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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Energy
CO2 for first time converted into coal at room temperature
Tags: Energy
Published on: 28 February 2019
2 Units of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station inaugurated
Tags: Energy
Published on: 01 July 2019
‘Core catcher’ installed in Kudankulam nuclear power plant
Tags: Energy
Published on: 25 December 2019
Purple bacteria may help in harvesting green fuel from wastewater
Tags: Energy
Published on: 23 April 2020
Scientists to make use of AI to solve nuclear fusion problem
Tags: Energy
Published on: 29 April 2020
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'title' => 'India, Argentina ink MoU for civil nuclear cooperation',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India and Argentina inked Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to boost cooperation in civil nuclear sector. It was singed during official state visit of Argentinean President Mauricio Macri to India.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">MoU for civil nuclear cooperation</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was signed between Department of Atomic Energy (DEA) and National Atomic Energy Commission, Argentina.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cooperation under it is within framework of Global Center for Nuclear Energy Partnership. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will bolster institutional linkages in civil nuclear research, development and capacity building between both countries.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India and Argentina had signed an agreement in 2010 for cooperation in peaceful use of nuclear energy. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Both countries are enhancing and exploring cooperative ventures in the area of nuclear power and its societal uses in the fields of health, agriculture, industrial application, training and capacity building.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Argentina has expertise in building small-capacity nuclear reactors and was looking to work with India in some third country in tripartite projects.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Argentine company INVAP is already working on Fission Molly Project to build molybdenum plant in Mumbai, Maharashtra. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This project envisages setting up plant for creating isotopes. Argentina also manufactures some components used in Indian power reactors. </span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">How this technique works?</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">CO2 is mixed electrolyte liquid consisting of specially designed liquid metal catalyst with specific surface properties (efficient electricity conductor with chemically activating surface) and small amount of liquid metal, which is then charged with electrical current. CO2 slowly converts into solid flakes of carbon, which are naturally detached from liquid metal surface, allowing continuous production of carbonaceous solid.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Benefits</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This process is efficient and scalable. It can help in rewinding emissions clock. Carbon produced by this technique also can be used as electrode. It can be used as supercapacitor as it can also hold electrical charge and potentially be used as component in future vehicles. This process also produces synthetic fuel as by-product, which could also have industrial applications.</span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Facts</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bio-ATF production is possible from used cooking oil as the chemical composition of used cooking oil is identical to other plant-based oils that have been converted to Bio-ATF. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is very similar to Bio-ATF derived from jatropha oil which was recently used to run India’s first first-ever environment friendly biofuel powered flight between Dehradun and Delhi.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For this pilot test, CSIR-IIP had collected used cooking oil from caterers and hotels in Dehradun. It has now set platform for commercial use of this technology.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Reduce re-use of cooking oil in food industry will have positive public health outcomes.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, its conversion into Bio-ATF will help aviation sector reduce its carbon footprint.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also help to Indian AirForce (IAF) and civil aviation sector to save fuel bill. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">RUCO initiative</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The test of converting used cooking oil into Bio-ATF assumes importance as Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has launched Repurpose Cooking Oil (RUCO) initiative to collect and convert used cooking oil into bio-fuel. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">FSSAI has identified as many as 64 companies in 101 locations across the country for RUCO initiative. FSSAI estimates that by 2020, it will be possible to recover about 220 crore litres of used cooking oil for conversion into bio-fuel.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Ural: Russia launches nuclear-powered icebreaker',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Russia has launched nuclear-powered icebreaker named Ural as part of an ambitious Project 22220Icebreaker Project to improve its ability to tap Arctic’s commercial potential. It will enter into service in 2022 after Arktika and Sibir enter into service.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ural</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is third nuclear-powered icebreaker in series of three such ships (Arktika and Sibir) built by Russia’s state owned nuclear energy corporation Rosatom under ambition Project 22220Icebreaker.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It equipped with two RITM-200 nuclear reactors, with thermal capacity of 175 MW each. I</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">t has dual-draft design that allows its applicability in Arctic waters and in estuaries of polar rivers. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is 173.3 meters long and 34 meters wide. It has displacement capacity of 33540 metric tons. It can break through 3 metres (13 feet) thick ice.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is name after </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ural mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from coast of Arctic Ocean to Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Nuclear-powered icebreaker </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is nuclear-powered ship built for breaking waters covered with ice. It primarily helps ships to navigate in the frozen waterways in winters especially in Arctic region. It is much more powerful than their diesel-powered icebreakers. Russia is only country constructing nuclear-powered icebreakers.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Project 22220Icebreaker</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under it, Russia is building three nuclear-powered icebreakers. These icebreakers are meant to be largest and most powerful icebreakers in the world. They are being built as part of Russia’s sole purpose of renewing and expanding its fleet of the vessels in order to improve its ability to tap Arctic’s commercial potential, what it calls the Northern Sea Route (NSR) to make it navigable throughout year. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Energy',
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'id' => (int) 1612,
'title' => '2 Units of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station inaugurated',
'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot inaugurated 5th and 6th Units (each having 660 MW capacity) of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station in Chhabra block, Baran district of state. These two units are state’s first thermal power project based on Super Critical Thermal Power Technology. With the commencement of two new units, the total capacity of this power plant has increased to 2,320 MW. It will benefit 78 lakh fresh consumers in the state</span></span></span></span></h2>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Chhabra Thermal Power Plant </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is one of Rajasthan's coal fired power plants. It is located at Chowki Motipura Village, Chhabra tehsil in Baran district of Rajasthan. Its four Units are already producing total power of 1000MW (each having capacity of 250 MW).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Super Critical Thermal Power Plants</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They operate at temperatures and pressures above critical point of water, i.e. point at which there is no difference between water gas and liquid water. It is above temperature and pressure at which liquid and gas phases of water coexist in equilibrium.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Difference with conventional coal-fired power plants</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: water is boiled to generate steam that activates turbine to generate power. They have efficiency of about 32%.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Benefits of SC power plants:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> They require less coal per megawatt-hour, higher efficiency (above 45%), lower fuel costs per megawatt and emits lower emissions (including carbon dioxide and mercury).</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => '2 Units of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station',
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(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
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'id' => (int) 1628,
'title' => 'NITI Aayog proposes setting up Lithium-ion Giga Factories',
'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NITI Aayog has proposed the establishment of giga factories in India for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries in the next couple of years. The proposal is part of NITI Aayog’s push for the adoption of electric mobility in the country. </span></span></span></span></h2>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NITI Aayog’s Proposal</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It recently had proposed that only electric (lithium-ion or other advanced battery chemistry only) three-wheelers will be sold in the country after March 31, 2023, and only electric two-wheelers below 150cc will be sold after March 31, 2025.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Industry opposition:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> However, this debated proposal to stop selling ICE (internal combustion engine) 150cc two-wheelers was strongly opposed by two-wheeler industry, cautioning that this move would disrupt the industry that was already reeling under stress. Industry has termed this proposal impractical and also pointed out that batteries, which were crucial part of electric vehicles, were expensive and not made in India.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Arguments for Lithium-Ion Giga Factories: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> NITI Aayog held that this is sunrise industry and India needs to start building capabilities to become globally competitive player in this area. Current lack of domestic capability in this sector will cause massive imports from China for e-vehicles as is the case in electronics.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Li-Ion battery</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is type of rechargeable battery that contains several cells. Each cell consists of cathode, anode and electrolyte, separator or chemical called an electrolyte in </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">between electrodes and current collectors.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its positive electrode is typically made from chemical compound called lithium-cobalt oxide </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">(LiCoO2) or lately lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is used. </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The negative electrode is generally made from carbon (graphite) and electrolyte varies from on</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">e type of battery to another.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this battery, lithium ions move from positive electrode to negative electrode during charging and </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">negative electrode to positive electrode during discharge.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Working</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During charging of battery:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> LiCoO2, positive electrode gives up some of its lithium ions, which move </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">through electrolyte to negative, graphite electrode and remain there.</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The battery takes in and stores this electrical energy produced due to moving cha</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">rge during this</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">process.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During discharging of battery:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Lithium ions move back across electrolyte to positive electrode, </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">producing energy that powers battery.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Benefits of Li-Ion battery</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is light weighted and is one-third weight of widely used lead a</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">cid batteries.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is nearly 100</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> efficient in both charging and discharging operations as compared to lead batteries </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">which have 70% efficiency.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It completely discharges i.e. 100</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> as compared to 80</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> discharge rate for lead acid batteries.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has life </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">cycle of 5000 times or more compared lead acid batteries which have just 400-500 cycles.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During discharging cycle, it maintains constant voltage throughout whereas voltage in lead acid </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">battery drops consistently during discharge cycle.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It does not have</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> any adversarial environmental impact as lead acid battery, making much cleaner technology and is safer for environment. </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'id' => (int) 1782,
'title' => 'BARC’s radiation technology for sewage treatment',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) developed radiation technology for sewage treatment using Co-60 (Cobalt-60). It has set up Technology Demonstration Pilot Project Sewage Sludge Hygienisation Plant at Shahwadi, Ahmedabad in collaboration with Amdavad Municipal Corporation (AMC), Ahmedabad. This plant loaded with 150 kCi of Co-60 and is in continuous operation since inauguration in February 2019. Besides this recent deployment of radiation technology for sewage treatment, BARC since last 30 years has deployed another liquid sludge irradiator called Sludge Hygienisation Research Irradiator (SHRI) is at Vadodara for radiation treatment of raw sludge containing 3-4% solids.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is India's premier multi-disciplinary nuclear research facility. It is located in Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was established in 1954 as Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET). It was renamed to present name after Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, father of Indian nuclear programme and founder of AEET.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It serves as multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering entire spectrum of nuclear science, engineering and related areas.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It operates number of research reactors across the country. It also serves as India's main nuclear weapons fuel lab.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 1956,
'title' => 'IIT H researchers use sugar to produce bio fuel precursor',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Researchers at IIT Hyderabad have developed a simple and innovative method to synthesize a catalyst that can convert chemicals derived from biomass into a precursor to diesel and jet fuel.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary processes from biomass, rather than a fuel produced by the very slow geological processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as oil.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Biofuels can be produced from plants (energy crops), or from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Catalyst showed better efficiency and selectivity than commercial catalysts to produce C15 oxygenated hydrocarbon, a biofuel precursor.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The researchers described the process that can produce carbon catalysts at room temperatures using sugar, sulphuric acid and salt. The dehydration of sugar by concentrated sulfuric acid is a simple chemical process. But the intense heat released is not well-controlled.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In order to control the exothermic dehydration of sugar, the researchers add common salt. Salt helps in controlled dehydration of sugar, which leads to formation of the desired carbon nanoplates.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Low cost of precursors with practically zero energy input and simplicity of reaction has made this process of producing carbon nanoplates to be easily adapted for large-scale commercial production.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Importance of Discovery</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This development is important for States such as Uttar Pradesh and the two Telugu states which are the largest producers of corn in India. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The large amount of corncob waste can now be converted into fuels and allow additional income for farmers of corn, provide a sustainable energy source and reduce carbon footprint in the automobile/ aviation sector.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 2068,
