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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Disaster & Disaster Management
GSI sets up 22 GPS-Geodetic stations across country
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management, Geography & Environment
Published on: 05 March 2019
World Bank loan for Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 05 March 2019
NDMA conducts national workshop on heat wave risk reduction
Tags: Climate Change, Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 27 February 2019
Odisha Government to launch Lightning Protection System
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 06 March 2019
Cabinet approves Flood Management and Border Areas Programme
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 08 March 2019
Cyclone IDAI: India to provide aid to Mozambique
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 18 March 2019
International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure held in New Delhi
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 19 March 2019
Cyclone Fani: UNDRR commends India’s disaster preparedness
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 06 May 2019
Government issues Drought Advisory to 6 states
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management, Geography & Environment
Published on: 18 May 2019
IITM launches extended heat wave range prediction system
Tags: Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 07 July 2019
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'title' => 'GSI sets up 22 GPS-Geodetic stations across country',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Geological Survey of India (GSI) has launched 22 GPS-Geodetic observatories or stations across India to identify seismically hazardous zones and encourage mapping activities. Geodetic (pertaining to Geodesy) is science of earth measurement.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">GPS-Geodetic observatories</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">GSI is establishing and maintaining network of continuously operating 35 permanent GPS-Geodetic stations in a phased manner.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These global positioning system (GPS) stations are meant to <em>delineate high strain zones for earthquake probability</em>, <em>determine seismic motion on faults that may lead to rupture that may result in earthquake</em> and <em>produce thematic maps with high positional accuracy</em>.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">So far, GSI has set up 22 GPS permanent stations and another 13 will be operational by March 2020</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">22 GPS-Geodetic operational observatories are located in Thiruvananthapuram, Jaipur, Pune, Kolkata, Dehradun, Jabalpur, Bhubaneswar, Chennai,Raipur, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Gandhinagar Vishakhapatnam, Agartala, Itanagar, Mangan, Jammu, Lucknow, Nagpur, Shillong and Little Andaman.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Remaining 13 stations will be located in Aizawl, Faridabad, Pithoragarh, Uttarkashi, Cooch Behar, Zawar, North Andaman, Middle Andaman, South Andaman, Ranchi, Mangalore, Imphal and Chitradurga. They will be operation by March 2020.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Geological Survey of India (GSI) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is government organisation that conducts geological surveys and studies. It is one of premier organisations of earth science survey and research in world. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is attached to the Ministry of Mines. It was established in 1851 and is one of oldest of such organisations in the world. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Functions: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is prime provider of basic earth science information to government, industry and the general public.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It creates and updates national geoscientific information and mineral resource assessment through ground surveys, airborne and marine surveys.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also conducts mineral prospecting and investigations, multi-disciplinary geoscientific, geotechnical, geo-environmental and natural hazards studies.</span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Government has signed US $96 million loan agreement with World Bank to provide additional funds for Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project. The loan will be from International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), lending arm of World Bank and has 5 final maturity of 15 years with 5-year grace period. The additional funds will help Uttarakhand in its post-disaster recovery plans, ongoing since the floods of 2013, as well as strengthen its capacity for Disaster Risk Management. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Bank, through this Project is supporting Uttarakhand Government since 2014 to restore housing and rural connectivity and build resilience of communities. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">So far, under it construction of more than 2,000 permanent houses and 23 public buildings has been completed and restored over 1,300 kilometers of roads and 16 bridges. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Additional financing of $96 million: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will further help in reconstruction of bridges, road and river bank protection works.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also facilitate construction of training facility for State Disaster Response Force (SDRF). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also help to increase technical capacity of state entities to respond promptly and more effectively to such crises in the future. </span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In June 2013, a heavy deluge had caused devastating floods and landslides in Uttarakhand. It was worst of its kind disaster India had faced since 2003 tsunami, hit more than 4,200 villages, damaged 2,500 houses, and killed 4,000 people. </span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) conducted two-day national workshop on heat wave risk reduction in Nagpur, Maharashtra. This workshop was aimed at sensitising states about need of preparing and implementing specific Heat Action Plans. It was organised in collaboration with Maharashtra Government.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National workshop on heat wave</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provided opportunity for community capacity building and awareness generation among vulnerable populations. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also discussed integration of long-term heat risk reduction measures into developmental plans as well as Climate Change Adaptation.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was attended by experts on heat wave as well as other stakeholders such as early warning and forecasting agencies, State governments and research institutions etc.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Heat wave has emerged as one of major severe weather events around globe in recent years. Climate change is driving temperatures higher as well as increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves. India too is experiencing increased instances of heat waves every year. NDMA has been closely working with vulnerable States to reduce adverse impacts of heat wave. Sustained efforts - timely release and effective implementation of national Guidelines on heat wave, preparation of Heat Action Plans by 13 vulnerable States, etc. have significantly brought down number of heat-related deaths in the past few years. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is apex statutory body mandated to lay down policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 2009 through Disaster Management Act, 2005. It functions under aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). It is headquartered in New Delhi.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is governed by nine-member board chaired by Prime Minister of India (who is ex-officio chairperson).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Functions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) It co-ordinates response to natural or man-made disasters and capacity-building in case of disaster resiliency and crisis response.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">(ii) It frame policies, lay down guidelines and best-practices and coordinating with State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure holistic and distributed approach to disaster management.