu', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The foundation stone for the ‘Rani Gaidinliu Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum’ in Manipur’s Tamenglong was laid by Home Minister Amit Shah.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The museum was sanctioned by Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India at a cost of Rs 15 crore in 2019.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The museum will host various artifacts related to tribal freedom fighters who fought against the British during various phases of the freedom struggle.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The museum is at the conception stage and it will come up at Luangkao Village in Tamenglong district of Manipur, which is the birth-place of Rani Gaidinliu.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Rani Gaidinliu</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She was the political and spiritual leader of the Rongmei tribe. She was born on 26 January 1915 in Tamenglong district of Manipur.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She joined the social, religious and political movement of religious leader and freedom fighter, Haipou Jadonang at the age of 13.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Jadonang belonged to the Rongmei tribe. He initiated the ‘Heraka movement’, based on ancient Naga customs and fought for Naga independence.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Association with freedom struggle</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She took leadership of Heraka movement after the execution of Jadonang. The political revolution started by her, forced British to imprison her for life. She was released in 1947, 14 years after spending time in jail.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Legacy</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Despite all the challenges, she displayed exemplary courage in fighting British. She was one among the few women political leaders.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The struggle undertaken by Rani Gaidinliu inspired many fighters to join freedom struggle. She is considered as a beacon of freedom movement in North-east.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Honours</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru called Rani Gaidinliu as the “Daughter of the Hills” and gave her the title “Rani” or queen.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She was honoured with many awards such as Tamrapatra in 1972, Padma Vibhushan in 1982, Stree Shakti Puraskar in 1991 and Vivekananda Sewa Summan in 1983.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">She was awarded Bhagwan Birsa Munda Puraskar in 1996 posthumously. A commemorative stamp was released in her honour.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A Fast Patrol Vessel named “ICGS Rani Gaidinliu” was commissioned by Indian Coast Guard in 2016 in her memory.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The government of India issued commemorative coins of Rs 100 and a circulation coin of Rs 5 in 2015 on her birth anniversary.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rani-gaidinliu', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qgsdio7sb1q7ro9/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qgsdio7sb1q7ro9/1_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rani Gaidinliu and Association with freedom struggle', 'metakeyword' => 'Rani Gaidinliu and Association with freedom struggle', 'metadescription' => 'The foundation stone for the ‘Rani Gaidinliu Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum’ in Manipur’s Tamenglong was laid by Home Minister Amit Shah.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/j3ctaojooyv5sg3/1._Rani_Gaidinliu.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 49 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 9389, 'title' => 'Paika rebellion', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The centre has refused to accept Paika rebellion as the first War of Independence. It was informed to Rajya Sabha via a written reply.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Paika rebellion is said to have occurred in 1817 and since 2017, Odisha has been demanding that it be declared as first war of independence.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Paika Bidroh (Paika rebellion) took place 40 years before the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. It was orchestrated by Paikas, the peasant militia of Gajapati rulers.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The start</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">King of Khurda, Raja Mukunda Deva was dethroned by British, who firmly established their rule of Odisha.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The King decided to snatch back the territory through a rebellion in 1804. He involved Paikas for the rebellion, which was leaked to British.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The British confiscated the entire territory, with Paikas losing their estates. The interference and oppression of farmers triggered a rebellion.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The occurrence</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Paikas organized themselves under the leadership of Bakshi Jagabandhu. The peasant force confronted British at various region of the kingdom.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Policemen were killed, British treasury was looted and government buildings were set on fire. The rebellion was overpowered subsequently.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The demand from Odisha</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In 2017, the Odisha Cabinet passed a proposal to formally urge the centre to declare the Paika rebellion as the first war of Independence. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The same demand was reiterated in 2019 during the foundation laying of Paika rebellion memorial at Barunei by President Ram Nath Kovind.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Centre’s move</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The centre had considered the proposal and used the services of Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR) to examine the claim.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">According to the report of the ICHR, the Paika Rebellion cannot be called the first War of Independence.