'title' => 'Kum kum dye for eco-friendly solar cells',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">IIT-Hyderabad researchers recently developed a dye-sensitised solar cell based on New Fuchsin dye. The product is cheap and eco-friendly as it leaves very less carbon footprint.</span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or Grätzel cell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells. It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a </span></span><em><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">photoelectrochemical</span></span></em><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> system.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Most familiar solar cells today are made up of silicon and can be seen in the various overhead panels and other places but this technology is limited by huge fabrication costs as silicon processing is very expensive and involves very high temperature methods that leave a large carbon footprint.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The dye-sensitised solar cell (DSSC) is based on New Fuchsin (NF) dye with aqueous electrolyte and platinum-free counter electrodes, </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The new dye developed is cheap, non-toxic and is soluble in water and importantly does not degrade in the presence of water.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The development ‘Low cost ‘green’ dye sensitized solar cells is based on New Fuchsin dye with aqueous electrolyte and platinum-free counter electrodes. Inexpensive material for the completed solar cell is a conductive carbon fabric. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">These liquid-electrolytes come with various drawbacks such as high vapour pressure, toxicity and sometimes explosives resulting in severe environmental impact in addition to being corrosive to the platinum counter-electrodes, thereby limiting long-time stability of the devices. </span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 2108,
'title' => 'Ethanol solution to sugar problem',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government approved an increase in the price of ethanol to be procured by public sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) from sugar mills for blending with petrol for the 2019-20 supply year from December 1.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This comes at a time when a surplus of sugar production is depressing sugar price. Consequently, sugarcane farmer's dues have increased due to the lower capability of the sugar industry to pay the farmers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) also allowed conversion of old sugar into ethanol, which is expected to help mills deal with the current overproduction in the sweetener and make timely payments to farmers for the cane delivered by them.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Given the surplus sugar production in the country, government has allowed mills to produce ethanol from ‘B’ heavy molasses and directly from sugarcane juice.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The CCEA approved even use of sugar and sugar syrup for production of ethanol. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Effects of the move</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased ethanol blending in petrol is expected to replace 2 million tonnes of oil annually, helping save $1 billion in import bill.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These decisions will help in further increasing the ethanol blend levels from the current 6% average levels.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Ethanol fermentation</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological process</a> which converts <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">cellular energy</a>, producing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> as by-products.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ethanol fermentation has many uses, including the production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>, the production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> cooking.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 2391,
'title' => 'Green energy targets',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi had declared at New York last week that India would be aiming to increase its renewable energy target to 450 GW (gigawatts).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the threat of global warming has become eminent, the authorities have been planning to reduce the effects by making the transition towards sustainable sources including renewable energy such as solar, wind etc. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s plan for installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 was first announced in 2015. Of this, 100 GW was to be from solar power, and so far about 80 GW has been installed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per India's submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), a cumulative electric power capacity of 40 per cent from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources is to be installed by 2030.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Renewable energy in India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is running one of the largest and most ambitious renewable capacity expansion programs in the world. In 2019 at UN climate summit, PM Modi announced that India will be more than doubling its renewable energy target from 175GW by 2022 to 450GW of renewable energy by the same year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is one of the countries with the largest production of energy from renewable sources. In the electricity sector, renewable energy account for 34.6% of the total installed power capacity.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Various sources</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hydropower</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is the 7th largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a> in the world. As of April 2017, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was 44,594 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">MW</a>, or 13.5% of its total utility power generation capacity.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Wind Power</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The installed capacity of wind power in India was 34,293 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatts" title="Megawatts">MW</a>, mainly spread across <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (2,784.90 MW), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> .</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Wind power accounts for 10% of India's total installed power capacity.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bio mass</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> It is estimated that the potential for biomass energy in India includes 16,000 MW from biomass energy and a further 3,500 MW from bagasse cogeneration.</span></span></p>
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'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ea9f/tv7673458c3pul56g.jpg',
'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ea9f/tv7673458c3pul56g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Green energy targets',
'metakeyword' => 'Green energy targets',
'metadescription' => 'Prime Minister Narendra Modi had declared at New York last week that India would be aiming to increase its renewable energy target to 450 GW (gigawatts).',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/k3nitsjriicqyof/Green_energy_targets.pdf/file',
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(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 2555,
'title' => 'Microbial fuel cells',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the London Zoo, a fern has started taking its own selfies through a camera powered by its own energy. This was achieved by installing microbial fuel cells in the plant.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Microbial fuel cells are devices that use bacteria as the catalysts to oxidise organic and inorganic matter and generate current.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Plant_Microbial_Fuel_Cell.png" 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style="float:left; height:211px; width:177px" /><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the fuel cell, electrons produced by the bacteria are transferred to the negative terminal and flow to the positive terminal, thereby producing electric current.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plants naturally deposit biomatter as they grow, which in turn feeds the natural bacteria present in the soil.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This will create energy that can be harnessed by fuel cells and used to power a wide range of vital conservation tools remotely, including sensors, monitoring platforms and camera traps.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Applications</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Power generation</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MFCs are attractive for power generation applications that require only low power, but where replacing batteries may be impractical, such as wireless sensor networks.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Biosensor</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The current generated from a microbial fuel cell is directly proportional to the energy content of wastewater used as the fuel. MFCs can measure the solute concentration of wastewater.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Wastewater treatment</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MFCs are used in water treatment to harvest energy utilizing anaerobic digestion. The process can also reduce pathogens.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Salient features</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conventional power sources like chemical batteries or solar cell batteries have to be replaced after sometime or may run out of fuel but microbial fuel cell keeps running until the plant is alive and receiving natural ingredients<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 2547,
'title' => 'Li-ion batteries ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 2019 Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino for working towards the development of practical lithium-ion batteries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the heart of electronic technology revolution lies a very important problem of longetivity of devices. Any portable device need powering source that can keep it working. Lithium-ion batteries made that possible.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Theory</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chemical batteries consist of two electrodes between which electrons flow and generate a current.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The challenge of such batteries is to choose appropriate electrodes and electrolyte, which mediates the current, and generate sufficient current safely at room temperature without occupying too much space.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lithium-ion batteries</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the battery is charging up, the lithium-cobalt oxide, positive electrode gives up some of its lithium ions, which move through the electrolyte to the negative, graphite electrode and remain there.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The battery takes in and stores energy during this process. When the battery is discharging, the lithium ions move back across the electrolyte to the positive electrode, producing the energy that powers the battery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In both cases, electrons flow in the opposite direction to the ions around the outer circuit.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Benefits</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lithium ion batteries are more reliable than older technologies such as nickel-cadmium and don't suffer from a problem known as the "memory effect" (where batteries appear to become harder to charge unless they're discharged fully first).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since lithium-ion batteries don't contain cadmium better for the environment.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared to heavy-duty rechargeable batteries such as lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries are relatively light for the amount of energy they store.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Li-ion batteries will catch fire if they're overcharged or if an internal malfunction causes a short circuit.</span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Quantum materials for clean energy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from IIT Bombay have discovered special properties in a class of materials called “semi-Dirac metals” which can be utilised for producing clean energy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A quantum material is a label that has come to signify the area of condensed-matter physics formerly known as strongly correlated electronic systems. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although the field is broad, a unifying theme is the discovery and investigation of materials whose electronic properties cannot be understood with concepts from contemporary condensed-matter textbooks.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Results in the study show a very high optical conductivity of semi-Dirac materials for electromagnetic waves [light waves] of a specific frequency and specific polarisation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Normal metals like gold and silver are good conductors of electricity. A key aspect that decides the quality of conduction is the way energy depends on the momentum of electrons.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dirac metals differ from normal metals in that the energy depends linearly on the momentum. This difference is responsible for their unique properties.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Semi-Dirac metals behave like Dirac metals in one direction and like normal metals in the perpendicular directions (since their microscopic structure is different along the two directions).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Within any material, charge carriers, such as electrons, acquire an effective mass which is different from their bare mass depending on the nature of the material. The effective mass and the number of states available for the electron to occupy when it is excited by an electric field, determine the conductivity and other such properties.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With the advent of man-made 2D materials, such properties have become quite tailor able in what comprises the active field of quantum materials. The velocities can be over a100 times more than normal metals, thus increasing the mobility and currents that can be carried across devices made of these so-called Dirac materials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The semi-dirac materials are capable of producing Thermoelectricity. Thermoelectricity is a clean energy technology that uses waste heat to produce electricity typically in low power applications.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Semi-Dirac</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Semi-Dirac metals are systems such as TiO2/V2O3 nanostructures. Through calculations, the researchers have shown that such materials would be transparent to light of a given frequency and polarisation when it is incident along a particular direction. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The material would be opaque to the same light when it falls on it from a different direction. There are many known applications for transparent conducting films, the common example being touch screens used in mobiles.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 3096,
'title' => 'Hydrogen fuel in automobiles',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Japan is gearing up to put on its roads thousands of vehicles based on a hydrogen cell technology, also known as ‘fuel cells’, ahead of Tokyo Olympics.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japan’s lead in the practical application of the hydrogen fuel cycle, and the ongoing research in this field at the International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy are being studied closely by the Indian government as it readies a hydrogen-fuelled blueprint.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the heart of the fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is a device that uses a source of fuel, such as hydrogen, and an oxidant to create electricity by an electrochemical process. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to generate an electric current, water being the only byproduct. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Like conventional batteries under the bonnets of automobiles, hydrogen fuel cells too convert chemical energy into electrical energy. From a long-term viability perspective, FCEVs are billed as vehicles of the future, given that hydrogen is the most abundant resource in the universe.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical process, unlike a battery-electricity vehicle, it does not store energy and, instead, relies on a constant supply of fuel and oxygen in the same way that an internal combustion engine relies on a constant supply of petrol or diesel, and oxygen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But unlike the combustion engine cars, there are no moving parts in the fuel cell, so they are more efficient and reliable by comparison.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The successful development of hydrogen would provide energy for transportation and electric power and advantage is the wide availability of resources for producing hydrogen.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fuel cells have strong advantages over conventional combustion-based technologies currently used in many power plants and cars, given that they produce much smaller quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that cause health problems.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such cells are also far more energy efficient than traditional combustion technologies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unlike battery-powered electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles do not need to be plugged in, and most models exceed 300 km of range on a full tank. They are filled up with a nozzle, just like in a petrol or diesel station.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Disadvantages</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are questions of safety as hydrogen is more explosive than petrol.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process of making hydrogen needs energy , often from fossil fuel sources. That has raised questions over hydrogen’s green credentials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other major hurdle is that the vehicles are expensive, and fuel dispensing pumps are scarce.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way ahead</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In India, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, under its Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) programme, has been supporting various such projects in academic institutions, research and development organisations and industry for development.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ministry of Science and Technology has supported two networked centres on hydrogen storage led by IIT Bombay and Nonferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Energy',
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'id' => (int) 3181,