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Odisha Government to launch Lightning Protection System',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Odisha Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) has decided to retrofit lightning protection system in multi-purpose shelters across 25 districts in the state. This is aimed at protecting people from lightning and thunderstorm.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lightning Protection System</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In the first phase this initiative, total 640 shelters will be taken up with funding support from World Bank under National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These multipurpose shelters buildings will be fitted with lightning arresting systems to strengthen outdoor lightning alert system.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As part of this initiative, OSDMA in collaboration with US-based Earth Networks already have installed 6 lighting detection sensors for early warning in different parts of state. It provides prediction of lightning 30-45 minutes in advance.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its objective is to undertake suitable structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the effects of cyclones in coastal states and UTs of India.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It seeks to minimize vulnerability to cyclones. It also seeks to make people and infrastructure disaster resilient in harmony with conservation of coastal eco-system in the cyclone hazard prone states/UTs.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is implemented by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs(MHA) in coordination with participating State Governments and the National Institute for Disaster Management (NIDM).</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management',
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'title' => 'Cabinet approves Flood Management and Border Areas Programme ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Cabinet has approved Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP) for effective flood management works in entire country and river management activities and works related to border areas. It has been approved for period from 2017-18 to 2019-20 with total outlay of Rs 3342.00 crores. It is merged version of two components of XII Plan schemes- ‘Flood Management Programme (FMP)’ and ‘River Management Activities and Works related to Border Areas’.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Flood Management and Border Areas Programme </span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims at completion of on-going projects already approved under FMP and will also cater to hydro-meteorological observations and flood forecasting on common rivers with the neighbouring countries<strong>. </strong></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be implemented throughout country for effective flood management, erosion control and anti-sea erosion.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Objective: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">(i) assist state governments to provide reasonable degree of protection against floods in critical areas by adopting an optimum combination of structural and non-structural measures (ii) enhance capabilities of state and central government officials in related fields.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Features of Scheme</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will protect towns, villages, industrial establishments, communication links, agricultural fields and infrastructure from floods and erosion. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, catchment area treatment works will be undertaken that will help in reduction of sediment load into rivers. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These works will help to protect valuable land from erosion and flooding and help in maintaining peace along the border. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, survey and investigations, preparation of DPR of water resources projects on common rivers with neighbouring countries like Sapta Kosi-Sun Kosi Projects, Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in Nepal will be also undertaken.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Funding pattern</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For projects in general category states it will continue to be 50: 50 between centre and states. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For projects in seven north-eastern states, Sikkim and Himalayan states viz. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand it will continue to be in 70: 30 ratio between Centre and State. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For projects under ‘River Management Activities and Works related to Border Areas’, it will be 100% funded as grant-in-aid or central assistance.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management',
'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management',
'id' => (int) 493,
'title' => 'Cyclone IDAI: India to provide aid to Mozambique',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India has decided to provide humanitarian assistance to the people in Mozambique affected by tropical cyclone ‘IDAI’. It has provided US $10 million to Mozambique for food grains after the country suffered food shortage due to natural this calamity.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As part of assistance, Indian Navy has diverted three Indian naval ships to the port city of Beira in Mozambique. These ships will provide relief materials in the form of food, clothes and medicines. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cyclone Idai<em> </em></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It had originated from tropical depression that formed off eastern coast of Mozambique. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It made landfall first in Malawi and later in Mozambique and remained a tropical cyclone throughout the entirety of its trek over land.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was strongest tropical cyclone to strike Mozambique since Jokwe in 2008. It was record-breaking seventh intense tropical cyclone of the 2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season,</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Strong winds followed by heavy rainfall due to this cyclone has caused severe flooding (mostly flash floods) in three southern African countries Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi, affecting over 1.5 million people.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Cyclone IDAI: India to provide aid to Mozambique',
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'metadescription' => 'India has decided to provide humanitarian assistance to the people in Mozambique affected by tropical cyclone ‘IDAI’. It has provided US $10 million to Mozambique for food grains',
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(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management',
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'title' => 'International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure held in New Delhi ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The second International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (IWDRI) was held in New Delhi. It was organised by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in collaboration with United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) and in partnership with Global Commission on Adaptation, UN Development Programme and World Bank.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">IWDR 2019</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Objectives</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Identify good disaster risk management practices in key infrastructure sectors.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Identify specific areas and pathways for collaborative research on DRI (Energy, Transport, Telecom and Water), </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Discuss and co-create broad contours of Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) as well as notional roll-out plan for the next three years.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Build forum for members to work on areas of common interest and make specific commitments.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It saw participation of various countries, multilateral development banks, UN agencies, academia and research institutions, private sector, academics and policy think tanks</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It discussed and collaborated on promoting policies and practices towards achieving disaster resilience of large infrastructure systems (transport, telecom, energy, water). </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Disaster resilient infrastructure plays important role in reducing infrastructure losses and also helps in reduction in mortality, number of affected people and economic losses due to disasters.