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Since the rebellion had a significant impact on fight against British rule, it would now be included in the curriculum of Class VIII history textbook of NCERT.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'paika-rebellion', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hnnz9wgw14l25v5/2.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hnnz9wgw14l25v5/2.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Paika rebellion and The demand from Odisha | Centre’s move', 'metakeyword' => 'Paika rebellion and The demand from Odisha | Centre’s move', 'metadescription' => 'Paika Bidroh (Paika rebellion) took place 40 years before the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. It was orchestrated by Paikas, the peasant militia of Gajapati rulers.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/61pxs2pt3ni6wug/2._Paika_rebellion.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 50 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 9505, 'title' => 'Goa liberation day', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prime Minister Modi had recently visited the state of Goa to participate in the 60th liberation day celebrations held on 19th December.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The state liberation day is celebrated to mark the withdrawal of Portuguese from the country’s smallest state in 1961.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Goa was a colony of Portuguese and was ruled by them for 451 years. It was an important port for trade and military operations.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Goa was captured by Portuguese from the Maratha rule in 1641. They were the last colonizers to leave India.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Goa independence movement</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Independence movement in Goa started in 18th and 19th century but gained momentum after the British withdrawal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The movement gained strength after Dr Ram Manohar Lohia participated in the demand for independence..</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The centre started diplomatic talks for getting back Portuguese colonies, which failed to succeed. The government decided to take military action.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Operation Vijay</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The government of India in 1961 adopted a plan called Operation Vijay to free the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">All the three sections of the Indian armed forces participated in Operation Vijay. The Indian attack overpowered the Portuguese army.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Advance into Goa</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The army advanced into the state from the North and the East. The Air force bombed Portuguese Airbase in Dabolim.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Navy prevented Portuguese Naval Ships from taking offensive action from Mormugao harbor and secured Anjadip Island near Karnataka coast.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Implications</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Portuguese Governor General Vassalo De Silva signed the document of surrender on December 19. The state came under Indian control.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Post liberation</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Goa remained a Union Territory until 1987 when it was accorded statehood. A plebiscite stopped its merger with Maharashtra.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Remembering martyrs</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A War Memorial at Indian Naval Ship Gomantak was constructed in memory of seven sailors and other personnel who laid down their lives.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'goa-liberation-day', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/wxsx4gs0amgg60s/1.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/wxsx4gs0amgg60s/1.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Goa liberation day and Goa independence movement', 'metakeyword' => 'Goa liberation day and Goa independence movement', 'metadescription' => 'Prime Minister Modi had recently visited the state of Goa to participate in the 60th liberation day celebrations held on 19th December.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/t9bffqcz3dczmco/1._Goa_liberation_day.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 51 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 9861, 'title' => 'The Chauri Chaura incident', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The historical Chauri Chaura incident occurred on 4th February in 1922 near Gorakhpur (United Provinces). </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mahatma Gandhi had launched the Non-cooperation movement to challenge oppressive government regulatory measures such as the Rowlatt Act.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A protest march was organized by satyagrahis to protest against rise in food prices and also selling of alcohol.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The police arrested several of the protestors and locked them up. Following this incident, a subsequent march took place neat the station.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The occurrence</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A large group of protesters had gathered and moved towards the station. The police fired and several of them were killed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In retaliation, the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all its occupants. Three civilians and 23 policemen were killed.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The response</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">British colonial authorities declared martial law in and around Chauri Chaura. Several raids took place and hundreds of people were arrested.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Mahatma Gandhi suspended the Non-cooperation Movement on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Gandhiji felt that people had violated the code of non-violence during the Chauri Chaura incident and they had to be trained to observe the code under all circumstances.