'title' => '‘Core catcher’ installed in Kudankulam nuclear power plant',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Moscow-based Rosatom State Corporation Engineering Division has installed a core melt localisation device (CMLD) or “core catcher” at Unit 3 of Tamil Nadu’s Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is the largest nuclear power station in India, situated in Koodankulam in the Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Kudankulam, is India’s first nuclear plant to use imported PWR technology.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The device is designed to localise and cool the molten core material in case of a meltdown accident.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Core Catcher</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The core catcher is a cone shaped metal structure that weighs about 800 tonnes. The structure is double walled, with the gap between the two walls filled with FAOG (ferric and aluminium oxide granules). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The core catcher is filled with a ceramic mixture also including ferric oxide and aluminium oxide, called ‘<strong>sacrificial</strong> <strong>material’</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sacrificial material prevents the corium from trickling through and also acts as a cooling mechanism.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Molten core material, or corium, is lava-like material that gets formed in the core of a nuclear reactor in the event of a meltdown accident. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such an accident occurs when the nuclear fission reaction taking place inside a reactor is not sufficiently cooled, and the buildup of heat causes fuel rods to melt down. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The corium so formed can remain radioactive for several decades, even centuries.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The core catcher device is installed at the bottom of the nuclear station’s protective shell, and is designed to save the latter as well as exude radioactive emission in the environment in case of a serious accident.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The device has improved seismic resistance, hydro-dynamic and shock strength as well as equipped with flood protection and simplified installation and assembly technology.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:40px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="‘Core catcher’ installed in Kudankulam nuclear power plant 25 dec 19" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9036/48k2cycw2lpknvi6g.jpg" style="height:268px; width:401px" /></span></span></p>
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(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 3238,
'title' => 'Technology to tap energy from water',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A team of researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati<strong> </strong> has developed materials that can produce energy from flowing or stagnant water in households. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The decentralised energy model involves a large number of small generation devices that can generate energy in every household and the excess energy thus produced can be evacuated to energy-deficient areas nearby.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team employed “electro-kinetic streaming potential” to harvest energy from flowing tap water and “contrasting inter-facial activities” employing different types of semiconducting materials to generate power from stagnant water.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When fluids stream through tiny channels that are charged, they can generate an electrical voltage, which may be harnessed through miniaturised generators.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also fabricated devices with doped graphene flakes for generating power by dipping in a bucket of water or any stagnant water source to “complementary charge transfer activities”.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Water stored in buckets and water flowing from taps can potentially be used to produce energy if such nano-generators can be developed further.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 3352,
'title' => 'Room temperature sodium sulphur battery',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the Indian Institute of technology (IIT) Madras have designed a new sodium sulphur battery that can be operated at room temperature.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conventional sodium sulphur batteries require very high temperature (300 degree C) for operation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By operating the battery at room temperature, the team was able to achieve higher charge storage capacity (technically called the specific capacity) and nearly zero self-discharge when the battery is not being used.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The battery also showed 83% retention of capacity even at the end of 500 cycles of charging and discharging. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first step that the team took to operate the battery at room temperature was by changing the electrolyte used.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conventionally, sodium sulphur batteries use a solid electrolyte (sodium beta alumina), which by default reduces the diffusion of sodium ions from the anode to the cathode at room temperature. It is to increase the diffusion of sodium ions that the temperature is raised to about 300 degree C.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In place of a solid electrolyte the researchers used a glass fibre separator soaked in ether-based electrolyte that allows the battery to be operated at room temperature.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Changing the electrolyte alone is not sufficient to improve battery performance as there are other problems with sodium sulphur batteries.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first problem is that with increasing amount of polysuphides getting dissolved into the electrolyte, there is a net loss in the cathode sulphur. In addition, the dissolved polysuphides move towards the anode and form a coating over it. This reduces the performance of the battery.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To address the problem, the team added a shielding layer very close to the cathode. The shielding layer is made of white graphite mixed in a polymer matrix.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The polymer allows the sodium ions to pass through while the white graphite added to the polymer matrix prevents the migration of polysuphides to the anode.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the migration of the polysuphides to the sodium anode is prevented by the shielding layer, self-discharge of the battery is significantly reduced.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While conductive carbons are added to the sulphur to make it electrically conductive in conventional sulphur batteries, the researchers used partially exfoliated multiwalled carbon nanotubes.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 4047,
'title' => 'New kind of light that breaks limits of natural law',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new study presents a material that emits light when heated that appears to exceed the limits set by that natural law. Researchers were wondering if there is a new light in the world that breaks hitherto known laws of nature.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to Planck’s Law, no material can emit more radiation than an idealised material ‘blackbody’ that absorbs energy perfectly.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When heated, all materials emit light in a predictable spectrum of wavelengths. Increasing heat causes all materials to emit more intense radiation, with the peak of the emitted spectrum shifting to longer wavelengths as heat rises.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new material defies the convention set by Planck’s law, emitting light that is coherent, similar to that produced by lasers or LEDs. The difference is that it doesn’t need the costly structure needed to produce the stimulated emission of those technologies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers demonstrated ‘Super-Planckian’ material, which showed a spike in radiation at about 1.7 microns, which is the near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They believe the light is coming from within the crystal, which has so many planes within the structure, so many surfaces acting as oscillators, so much excitation, that it behaves almost like an artificial laser material.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The new material could find applications in optical physics, energy harvesting, military infrared-based object tracking and identification.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 4116,
'title' => 'Hybrid reactor that turns CO2 into useful molecules',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have been working on a hybrid system that creates the building blocks for organic molecules by capturing the energy of sunlight. And this system works by combining bacteria and nanowires.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">We can’t ship packages between Mars and Earth back on forth: one, that would be extremely expensive; two, it is not sustainable. So it is necessary for us to have a plan to produce most items locally.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nanowires are incredibly thin silicon wires that are about a hundredth of the width of a human hair. They are used as electronic components, sensors, and solar cells.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In order to work it, we only need sunlight and water, which Mars has plenty on its vast surfaces in frozen form.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The left side of the reactor is the chamber which contains the nanowire-bacteria hybrid that reduces CO<sub>2</sub> to form acetate. Oxygen is produced on the right side.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team first demonstrated the nanowire-bacteria hybrid reactor five years ago; however, the solar conversion efficiency was only about 0.4%. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Top efficiency is achieved by operating at the optimal acidity for bacteria, which gave more efficient conversion of solar energy to carbon bonds. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The silicon nanowires are essentially like an antenna: They capture the solar photon just like a solar panel. Within these silicon nanowires, they will generate electrons and feed them to these bacteria. Then the bacteria absorb CO<sub>2</sub>, and spit out acetate.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The biohybrid can pull carbon dioxide from the air on Earth to make organic compounds. We can almost think of this as planting new trees. While producing energy, it helps with climate change too. It brings a good deal for everyone involved.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 4325,
'title' => 'Purple bacteria may help in harvesting green fuel from wastewater',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Purple bacteria, which store energy from light, can help harvest hydrogen fuel from sewage, and recover carbon from any type of organic waste.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Organic compounds in household sewage and industrial wastewater are a rich potential source of energy, bioplastics and even proteins for animal feed -- but with no efficient extraction method, treatment plants discard them as contaminants.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study is the first to show that supplying electric current to purple phototrophic bacteria can recover nearly 100 per cent of carbon from any type of organic waste, while generating hydrogen gas for electricity production.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Purple phototrophic bacteria are extremely versatile thanks to their complex metabolic system that involves major carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and iron pathways, catalysed by various enzymes, he says. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They absorb infrared energy through their photosystem, which is composed of carotenoids and bacteriochlorophylls. This means that they can be used to extract valuable products, such as biofuels like biohydrogen, bioplastics like PHA and even single-cell proteins, from waste sources.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Purple phototrophic bacteria capture energy from sunlight using a variety of pigments, which turn them shades of orange, red or brown -- as well as purple.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Purple phototrophic bacteria make an ideal tool for resource recovery from organic waste, thanks to their highly diverse metabolism.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacteria can use organic molecules and nitrogen gas -- instead of carbon dioxide and water -- to provide carbon, electrons and nitrogen for photosynthesis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This means that they grow faster than alternative phototrophic bacteria and algae, and can generate hydrogen gas, proteins or a type of biodegradable polyester as byproducts of metabolism.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers analysed the optimum conditions for maximising hydrogen production by a mixture of purple phototrophic bacteria species.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also tested the effect of a negative current -- The first key finding was that the nutrient blend that fed the highest rate of hydrogen production also minimised the production of CO2.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">This demonstrates that purple bacteria can be used to recover valuable biofuel from organics typically found in wastewater -- malic acid and sodium glutamate -- with a low carbon footprint, that is, electrons supplied by metal electrodes in the growth medium -- on the metabolic behaviour of the bacteria.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 4375,
'title' => 'Generating hydrogen from water using yeast',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have developed a new low-cost catalyst synthesis method that can efficiently decompose water into oxygen and hydrogen using waste-yeast biomass.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yeast biomass-derived materials can help develop efficient, eco-friendly and economic catalysts to improve the sustainability of hydrogen production.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hydrogen is the cleanest primary energy source on earth. One way of producing environmentally-friendly hydrogen is via the electrolysis of water. However, such method needed noble-metal-based catalysts, such as platinum (Pt) for the HER and Iridium (Ir) for the OER. However, these catalysts are typically rare, expensive, and less durable.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists focused on the squander yeast biomass, as catalyst material that will improve oxygen and hydrogen generation, while replacing the noble metal catalysts, for example, Pt or Ir. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As yeast is a living organism, it is wealthy in substances, for example, carbon (C), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S), and nitrogen (N).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the study, the research team has created two catalysts that promote the generation of both hydrogen and oxygen, using waste yeast as catalyst support. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They reported hydrogen and oxygen production in 1 M potassium hydroxide using ruthenium single atoms (RuSAs) along with Ru nanoparticles (RuNPs) embedded in MHC (RuSAs + RuNPs@MHC) as a cathode and magnetite (Fe3O4) supported on MHC (Fe3O4@MHC) as an anode.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Compared to coal and oil, waste yeast is eco-friendly, inexpensive, and readily available biomass, and the results of the study suggest a new application of waste yeast biomass.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 4383,
'title' => 'Scientists to make use of AI to solve nuclear fusion problem',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists believe the world will see its first working thermonuclear fusion reactor by the year 2025. That’s a tall order in short form, especially when you consider that fusion has been here for nearly a century.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fusion reactors are the holiest of Grails when it comes to physics achievements. According to most experts, a successful fusion reactor would function as a near-unlimited source of energy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TAE, one of the companies working on the fusion problem, says the big difference-maker now is machine learning. According to a report from Forbes, Google’s been helping TAE come up with modern solutions to decades-old math problems by using novel AI systems to facilitate the discovery of new fusion techniques.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fusion occurs naturally in stars such as our sun, but recreating the sun’s conditions on Earth is simply not possible with our current technology.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sun is much more massive than the Earth, and that mass comes with the fusion-friendly benefit of increased gravity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All that extra gravity smashes the sun’s atoms into one another. The combination of pressure and heat force hydrogen atoms to fuse together, thus becoming helium atoms. This results in the expulsion of energy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unfortunately all the current terrestrial attempts at fusion have come up short because, though many have been successful at fusing atoms, they always take more energy to produce the temperatures required to fuse atoms on Earth than said atoms produce in the process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entry of AI and machine learning has made things interesting. By giving physicists “super human” analysis abilities, they can turn around experiments faster. This enables quicker iterations and more meaningful results.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Nuclear Fusion</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A fusion process that produces nuclei lighter than iron-56 or nickel-62 will generally release energy. These elements have relatively small mass per nucleon and large binding energy per nucleon. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Fusion nuclei lighter than these releases energy (an exothermic process), while fusion of heavier nuclei results in energy retained by the product nucleons, and the resulting reaction is endothermic. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Energy',
'keyword' => 'energy',
'id' => (int) 4475,