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Various international agreements have reiterated importance and long-term benefits of investing in resilient infrastructure. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), 2015-2030 identifies investing in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) for resilience and to build back better in reconstruction as priorities for action towards reducing disaster risk.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Goal 9 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognizes disaster resilient infrastructure as a crucial driver of economic growth and development.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The first IWDRI 2018 held in January 2018 had discussed about establishment of CDRI. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is envisaged as knowledge exchange and capacity development partnership. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India announced establishing of CDRI soon after 2016 Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, which was held in New Delhi.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management',
'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management',
'id' => (int) 1023,
'title' => 'Cyclone Fani: UNDRR commends India’s disaster preparedness',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) has commended India’s "zero casualty" policy for cyclones and pinpoint accuracy of India Meteorological Department's (IMD) early warning system which have helped reduce possibility of deaths from recent cyclone Fani.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">UNDRR Commandment</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IMD's almost pinpoint accuracy of early warnings of Cyclone Fani helped authorities conduct well-targeted evacuation plan and minimise the loss of life during landfall of cyclone Fani. The pin point early warning allowed authorities to conduct very well targeted evacuation plan which resulted moving in 1.1 million people to about 900 cyclone shelters in short period of time. India's policy of minimising fatalities from cyclones has been proven by past performances as in cyclone Phailin in 2013 and is inline Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (Sendai Framework).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Cyclone Fani </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was high-end extremely severe cyclonic storm of category four. Its name Fani was suggested by Bangladesh and means ‘Snake’ or ‘hood of snake’. It was strongest tropical cyclone to strike India in a decade. It had originated from tropical depression that formed west of Sumatra in Indian Ocean. Later it had moved northwest wards and made landfall in temple town of Puri in Odisha. It was second named storm and the first severe cyclonic storm of the 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Quicksand,serif">It is mandated by UN General Assembly resolution (56/195) to serve as focal point in UN system for coordination of disaster risk reduction (DRR). It is also mandated to ensure synergies among disaster reduction activities of UN system and regional organizations and activities in socio</span><span style="font-family:Cambria Math,serif">-</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">economic and humanitarian fields.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was established in 1999 as dedicated secretariat to facilitate implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is an organisational unit of UN Secretariat and is led by UN Special Representative of Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction (SRSG).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the focal point of UN system for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and custodian of Sendai Framework (2015-39). It supports countries and societies in implementation, monitoring and review of progress of this framework.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Quicksand,serif">It is mandated by UN General Assembly resolution (56/195) to serve as focal point in UN system for coordination of disaster risk reduction (DRR). </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Quicksand,serif">It is also mandated to ensure synergies among disaster reduction activities of UN system and regional organizations and activities in socio</span><span style="font-family:Cambria Math,serif">-</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">economic and humanitarian fields.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management',
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'title' => 'Government issues Drought Advisory to 6 states',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Government has issued <strong>Drought Advisory</strong> to 6 states viz. <em>Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu</em>. It has asked these to use water judiciously as water storage in dams has dropped to a critical level.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What is drought advisory?</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is issued by Union Government to states when the water level in reservoirs is 20</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> less than the average of live water storage figures of the past 10 years. It only recommends states to use water for drinking purpose only till the dams are replenished. As water falls under the state list, Union Government can only issue advisory to states, but it is upto state government to implement this advisory.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Central Water Commission (CWC) under Union Ministry of Water Resources monitors water storage available in 91 major reservoirs across the country. According to recent figures released, total water storage available is 22</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of total storage capacity of these reservoirs</span></span></p>
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(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management',
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'title' => 'Odisha releases Flood Hazard Atlas',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik released unveiled a Flood Hazard Atlas for managing floods in the state more efficiently. It was unveiled atlas at State Level Natural Calamity Committee meeting. This atlas will help identify the disaster prone areas of the state so that necessary plans can be made to tackle the situation.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Odisha Flood Hazard Atlas</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been prepared by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad and Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will help management of the flood in the state as Odisha is a flood prone state as flood causes extensive damage to life and property.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been made after ascertaining flood inundation data captured through satellite imagery between 2000 and 2018. It keeps the most flood hit areas in focus.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is expected to help the State manage floods more efficiently.</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will help to create systematically plan flood control measures. It will help to control developmental activities on floodplains. It will also help authorities to carryout relief and resuce operations. It will also help to plan relief shelters and health centres.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Flooding in Odisha</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Every year vast areas of Odisha are inundated when there is flooding in major rivers, namely, Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Subarnarekha and Rushikulya. Some of the rivers like, Budhabalanga and Vamsadhara, also cause flash floods due to instant run-off from their hilly catchments. Around 14 lakh hectare of agriculture land is being affected by floods every year in Odisha</span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management',