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Non-cooperation movement</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Non-cooperation movement was a political campaign undertaken in 1922 by Indians to revoke their cooperation to the British colonial government.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The major aim of the movement was to force the British to grant self-governance and full independence (Purna Swaraj) to India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was the first large-scale Satyagraha in India. Indian masses participated in a freedom movement for the first time in India.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Steps taken by public</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Protestors would boycott foreign goods and clothes, promote local handicrafts and also picket liquor shops.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Indians would be encouraged to leave British schools and services such as police, lawyers and civil administration.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Many people also gave up honours and titles that were bestowed upon them by the British administration.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chauri-chaura-incident', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/j9exqxtumqs2qu2/3.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/j9exqxtumqs2qu2/3.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'The Chauri Chaura incident and Steps taken by public', 'metakeyword' => 'The Chauri Chaura incident and Steps taken by public', 'metadescription' => 'Mahatma Gandhi had launched the Non-cooperation movement to challenge oppressive government regulatory measures such as the Rowlatt Act.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/l0jj9kc1dbhyos3/3._The_Chauri_Chaura_incident.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 52 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 9943, 'title' => 'Shahid Diwas', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar has announced that February 15 would be commemorated as “Shahid Diwas”.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It will be carried out in the memory of 34 freedom fighters killed by police in Tarapur town of Bihar’s Munger district 90 years ago.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Tarapur massacre was the biggest one carried out by the British police after the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in 1919.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was also mentioned by Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his monthly Mann Ki Baat programme.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Start of protest</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Protest started after the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru. The collapse of Gandhi-Irwin pact resulted in arrest of major congress party leaders.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Local leaders decided that there was need for participation in the movement. A decision to hoist national flag was made.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The incident</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A group of young freedom fighters planned to hoist an Indian national flag at Thana Bhavan in Tarapur on February 15, 1932.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Being aware of the plan, several officers were present at the spot. Despite the lathicharge, an individual managed to hoist the flag.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The atrocity</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A large crowd started stone pelting on the police, injuring a police officer. The police open fired on the crowd, killing 34 people.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">While 34 bodies were found at the spot, the actual number of people killed was larger. Only 13 of the dead were identified.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Government plans</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Chief Minister announced that 21 statues will be erected near the existing memorial, symbolizing the unidentified dead.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'shahid-diwas', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ldc3ugh03xtqzk2/4.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ldc3ugh03xtqzk2/4.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Shahid Diwas and Start of protest', 'metakeyword' => 'Shahid Diwas and Start of protest', 'metadescription' => 'It will be carried out in the memory of 34 freedom fighters killed by police in Tarapur town of Bihar’s Munger district 90 years ago.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/rqc7g3ngn2xx7ih/4._Shahid_Diwas.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 53 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 10024, 'title' => 'Lachit Borphukan', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> The 400th birth anniversary celebration of Lachit Borphukan, the military commander of Ahoms was launched by President Ram Nath Kovind.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Lachit Borphukan led the Ahoms against the Mughals in the Battle of Saraighat in 1671. The battle prevented Mughals from taking back Assam.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Borphukan was expert in guerilla tactics, which he employed while dealing with the Mughal army in the battle.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Battle of Alaboi</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The battle took place in 1669 in which Ahom forces were decimated by Mughals. The Mughals captured the Brahmaputra valley. The battle led to massacre of 10,000 Ahom soldiers.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Battle of Saraighat</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It was a naval battle between Mughals (led by Raja Ram Singh I) and Ahoms (led by Lachit Borphukan) near Guwahati.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is considered one of the greatest naval victories in history. The Brahmaputra river is least wide at the point, which made it a location for Mughal assault.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Significance of battle</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The battle was the last attempt by the Mughals to expand their empire into Assam. Despite winning Guwahati later, they could not maintain their control for long.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Honours</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Lachit Borphukan Medal is presented to the best cadet of the National Defence Academy in honour of the great military commander.