'title' => 'Air-plasma based jet engine',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A team of researchers has demonstrated a prototype device that uses microwave air plasmas for jet propulsion. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Humans depend on fossil fuels as their primary energy source, especially in transportation. However, fossil fuels are both unsustainable and unsafe, serving as the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and leading to adverse respiratory effects and devastation due to global warming.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Beyond solid, liquid and gas, plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of an aggregate of charged ions. It exists naturally in places like the sun's surface and Earth's lightning, but it can also be generated. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers created a plasma jet by compressing air into high pressures and using a microwave to ionize the pressurized air stream.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This method differs from previous attempts to create plasma jet thrusters in one key way. Other plasma jet thrusters use xenon plasma, which cannot overcome the friction in Earth's atmosphere, and are therefore not powerful enough for use in air transportation. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Instead, the authors' plasma jet thruster generates the high-temperature, high-pressure plasma in situ using only injected air and electricity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The prototype plasma jet device can lift a 1-kilogram steel ball over a 24-millimeter diameter quartz tube, where the high-pressure air is converted into a plasma jet by passing through a microwave ionization chamber.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">By building a large array of these thrusters with high-power microwave sources, the prototype design can be scaled up to a full-sized jet. The authors are working on improving the efficiency of the device toward this goal.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists report making an artificial chloroplast that operates outside of cells to harvest sunlight and use the resulting energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into energy-rich molecules.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Synthetic biologists have remade chloroplasts, the engine at the heart of photosynthesis, by combining the light-harvesting machinery of spinach plants with enzymes from nine different organisms.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Photosynthesis is a two-step process. In chloroplasts, chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight and pass the extra energy to molecular partners that use it to generate the energy-storing chemicals adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A suite of other enzymes working in a complex cycle then use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 from the air into glucose and other energy-rich organic molecules that the plant uses to grow.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CO2 conversion starts with an enzyme called RuBisCO, which prompts CO2 to react with a key organic compound, starting a chain of reactions needed to make vital metabolites in plants.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each copy of the enzyme can grab and use just five to 10 CO2 molecules per second. That puts a speed limit on how fast plants can grow.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers sought to ramp things up by designing a new set of chemical reactions. Instead of RuBisCO, they substituted a bacterial enzyme that can catch CO2 molecules and force them to react 10 times faster.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In combination with 16 other enzymes from nine different organisms, this created a new CO2-to-organic-chemical cycle they dubbed the CETCH cycle.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The enzymes convert the CO2 into a molecule called glycolate that can be used as a feedstock for making useful organic products.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers hope to modify their setup further to produce other organic compounds that are even more valuable than glycolate, such as drug molecules. They also hope to more efficiently convert captured CO2 into organic compounds that plants need to grow. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">That would open the door to engineering the genes for this novel photosynthesis pathway into crops to create novel varieties that grow much faster than current varieties—a boon for agriculture in a world with a booming population</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><span style="color:#333333">.</span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Russian astrophysicists have come close to determining the origin of high-energy neutrinos from space. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team compared data on the elusive particles gathered by the Antarctic neutrino observatory IceCube and on long electromagnetic waves measured by radio telescopes.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cosmic neutrinos turned out to be linked to flares at the centers of distant active galaxies, which are believed to host supermassive black holes. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As matter falls toward the black hole, some of it is accelerated and ejected into space, giving rise to neutrinos that then coast along through the universe at nearly the speed of light.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team compared the measurements of the IceCube facility, buried in the Antarctic ice, with a large number of radio observations. The elusive particles were found to emerge during radio frequency flares at the centers of quasars.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Quasars are sources of radiation at the centers of some galaxies. They consist of a massive black hole that consumes matter floating in a disk around it and spews out extremely powerful jets of ultrahot gas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hypothesis proved highly plausible despite the common assumption that high-energy neutrinos are supposed to originate together with gamma rays.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Neutrinos are mysterious particles so tiny that researchers do not even know their mass. They pass effortlessly through objects, people and even entire planets. High-energy neutrinos are created when protons accelerate to nearly the speed of light.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In December last year, an engine from the same company powered a seaplane in Vancouver, Canada, in what was described as the “world’s first” 100 per cent electric flight.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The retrofitted Caravan plane, which can carry nine passengers, is expected to take off at 8 am Pacific time on May 28, and will fly at a speed of 183 kmph.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such electric flights could require significantly less maintenance compared to fuel-based aircraft, and could lead to short-distance flights becoming cheaper, thus helping make it more viable for airlines to fly to remote locations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from MagniX, several companies are involved in making electric flights a reality. The ride-sharing company <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uber-air-flying-taxis-what-is-being-planned-for-cities-in-us-possibly-in-india-later-5338113/">Uber<strong> </strong>has<strong> </strong>announced<strong> </strong>air<strong> </strong>taxis</a> to fly as early as 2023. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Major industry players such as Airbus and Rolls Royce, a number of startups, as well as the space agency NASA are involved in developing electric flight technologies.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the promise shown by short-range electric flights, several more years of development is expected for powering long-distance journeys. A major obstacle in this process is battery technology, with the weight of the battery being a major challenge.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The aviation sector is a fast-growing source of carbon emissions, and significantly contributes to climate change. According to the World Wildlife Federation, unregulated carbon pollution from aviation is the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By 2050, the aviation industry is expected to cater to 16 billion passengers, up from 2.4 billion in 2010. If the sector solely relies on conventional technologies, emissions would triple by 2050.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Making the aviation sector eco-friendly is an important step for meeting the 2016 Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting the increase in global temperatures to below 2 deg Celsius, and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 deg Celsius.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a breakthrough for electric flight technology, a 750-horsepower electric engine made by MagniX, will power a Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft to fly for an expected 20-30 minutes over Washington state. This will be the largest aircraft ever to fly on electric power.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The retrofitted Caravan plane, which can carry nine passengers, is expected to take off at 8 am Pacific time on May 28, and will fly at a speed of 183 kmph.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such electric flights could require significantly less maintenance compared to fuel-based aircraft, and could lead to short-distance flights becoming cheaper, thus helping make it more viable for airlines to fly to remote locations.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from MagniX, several companies are involved in making electric flights a reality. The ride-sharing company <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uber-air-flying-taxis-what-is-being-planned-for-cities-in-us-possibly-in-india-later-5338113/">Uber<strong> </strong>has<strong> </strong>announced<strong> </strong>air<strong> </strong>taxis</a> to fly as early as 2023. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Major industry players such as Airbus and Rolls Royce, a number of startups, as well as the space agency NASA are involved in developing electric flight technologies.</span></span></p>
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<li>
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</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The aviation sector is a fast-growing source of carbon emissions, and significantly contributes to climate change. According to the World Wildlife Federation, unregulated carbon pollution from aviation is the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
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<li>
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It was singed during official state visit of Argentinean President Mauricio Macri to India.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">MoU for civil nuclear cooperation</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was signed between Department of Atomic Energy (DEA) and National Atomic Energy Commission, Argentina.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cooperation under it is within framework of Global Center for Nuclear Energy Partnership. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will bolster institutional linkages in civil nuclear research, development and capacity building between both countries.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India and Argentina had signed an agreement in 2010 for cooperation in peaceful use of nuclear energy. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Both countries are enhancing and exploring cooperative ventures in the area of nuclear power and its societal uses in the fields of health, agriculture, industrial application, training and capacity building.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Argentina has expertise in building small-capacity nuclear reactors and was looking to work with India in some third country in tripartite projects.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Argentine company INVAP is already working on Fission Molly Project to build molybdenum plant in Mumbai, Maharashtra. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This project envisages setting up plant for creating isotopes. Argentina also manufactures some components used in Indian power reactors. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-argentina-ink-mou-civil-nuclear-cooperation', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a8c2/hhcv28o3vzx84l56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a8c2/hhcv28o3vzx84l56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India, Argentina ink MoU for civil nuclear cooperation', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, India and Argentina inked Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to boost cooperation in the sector of civil nuclear energy', 'metadescription' => 'India and Argentina inked Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to boost cooperation in civil nuclear sector. 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It is claimed to world's first such breakthrough that could transform approach to carbon capture and storage. Prior to this technique, CO2 was only transformed into coal at extremely high temperatures, making it industrially unviable.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">How this technique works?</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">CO2 is mixed electrolyte liquid consisting of specially designed liquid metal catalyst with specific surface properties (efficient electricity conductor with chemically activating surface) and small amount of liquid metal, which is then charged with electrical current. 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This process also produces synthetic fuel as by-product, which could also have industrial applications.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'co2-converted-into-coal-room-temperature', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4171/48b1cc356bpqpw96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4171/48b1cc356bpqpw96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'CO2 for first time converted into coal at room temperature', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, electrochemical technique, convert carbon dioxide,CO2, into, coal,storable solid carbon,room temperature,liquid metals, catalyst', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists from Australia has developed electrochemical technique to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into coal (storable solid carbon) at room temperature using liquid metals as catalyst.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/v7a9n3iou2999rf/28feb_CO2_for_first_time.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 238, 'title' => 'Scientists convert used edible oil into Bio-ATF', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scientists from Dehradun-based CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) have successfully finished pilot test to convert used cooking oil into bio-aviation turbine fuel (Bio-ATF). This bio-ATF derived from edible oil can be blended with conventional ATF and used as aircraft fuel. It is yet to be tested on flight. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Facts</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bio-ATF production is possible from used cooking oil as the chemical composition of used cooking oil is identical to other plant-based oils that have been converted to Bio-ATF. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is very similar to Bio-ATF derived from jatropha oil which was recently used to run India’s first first-ever environment friendly biofuel powered flight between Dehradun and Delhi.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For this pilot test, CSIR-IIP had collected used cooking oil from caterers and hotels in Dehradun. It has now set platform for commercial use of this technology.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Significance </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Reduce re-use of cooking oil in food industry will have positive public health outcomes.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, its conversion into Bio-ATF will help aviation sector reduce its carbon footprint.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also help to Indian AirForce (IAF) and civil aviation sector to save fuel bill. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">RUCO initiative</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The test of converting used cooking oil into Bio-ATF assumes importance as Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has launched Repurpose Cooking Oil (RUCO) initiative to collect and convert used cooking oil into bio-fuel. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">FSSAI has identified as many as 64 companies in 101 locations across the country for RUCO initiative. FSSAI estimates that by 2020, it will be possible to recover about 220 crore litres of used cooking oil for conversion into bio-fuel.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'scientists-convert-used-edible-oil-bio-atf', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d6ba/u28f47s1pb5g4pj6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d6ba/u28f47s1pb5g4pj6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists convert used edible oil into Bio-ATF', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, IIP, convert, used cooking oil, bio-aviation turbine fuel (Bio-ATF)', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists to convert used cooking oil into bio-aviation turbine fuel (Bio-ATF). This bio-ATF derived from edible oil can be blended with conventional ATF and used as aircraft fuel. It is yet to be tested on flight.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/99zjt1sbtklvwg3/23feb_Scientists_convert_used.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 1223, 'title' => 'Ural: Russia launches nuclear-powered icebreaker', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Russia has launched nuclear-powered icebreaker named Ural as part of an ambitious Project 22220Icebreaker Project to improve its ability to tap Arctic’s commercial potential. It will enter into service in 2022 after Arktika and Sibir enter into service.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ural</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is third nuclear-powered icebreaker in series of three such ships (Arktika and Sibir) built by Russia’s state owned nuclear energy corporation Rosatom under ambition Project 22220Icebreaker.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It equipped with two RITM-200 nuclear reactors, with thermal capacity of 175 MW each. I</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">t has dual-draft design that allows its applicability in Arctic waters and in estuaries of polar rivers. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is 173.3 meters long and 34 meters wide. It has displacement capacity of 33540 metric tons. It can break through 3 metres (13 feet) thick ice.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is name after </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ural mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from coast of Arctic Ocean to Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Nuclear-powered icebreaker </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is nuclear-powered ship built for breaking waters covered with ice. It primarily helps ships to navigate in the frozen waterways in winters especially in Arctic region. It is much more powerful than their diesel-powered icebreakers. Russia is only country constructing nuclear-powered icebreakers.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Project 22220Icebreaker</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Under it, Russia is building three nuclear-powered icebreakers. These icebreakers are meant to be largest and most powerful icebreakers in the world. They are being built as part of Russia’s sole purpose of renewing and expanding its fleet of the vessels in order to improve its ability to tap Arctic’s commercial potential, what it calls the Northern Sea Route (NSR) to make it navigable throughout year. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ural-russia-nuclear-powered-icebreaker', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ba85/esz27jgnyunbnb96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ba85/esz27jgnyunbnb96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ural: Russia launches nuclear-powered icebreaker', 'metakeyword' => 'Russia has launched nuclear-powered icebreaker named Ural as part of an ambitious programme to improve its ability to tap Arctic’s commercial potential', 'metadescription' => 'Russia has launched nuclear-powered icebreaker named Ural as part of an ambitious programme to improve its ability to tap Arctic’s commercial potential', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pd6b323sp9k56h5/Ural.