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'title' => 'IITM launches extended heat wave range prediction system',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Researchers at Pune’s Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) have developed extended range prediction system for real time prediction of heat waves two to three weeks in advance. The prediction system has been successfully transferred to Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), which has been using it since 2017. IMD had used this system to predict heat waves this year.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Extended range prediction system</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It shows in advance date of onset, duration and demise of heat waves, with a small spatial and temporal error. It can predict heat waves with 70% accuracy and probability.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The short-range forecast two-three days before the onset of heat wave condition can provide more reliable information about the time and location of the heat wave condition</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Findings:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Based on observation data available from 1981 to 2017, researchers found that places in two regions – northwest India and southeast coastal regions – are prone to heat waves conditions. Places in these two regions experience heat waves for more than eight days during 2019 summer season.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IMD’s heat wave criteria</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IMD defines heat wave day when the maximum temperature is above 44 degree C or when all the three following conditions are seen — when region is facing unusually hot temperature, when temperature is more than 36 degree C and when departure from the normal temperature is more than 3.5 degree C.</span></span></span></span></p>
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(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management',
'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management',
'id' => (int) 2474,
'title' => 'Bhopal gas tragedy',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The centre may soon run out of fund to pay compensation for the Bhopal gas tragedy survivors.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The problem has been caused by the Centre’s attempts to tap a fund first, as in 2010, it had estimated 48,000 claimants, but close to 50,000 have already been compensated so far, leading to shortfall of allocated funds.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bhopal gas tragedy</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bhopal gas tragedy was a gas leak incident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is considered to be the world's worst industrial disaster as over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UCIL factory was built in 1969 to produce the pesticide Sevin (UCC's brand name for carbaryl) using methyl isocyanate (MIC) as an intermediate. An MIC production plant was added to the UCIL site in 1979.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The chemical process employed in the Bhopal plant had methylamine reacting with phosgene to form MIC, which was then reacted with 1-naphthol to form the final product.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects of gas exposure</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The initial effects of exposure were coughing, severe eye irritation and a feeling of suffocation, burning in the respiratory tract, blepharospasm, breathlessness, and stomach pains and vomiting.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mortality</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Primary causes of deaths were choking, reflexogenic circulatory collapse and pulmonary oedema. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Findings during autopsies revealed changes not only in the lungs but also cerebral oedema, tubular necrosis of the kidneys, fatty degeneration of the liver and necrotising enteritis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The stillbirth rate increased by up to 300% and neonatal mortality rate by around 200%. </span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Long term effects</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eyes: Chronic conjunctivitis, scars on cornea, corneal opacities, early cataracts.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Respiratory tracts: Obstructive and/or restrictive disease, pulmonary fibrosis, aggravation of TB and chronic bronchitis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neurological system: Impairment of memory, finer motor skills, numbness etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Psychological problems: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Children's health: Peri- and neonatal death rates increased. Failure to grow, intellectual impairment, etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japan is facing one of the worst typhoons in 6 decades, called as Hagibis. It is predicted that this storm will be destructive enough to cause large scale damage in Japan.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Typhoons</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This region is referred to as the North western Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for almost one-third of the world's annual tropical cyclones.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tropical cyclones across the globe</strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
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</li>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Australia: Willy Willy</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for tropical cyclones</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C spanning through a depth of at least 50m is considered the minimum to maintain the special mesocyclone that is the tropical cyclone. These warm waters are needed to maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis. Whether it is a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough, a broad surface front is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even with perfect upper level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s between the ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development. Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two outflow jets: one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the Westerlies, and a second towards the equator that can make cyclone formation possible.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japan is facing one of the worst typhoons in 6 decades, called as Hagibis. It is predicted that this storm will be destructive enough to cause large scale damage in Japan.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The storm has brought heavy rainfall in wide areas of Japan ahead of its landfall, including the capital Tokyo. This incident is bound to cause power outages and damage homes and infrastructure.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Typhoons</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This region is referred to as the North western Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for almost one-third of the world's annual tropical cyclones.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tropical cyclones across the globe</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bay of Bengal and Indian ocean: Cyclone</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
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<li>
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<li>
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</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for tropical cyclones</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C spanning through a depth of at least 50m is considered the minimum to maintain the special mesocyclone that is the tropical cyclone. These warm waters are needed to maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis. Whether it is a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough, a broad surface front is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even with perfect upper level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s between the ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development. Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two outflow jets: one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the Westerlies, and a second towards the equator that can make cyclone formation possible.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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Geodetic (pertaining to Geodesy) is science of earth measurement.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">GPS-Geodetic observatories</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">GSI is establishing and maintaining network of continuously operating 35 permanent GPS-Geodetic stations in a phased manner.