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">November 24 is celebrated in Assam as Lachit Divas to commemorate the heroism of Lachit Borphukan and the victory of the Ahom army at the Battle of Saraighat. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'lachit-borphukan', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ruisbwmampf2xmb/4.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ruisbwmampf2xmb/4.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Lachit Borphukan and Battle of Saraighat', 'metakeyword' => 'Lachit Borphukan and Battle of Saraighat', 'metadescription' => ' The 400th birth anniversary celebration of Lachit Borphukan, the military commander of Ahoms was launched by President Ram Nath Kovind.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3ov8v05zpynp8kn/4._Lachit_Borphukan.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 54 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 10093, 'title' => 'Pal-Dadhvav massacre', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A ceremony was organized by the Gujarat government to mark 100 years of Pal-Dadhvav killings.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The government claims that the massacre was bigger than the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of Amritsar. It has also featured on the state’s Republic Day tableau.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The massacre of Pal-Dadhvav occurred on March 7, 1922 in the villages of Pal-Chitariya and Dadhvav, located in Sabarkantha district.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Prelude</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The incident occurred on Amalki Ekadashi, which comes before a major tribal festival, Holi. The villagers from Pal, Dadhvav, and Chitariya were gathered for the festival.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They were gathered on the banks of Heir river as part of Eki Movement organised by Motilal Tejawat, an outlaw of Udaipur state.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Organization</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The tribals had assembled to protest against the land revenue tax (lagaan) imposed on the peasants by the British and feudal lords.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The occurrence</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The paramilitary force raised by the British, known as Mewad Bhil Corps (MBC), heard of the gathering and went to arrest Tejawat.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Tejawat asked gatherers to raise their bows towards the British forces and deny payment of taxes.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The British forces fired in unison, causing a stampede. Many tribals were killed by bullets and many others jumped into nearby well.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Casualty</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The British claimed that 22 tribals were killed during the incident but villagers claim that 1200-1500 people died.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Honouring</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In 2003, the Gujarat government represented the massacre in the Republic day tableau, which also featured Tejawat and British officer.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A memorial called ‘Shahid Smriti Van’ was built by the state government and also a memorial for Tejawat.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Motilal Tejawat</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was a landlord employed by the British. Looking at exploitation of tribals, he quit his job to work towards tribal upliftment and reform.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Tribals in Gujarat</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">About 14% of Gujarat’s population consists of tribals, residing in a stretch called ‘poorvi patti’, bordering the districts of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The dominant group is the Bhils. They are in significant numbers in districts of Aravali, Sabarkantha, Dahod, Tapti, Navsari, Narmada etc.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'pal-dadhvav-massacre', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/wvzgntvzoydegr8/2_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/wvzgntvzoydegr8/2_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Pal-Dadhvav massacre and Tribals in Gujarat', 'metakeyword' => 'Pal-Dadhvav massacre and Tribals in Gujarat', 'metadescription' => 'The government claims that the massacre was bigger than the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of Amritsar. It has also featured on the state’s Republic Day tableau.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7i9yp5oef8v46mi/2._Pal-Dadhvav_massacre.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 55 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 10139, 'title' => 'The final voyage of Endurance', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A research team has successfully located polar explorer Ernest Shackleton’s ship “Endurance” in the Weddell Sea.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ship was being commanded by Sir Shackleton to make the first land crossing of Antarctica.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The discovery of the ship’s remains was made by the Endurance 22 Mission organized by the Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The discovery was made using advanced underwater vehicles known as Sabertooth, fitted with high-definition scanners and cameras.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Sir Ernest Shackleton</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sir Shackleton was an explorer who started his career in a merchant navy. He later qualified as master mariner.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was chosen to go with Robert Falcon on a polar expedition on board the “Discovery”, before returning back due to bad health.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He came closest to the South Pole in 1907 on his ship “Nimrod”. He was knighted post his return to Britain.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He made his final attempt to reach Antarctic in 1914 on board the “Endurance”. His ship sank in 1915 but he and his crew survived.