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 1612, 'title' => '2 Units of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station inaugurated', 'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot inaugurated 5th and 6th Units (each having 660 MW capacity) of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station in Chhabra block, Baran district of state. These two units are state’s first thermal power project based on Super Critical Thermal Power Technology. With the commencement of two new units, the total capacity of this power plant has increased to 2,320 MW. It will benefit 78 lakh fresh consumers in the state</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Chhabra Thermal Power Plant </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is one of Rajasthan's coal fired power plants. It is located at Chowki Motipura Village, Chhabra tehsil in Baran district of Rajasthan. Its four Units are already producing total power of 1000MW (each having capacity of 250 MW).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Super Critical Thermal Power Plants</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">They operate at temperatures and pressures above critical point of water, i.e. point at which there is no difference between water gas and liquid water. It is above temperature and pressure at which liquid and gas phases of water coexist in equilibrium.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Difference with conventional coal-fired power plants</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: water is boiled to generate steam that activates turbine to generate power. They have efficiency of about 32%.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Benefits of SC power plants:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> They require less coal per megawatt-hour, higher efficiency (above 45%), lower fuel costs per megawatt and emits lower emissions (including carbon dioxide and mercury).</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chabra-super-critical-thermal-power-station', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c370/563b65v1ufd60da6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c370/563b65v1ufd60da6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => '2 Units of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station', 'metakeyword' => 'Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot inaugurated 5th and 6th Units each having 660 MW capacity of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station', 'metadescription' => 'Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot inaugurated 5th and 6th Units each having 660 MW capacity of Chabra Super Critical Thermal Power Station', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/i6tr9e166p4y6cy/2_Units_of_Chabra_Super_Critical_Thermal_Power_Station_inaugurated.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 1628, 'title' => 'NITI Aayog proposes setting up Lithium-ion Giga Factories', 'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NITI Aayog has proposed the establishment of giga factories in India for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries in the next couple of years. The proposal is part of NITI Aayog’s push for the adoption of electric mobility in the country. </span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NITI Aayog’s Proposal</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It recently had proposed that only electric (lithium-ion or other advanced battery chemistry only) three-wheelers will be sold in the country after March 31, 2023, and only electric two-wheelers below 150cc will be sold after March 31, 2025.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Industry opposition:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> However, this debated proposal to stop selling ICE (internal combustion engine) 150cc two-wheelers was strongly opposed by two-wheeler industry, cautioning that this move would disrupt the industry that was already reeling under stress. Industry has termed this proposal impractical and also pointed out that batteries, which were crucial part of electric vehicles, were expensive and not made in India.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Arguments for Lithium-Ion Giga Factories: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> NITI Aayog held that this is sunrise industry and India needs to start building capabilities to become globally competitive player in this area. Current lack of domestic capability in this sector will cause massive imports from China for e-vehicles as is the case in electronics.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Li-Ion battery</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is type of rechargeable battery that contains several cells. Each cell consists of cathode, anode and electrolyte, separator or chemical called an electrolyte in </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">between electrodes and current collectors.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its positive electrode is typically made from chemical compound called lithium-cobalt oxide </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">(LiCoO2) or lately lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is used. </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The negative electrode is generally made from carbon (graphite) and electrolyte varies from on</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">e type of battery to another.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this battery, lithium ions move from positive electrode to negative electrode during charging and </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">negative electrode to positive electrode during discharge.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Working</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During charging of battery:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> LiCoO2, positive electrode gives up some of its lithium ions, which move </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">through electrolyte to negative, graphite electrode and remain there.</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The battery takes in and stores this electrical energy produced due to moving cha</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">rge during this</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">process.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During discharging of battery:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Lithium ions move back across electrolyte to positive electrode, </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">producing energy that powers battery.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Benefits of Li-Ion battery</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is light weighted and is one-third weight of widely used lead a</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">cid batteries.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is nearly 100</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> efficient in both charging and discharging operations as compared to lead batteries </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">which have 70% efficiency.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It completely discharges i.e. 100</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> as compared to 80</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> discharge rate for lead acid batteries.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has life </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">cycle of 5000 times or more compared lead acid batteries which have just 400-500 cycles.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During discharging cycle, it maintains constant voltage throughout whereas voltage in lead acid </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">battery drops consistently during discharge cycle.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It does not have</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> any adversarial environmental impact as lead acid battery, making much cleaner technology and is safer for environment. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'niti-ayog-lithium-ion-giga-factories', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b3a0/dsos8h83h4a575c6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b3a0/dsos8h83h4a575c6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'NITI Aayog proposes setting up Lithium-ion Giga Factories', 'metakeyword' => 'NITI Aayog has proposed the establishment of giga factories in India for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries in the next couple of years', 'metadescription' => 'NITI Aayog has proposed the establishment of giga factories in India for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries in the next couple of years', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/op65vv2qcpklc0j/NITI_Aayog_proposes_setting.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 1782, 'title' => 'BARC’s radiation technology for sewage treatment', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) developed radiation technology for sewage treatment using Co-60 (Cobalt-60). It has set up Technology Demonstration Pilot Project Sewage Sludge Hygienisation Plant at Shahwadi, Ahmedabad in collaboration with Amdavad Municipal Corporation (AMC), Ahmedabad. This plant loaded with 150 kCi of Co-60 and is in continuous operation since inauguration in February 2019. Besides this recent deployment of radiation technology for sewage treatment, BARC since last 30 years has deployed another liquid sludge irradiator called Sludge Hygienisation Research Irradiator (SHRI) is at Vadodara for radiation treatment of raw sludge containing 3-4% solids.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is India's premier multi-disciplinary nuclear research facility. It is located in Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was established in 1954 as Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET). It was renamed to present name after Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, father of Indian nuclear programme and founder of AEET.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It serves as multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering entire spectrum of nuclear science, engineering and related areas.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It operates number of research reactors across the country. It also serves as India's main nuclear weapons fuel lab.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'barc-radiation-technology-sewage-treatment', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1e28/doz758x0uzgoaky6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1e28/doz758x0uzgoaky6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'BARC’s radiation technology for sewage treatment', 'metakeyword' => 'Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) developed radiation technology for sewage treatment using Co-60 (Cobalt-60). It has set up Technology Demonstration ', 'metadescription' => 'Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) developed radiation technology for sewage treatment using Co-60 (Cobalt-60). It has set up Technology Demonstration ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/mibauevey5smrct/BARC%C6s_radiation_technology.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 1956, 'title' => 'IIT H researchers use sugar to produce bio fuel precursor', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Researchers at IIT Hyderabad have developed a simple and innovative method to synthesize a catalyst that can convert chemicals derived from biomass into a precursor to diesel and jet fuel.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary processes from biomass, rather than a fuel produced by the very slow geological processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as oil.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Biofuels can be produced from plants (energy crops), or from agricultural, commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Catalyst showed better efficiency and selectivity than commercial catalysts to produce C15 oxygenated hydrocarbon, a biofuel precursor.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The researchers described the process that can produce carbon catalysts at room temperatures using sugar, sulphuric acid and salt. The dehydration of sugar by concentrated sulfuric acid is a simple chemical process. But the intense heat released is not well-controlled.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">In order to control the exothermic dehydration of sugar, the researchers add common salt. Salt helps in controlled dehydration of sugar, which leads to formation of the desired carbon nanoplates.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Low cost of precursors with practically zero energy input and simplicity of reaction has made this process of producing carbon nanoplates to be easily adapted for large-scale commercial production.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Importance of Discovery</span></span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">This development is important for States such as Uttar Pradesh and the two Telugu states which are the largest producers of corn in India. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The large amount of corncob waste can now be converted into fuels and allow additional income for farmers of corn, provide a sustainable energy source and reduce carbon footprint in the automobile/ aviation sector.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iit-h-researchers-use-sugar', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ae0b/b5tmxcfvmvuoxk46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ae0b/b5tmxcfvmvuoxk46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'IIT H researchers use sugar to produce bio fuel precursor', 'metakeyword' => 'IIT H researchers use sugar, produce bio fuel precursor', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers at IIT Hyderabad have developed a simple and innovative method to synthesize a catalyst that can convert chemicals derived from biomass', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/afuwiqv5oy576db/IIT_H_researchers_use_sugar_to_produce_bio_fuel_precursor.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 2068, 'title' => 'Kum kum dye for eco-friendly solar cells', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">IIT-Hyderabad researchers recently developed a dye-sensitised solar cell based on New Fuchsin dye. The product is cheap and eco-friendly as it leaves very less carbon footprint.</span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC, DSC, DYSC or Grätzel cell) is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the group of thin film solar cells. It is based on a semiconductor formed between a photo-sensitized anode and an electrolyte, a </span></span><em><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">photoelectrochemical</span></span></em><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> system.</span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Details</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Most familiar solar cells today are made up of silicon and can be seen in the various overhead panels and other places but this technology is limited by huge fabrication costs as silicon processing is very expensive and involves very high temperature methods that leave a large carbon footprint.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The dye-sensitised solar cell (DSSC) is based on New Fuchsin (NF) dye with aqueous electrolyte and platinum-free counter electrodes, </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The new dye developed is cheap, non-toxic and is soluble in water and importantly does not degrade in the presence of water.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The development ‘Low cost ‘green’ dye sensitized solar cells is based on New Fuchsin dye with aqueous electrolyte and platinum-free counter electrodes. Inexpensive material for the completed solar cell is a conductive carbon fabric. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:black">These liquid-electrolytes come with various drawbacks such as high vapour pressure, toxicity and sometimes explosives resulting in severe environmental impact in addition to being corrosive to the platinum counter-electrodes, thereby limiting long-time stability of the devices. </span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'kum-kum-dye-for-eco-friendly-solar-cells', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5c78/l65jl6u1i43y5ri6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5c78/l65jl6u1i43y5ri6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Kum kum dye for eco-friendly solar cells', 'metakeyword' => 'Kum kum dye for eco-friendly solar cells', 'metadescription' => 'IIT-Hyderabad researchers recently developed a dye-sensitised solar cell based on New Fuchsin dye. The product is cheap and eco-friendly as it leaves very', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yo2uktqbt98g7ib/Kum_kum_dye_for_eco-friendly_solar_cells.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 2108, 'title' => 'Ethanol solution to sugar problem', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government approved an increase in the price of ethanol to be procured by public sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) from sugar mills for blending with petrol for the 2019-20 supply year from December 1.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This comes at a time when a surplus of sugar production is depressing sugar price. Consequently, sugarcane farmer's dues have increased due to the lower capability of the sugar industry to pay the farmers.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) also allowed conversion of old sugar into ethanol, which is expected to help mills deal with the current overproduction in the sweetener and make timely payments to farmers for the cane delivered by them.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Given the surplus sugar production in the country, government has allowed mills to produce ethanol from ‘B’ heavy molasses and directly from sugarcane juice.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The CCEA approved even use of sugar and sugar syrup for production of ethanol. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Effects of the move</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Increased ethanol blending in petrol is expected to replace 2 million tonnes of oil annually, helping save $1 billion in import bill.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These decisions will help in further increasing the ethanol blend levels from the current 6% average levels.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Ethanol fermentation</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological process</a> which converts <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">cellular energy</a>, producing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> as by-products.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ethanol fermentation has many uses, including the production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>, the production of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> cooking.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ethanol-solution-to-sugar-problem', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/84b8/eoogbow30izpioc6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/84b8/eoogbow30izpioc6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ethanol solution to sugar problem', 'metakeyword' => 'Ethanol solution to sugar problem', 'metadescription' => 'The government approved an increase in the price of ethanol to be procured by public sector oil marketing companies (OMCs) from sugar mills', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9oz2mc5fikzewjw/Ethanol_solution_to_sugar_problem.