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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Forests
Monkey declared Vermin in Himachal Pradesh
Tags: Biodiversity, Forests
Published on: 25 February 2019
MoU signed for Plantation of 10,000 Rudraksh Trees in Uttarakhand
Tags: Forests
Published on: 17 May 2019
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'title' => 'NBWL clears 99.82% projects in protected areas',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has cleared 682 of 687 projects (99.82%) that came up for scrutiny mainly for diversion of forest land in Protected Areas to industry. Earlier from 2009-2013, it had recommended 260 of 328 (or about 80%) of projects that came into its purview. It had deferred nearly 243 projects after 2013.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Clearance process</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has delegated all powers of NBWL to its compliant Standing Committee which regularly meets and clears projects in protected areas<strong>. </strong></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This Standing Committee of NBWL is charged with deliberating on merits of projects that come to it for scrutiny. It is chaired by Union Environment Minister and comprises scientists and government officials.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">About National Board for Wildlife</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is statutory organization constituted under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. It is apex body to review all wildlife-related matters and approves projects in and around national parks and sanctuaries.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is advisory body (role only in advisory nature) to Central Government on framing policies and measures for conservation of wildlife in the country.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its primary function is to promote the conservation and development of wildlife and forests. It has power to review all wildlife-related matters and approve projects in and around national parks and sanctuaries.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Boundaries in protect areas viz. national parks and wildlife sanctuaries or eco-sensitive zones of forests cannot be altered or changed without its approval.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Composition:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is headed/chaired by Prime Minister. Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is its vice-chairman.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 47 members including Prime Minister and Union Environment Minister. 15 members are non-government members, 19 ex-officio members and 10 government officials such as secretaries. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 specifies that it must consists of 10 eminent ecologists, conservationists and environmentalists and 5 NGOs as its members. Other members include three Members of Parliament (two from Lok Sabha and one from Rajya Sabha.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has declared Monkey (<em>Rhesus macaque</em>) as Vermin for period of one year in 11 districts of Himachal Pradesh. It comes after request of state government to centre as monkeys were adversely affecting crops and causing harm to humans in the state.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This is second time monkey has been declared as vermin in Himachal Pradesh. For first time it was declared vermin in 2016 in 38 tehsils and sub-tehsils of 10 districts of state. The period of this notification was extended for one year in December 2017.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">What this decision means?</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It allows state forest authorities and people to carry out an extermination (hunting/poaching) of monkeys outside reserve forest on large scale. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">To do so, they will no longer require permission from forest/wildlife officials and thus their actions cannot attract penal provisions of Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to balance local population of monkeys to mitigate damage to human life, crops and other properties in state for ensuring conservation of wildlife in forests.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Vermin</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Vermin means wild animals and birds which are harmful to crops, farm animals or which carry disease. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Section 62 of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 empowers Centre (Environment Ministry) to declare through notification wild animals as vermin for selective slaughter on request of State Government </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, wild animal can be declared as vermin <em>if they have become dangerous to human life or property, including standing crops on any land </em>and <em>become disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery</em>.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Central Government through notification declares any wild animal other than those specified in <em>Schedule I of WPA </em>vermin for any area for specific period by listing it in Schedule V.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For such period of notification, wild animal placed in Schedule V of WPA is deprived of any protection under legal provision of WPA. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also provides reprieve for those who kill this vermin animal from jail terms and fines that hunting these animals typically invite under WPA. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The hunted vermin wildlife is declared as government property and Government imposes restrictions on disposal of carcasses of these animals. </span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chenchu tribal families in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh have succeeded in domesticating the fox, who believe the fox ushers in fortune. However, the conservation of fox falls under Wildlife Protection Act 1972, according to which hunting or domesticating it is criminal offence.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">About Chenchus </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group. They are forest dwellers living in Nallamala forest range spread across four to five districts in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and also in Odisha. They speak in Chenchu language, a member of Dravidian language family. They still follow traditional primitive way of life based on hunting and gathering. They make leaf cups and leaf plates out of tobacco leaves, tamarind, mahua flowers and sell them in local marker. They also make use of mahua flower in making the liquor. They are </span></span></span></p>
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'id' => (int) 1117,