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These global positioning system (GPS) stations are meant to <em>delineate high strain zones for earthquake probability</em>, <em>determine seismic motion on faults that may lead to rupture that may result in earthquake</em> and <em>produce thematic maps with high positional accuracy</em>.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">So far, GSI has set up 22 GPS permanent stations and another 13 will be operational by March 2020</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">22 GPS-Geodetic operational observatories are located in Thiruvananthapuram, Jaipur, Pune, Kolkata, Dehradun, Jabalpur, Bhubaneswar, Chennai,Raipur, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Gandhinagar Vishakhapatnam, Agartala, Itanagar, Mangan, Jammu, Lucknow, Nagpur, Shillong and Little Andaman.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Remaining 13 stations will be located in Aizawl, Faridabad, Pithoragarh, Uttarkashi, Cooch Behar, Zawar, North Andaman, Middle Andaman, South Andaman, Ranchi, Mangalore, Imphal and Chitradurga. They will be operation by March 2020.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Geological Survey of India (GSI) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is government organisation that conducts geological surveys and studies. It is one of premier organisations of earth science survey and research in world. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is attached to the Ministry of Mines. It was established in 1851 and is one of oldest of such organisations in the world. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Functions: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is prime provider of basic earth science information to government, industry and the general public.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It creates and updates national geoscientific information and mineral resource assessment through ground surveys, airborne and marine surveys.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also conducts mineral prospecting and investigations, multi-disciplinary geoscientific, geotechnical, geo-environmental and natural hazards studies.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'gsi-sets-up-22-gps-geodetic-observatories', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a5ae/xlow36y6x6erhxk6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a5ae/xlow36y6x6erhxk6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'GSI sets up 22 GPS-Geodetic stations across country', 'metakeyword' => 'In Science and Technology Current Affairs, Geological Survey of India, GSI,22, GPS-Geodetic observatories ,stations, seismically hazardous zones, encourage mapping activities', 'metadescription' => 'Geological Survey of India (GSI) has launched 22 GPS-Geodetic observatories or stations across India to identify seismically hazardous zones and encourage mapping activities. Geodetic (pertaining to Geodesy) is science of earth measurement', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/g59qflizxl1c06y/5Mar_GSI_sets_up_22_GPS-Geodetic.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 346, 'title' => 'World Bank loan for Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Government has signed US $96 million loan agreement with World Bank to provide additional funds for Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project. The loan will be from International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), lending arm of World Bank and has 5 final maturity of 15 years with 5-year grace period. The additional funds will help Uttarakhand in its post-disaster recovery plans, ongoing since the floods of 2013, as well as strengthen its capacity for Disaster Risk Management. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Bank, through this Project is supporting Uttarakhand Government since 2014 to restore housing and rural connectivity and build resilience of communities. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">So far, under it construction of more than 2,000 permanent houses and 23 public buildings has been completed and restored over 1,300 kilometers of roads and 16 bridges. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Additional financing of $96 million: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will further help in reconstruction of bridges, road and river bank protection works.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also facilitate construction of training facility for State Disaster Response Force (SDRF). </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will also help to increase technical capacity of state entities to respond promptly and more effectively to such crises in the future. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In June 2013, a heavy deluge had caused devastating floods and landslides in Uttarakhand. It was worst of its kind disaster India had faced since 2003 tsunami, hit more than 4,200 villages, damaged 2,500 houses, and killed 4,000 people. </span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'world-bank-loan-uttarakhand-disaster-recovery-project', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b7dc/9kwd2n2cnzzi4h86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b7dc/9kwd2n2cnzzi4h86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'World Bank loan for Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Government, sign, $96 million, loan agreement, World Bank, Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project', 'metadescription' => 'Union Government has signed US $96 million loan agreement with World Bank to provide additional funds for Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/f1yhw1560w6mba7/5Mar_World_Bank_loan_for_Uttarakhand.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 276, 'title' => 'NDMA conducts national workshop on heat wave risk reduction ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) conducted two-day national workshop on heat wave risk reduction in Nagpur, Maharashtra. This workshop was aimed at sensitising states about need of preparing and implementing specific Heat Action Plans. It was organised in collaboration with Maharashtra Government.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National workshop on heat wave</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provided opportunity for community capacity building and awareness generation among vulnerable populations. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also discussed integration of long-term heat risk reduction measures into developmental plans as well as Climate Change Adaptation.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was attended by experts on heat wave as well as other stakeholders such as early warning and forecasting agencies, State governments and research institutions etc.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Heat wave has emerged as one of major severe weather events around globe in recent years. Climate change is driving temperatures higher as well as increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves. India too is experiencing increased instances of heat waves every year. NDMA has been closely working with vulnerable States to reduce adverse impacts of heat wave. Sustained efforts - timely release and effective implementation of national Guidelines on heat wave, preparation of Heat Action Plans by 13 vulnerable States, etc. have significantly brought down number of heat-related deaths in the past few years. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is apex statutory body mandated to lay down policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 2009 through Disaster Management Act, 2005. It functions under aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). It is headquartered in New Delhi.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is governed by nine-member board chaired by Prime Minister of India (who is ex-officio chairperson).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Functions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) It co-ordinates response to natural or man-made disasters and capacity-building in case of disaster resiliency and crisis response.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">(ii) It frame policies, lay down guidelines and best-practices and coordinating with State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure holistic and distributed approach to disaster management.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ndma-conducts-national-workshop-heat-wave-risk-reduction ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/85fa/rc2ge49rbnqmzb36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/85fa/rc2ge49rbnqmzb36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'NDMA conducts national workshop on heat wave risk reduction ', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, NDMA,two-day, national workshop, heat wave, risk reduction, Nagpur, Maharashtra', 'metadescription' => 'NDMA conducted two-day national workshop on heat wave risk reduction in Nagpur, Maharashtra.