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 2391, 'title' => 'Green energy targets', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi had declared at New York last week that India would be aiming to increase its renewable energy target to 450 GW (gigawatts).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the threat of global warming has become eminent, the authorities have been planning to reduce the effects by making the transition towards sustainable sources including renewable energy such as solar, wind etc. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India’s plan for installing 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 was first announced in 2015. Of this, 100 GW was to be from solar power, and so far about 80 GW has been installed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per India's submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), a cumulative electric power capacity of 40 per cent from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources is to be installed by 2030.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Renewable energy in India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is running one of the largest and most ambitious renewable capacity expansion programs in the world. In 2019 at UN climate summit, PM Modi announced that India will be more than doubling its renewable energy target from 175GW by 2022 to 450GW of renewable energy by the same year.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is one of the countries with the largest production of energy from renewable sources. In the electricity sector, renewable energy account for 34.6% of the total installed power capacity.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Various sources</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hydropower</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is the 7th largest producer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power</a> in the world. As of April 2017, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric capacity was 44,594 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">MW</a>, or 13.5% of its total utility power generation capacity.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Wind Power</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The installed capacity of wind power in India was 34,293 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatts" title="Megawatts">MW</a>, mainly spread across <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (2,784.90 MW), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> .</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Wind power accounts for 10% of India's total installed power capacity.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bio mass</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> It is estimated that the potential for biomass energy in India includes 16,000 MW from biomass energy and a further 3,500 MW from bagasse cogeneration.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'green-energy-targets', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ea9f/tv7673458c3pul56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ea9f/tv7673458c3pul56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Green energy targets', 'metakeyword' => 'Green energy targets', 'metadescription' => 'Prime Minister Narendra Modi had declared at New York last week that India would be aiming to increase its renewable energy target to 450 GW (gigawatts).', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/k3nitsjriicqyof/Green_energy_targets.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 2555, 'title' => 'Microbial fuel cells', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the London Zoo, a fern has started taking its own selfies through a camera powered by its own energy. This was achieved by installing microbial fuel cells in the plant.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Microbial fuel cells are devices that use bacteria as the catalysts to oxidise organic and inorganic matter and generate current.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Plant_Microbial_Fuel_Cell.png" 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" style="float:left; height:211px; width:177px" /><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the fuel cell, electrons produced by the bacteria are transferred to the negative terminal and flow to the positive terminal, thereby producing electric current.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Plants naturally deposit biomatter as they grow, which in turn feeds the natural bacteria present in the soil.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This will create energy that can be harnessed by fuel cells and used to power a wide range of vital conservation tools remotely, including sensors, monitoring platforms and camera traps.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Applications</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Power generation</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MFCs are attractive for power generation applications that require only low power, but where replacing batteries may be impractical, such as wireless sensor networks.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Biosensor</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The current generated from a microbial fuel cell is directly proportional to the energy content of wastewater used as the fuel. MFCs can measure the solute concentration of wastewater.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Wastewater treatment</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">MFCs are used in water treatment to harvest energy utilizing anaerobic digestion. The process can also reduce pathogens.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Salient features</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conventional power sources like chemical batteries or solar cell batteries have to be replaced after sometime or may run out of fuel but microbial fuel cell keeps running until the plant is alive and receiving natural ingredients<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'microbial-fuel-cells', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1104/djqc6r3fa3syo4n6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1104/djqc6r3fa3syo4n6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Microbial fuel cells', 'metakeyword' => 'MFCs are attractive for power generation applications ', 'metadescription' => 'MFCs are attractive for power generation applications that require only low power, but where replacing batteries may be impractical, such as wireless sensor ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/jds2j23grijzdy5/Microbial_fuel_cells.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 2547, 'title' => 'Li-ion batteries ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 2019 Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded to John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham and Akira Yoshino for working towards the development of practical lithium-ion batteries.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the heart of electronic technology revolution lies a very important problem of longetivity of devices. Any portable device need powering source that can keep it working. Lithium-ion batteries made that possible.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Theory</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chemical batteries consist of two electrodes between which electrons flow and generate a current.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The challenge of such batteries is to choose appropriate electrodes and electrolyte, which mediates the current, and generate sufficient current safely at room temperature without occupying too much space.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lithium-ion batteries</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When the battery is charging up, the lithium-cobalt oxide, positive electrode gives up some of its lithium ions, which move through the electrolyte to the negative, graphite electrode and remain there.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The battery takes in and stores energy during this process. When the battery is discharging, the lithium ions move back across the electrolyte to the positive electrode, producing the energy that powers the battery.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In both cases, electrons flow in the opposite direction to the ions around the outer circuit.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Benefits</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lithium ion batteries are more reliable than older technologies such as nickel-cadmium and don't suffer from a problem known as the "memory effect" (where batteries appear to become harder to charge unless they're discharged fully first).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since lithium-ion batteries don't contain cadmium better for the environment.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Compared to heavy-duty rechargeable batteries such as lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries are relatively light for the amount of energy they store.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Li-ion batteries will catch fire if they're overcharged or if an internal malfunction causes a short circuit.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'li-ion-batteries', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f42a/vgqyxlm4i4fiux06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f42a/vgqyxlm4i4fiux06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Li-ion batteries ', 'metakeyword' => 'Compared to heavy-duty rechargeable batteries such ', 'metadescription' => 'Compared to heavy-duty rechargeable batteries such as lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries are relatively light for the amount of energy they store.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/rwvlggckg06bom5/Li-ion_batteries.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 2654, 'title' => 'Quantum materials for clean energy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from IIT Bombay have discovered special properties in a class of materials called “semi-Dirac metals” which can be utilised for producing clean energy.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A quantum material is a label that has come to signify the area of condensed-matter physics formerly known as strongly correlated electronic systems. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although the field is broad, a unifying theme is the discovery and investigation of materials whose electronic properties cannot be understood with concepts from contemporary condensed-matter textbooks.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Results in the study show a very high optical conductivity of semi-Dirac materials for electromagnetic waves [light waves] of a specific frequency and specific polarisation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Normal metals like gold and silver are good conductors of electricity. A key aspect that decides the quality of conduction is the way energy depends on the momentum of electrons.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dirac metals differ from normal metals in that the energy depends linearly on the momentum. This difference is responsible for their unique properties.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Semi-Dirac metals behave like Dirac metals in one direction and like normal metals in the perpendicular directions (since their microscopic structure is different along the two directions).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Within any material, charge carriers, such as electrons, acquire an effective mass which is different from their bare mass depending on the nature of the material. The effective mass and the number of states available for the electron to occupy when it is excited by an electric field, determine the conductivity and other such properties.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With the advent of man-made 2D materials, such properties have become quite tailor able in what comprises the active field of quantum materials. The velocities can be over a100 times more than normal metals, thus increasing the mobility and currents that can be carried across devices made of these so-called Dirac materials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The semi-dirac materials are capable of producing Thermoelectricity. Thermoelectricity is a clean energy technology that uses waste heat to produce electricity typically in low power applications.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Semi-Dirac</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Semi-Dirac metals are systems such as TiO2/V2O3 nanostructures. Through calculations, the researchers have shown that such materials would be transparent to light of a given frequency and polarisation when it is incident along a particular direction. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The material would be opaque to the same light when it falls on it from a different direction. There are many known applications for transparent conducting films, the common example being touch screens used in mobiles.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'quantum-materials-for-clean-energy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5ebb/69qy82u7fv1db3h6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5ebb/69qy82u7fv1db3h6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Quantum materials for clean energy', 'metakeyword' => 'Quantum materials for clean energy', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers from IIT Bombay have discovered special properties in a class of materials called “semi-Dirac metals” which can be utilised for producing clean energy.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/row0nvgujq4wnmb/Quantum_materials_for_clean_energy.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 3096, 'title' => 'Hydrogen fuel in automobiles', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Japan is gearing up to put on its roads thousands of vehicles based on a hydrogen cell technology, also known as ‘fuel cells’, ahead of Tokyo Olympics.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japan’s lead in the practical application of the hydrogen fuel cycle, and the ongoing research in this field at the International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy are being studied closely by the Indian government as it readies a hydrogen-fuelled blueprint.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the heart of the fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) is a device that uses a source of fuel, such as hydrogen, and an oxidant to create electricity by an electrochemical process. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to generate an electric current, water being the only byproduct. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Like conventional batteries under the bonnets of automobiles, hydrogen fuel cells too convert chemical energy into electrical energy. From a long-term viability perspective, FCEVs are billed as vehicles of the future, given that hydrogen is the most abundant resource in the universe.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While the fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical process, unlike a battery-electricity vehicle, it does not store energy and, instead, relies on a constant supply of fuel and oxygen in the same way that an internal combustion engine relies on a constant supply of petrol or diesel, and oxygen.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But unlike the combustion engine cars, there are no moving parts in the fuel cell, so they are more efficient and reliable by comparison.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The successful development of hydrogen would provide energy for transportation and electric power and advantage is the wide availability of resources for producing hydrogen.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Advantages of Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV)</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fuel cells have strong advantages over conventional combustion-based technologies currently used in many power plants and cars, given that they produce much smaller quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that cause health problems.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such cells are also far more energy efficient than traditional combustion technologies.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unlike battery-powered electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles do not need to be plugged in, and most models exceed 300 km of range on a full tank. They are filled up with a nozzle, just like in a petrol or diesel station.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Disadvantages</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are questions of safety as hydrogen is more explosive than petrol.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process of making hydrogen needs energy , often from fossil fuel sources. That has raised questions over hydrogen’s green credentials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other major hurdle is that the vehicles are expensive, and fuel dispensing pumps are scarce.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way ahead</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In India, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, under its Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) programme, has been supporting various such projects in academic institutions, research and development organisations and industry for development.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Ministry of Science and Technology has supported two networked centres on hydrogen storage led by IIT Bombay and Nonferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, Hyderabad. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hydrogen-fuel-in-automobiles', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/94fc/sz07d4xaemf53gs6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/94fc/sz07d4xaemf53gs6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hydrogen fuel in automobiles', 'metakeyword' => 'Hydrogen fuel in automobiles', 'metadescription' => 'Japan is gearing up to put on its roads thousands of vehicles based on a hydrogen cell technology, also known as ‘fuel cells’, ahead of Tokyo Olympics.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/if2kensxvpm3lc4/Hydrogen_fuel_in_automobiles.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 3181, 'title' => '‘Core catcher’ installed in Kudankulam nuclear power plant', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Moscow-based Rosatom State Corporation Engineering Division has installed a core melt localisation device (CMLD) or “core catcher” at Unit 3 of Tamil Nadu’s Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant is the largest nuclear power station in India, situated in Koodankulam in the Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Kudankulam, is India’s first nuclear plant to use imported PWR technology.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The device is designed to localise and cool the molten core material in case of a meltdown accident.