'title' => 'MoU signed for Plantation of 10,000 Rudraksh Trees in Uttarakhand',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">National Mission for Clean Ganga has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with HCL Foundation and INTACH to plant 10000 Rudraksh Trees along Ganga Basin in Uttarakhand. Its objective is to create greener ecosystem in Ganga Basin by undertaking plantation project of Rudraksh Trees in Uttrakhand in association with the local community.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Plantation Project</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative under Namani Gange Programme which is aimed providng inclusive and sustainable solutions for cleaner ecosystem along Ganga river.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims at planting 10,000 Rudraksh trees along Ganga Basin area in Uttarakhand in association with the local community.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also seeks to address the issue of unemployment by employing local people for plantation drive. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rudraksh Tree</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a large evergreen tree. Its scientific name is Elaeocarpus ganitrus. It has broad-leaves and its seeds are known as Rudraksh. It is mainly found in Gangetic plain, foothills of Himalyas, Nepal, Indonesia etc. Its seed are traditionally used for prayer beads in Hinduism and Buddhism. It develops the fruit in three to four years. </span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Forests',
'keyword' => 'forests',
'id' => (int) 1508,
'title' => 'Bihar Government bans tree-felling',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bihar Government recently issued order banning felling of trees in the state, citing reason of increasing pollution as well as a fatal heatwave in Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur and other cities in the state. The order was passed under Forest Conservation Act,</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">1980 and is <strong>valid only for Government-owned properties</strong> and not for people who privately own a tree. With this, all permissions granted to cut trees for development works, have become null and void. Henceforth, anybody wanting to remove a tree for any development project will have to translocate it. State Public Works Department also has been asked not to cut trees while building or expanding roads.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Pollution in Bihar is increasing at an alarming rate and most cities in the sate are ranked in the list of World’s most polluted cities. These cities are Patna, Muzaffarpur, Gaya and Bhagalpur. Patna which holds 7th position, Muzaffarpur 13th position, Gaya holds the 18th position on the world’s most polluted list. State Government’s decision to ban felling of trees could have been reaction to indiscriminate felling of big, old trees in Capital Patna during last few years for the construction of roads and buildings. Another reason was severe heatwave this year, which killed 90 people in Gaya, Aurangabad and Nawada districts of state besides rendering many others sick. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar has repeatedly announced that his government will increase green cover in the state to 17</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">. Till now, Bihar Government was able to increase its green cover from seven to 15</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">under the Green Mission.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Amazon forest fires',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Man-made fires in the world’s largest rainforest have sent smoke to populated cities and the Atlantic coast. The smoke from the forest fires </span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#121212">is pumping alarming quantities of carbon into the world’s atmosphere.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A wildfire, wild land fire or rural fire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation occurring in rural areas.</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> They pose a threat not only to the forest wealth but also to the entire fauna and flora, seriously disturbing the bio-diversity and the ecology and environment of a region</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reasons for Fires</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#121212">Most of the fires are agricultural, either smallholders burning stubble after harvest, or farmers clearing forest for cropland.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#121212">Illegal land-grabbers also destroy trees so they can raise the value of the property they seize. But they are manmade and mostly deliberate.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Implications of forest fire</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Amazon rainforest is a repository of rich biodiversity and produces approximately 20 per cent of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">It is also home to indigenous communities whose lives and homelands are under threat due to encroachment by the Brazil government, foreign corporations and governments with economic interests in the resource-rich region, and local farmers.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Amazon rainforest influences not only on a regional scale, but also on a global scale. The rain produced by the Amazon travels through the region and even reaches the Andes mountain range. </span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Moisture from the Atlantic falls on the rainforest, and eventually evaporates back into the atmosphere an thus maintaining the water cycle.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">It is said that the Amazon rainforest has the ability to produce at least half of the rain it receives. This rain cycle is a delicate balance.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Measures to tackle forest fires</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Stringent laws to prevent artificial burning of trees by people around the forest.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Stop farmers near forests from burning their crops that has possibility to spread to larger areas and destroy forest areas.</span></span></span></p>
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(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Forests',
'keyword' => 'forests',
'id' => (int) 2595,
