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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Burning of paddy </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">crop residue</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">, one of the major causes of air pollution, declined by 41 per cent last year over 2016-level in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi-NCR with the help of a Rs 1,151 crore central scheme</span></span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Background</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Stubble burning has been a major contributor to pollution in northern India including Delhi-NCR.This pollution is termed to be a major health concern especially related to breathing.</span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Stubble Burning</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Tonnes of residue is burnt in paddy fields every October-November to clear the field for conventional wheat sowing because of the narrow window between paddy harvesting and wheat sowing. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">If monsoon arrives late, this window narrows further, prompting farmers to set the residue on fire to clear the field for winter crops.</span></span></span></span> </span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Effects of Stubble burning</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Crop burning method to remove stubble has negative implications for the food system. The nutrients present in the stubble are wasted in burning and farmers have to spend on chemical fertilizers to maintain soil quality.</span></span></span></span> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Burning leads to the ground temperature rising and the soil drying up, necessitating additional water for irrigation. Livestock, too, is impacted by crop burning. It has been found that milk production falls up to 50% during the two months</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black"> of stubble burning.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Measures to reduce Stubble Burning</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Centre is giving up to 8% subsidy on purchase of machines like Super SMS, Happy Seeder, Paddy Straw Chopper and zero till drill used for residue management</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Other machines used for managing stubble include:</span></span></span></li>
<li>
<ul>
<li>Happy Seeder(used for sowing of crop in standing stubble)</li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Rotavator (used for land preparation and incorporation of crop stubble in the soil)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Zero till seed drill (used for land preparations directly sowing of seeds in the previous crop stubble)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Baler (used for collection of straw and making bales of the paddy stubble)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Paddy Straw Chopper (cutting of paddy stubble for easily mixing with the soil)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reaper Binder (used for harvesting paddy stubble and making into bundles)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">On other hand, these machines are too costly and the state governments should come forward and provide better subsidy so that farmer can afford these machines.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Burning of paddy </span></span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#333333">crop residue</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">, one of the major causes of air pollution, declined by 41 per cent last year over 2016-level in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi-NCR with the help of a Rs 1,151 crore central scheme</span></span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Background</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Stubble burning has been a major contributor to pollution in northern India including Delhi-NCR.This pollution is termed to be a major health concern especially related to breathing.</span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Stubble Burning</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Tonnes of residue is burnt in paddy fields every October-November to clear the field for conventional wheat sowing because of the narrow window between paddy harvesting and wheat sowing. </span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">If monsoon arrives late, this window narrows further, prompting farmers to set the residue on fire to clear the field for winter crops.</span></span></span></span> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Effects of Stubble burning</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Crop burning method to remove stubble has negative implications for the food system. The nutrients present in the stubble are wasted in burning and farmers have to spend on chemical fertilizers to maintain soil quality.</span></span></span></span> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Burning leads to the ground temperature rising and the soil drying up, necessitating additional water for irrigation. Livestock, too, is impacted by crop burning. It has been found that milk production falls up to 50% during the two months</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black"> of stubble burning.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Measures to reduce Stubble Burning</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Centre is giving up to 8% subsidy on purchase of machines like Super SMS, Happy Seeder, Paddy Straw Chopper and zero till drill used for residue management</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Other machines used for managing stubble include:</span></span></span></li>
<li>
<ul>
<li>Happy Seeder(used for sowing of crop in standing stubble)</li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Rotavator (used for land preparation and incorporation of crop stubble in the soil)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Zero till seed drill (used for land preparations directly sowing of seeds in the previous crop stubble)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Baler (used for collection of straw and making bales of the paddy stubble)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Paddy Straw Chopper (cutting of paddy stubble for easily mixing with the soil)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reaper Binder (used for harvesting paddy stubble and making into bundles)</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">On other hand, these machines are too costly and the state governments should come forward and provide better subsidy so that farmer can afford these machines.</span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
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