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Core Catcher</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The core catcher is a cone shaped metal structure that weighs about 800 tonnes. The structure is double walled, with the gap between the two walls filled with FAOG (ferric and aluminium oxide granules). </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The core catcher is filled with a ceramic mixture also including ferric oxide and aluminium oxide, called ‘<strong>sacrificial</strong> <strong>material’</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sacrificial material prevents the corium from trickling through and also acts as a cooling mechanism.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Molten core material, or corium, is lava-like material that gets formed in the core of a nuclear reactor in the event of a meltdown accident. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such an accident occurs when the nuclear fission reaction taking place inside a reactor is not sufficiently cooled, and the buildup of heat causes fuel rods to melt down. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The corium so formed can remain radioactive for several decades, even centuries.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The core catcher device is installed at the bottom of the nuclear station’s protective shell, and is designed to save the latter as well as exude radioactive emission in the environment in case of a serious accident.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The device has improved seismic resistance, hydro-dynamic and shock strength as well as equipped with flood protection and simplified installation and assembly technology.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:40px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="‘Core catcher’ installed in Kudankulam nuclear power plant 25 dec 19" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9036/48k2cycw2lpknvi6g.jpg" style="height:268px; width:401px" /></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'core-catcher-installed-in-kudankulam-nuclear-power-plant', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6b7b/g8q6sndinz066tw6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6b7b/g8q6sndinz066tw6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => '‘Core catcher’ installed in Kudankulam nuclear power plant', 'metakeyword' => '‘Core catcher’ installed in Kudankulam nuclear power plant', 'metadescription' => 'The Moscow-based Rosatom State Corporation Engineering Division has installed a core melt localisation device (CMLD) or “core catcher” at Unit 3', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/67pkdi64or58z0a/%E6Core_catcher%C6_installed_in_Kudankulam_nuclear_power_plant.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 3238, 'title' => 'Technology to tap energy from water', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A team of researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati<strong> </strong> has developed materials that can produce energy from flowing or stagnant water in households. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The decentralised energy model involves a large number of small generation devices that can generate energy in every household and the excess energy thus produced can be evacuated to energy-deficient areas nearby.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team employed “electro-kinetic streaming potential” to harvest energy from flowing tap water and “contrasting inter-facial activities” employing different types of semiconducting materials to generate power from stagnant water.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When fluids stream through tiny channels that are charged, they can generate an electrical voltage, which may be harnessed through miniaturised generators.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team also fabricated devices with doped graphene flakes for generating power by dipping in a bucket of water or any stagnant water source to “complementary charge transfer activities”.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Water stored in buckets and water flowing from taps can potentially be used to produce energy if such nano-generators can be developed further.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'technology-to-tap-energy-from-water', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e1d0/bii5cnurp7u87id6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e1d0/bii5cnurp7u87id6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Technology to tap energy from water', 'metakeyword' => 'Technology to tap energy from water', 'metadescription' => 'A team of researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati has developed materials that can produce energy from flowing or stagnant water', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/uajsfoly4z14a9e/Technology_to_tap_energy_from_water.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 3352, 'title' => 'Room temperature sodium sulphur battery', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers at the Indian Institute of technology (IIT) Madras have designed a new sodium sulphur battery that can be operated at room temperature.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conventional sodium sulphur batteries require very high temperature (300 degree C) for operation.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By operating the battery at room temperature, the team was able to achieve higher charge storage capacity (technically called the specific capacity) and nearly zero self-discharge when the battery is not being used.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The battery also showed 83% retention of capacity even at the end of 500 cycles of charging and discharging. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first step that the team took to operate the battery at room temperature was by changing the electrolyte used.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Conventionally, sodium sulphur batteries use a solid electrolyte (sodium beta alumina), which by default reduces the diffusion of sodium ions from the anode to the cathode at room temperature. It is to increase the diffusion of sodium ions that the temperature is raised to about 300 degree C.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In place of a solid electrolyte the researchers used a glass fibre separator soaked in ether-based electrolyte that allows the battery to be operated at room temperature.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Changing the electrolyte alone is not sufficient to improve battery performance as there are other problems with sodium sulphur batteries.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The first problem is that with increasing amount of polysuphides getting dissolved into the electrolyte, there is a net loss in the cathode sulphur. In addition, the dissolved polysuphides move towards the anode and form a coating over it. This reduces the performance of the battery.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To address the problem, the team added a shielding layer very close to the cathode. The shielding layer is made of white graphite mixed in a polymer matrix.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The polymer allows the sodium ions to pass through while the white graphite added to the polymer matrix prevents the migration of polysuphides to the anode.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the migration of the polysuphides to the sodium anode is prevented by the shielding layer, self-discharge of the battery is significantly reduced.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While conductive carbons are added to the sulphur to make it electrically conductive in conventional sulphur batteries, the researchers used partially exfoliated multiwalled carbon nanotubes.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'room-temperature-sodium-sulphur-battery', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2240/on8mjg73gk3jfp06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2240/on8mjg73gk3jfp06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Room temperature sodium sulphur battery', 'metakeyword' => 'Room temperature sodium sulphur battery', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers at the Indian Institute of technology (IIT) Madras have designed a new sodium sulphur battery that can be operated at room temperature.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qg3q0njafh0f1r1/Room_temperature_sodium_sulphur_battery.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4047, 'title' => 'New kind of light that breaks limits of natural law', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new study presents a material that emits light when heated that appears to exceed the limits set by that natural law. Researchers were wondering if there is a new light in the world that breaks hitherto known laws of nature.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to Planck’s Law, no material can emit more radiation than an idealised material ‘blackbody’ that absorbs energy perfectly.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When heated, all materials emit light in a predictable spectrum of wavelengths. Increasing heat causes all materials to emit more intense radiation, with the peak of the emitted spectrum shifting to longer wavelengths as heat rises.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A new material defies the convention set by Planck’s law, emitting light that is coherent, similar to that produced by lasers or LEDs. The difference is that it doesn’t need the costly structure needed to produce the stimulated emission of those technologies.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers demonstrated ‘Super-Planckian’ material, which showed a spike in radiation at about 1.7 microns, which is the near-infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They believe the light is coming from within the crystal, which has so many planes within the structure, so many surfaces acting as oscillators, so much excitation, that it behaves almost like an artificial laser material.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The new material could find applications in optical physics, energy harvesting, military infrared-based object tracking and identification.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'new-kind-of-light-that-breaks-limits-of-natural-law', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ecb0/3jirdcwnsp6bvjg6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ecb0/3jirdcwnsp6bvjg6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'New kind of light that breaks limits of natural law', 'metakeyword' => 'New kind of light that breaks limits of natural law', 'metadescription' => 'A new study presents a material that emits light when heated that appears to exceed the limits set by that natural law. Researchers were wondering', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/xayh19mvce1yj67/4.New_kind_of_light_that_breaks_limits_of_natural_law.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4116, 'title' => 'Hybrid reactor that turns CO2 into useful molecules', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have been working on a hybrid system that creates the building blocks for organic molecules by capturing the energy of sunlight. And this system works by combining bacteria and nanowires.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">We can’t ship packages between Mars and Earth back on forth: one, that would be extremely expensive; two, it is not sustainable. So it is necessary for us to have a plan to produce most items locally.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nanowires are incredibly thin silicon wires that are about a hundredth of the width of a human hair. They are used as electronic components, sensors, and solar cells.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In order to work it, we only need sunlight and water, which Mars has plenty on its vast surfaces in frozen form.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The left side of the reactor is the chamber which contains the nanowire-bacteria hybrid that reduces CO<sub>2</sub> to form acetate. Oxygen is produced on the right side.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team first demonstrated the nanowire-bacteria hybrid reactor five years ago; however, the solar conversion efficiency was only about 0.4%. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Top efficiency is achieved by operating at the optimal acidity for bacteria, which gave more efficient conversion of solar energy to carbon bonds. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The silicon nanowires are essentially like an antenna: They capture the solar photon just like a solar panel. Within these silicon nanowires, they will generate electrons and feed them to these bacteria. Then the bacteria absorb CO<sub>2</sub>, and spit out acetate.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The biohybrid can pull carbon dioxide from the air on Earth to make organic compounds. We can almost think of this as planting new trees. While producing energy, it helps with climate change too. It brings a good deal for everyone involved.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hybrid-reactor-that-turns-co2-into-useful-molecules', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5e11/pzah7eq2k1i6kbh6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5e11/pzah7eq2k1i6kbh6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hybrid reactor that turns CO2 into useful molecules', 'metakeyword' => 'Hybrid reactor that turns CO2 into useful molecules', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers have been working on a hybrid system that creates the building blocks for organic molecules by capturing the energy of sunlight. And this system works', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/s17uc4pi8qh6xfs/5.Hybrid_reactor_that_turns_CO2.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4325, 'title' => 'Purple bacteria may help in harvesting green fuel from wastewater', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Purple bacteria, which store energy from light, can help harvest hydrogen fuel from sewage, and recover carbon from any type of organic waste.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Organic compounds in household sewage and industrial wastewater are a rich potential source of energy, bioplastics and even proteins for animal feed -- but with no efficient extraction method, treatment plants discard them as contaminants.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The study is the first to show that supplying electric current to purple phototrophic bacteria can recover nearly 100 per cent of carbon from any type of organic waste, while generating hydrogen gas for electricity production.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Purple phototrophic bacteria are extremely versatile thanks to their complex metabolic system that involves major carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and iron pathways, catalysed by various enzymes, he says. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They absorb infrared energy through their photosystem, which is composed of carotenoids and bacteriochlorophylls. This means that they can be used to extract valuable products, such as biofuels like biohydrogen, bioplastics like PHA and even single-cell proteins, from waste sources.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Purple phototrophic bacteria capture energy from sunlight using a variety of pigments, which turn them shades of orange, red or brown -- as well as purple.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Purple phototrophic bacteria make an ideal tool for resource recovery from organic waste, thanks to their highly diverse metabolism.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bacteria can use organic molecules and nitrogen gas -- instead of carbon dioxide and water -- to provide carbon, electrons and nitrogen for photosynthesis.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This means that they grow faster than alternative phototrophic bacteria and algae, and can generate hydrogen gas, proteins or a type of biodegradable polyester as byproducts of metabolism.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers analysed the optimum conditions for maximising hydrogen production by a mixture of purple phototrophic bacteria species.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They also tested the effect of a negative current -- The first key finding was that the nutrient blend that fed the highest rate of hydrogen production also minimised the production of CO2.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">This demonstrates that purple bacteria can be used to recover valuable biofuel from organics typically found in wastewater -- malic acid and sodium glutamate -- with a low carbon footprint, that is, electrons supplied by metal electrodes in the growth medium -- on the metabolic behaviour of the bacteria.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'purple-bacteria-may-help-in-harvesting-green-fuel-from-wastewater', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d053/rm6yqnidimwt9jo6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d053/rm6yqnidimwt9jo6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Purple bacteria may help in harvesting green fuel from wastewater', 'metakeyword' => 'Purple bacteria may help in harvesting green fuel from wastewater', 'metadescription' => ' Purple bacteria, which store energy from light, can help harvest hydrogen fuel from sewage, and recover carbon from any type of organic waste.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/ye7on3df0o2j5sm/3.Purple_bacteria_may_help.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4375, 'title' => 'Generating hydrogen from water using yeast', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have developed a new low-cost catalyst synthesis method that can efficiently decompose water into oxygen and hydrogen using waste-yeast biomass.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yeast biomass-derived materials can help develop efficient, eco-friendly and economic catalysts to improve the sustainability of hydrogen production.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Hydrogen is the cleanest primary energy source on earth. One way of producing environmentally-friendly hydrogen is via the electrolysis of water. However, such method needed noble-metal-based catalysts, such as platinum (Pt) for the HER and Iridium (Ir) for the OER. However, these catalysts are typically rare, expensive, and less durable.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists focused on the squander yeast biomass, as catalyst material that will improve oxygen and hydrogen generation, while replacing the noble metal catalysts, for example, Pt or Ir. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As yeast is a living organism, it is wealthy in substances, for example, carbon (C), phosphorus (P), sulphur (S), and nitrogen (N).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the study, the research team has created two catalysts that promote the generation of both hydrogen and oxygen, using waste yeast as catalyst support. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They reported hydrogen and oxygen production in 1 M potassium hydroxide using ruthenium single atoms (RuSAs) along with Ru nanoparticles (RuNPs) embedded in MHC (RuSAs + RuNPs@MHC) as a cathode and magnetite (Fe3O4) supported on MHC (Fe3O4@MHC) as an anode.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Compared to coal and oil, waste yeast is eco-friendly, inexpensive, and readily available biomass, and the results of the study suggest a new application of waste yeast biomass.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'generating-hydrogen-from-water-using-yeast', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/50ca/fbt5orr69b4h1gz6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/50ca/fbt5orr69b4h1gz6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Generating hydrogen from water using yeast', 'metakeyword' => 'Generating hydrogen from water using yeast', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists have developed a new low-cost catalyst synthesis method that can efficiently decompose water into oxygen and hydrogen using waste-yeast biomass.