'title' => 'Clarification on forest definition',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Uttarakhand government had put forth a set of criteria defining forest land and asked the ministry for it's opinion.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since 2014, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has been considering evolving a legal definition of forest and reportedly prepared drafts as late as 2016.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The freedom to define land which is not already classified as forests<strong> </strong>by the Centre or state records as forest has been under jurisdiction of the States since 1996. This provision emerges from a Supreme Court order called the <strong>Godavarman judgement.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1996 Supreme Court judgement expanded the definition of forest to include lands that were already notified by the Centre as forests, that appear in government records as forests as well as those that fell in the “dictionary definition” of forest.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The last clause allows the States to evolve their own criteria and define tracts of land as forest, and these would then be bound by forest conservation laws.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An all-encompassing definition of 'forest' is not possible for India, because the country had 16 different kinds of forest. A tract of grassland in one State might qualify in one region as forest, but not in another.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Defining a land as a forest is important in preventing encroachment of a patch of land, which otherwise could be misused.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Preventing cutting of trees, which are vulnerable if not defined as part of forest.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Forests',
'keyword' => 'forests',
'id' => (int) 2800,
'title' => 'Centre discards plan to ammend Forest Act of 1927',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Union Environment Ministry on Friday withdrew a draft amendment that proposed updates to the Indian Forest Act, 1927. Activist groups and some State governments had protested this proposed law.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Forest Act, 2019, was envisaged as an amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, and an attempt to address contemporary challenges to the country’s forests<strong>. </strong>The draft law had been sent to key forest officers in the states for comments and objections.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The intended legislation also proposed a forest development cess of up to 10% of the assessed value of mining products removed from forests, and water used for irrigation or in industries. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This amount would be deposited in a special fund and used “exclusively for reforestation; forest protection and other ancillary purposes connected with tree planting, forest development and conservation,” the draft document noted.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights of proposed changes to Forest Act 1927</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The amendment defines community as “a group of persons specified on the basis of government records living in a specific locality and in joint possession and enjoyment of common property resources, without regard to race, religion, caste, language and culture”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Forest is defined to include “any government or private or institutional land recorded or notified as forest/forest land in any government record and the lands managed by government/community as forest and mangroves, and also any land which the central or state government may by notification declare to be forest for the purpose of this Act.”</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The amendments say if the state government, after consultation with the central government, feels that the rights under FRA will hamper conservation efforts, then the state “may commute such rights by paying such persons a sum of money in lieu thereof, or grant of land, or in such other manner as it thinks fit, to maintain the social organisation of the forest dwelling communities or alternatively set out some other forest tract of sufficient extent, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the purpose of such forest dwellers”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The amendment also introduces a new category of forests — production forest. These will be forests with specific objectives for production of timber, pulp, pulpwood, firewood, non-timber forest produce, medicinal plants or any forest species to increase production in the country for a specified period.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Brazilian scientists researching the widespread Amazon wildfire months ago have been scared they might lose their job if their identity is revealed and so preferred to remain anonymous in the paper.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paper set out to evaluate if the government claims that the forest fire was ‘normal’ and “below historical average” was indeed true. </span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers looked at the longer term trends in active fires and annual deforestation. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also looked at recent monthly deforestation trends. Based on these data, the team concluded that the number of active fires in August 2019 was nearly three times higher than the corresponding figure in August 2018 and the highest since 2010.</span></span></p>
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<li>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government is trying to undermine scientific institutions through a withdrawal of funds and cuts to high-profile staff represent an ideological attack on scientists who might speak out about the consequences of the deforestation.</span></span></p>
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Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News', 'metakeyword' => 'Persons in News, Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News', 'metadescription' => 'Persons in News, Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News, and all the daily current affairs news you will get here with complete information', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'cacategories' } ] $breadcrumb = [ (int) 0 => [ 'name' => 'Home', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/' ], (int) 1 => [ 'name' => 'Forests', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/forests' ] ] $currentaffairs = [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 163, 'title' => 'NBWL clears 99.82% projects in protected areas', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has cleared 682 of 687 projects (99.82%) that came up for scrutiny mainly for diversion of forest land in Protected Areas to industry. Earlier from 2009-2013, it had recommended 260 of 328 (or about 80%) of projects that came into its purview. It had deferred nearly 243 projects after 2013.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Clearance process</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has delegated all powers of NBWL to its compliant Standing Committee which regularly meets and clears projects in protected areas<strong>. </strong></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This Standing Committee of NBWL is charged with deliberating on merits of projects that come to it for scrutiny. It is chaired by Union Environment Minister and comprises scientists and government officials.