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zw464m9wrz59qu3/27feb_NDMA_conducts_national_workshop.pdf', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 360, 'title' => 'Odisha Government to launch Lightning Protection System', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Odisha Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) has decided to retrofit lightning protection system in multi-purpose shelters across 25 districts in the state. This is aimed at protecting people from lightning and thunderstorm.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lightning Protection System</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In the first phase this initiative, total 640 shelters will be taken up with funding support from World Bank under National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP). </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These multipurpose shelters buildings will be fitted with lightning arresting systems to strengthen outdoor lightning alert system.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As part of this initiative, OSDMA in collaboration with US-based Earth Networks already have installed 6 lighting detection sensors for early warning in different parts of state. It provides prediction of lightning 30-45 minutes in advance.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its objective is to undertake suitable structural and non-structural measures to mitigate the effects of cyclones in coastal states and UTs of India.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It seeks to minimize vulnerability to cyclones. It also seeks to make people and infrastructure disaster resilient in harmony with conservation of coastal eco-system in the cyclone hazard prone states/UTs.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is implemented by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs(MHA) in coordination with participating State Governments and the National Institute for Disaster Management (NIDM).</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'odisha-lightning-protection-system', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1bab/q6pgugjpp6qhric6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1bab/q6pgugjpp6qhric6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Odisha Government to launch Lightning Protection System', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Odisha Government, launch, Lightning Protection System', 'metadescription' => 'Odisha Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA) has decided to retrofit lightning protection system in multi-purpose shelters across 25 districts in the state.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/1x859999r91tu15/6MAR_Odisha_Government_to_launch.pdf', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 395, 'title' => 'Cabinet approves Flood Management and Border Areas Programme ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Cabinet has approved Flood Management and Border Areas Programme (FMBAP) for effective flood management works in entire country and river management activities and works related to border areas. It has been approved for period from 2017-18 to 2019-20 with total outlay of Rs 3342.00 crores. It is merged version of two components of XII Plan schemes- ‘Flood Management Programme (FMP)’ and ‘River Management Activities and Works related to Border Areas’.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Flood Management and Border Areas Programme </span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims at completion of on-going projects already approved under FMP and will also cater to hydro-meteorological observations and flood forecasting on common rivers with the neighbouring countries<strong>. </strong></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be implemented throughout country for effective flood management, erosion control and anti-sea erosion.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Objective: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">(i) assist state governments to provide reasonable degree of protection against floods in critical areas by adopting an optimum combination of structural and non-structural measures (ii) enhance capabilities of state and central government officials in related fields.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Features of Scheme</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will protect towns, villages, industrial establishments, communication links, agricultural fields and infrastructure from floods and erosion. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, catchment area treatment works will be undertaken that will help in reduction of sediment load into rivers. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These works will help to protect valuable land from erosion and flooding and help in maintaining peace along the border. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under it, survey and investigations, preparation of DPR of water resources projects on common rivers with neighbouring countries like Sapta Kosi-Sun Kosi Projects, Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project in Nepal will be also undertaken.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Funding pattern</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For projects in general category states it will continue to be 50: 50 between centre and states. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For projects in seven north-eastern states, Sikkim and Himalayan states viz. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand it will continue to be in 70: 30 ratio between Centre and State. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">For projects under ‘River Management Activities and Works related to Border Areas’, it will be 100% funded as grant-in-aid or central assistance.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'flood-management-border-areas-programme ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0400/jfpaq50v97ich5y6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0400/jfpaq50v97ich5y6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Cabinet approves Flood Management and Border Areas Programme ', 'metakeyword' => 'In Government Schemes Current Affairs, Cabinet, Flood Management and Border Areas Programme, FMBAP, effective flood management works, entire country, river management activities in border areas.', 'metadescription' => 'In Government Schemes Current Affairs, Cabinet, Flood Management and Border Areas Programme, FMBAP, effective flood management works, entire country, river management activities in border areas.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/afuwnqnkfxnmyhu/8Mar_Cabinet_approves_Flood_Management.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 493, 'title' => 'Cyclone IDAI: India to provide aid to Mozambique', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India has decided to provide humanitarian assistance to the people in Mozambique affected by tropical cyclone ‘IDAI’. It has provided US $10 million to Mozambique for food grains after the country suffered food shortage due to natural this calamity.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As part of assistance, Indian Navy has diverted three Indian naval ships to the port city of Beira in Mozambique. These ships will provide relief materials in the form of food, clothes and medicines. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Cyclone Idai<em> </em></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It had originated from tropical depression that formed off eastern coast of Mozambique. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It made landfall first in Malawi and later in Mozambique and remained a tropical cyclone throughout the entirety of its trek over land.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was strongest tropical cyclone to strike Mozambique since Jokwe in 2008. It was record-breaking seventh intense tropical cyclone of the 2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season,</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Strong winds followed by heavy rainfall due to this cyclone has caused severe flooding (mostly flash floods) in three southern African countries Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Malawi, affecting over 1.5 million people.