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/bwj9f0udsbd7far/3.Generating_hydrogen_from_water_using_yeast.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4383, 'title' => 'Scientists to make use of AI to solve nuclear fusion problem', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists believe the world will see its first working thermonuclear fusion reactor by the year 2025. That’s a tall order in short form, especially when you consider that fusion has been here for nearly a century.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fusion reactors are the holiest of Grails when it comes to physics achievements. According to most experts, a successful fusion reactor would function as a near-unlimited source of energy.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">TAE, one of the companies working on the fusion problem, says the big difference-maker now is machine learning. According to a report from Forbes, Google’s been helping TAE come up with modern solutions to decades-old math problems by using novel AI systems to facilitate the discovery of new fusion techniques.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Fusion occurs naturally in stars such as our sun, but recreating the sun’s conditions on Earth is simply not possible with our current technology.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sun is much more massive than the Earth, and that mass comes with the fusion-friendly benefit of increased gravity.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">All that extra gravity smashes the sun’s atoms into one another. The combination of pressure and heat force hydrogen atoms to fuse together, thus becoming helium atoms. This results in the expulsion of energy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unfortunately all the current terrestrial attempts at fusion have come up short because, though many have been successful at fusing atoms, they always take more energy to produce the temperatures required to fuse atoms on Earth than said atoms produce in the process.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The entry of AI and machine learning has made things interesting. By giving physicists “super human” analysis abilities, they can turn around experiments faster. This enables quicker iterations and more meaningful results.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Nuclear Fusion</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A fusion process that produces nuclei lighter than iron-56 or nickel-62 will generally release energy. These elements have relatively small mass per nucleon and large binding energy per nucleon. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Fusion nuclei lighter than these releases energy (an exothermic process), while fusion of heavier nuclei results in energy retained by the product nucleons, and the resulting reaction is endothermic. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'scientists-to-make-use-of-ai-to-solve-nuclear-fusion-problem', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/da2d/oy471et5sjb93ee6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/da2d/oy471et5sjb93ee6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Scientists to make use of AI to solve nuclear fusion problem', 'metakeyword' => 'Scientists to make use of AI to solve nuclear fusion problem', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists believe the world will see its first working thermonuclear fusion reactor by the year 2025. That’s a tall order in short form, especially when you consider', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/y36l3nk8jnolyde/2.Scientists_to_make_use_of_AI.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4475, 'title' => 'Air-plasma based jet engine', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A team of researchers has demonstrated a prototype device that uses microwave air plasmas for jet propulsion. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Humans depend on fossil fuels as their primary energy source, especially in transportation. However, fossil fuels are both unsustainable and unsafe, serving as the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions and leading to adverse respiratory effects and devastation due to global warming.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Beyond solid, liquid and gas, plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of an aggregate of charged ions. It exists naturally in places like the sun's surface and Earth's lightning, but it can also be generated. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The researchers created a plasma jet by compressing air into high pressures and using a microwave to ionize the pressurized air stream.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This method differs from previous attempts to create plasma jet thrusters in one key way. Other plasma jet thrusters use xenon plasma, which cannot overcome the friction in Earth's atmosphere, and are therefore not powerful enough for use in air transportation. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Instead, the authors' plasma jet thruster generates the high-temperature, high-pressure plasma in situ using only injected air and electricity.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The prototype plasma jet device can lift a 1-kilogram steel ball over a 24-millimeter diameter quartz tube, where the high-pressure air is converted into a plasma jet by passing through a microwave ionization chamber.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">By building a large array of these thrusters with high-power microwave sources, the prototype design can be scaled up to a full-sized jet. The authors are working on improving the efficiency of the device toward this goal.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'air-plasma-based-jet-engine', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Air-plasma based jet engine', 'metakeyword' => 'Air-plasma based jet engine', 'metadescription' => 'A team of researchers has demonstrated a prototype device that uses microwave air plasmas for jet propulsion. Humans depend on fossil fuels as their primary energy source', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4495, 'title' => 'Artificial chloroplasts', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists report making an artificial chloroplast that operates outside of cells to harvest sunlight and use the resulting energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into energy-rich molecules.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Synthetic biologists have remade chloroplasts, the engine at the heart of photosynthesis, by combining the light-harvesting machinery of spinach plants with enzymes from nine different organisms.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Photosynthesis is a two-step process. In chloroplasts, chlorophyll molecules absorb sunlight and pass the extra energy to molecular partners that use it to generate the energy-storing chemicals adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A suite of other enzymes working in a complex cycle then use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 from the air into glucose and other energy-rich organic molecules that the plant uses to grow.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CO2 conversion starts with an enzyme called RuBisCO, which prompts CO2 to react with a key organic compound, starting a chain of reactions needed to make vital metabolites in plants.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Each copy of the enzyme can grab and use just five to 10 CO2 molecules per second. That puts a speed limit on how fast plants can grow.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers sought to ramp things up by designing a new set of chemical reactions. Instead of RuBisCO, they substituted a bacterial enzyme that can catch CO2 molecules and force them to react 10 times faster.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In combination with 16 other enzymes from nine different organisms, this created a new CO2-to-organic-chemical cycle they dubbed the CETCH cycle.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The enzymes convert the CO2 into a molecule called glycolate that can be used as a feedstock for making useful organic products.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers hope to modify their setup further to produce other organic compounds that are even more valuable than glycolate, such as drug molecules. They also hope to more efficiently convert captured CO2 into organic compounds that plants need to grow. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">That would open the door to engineering the genes for this novel photosynthesis pathway into crops to create novel varieties that grow much faster than current varieties—a boon for agriculture in a world with a booming population</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif""><span style="color:#333333">.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'artificial-chloroplasts', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Artificial chloroplasts', 'metakeyword' => 'Artificial chloroplasts', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists report making an artificial chloroplast that operates outside of cells to harvest sunlight and use the resulting energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into energy', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4544, 'title' => 'Origin of neutrinos', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Russian astrophysicists have come close to determining the origin of high-energy neutrinos from space. </span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team compared data on the elusive particles gathered by the Antarctic neutrino observatory IceCube and on long electromagnetic waves measured by radio telescopes.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cosmic neutrinos turned out to be linked to flares at the centers of distant active galaxies, which are believed to host supermassive black holes. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As matter falls toward the black hole, some of it is accelerated and ejected into space, giving rise to neutrinos that then coast along through the universe at nearly the speed of light.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The team compared the measurements of the IceCube facility, buried in the Antarctic ice, with a large number of radio observations. The elusive particles were found to emerge during radio frequency flares at the centers of quasars.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Quasars are sources of radiation at the centers of some galaxies. They consist of a massive black hole that consumes matter floating in a disk around it and spews out extremely powerful jets of ultrahot gas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hypothesis proved highly plausible despite the common assumption that high-energy neutrinos are supposed to originate together with gamma rays.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Neutrinos are mysterious particles so tiny that researchers do not even know their mass. They pass effortlessly through objects, people and even entire planets. High-energy neutrinos are created when protons accelerate to nearly the speed of light.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'origin-of-neutrinos', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ef0c/wtkxcx8ns1m6jpa6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ef0c/wtkxcx8ns1m6jpa6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Origin of neutrinos', 'metakeyword' => 'Origin of neutrinos', 'metadescription' => 'Russian astrophysicists have come close to determining the origin of high-energy neutrinos from space. The team compared data on the elusive particles gathered', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/9evbm2kouk8h9bg/2.Origin_of_neutrinos.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Energy', 'keyword' => 'energy', 'id' => (int) 4684, 'title' => 'Largest electric flight', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a breakthrough for electric flight technology, a 750-horsepower electric engine made by MagniX, will power a Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft to fly for an expected 20-30 minutes over Washington state. This will be the largest aircraft ever to fly on electric power.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In December last year, an engine from the same company powered a seaplane in Vancouver, Canada, in what was described as the “world’s first” 100 per cent electric flight.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The retrofitted Caravan plane, which can carry nine passengers, is expected to take off at 8 am Pacific time on May 28, and will fly at a speed of 183 kmph.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such electric flights could require significantly less maintenance compared to fuel-based aircraft, and could lead to short-distance flights becoming cheaper, thus helping make it more viable for airlines to fly to remote locations.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from MagniX, several companies are involved in making electric flights a reality. The ride-sharing company <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uber-air-flying-taxis-what-is-being-planned-for-cities-in-us-possibly-in-india-later-5338113/">Uber<strong> </strong>has<strong> </strong>announced<strong> </strong>air<strong> </strong>taxis</a> to fly as early as 2023. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Major industry players such as Airbus and Rolls Royce, a number of startups, as well as the space agency NASA are involved in developing electric flight technologies.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the promise shown by short-range electric flights, several more years of development is expected for powering long-distance journeys. A major obstacle in this process is battery technology, with the weight of the battery being a major challenge.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The aviation sector is a fast-growing source of carbon emissions, and significantly contributes to climate change. According to the World Wildlife Federation, unregulated carbon pollution from aviation is the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By 2050, the aviation industry is expected to cater to 16 billion passengers, up from 2.4 billion in 2010. If the sector solely relies on conventional technologies, emissions would triple by 2050.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Making the aviation sector eco-friendly is an important step for meeting the 2016 Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting the increase in global temperatures to below 2 deg Celsius, and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 deg Celsius.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'largest-electric-flight', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Largest electric flight | Electric Flight', 'metakeyword' => 'Largest electric flight, Electric Flight', 'metadescription' => 'In a breakthrough for electric flight technology, a 750-horsepower electric engine made by MagniX, will power a Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft to fly ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' 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style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a breakthrough for electric flight technology, a 750-horsepower electric engine made by MagniX, will power a Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft to fly for an expected 20-30 minutes over Washington state. This will be the largest aircraft ever to fly on electric power.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In December last year, an engine from the same company powered a seaplane in Vancouver, Canada, in what was described as the “world’s first” 100 per cent electric flight.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The retrofitted Caravan plane, which can carry nine passengers, is expected to take off at 8 am Pacific time on May 28, and will fly at a speed of 183 kmph.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Such electric flights could require significantly less maintenance compared to fuel-based aircraft, and could lead to short-distance flights becoming cheaper, thus helping make it more viable for airlines to fly to remote locations.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Apart from MagniX, several companies are involved in making electric flights a reality. The ride-sharing company <a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uber-air-flying-taxis-what-is-being-planned-for-cities-in-us-possibly-in-india-later-5338113/">Uber<strong> </strong>has<strong> </strong>announced<strong> </strong>air<strong> </strong>taxis</a> to fly as early as 2023. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Major industry players such as Airbus and Rolls Royce, a number of startups, as well as the space agency NASA are involved in developing electric flight technologies.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite the promise shown by short-range electric flights, several more years of development is expected for powering long-distance journeys. A major obstacle in this process is battery technology, with the weight of the battery being a major challenge.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The aviation sector is a fast-growing source of carbon emissions, and significantly contributes to climate change. According to the World Wildlife Federation, unregulated carbon pollution from aviation is the fastest-growing source of greenhouse gas emissions. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">By 2050, the aviation industry is expected to cater to 16 billion passengers, up from 2.4 billion in 2010. If the sector solely relies on conventional technologies, emissions would triple by 2050.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Making the aviation sector eco-friendly is an important step for meeting the 2016 Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting the increase in global temperatures to below 2 deg Celsius, and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 deg Celsius.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'largest-electric-flight', 'image' => '', 'fbimage' => '', 'metatitle' => 'Largest electric flight | Electric Flight', 'metakeyword' => 'Largest electric flight, Electric Flight', 'metadescription' => 'In a breakthrough for electric flight technology, a 750-horsepower electric engine made by MagniX, will power a Cessna 208 Caravan aircraft to fly ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => '', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ '*' => true ], '[dirty]' => [], '[original]' => [], '[virtual]' => [], '[errors]' => [], '[invalid]' => [], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' } $tags = '<a href="https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/energy">Energy</a>'include - ROOT/plugins/Studyiq/src/Template/Pages/tags.ctp, line 65 Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196 Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157 Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765 Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 125 Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93 Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 108 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 104 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 98 Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65 Cake\Http\Runner::run() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 51 Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 81