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">About National Board for Wildlife</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is statutory organization constituted under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. It is apex body to review all wildlife-related matters and approves projects in and around national parks and sanctuaries.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is advisory body (role only in advisory nature) to Central Government on framing policies and measures for conservation of wildlife in the country.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its primary function is to promote the conservation and development of wildlife and forests. It has power to review all wildlife-related matters and approve projects in and around national parks and sanctuaries.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Boundaries in protect areas viz. national parks and wildlife sanctuaries or eco-sensitive zones of forests cannot be altered or changed without its approval.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Composition:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is headed/chaired by Prime Minister. Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is its vice-chairman.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has 47 members including Prime Minister and Union Environment Minister. 15 members are non-government members, 19 ex-officio members and 10 government officials such as secretaries. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 specifies that it must consists of 10 eminent ecologists, conservationists and environmentalists and 5 NGOs as its members. Other members include three Members of Parliament (two from Lok Sabha and one from Rajya Sabha.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'nbwl-clears-projects-protected-areas', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/477e/4hb7c7f7zxcynx26g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/477e/4hb7c7f7zxcynx26g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'NBWL clears 99.82% projects in protected areas', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, National Board for Wildlife (NBWL),', 'metadescription' => 'National Board for Wildlife, NBWL, cleares 682 of 687 projects (99.82%) mainly for diversion of forest land in Protected Areas to industry', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/kz7cm2lne9nwzx1/14_FEB_NBWL_clears_99.82%2525.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 246, 'title' => ' Monkey declared Vermin in Himachal Pradesh', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has declared Monkey (<em>Rhesus macaque</em>) as Vermin for period of one year in 11 districts of Himachal Pradesh. It comes after request of state government to centre as monkeys were adversely affecting crops and causing harm to humans in the state.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This is second time monkey has been declared as vermin in Himachal Pradesh. For first time it was declared vermin in 2016 in 38 tehsils and sub-tehsils of 10 districts of state. The period of this notification was extended for one year in December 2017.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">What this decision means?</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It allows state forest authorities and people to carry out an extermination (hunting/poaching) of monkeys outside reserve forest on large scale. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">To do so, they will no longer require permission from forest/wildlife officials and thus their actions cannot attract penal provisions of Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to balance local population of monkeys to mitigate damage to human life, crops and other properties in state for ensuring conservation of wildlife in forests.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Vermin</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Vermin means wild animals and birds which are harmful to crops, farm animals or which carry disease. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Section 62 of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 empowers Centre (Environment Ministry) to declare through notification wild animals as vermin for selective slaughter on request of State Government </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, wild animal can be declared as vermin <em>if they have become dangerous to human life or property, including standing crops on any land </em>and <em>become disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery</em>.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Central Government through notification declares any wild animal other than those specified in <em>Schedule I of WPA </em>vermin for any area for specific period by listing it in Schedule V.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For such period of notification, wild animal placed in Schedule V of WPA is deprived of any protection under legal provision of WPA. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also provides reprieve for those who kill this vermin animal from jail terms and fines that hunting these animals typically invite under WPA. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The hunted vermin wildlife is declared as government property and Government imposes restrictions on disposal of carcasses of these animals. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'monkey-declared-vermin-himachal-pradesh', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a713/9bm3tuvg557u56w6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a713/9bm3tuvg557u56w6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Monkey declared Vermin in Himachal Pradesh', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Environment Ministry, declares, Monkey, Rhesus macaque, Vermin, Himachal Pradesh', 'metadescription' => 'Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has declared Monkey (Rhesus macaque) as Vermin for period of one year in 11 districts of Himachal Pradesh', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/dn8fgfqg7v8psay/25feb_Monkey_declared_Vermin.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 804, 'title' => 'Chenchus tribal domesticate foxes for good fortune', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chenchu tribal families in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh have succeeded in domesticating the fox, who believe the fox ushers in fortune. However, the conservation of fox falls under Wildlife Protection Act 1972, according to which hunting or domesticating it is criminal offence.