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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> An ancient forest was discovered at the bottom of a giant karst sinkhole in Leye County in south China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The forest was discovered by a team of cave explorers looking to study giant sinkholes called Tiankeng or “heavenly pit”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The dimension of the sinkhole is 306 metres in length, is 150 metres in width and 192 metres in depth, with its volume going above 5 million cubic meters.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The sinkhole has three caves in the walls and the bottom hosts a primitive forest with trees as tall as 40 metres high.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This is not the first sinkhole discovered in China. In 2016, scientists had discovered the world’s largest cluster of sinkholes in northwest Shaanxi province.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Formation of sinkholes</strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sinkholes are depressions on the ground that are formed when Earth’s surface layers start collapsing into caverns. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The collapse can take place suddenly as the land under the surface of the Earth can stay intact for a period of time.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Reasons for occurrence</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sinkholes can be formed naturally or through human activities. They can be seen in ‘karst’ topography where the rock below the surface can be easily dissolved by groundwater.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">As groundwater starts dissolving rocks, it starts creating spaces. The process takes thousands of years to form a sinkhole.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Karst topography can be majorly found in limestone and dolomite. Distinctive landforms such as caves, sinkholes and springs form as a result of dissolution.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Human activities such as broken land drains, water mains and sewerage pipes, increased rainfall, storm events, underlying limestone and diverted surface water can cause sinking of ground.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Occurrence of sinkholes across the world</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sinkholes have been formed in China due to mining of coal, zinc, lead and iron ore deposits in karst areas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Such landscapes are common across US states of Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Tennessee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Mexico, parts of Italy and Russia are prone to sinkholes. Central American countries such as Guatemala have seen formation of sinkholes.</span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Primitive forest under sink hole',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""> An ancient forest was discovered at the bottom of a giant karst sinkhole in Leye County in south China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The forest was discovered by a team of cave explorers looking to study giant sinkholes called Tiankeng or “heavenly pit”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The dimension of the sinkhole is 306 metres in length, is 150 metres in width and 192 metres in depth, with its volume going above 5 million cubic meters.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The sinkhole has three caves in the walls and the bottom hosts a primitive forest with trees as tall as 40 metres high.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">This is not the first sinkhole discovered in China. In 2016, scientists had discovered the world’s largest cluster of sinkholes in northwest Shaanxi province.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Formation of sinkholes</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sinkholes are depressions on the ground that are formed when Earth’s surface layers start collapsing into caverns. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The collapse can take place suddenly as the land under the surface of the Earth can stay intact for a period of time.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Reasons for occurrence</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sinkholes can be formed naturally or through human activities. They can be seen in ‘karst’ topography where the rock below the surface can be easily dissolved by groundwater.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">As groundwater starts dissolving rocks, it starts creating spaces. The process takes thousands of years to form a sinkhole.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Karst topography can be majorly found in limestone and dolomite. Distinctive landforms such as caves, sinkholes and springs form as a result of dissolution.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Human activities such as broken land drains, water mains and sewerage pipes, increased rainfall, storm events, underlying limestone and diverted surface water can cause sinking of ground.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Occurrence of sinkholes across the world</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Sinkholes have been formed in China due to mining of coal, zinc, lead and iron ore deposits in karst areas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Such landscapes are common across US states of Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Tennessee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Mexico, parts of Italy and Russia are prone to sinkholes. Central American countries such as Guatemala have seen formation of sinkholes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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