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'cyclone-idai-india-provide-aid-mozambique', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/220d/a48gnjnza6kpmot6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/220d/a48gnjnza6kpmot6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Cyclone IDAI: India to provide aid to Mozambique', 'metakeyword' => 'In International Current Affairs, India, provide, humanitarian assistance, Mozambique, affected by tropical cyclone IDAI. ', 'metadescription' => 'India has decided to provide humanitarian assistance to the people in Mozambique affected by tropical cyclone ‘IDAI’. It has provided US $10 million to Mozambique for food grains', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3937kyo96zoy66b/18_Mar_Cyclone_IDAI.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 502, 'title' => 'International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure held in New Delhi ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The second International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (IWDRI) was held in New Delhi. It was organised by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in collaboration with United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) and in partnership with Global Commission on Adaptation, UN Development Programme and World Bank.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">IWDR 2019</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Objectives</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Identify good disaster risk management practices in key infrastructure sectors.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Identify specific areas and pathways for collaborative research on DRI (Energy, Transport, Telecom and Water), </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Discuss and co-create broad contours of Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) as well as notional roll-out plan for the next three years.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Build forum for members to work on areas of common interest and make specific commitments.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It saw participation of various countries, multilateral development banks, UN agencies, academia and research institutions, private sector, academics and policy think tanks</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It discussed and collaborated on promoting policies and practices towards achieving disaster resilience of large infrastructure systems (transport, telecom, energy, water). </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Disaster resilient infrastructure plays important role in reducing infrastructure losses and also helps in reduction in mortality, number of affected people and economic losses due to disasters.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Various international agreements have reiterated importance and long-term benefits of investing in resilient infrastructure. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR), 2015-2030 identifies investing in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) for resilience and to build back better in reconstruction as priorities for action towards reducing disaster risk.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Goal 9 of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) recognizes disaster resilient infrastructure as a crucial driver of economic growth and development.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The first IWDRI 2018 held in January 2018 had discussed about establishment of CDRI. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is envisaged as knowledge exchange and capacity development partnership. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India announced establishing of CDRI soon after 2016 Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, which was held in New Delhi.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'international-workshop-disaster-resilient-infrastructure-new-delhi ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1901/aamhui671fw3xzw6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1901/aamhui671fw3xzw6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure 2019', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, 2nd, International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, IWDRI, New Delhi, NDMA, UNISDR,UNDP, World Bank.', 'metadescription' => 'The second International Workshop on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (IWDRI) was held in New Delhi.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5w6w6x6bbxw4bwm/19_Mar_International_Workshop_on_Disaster.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 1023, 'title' => 'Cyclone Fani: UNDRR commends India’s disaster preparedness', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) has commended India’s "zero casualty" policy for cyclones and pinpoint accuracy of India Meteorological Department's (IMD) early warning system which have helped reduce possibility of deaths from recent cyclone Fani.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">UNDRR Commandment</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IMD's almost pinpoint accuracy of early warnings of Cyclone Fani helped authorities conduct well-targeted evacuation plan and minimise the loss of life during landfall of cyclone Fani. The pin point early warning allowed authorities to conduct very well targeted evacuation plan which resulted moving in 1.1 million people to about 900 cyclone shelters in short period of time. India's policy of minimising fatalities from cyclones has been proven by past performances as in cyclone Phailin in 2013 and is inline Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (Sendai Framework).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Cyclone Fani </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was high-end extremely severe cyclonic storm of category four. Its name Fani was suggested by Bangladesh and means ‘Snake’ or ‘hood of snake’. It was strongest tropical cyclone to strike India in a decade. It had originated from tropical depression that formed west of Sumatra in Indian Ocean. Later it had moved northwest wards and made landfall in temple town of Puri in Odisha. It was second named storm and the first severe cyclonic storm of the 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Quicksand,serif">It is mandated by UN General Assembly resolution (56/195) to serve as focal point in UN system for coordination of disaster risk reduction (DRR). It is also mandated to ensure synergies among disaster reduction activities of UN system and regional organizations and activities in socio</span><span style="font-family:Cambria Math,serif">-</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">economic and humanitarian fields.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was established in 1999 as dedicated secretariat to facilitate implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR).</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It is an organisational unit of UN Secretariat and is led by UN Special Representative of Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction (SRSG).</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the focal point of UN system for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and custodian of Sendai Framework (2015-39). It supports countries and societies in implementation, monitoring and review of progress of this framework.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Quicksand,serif">It is mandated by UN General Assembly resolution (56/195) to serve as focal point in UN system for coordination of disaster risk reduction (DRR). </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Quicksand,serif">It is also mandated to ensure synergies among disaster reduction activities of UN system and regional organizations and activities in socio</span><span style="font-family:Cambria Math,serif">-</span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">economic and humanitarian fields.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'cyclone-fani-undrr-commends', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d33b/qhecxk1m6o1l1lr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d33b/qhecxk1m6o1l1lr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Cyclone Fani: UNDRR commends India’s disaster preparedness', 'metakeyword' => 'UNDRR, commended, India, zero casualty policy for cyclones, pinpoint accuracy of IMD, early warning system,Cyclone Fani', 'metadescription' => 'United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) has commended India’s 'zero casualty' policy for cyclones and pinpoint accuracy of India Meteorological ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pm01ahal31bbj0w/Cyclone_Fani.