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">About Chenchus </span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">are a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group. They are forest dwellers living in Nallamala forest range spread across four to five districts in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and also in Odisha. They speak in Chenchu language, a member of Dravidian language family. They still follow traditional primitive way of life based on hunting and gathering. They make leaf cups and leaf plates out of tobacco leaves, tamarind, mahua flowers and sell them in local marker. They also make use of mahua flower in making the liquor. They are </span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chenchus-tribals-domestic-foxes', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/25d7/kt3rtcc989podoo6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/25d7/kt3rtcc989podoo6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Chenchus tribal domesticate foxes for good fortune', 'metakeyword' => 'Chenchu tribal families in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh have succeeded in domesticating the fox, who believe the fox ushers in fortune', 'metadescription' => 'Chenchu tribal families in Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh have succeeded in domesticating the fox, who believe the fox ushers in fortune', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/d1k46q51xd50g23/Chenchus_tribal.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 1117, 'title' => 'MoU signed for Plantation of 10,000 Rudraksh Trees in Uttarakhand', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">National Mission for Clean Ganga has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with HCL Foundation and INTACH to plant 10000 Rudraksh Trees along Ganga Basin in Uttarakhand. Its objective is to create greener ecosystem in Ganga Basin by undertaking plantation project of Rudraksh Trees in Uttrakhand in association with the local community.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Plantation Project</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative under Namani Gange Programme which is aimed providng inclusive and sustainable solutions for cleaner ecosystem along Ganga river.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It aims at planting 10,000 Rudraksh trees along Ganga Basin area in Uttarakhand in association with the local community.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It also seeks to address the issue of unemployment by employing local people for plantation drive. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rudraksh Tree</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is a large evergreen tree. Its scientific name is Elaeocarpus ganitrus. It has broad-leaves and its seeds are known as Rudraksh. It is mainly found in Gangetic plain, foothills of Himalyas, Nepal, Indonesia etc. Its seed are traditionally used for prayer beads in Hinduism and Buddhism. It develops the fruit in three to four years. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'mpo-plantation-rudraksh-trees-uttarakhand', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/992d/1ivxwriqg8wv4g46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/992d/1ivxwriqg8wv4g46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'MoU signed for Plantation of 10,000 Rudraksh Trees in Uttarakhand', 'metakeyword' => 'National Mission for Clean Ganga, MoU, HCL Foundation, INTACH , plant 10000 Rudraksh Trees, Ganga Basin in Uttarakhand', 'metadescription' => 'National Mission for Clean Ganga has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with HCL Foundation and INTACH to plant 10000 Rudraksh Trees along Ganga Basin in Uttarakhand', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pk4wir93ir5n9i7/MoU_signed.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 1508, 'title' => 'Bihar Government bans tree-felling', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bihar Government recently issued order banning felling of trees in the state, citing reason of increasing pollution as well as a fatal heatwave in Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur and other cities in the state. The order was passed under Forest Conservation Act,</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">1980 and is <strong>valid only for Government-owned properties</strong> and not for people who privately own a tree. With this, all permissions granted to cut trees for development works, have become null and void. Henceforth, anybody wanting to remove a tree for any development project will have to translocate it. State Public Works Department also has been asked not to cut trees while building or expanding roads.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Pollution in Bihar is increasing at an alarming rate and most cities in the sate are ranked in the list of World’s most polluted cities. These cities are Patna, Muzaffarpur, Gaya and Bhagalpur. Patna which holds 7th position, Muzaffarpur 13th position, Gaya holds the 18th position on the world’s most polluted list. State Government’s decision to ban felling of trees could have been reaction to indiscriminate felling of big, old trees in Capital Patna during last few years for the construction of roads and buildings. Another reason was severe heatwave this year, which killed 90 people in Gaya, Aurangabad and Nawada districts of state besides rendering many others sick. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar has repeatedly announced that his government will increase green cover in the state to 17</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">. Till now, Bihar Government was able to increase its green cover from seven to 15</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">under the Green Mission.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bihar-government-bans-tree-felling', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6c28/zn0t9z7e67zzudm6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6c28/zn0t9z7e67zzudm6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bihar Government bans tree-felling', 'metakeyword' => 'ihar Government recently issued order banning felling of trees in the state, citing reason of increasing pollution as well as a fatal heatwave in Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur', 'metadescription' => 'ihar Government recently issued order banning felling of trees in the state, citing reason of increasing pollution as well as a fatal heatwave in Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qc1sd3u5jib8tpf/Bihar_Government_bans_tree-felling.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 1986, 'title' => 'Amazon forest fires', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Man-made fires in the world’s largest rainforest have sent smoke to populated cities and the Atlantic coast. The smoke from the forest fires </span></span><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#121212">is pumping alarming quantities of carbon into the world’s atmosphere.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A wildfire, wild land fire or rural fire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation occurring in rural areas.</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> They pose a threat not only to the forest wealth but also to the entire fauna and flora, seriously disturbing the bio-diversity and the ecology and environment of a region</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Reasons for Fires</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#121212">Most of the fires are agricultural, either smallholders burning stubble after harvest, or farmers clearing forest for cropland.