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The last voyage</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The voyage started just before First World War and Shackleton decided to take the South Georgia route instead of Falklands.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The objective of the mission was to cross the Antarctic from Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea via South Pole.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">During the journey in 1915, the ship got stuck in dense ice and the crew abandoned the ship and lived in makeshift camps to survive.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Survival attempt</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The crew members used lifeboats to row to the Elephant Island and survived on a diet of seals and penguins.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sir Shackleton and the captain decided to row to South Georgia with some members as rescue from Elephant Island was unlikely.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The members rowed for about 1,300 km to reach a remote Norwegian whaling station. Then a mission was planned to rescue rest of crew stuck on Elephant Islands.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">On the fourth attempt, the remaining crew members stuck on Elephant Island were rescued. Miraculously, all the members of the “Endurance” survived.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'final-voyage-endurance', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ogqbga038qsa3zc/3.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ogqbga038qsa3zc/3.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'The final voyage of Endurance and Survival attempt', 'metakeyword' => 'The final voyage of Endurance and Survival attempt', 'metadescription' => 'The discovery was made using advanced underwater vehicles known as Sabertooth, fitted with high-definition scanners and cameras.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/8gkuwv2o4oetzww/3._The_final_voyage_of_Endurance.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 56 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 10406, 'title' => 'Guru Tegh Bahadur', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Prime Minister Narendra Modi will give an address from the Red Fort to mark the 401st birth anniversary of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Guru Tegh Bahadur was the son of Mata Nanki and Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru, who introduced the concept of warrior saints.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was born on April 21, 1621 in Amritsar. In childhood, he was named Tyag Mal for his ascetic nature.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He studied Gurmukhi, Hindi, Sanskrit, and Indian religious philosophy along with archery, swordsmanship and horse-riding.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">His bravery and fighting skills against the Mughals in the battle earned him the name of Tegh Bahadur. He was married to Mata Gujri.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The Ninth Guru</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After the death of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s father Guru Ram Das, his son Har Rai became the Guru in 1644.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was succeeded by Guru Har Krishan, who passed away at a young age. It is said that he nominated Guru Tegh Bahadur as the next guru before his death.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Conflict with Mughals</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">During the reign of Mughals, conversion was at its peak. People were forced to convert either through a government order or through coercion.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He opposed the tradition of worshipping at the graves of pirs and faqirs. His teachings became extremely popular with common people of the country.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">He was arrested for the first time on fabricated charges of collecting revenue from villagers. Raja Ram Singh secured his release by convincing Aurangzeb of his innocence.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Martyrdom</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">When a group of Kashmiri Brahmins asked Guru to protect them from conversion, he told the group that rulers should first try to convert the guru.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This was considered as an open challenge to Aurangzeb’s authority. Guru travelled to Delhi and was subsequently arrested.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After Guru declined to convert to Islam, Aurangzeb ordered open execution. He was beheaded after torturing in Chandni Chowk area of Delhi.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Along with his three companions, the Guru laid down his life for protection of his people. Gurudwara Sis Ganj was built on the site on which they were executed.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'guru-tegh-bahadur', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/6re1npxal6i6bhb/2_%25281%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/6re1npxal6i6bhb/2_%25281%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Guru Tegh Bahadur and Conflict with Mughals - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Guru Tegh Bahadur and Conflict with Mughals', 'metadescription' => 'Prime Minister Narendra Modi will give an address from the Red Fort to mark the 401st birth anniversary of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/t6r4u36rr1saac6/2._Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 57 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 10496, 'title' => 'Clotilda excavation', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Excavation of submerged wreck of the <em>Clotilda</em> will be carried out by researchers. It is believed to be the most complete remains of a slave ship.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Clotilda was the last known slave ship to arrive in the United States from Africa in 1860. It sunk after offloading its cargo.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The location of the ship’s sinking place is in the Gulf of Mexico close to the mouth of the Mobile River in Alabama.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">After the identity of the ship was confirmed, the researchers announced that two-thirds of the original ship remained intact.