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#121212">Illegal land-grabbers also destroy trees so they can raise the value of the property they seize. But they are manmade and mostly deliberate.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Implications of forest fire</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">The Amazon rainforest is a repository of rich biodiversity and produces approximately 20 per cent of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">It is also home to indigenous communities whose lives and homelands are under threat due to encroachment by the Brazil government, foreign corporations and governments with economic interests in the resource-rich region, and local farmers.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Amazon rainforest influences not only on a regional scale, but also on a global scale. The rain produced by the Amazon travels through the region and even reaches the Andes mountain range. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">Moisture from the Atlantic falls on the rainforest, and eventually evaporates back into the atmosphere an thus maintaining the water cycle.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">It is said that the Amazon rainforest has the ability to produce at least half of the rain it receives. This rain cycle is a delicate balance.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Measures to tackle forest fires</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Stringent laws to prevent artificial burning of trees by people around the forest.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Stop farmers near forests from burning their crops that has possibility to spread to larger areas and destroy forest areas.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'amazon-forest-fires', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e704/wnssqu9b8xocfq66g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e704/wnssqu9b8xocfq66g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Amazon forest fires', 'metakeyword' => 'Amazon forest fires | Amazon forest ', 'metadescription' => 'Man-made fires in the world’s largest rainforest have sent smoke to populated cities and the Atlantic coast.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/divq1v4jqgy3rq2/Amazon_forest_fires.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 2595, 'title' => 'Clarification on forest definition', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Uttarakhand government had put forth a set of criteria defining forest land and asked the ministry for it's opinion.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since 2014, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has been considering evolving a legal definition of forest and reportedly prepared drafts as late as 2016.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The freedom to define land which is not already classified as forests<strong> </strong>by the Centre or state records as forest has been under jurisdiction of the States since 1996. This provision emerges from a Supreme Court order called the <strong>Godavarman judgement.</strong></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1996 Supreme Court judgement expanded the definition of forest to include lands that were already notified by the Centre as forests, that appear in government records as forests as well as those that fell in the “dictionary definition” of forest.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The last clause allows the States to evolve their own criteria and define tracts of land as forest, and these would then be bound by forest conservation laws.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An all-encompassing definition of 'forest' is not possible for India, because the country had 16 different kinds of forest. A tract of grassland in one State might qualify in one region as forest, but not in another.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Defining a land as a forest is important in preventing encroachment of a patch of land, which otherwise could be misused.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Preventing cutting of trees, which are vulnerable if not defined as part of forest.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'clarification-on-forest-definition', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0c98/sbkfi13tcle89bb6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0c98/sbkfi13tcle89bb6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Clarification on forest definition', 'metakeyword' => 'Clarification on forest definition', 'metadescription' => 'The Uttarakhand government had put forth a set of criteria defining forest land and asked the ministry for it's opinion.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yynrmozxik0iivh/Clarification_on_forest_definition.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 2800, 'title' => 'Centre discards plan to ammend Forest Act of 1927', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Union Environment Ministry on Friday withdrew a draft amendment that proposed updates to the Indian Forest Act, 1927. Activist groups and some State governments had protested this proposed law.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Indian Forest Act, 2019, was envisaged as an amendment to the Indian Forest Act, 1927, and an attempt to address contemporary challenges to the country’s forests<strong>. </strong>The draft law had been sent to key forest officers in the states for comments and objections.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The intended legislation also proposed a forest development cess of up to 10% of the assessed value of mining products removed from forests, and water used for irrigation or in industries. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This amount would be deposited in a special fund and used “exclusively for reforestation; forest protection and other ancillary purposes connected with tree planting, forest development and conservation,” the draft document noted.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights of proposed changes to Forest Act 1927</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The amendment defines community as “a group of persons specified on the basis of government records living in a specific locality and in joint possession and enjoyment of common property resources, without regard to race, religion, caste, language and culture”.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Forest is defined to include “any government or private or institutional land recorded or notified as forest/forest land in any government record and the lands managed by government/community as forest and mangroves, and also any land which the central or state government may by notification declare to be forest for the purpose of this Act.”</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The amendments say if the state government, after consultation with the central government, feels that the rights under FRA will hamper conservation efforts, then the state “may commute such rights by paying such persons a sum of money in lieu thereof, or grant of land, or in such other manner as it thinks fit, to maintain the social organisation of the forest dwelling communities or alternatively set out some other forest tract of sufficient extent, and in a locality reasonably convenient, for the purpose of such forest dwellers”.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The amendment also introduces a new category of forests — production forest. These will be forests with specific objectives for production of timber, pulp, pulpwood, firewood, non-timber forest produce, medicinal plants or any forest species to increase production in the country for a specified period.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'centre-discards-plan-to-ammend', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/69e9/l9b160vwgrweavn6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/69e9/l9b160vwgrweavn6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Centre discards plan to ammend Forest Act of 1927', 'metakeyword' => 'Centre discards plan to ammend Forest Act of 1927', 'metadescription' => 'The Union Environment Ministry on Friday withdrew a draft amendment that proposed updates to the Indian Forest Act, 1927.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/nmapepcv66e8etc/Centre_discards_plan_to_ammend_Forest_Act_of_1927.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Forests', 'keyword' => 'forests', 'id' => (int) 3021, 'title' => 'Anonymous research paper by Brazilian researchers', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research paper published in <em>Global Change Biology</em> has refused to acknowledge the names of the contributors for the research article owing to threats from organised crime syndicates and government.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Director of Brazil's National Space and Research Institute (INPE) was terminated after he defended satellite data that showed that deforestation was 88% higher in June compared with data a year ago. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Brazilian scientists researching the widespread Amazon wildfire months ago have been scared they might lose their job if their identity is revealed and so preferred to remain anonymous in the paper.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paper set out to evaluate if the government claims that the forest fire was ‘normal’ and “below historical average” was indeed true. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers looked at the longer term trends in active fires and annual deforestation. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also looked at recent monthly deforestation trends. Based on these data, the team concluded that the number of active fires in August 2019 was nearly three times higher than the corresponding figure in August 2018 and the highest since 2010.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The increase in fires has occurred in the absence of a strong drought, which can be a good predictor of fire occurrence, according to the paper.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government is trying to undermine scientific institutions through a withdrawal of funds and cuts to high-profile staff represent an ideological attack on scientists who might speak out about the consequences of the deforestation.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Funding for science has come from outside Brazil, especially European consortium of 26 nations, which has 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style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A research paper published in <em>Global Change Biology</em> has refused to acknowledge the names of the contributors for the research article owing to threats from organised crime syndicates and government.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Director of Brazil's National Space and Research Institute (INPE) was terminated after he defended satellite data that showed that deforestation was 88% higher in June compared with data a year ago. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Brazilian scientists researching the widespread Amazon wildfire months ago have been scared they might lose their job if their identity is revealed and so preferred to remain anonymous in the paper.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The paper set out to evaluate if the government claims that the forest fire was ‘normal’ and “below historical average” was indeed true. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers looked at the longer term trends in active fires and annual deforestation. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also looked at recent monthly deforestation trends. Based on these data, the team concluded that the number of active fires in August 2019 was nearly three times higher than the corresponding figure in August 2018 and the highest since 2010.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The increase in fires has occurred in the absence of a strong drought, which can be a good predictor of fire occurrence, according to the paper.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government is trying to undermine scientific institutions through a withdrawal of funds and cuts to high-profile staff represent an ideological attack on scientists who might speak out about the consequences of the deforestation.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Funding for science has come from outside Brazil, especially European consortium of 26 nations, which has offered $28 million in research funding for biodiversity and conservation projects.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'anonymous-research-paper-by-brazilian-researchers', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/eb2b/ojnie21dluet05u6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/eb2b/ojnie21dluet05u6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Anonymous research paper by Brazilian researchers', 'metakeyword' => 'Anonymous research paper by Brazilian researchers', 'metadescription' => 'A research paper published in Global Change Biology has refused to acknowledge the names of the contributors for the research article owing to threats', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/54scqzup4myewm8/Anonymous_research_paper_by_Brazilian_researchers.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ '*' => true ], '[dirty]' => [], '[original]' => [], '[virtual]' => [], '[errors]' => [], '[invalid]' => [], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' } $tags = '<a href="https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/forests">Forests</a>'include - ROOT/plugins/Studyiq/src/Template/Pages/tags.ctp, line 65 Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196 Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157 Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765 Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 108 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 104 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 98 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 81