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Slave trade</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ships travelled from the coast of West Africa to America. About 10-12 million Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the transatlantic slave trade.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The conditions were unhygienic and extremely difficult. Slaves were treated like animals and fastened using metal chains.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">About 10-15 per cent of slaves died during the journey due to bad health.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The Clotilda</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Clotilda was owned by a wealthy businessman named Timothy Meaher. The ship was captained by William Foster.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ship sailed to Whydah, a port in the kingdom of Dahomey (now Benin) and returned after purchasing cargo of slaves.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The sinking</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The ship was sunk deliberately after being set on fire and slaves removed illegally due to prohibition of a law that prevented import of new slaves into the US.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Demand for slaves</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The cultivation of cotton relied heavily on slave labour, and the ban had resulted in skyrocketing of slave prices.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Plantation owners were in favour of resumption of the global slave trade, and provided incentive for men like Meaher.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Abolishing slavery</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">In January 1865, President Abraham Lincoln enabled the Congress to pass the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Many of the freed slaves purchased some land and established a community. The community succeeded in preserving their culture and traditions.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'clotilda-excavation', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dcn0pl7m124a7s1/2_%25284%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/dcn0pl7m124a7s1/2_%25284%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Clotilda excavation and Abolishing slavery - StudyIQ', 'metakeyword' => 'Clotilda excavation and Abolishing slavery', 'metadescription' => 'Excavation of submerged wreck of the Clotilda will be carried out by researchers. It is believed to be the most complete remains of a slave ship.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hcvu44tp6x0tnl6/2._Clotilda_excavation.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 58 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Historical Places', 'keyword' => 'historical-places', 'id' => (int) 10539, 'title' => 'New findings at Rakhigarhi Harappan site', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Latest round of excavations in Harappan site of Rakhigarhi has revealed new information such as houses, lanes and a drainage system, and a jewellery-making unit.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Harappan cities are one of the oldest human settlements in the subcontinent. They offer clues on Indian civilization.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Skeletal remains</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Skeletal remains of two women were excavated from mound No. 7 and believed to be nearly 5,000 years old.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The DNA remains were sent for analysis, which might provide clues about the ancestry and food habits of people who lived in the region thousands of years ago.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Pots and other artefacts were found buried next to the remains. This indicates an important funeral custom.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Habitation</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">An aristocratic settlement has been discovered after excavations on mound 3. Such settlements are fairly common across Harappan cities.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The three tiers of habitation in Harappan cities include ‘common settlements’ with mud brick walls, ‘elite settlement’ with burnt brick walls, and possible ‘middle-rung settlements’.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Discovered artefacts</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Steatite seals, terracotta bangles, terracotta unbaked sealing with relief of elephants, and the Harappan script are some of the artefacts discovered.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The objects are said to have been from the mature-Harappan period. Other cities existing during this period include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira and Ganweriwala.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Jewellery unit</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Steatite beads, beads of semi-precious stones, shells, and objects made of agate and carnelian have been recovered at the site.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This is assumed to be a jewellery-making unit. It shows that the city was a major hub of jewellery trade.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">An important piece of jewellery was lapis lazuli. This precious stone is found in Afghanistan and not in India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Some ornament shells were also recovered. The clues offered during excavation indicate that extensive trade was in prevalence.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'new-findings-rakhigarhi-harappan-site', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0pqxfoujvrcz1cs/1_%25282%2529.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0pqxfoujvrcz1cs/1_%25282%2529.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'New findings at Rakhigarhi Harappan site and Discovered artefacts', 'metakeyword' => 'New findings at Rakhigarhi Harappan site and Discovered artefacts', 'metadescription' => 'Latest round of excavations in Harappan site of Rakhigarhi has revealed new information such as houses, lanes and a drainage system, and a jewellery-making unit.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4np8spn70odilba/1._New_findings_at_Rakhigarhi_Harappan_site.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' =>