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 1123, 'title' => 'Government issues Drought Advisory to 6 states', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Government has issued <strong>Drought Advisory</strong> to 6 states viz. <em>Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu</em>. It has asked these to use water judiciously as water storage in dams has dropped to a critical level.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">What is drought advisory?</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is issued by Union Government to states when the water level in reservoirs is 20</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> less than the average of live water storage figures of the past 10 years. It only recommends states to use water for drinking purpose only till the dams are replenished. As water falls under the state list, Union Government can only issue advisory to states, but it is upto state government to implement this advisory.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Central Water Commission (CWC) under Union Ministry of Water Resources monitors water storage available in 91 major reservoirs across the country. According to recent figures released, total water storage available is 22</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of total storage capacity of these reservoirs</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'govt-issues-drought-advisory-6-states', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e9a4/4lwk3ezcae43zml6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e9a4/4lwk3ezcae43zml6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Government issues Drought Advisory to 6 states', 'metakeyword' => 'Union Government has issued Drought Advisory to 6 states viz. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu', 'metadescription' => 'Union Government has issued Drought Advisory to 6 states viz. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/2mnz6d4ywdfaizv/Government_issues.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 1517, 'title' => 'Odisha releases Flood Hazard Atlas', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik released unveiled a Flood Hazard Atlas for managing floods in the state more efficiently. It was unveiled atlas at State Level Natural Calamity Committee meeting. This atlas will help identify the disaster prone areas of the state so that necessary plans can be made to tackle the situation.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Odisha Flood Hazard Atlas</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been prepared by National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad and Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA).</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will help management of the flood in the state as Odisha is a flood prone state as flood causes extensive damage to life and property.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It has been made after ascertaining flood inundation data captured through satellite imagery between 2000 and 2018. It keeps the most flood hit areas in focus.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is expected to help the State manage floods more efficiently.</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will help to create systematically plan flood control measures. It will help to control developmental activities on floodplains. It will also help authorities to carryout relief and resuce operations. It will also help to plan relief shelters and health centres.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Flooding in Odisha</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Every year vast areas of Odisha are inundated when there is flooding in major rivers, namely, Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani, Subarnarekha and Rushikulya. Some of the rivers like, Budhabalanga and Vamsadhara, also cause flash floods due to instant run-off from their hilly catchments. Around 14 lakh hectare of agriculture land is being affected by floods every year in Odisha</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'odisha-release-flood-hazard-atlas', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/520c/akfmby6el7np8fd6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/520c/akfmby6el7np8fd6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Odisha releases Flood Hazard Atlas', 'metakeyword' => 'Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik released unveiled a Flood Hazard Atlas for managing floods in the state more efficiently.', 'metadescription' => 'Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik released unveiled a Flood Hazard Atlas for managing floods in the state more efficiently.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/am7alzf7ux88y3a/odisha-release-flood-hazard-atlas.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 1661, 'title' => 'IITM launches extended heat wave range prediction system', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Researchers at Pune’s Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) have developed extended range prediction system for real time prediction of heat waves two to three weeks in advance. The prediction system has been successfully transferred to Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), which has been using it since 2017. IMD had used this system to predict heat waves this year.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Extended range prediction system</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It shows in advance date of onset, duration and demise of heat waves, with a small spatial and temporal error. It can predict heat waves with 70% accuracy and probability.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Significance:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The short-range forecast two-three days before the onset of heat wave condition can provide more reliable information about the time and location of the heat wave condition</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Findings:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Based on observation data available from 1981 to 2017, researchers found that places in two regions – northwest India and southeast coastal regions – are prone to heat waves conditions. Places in these two regions experience heat waves for more than eight days during 2019 summer season.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IMD’s heat wave criteria</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IMD defines heat wave day when the maximum temperature is above 44 degree C or when all the three following conditions are seen — when region is facing unusually hot temperature, when temperature is more than 36 degree C and when departure from the normal temperature is more than 3.5 degree C.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iimt-launches-extended-heat-wave-range-prediction-system', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4a83/bup0lqbup84zd006g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4a83/bup0lqbup84zd006g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'IITM launches extended heat wave range prediction', 'metakeyword' => 'Researchers at Pune’s Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) have developed extended range prediction system for real time prediction of heat waves two to three weeks in advance', 'metadescription' => 'Researchers at Pune’s Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) have developed extended range prediction system for real time prediction of heat waves two to three weeks in advance', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ba8064b7rqivqe2/IITM_launches_extended_heat_wave_range_prediction_system.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 2474, 'title' => 'Bhopal gas tragedy', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The centre may soon run out of fund to pay compensation for the Bhopal gas tragedy survivors.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The problem has been caused by the Centre’s attempts to tap a fund first, as in 2010, it had estimated 48,000 claimants, but close to 50,000 have already been compensated so far, leading to shortfall of allocated funds.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Bhopal gas tragedy</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bhopal gas tragedy was a gas leak incident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is considered to be the world's worst industrial disaster as over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UCIL factory was built in 1969 to produce the pesticide Sevin (UCC's brand name for carbaryl) using methyl isocyanate (MIC) as an intermediate. An MIC production plant was added to the UCIL site in 1979.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The chemical process employed in the Bhopal plant had methylamine reacting with phosgene to form MIC, which was then reacted with 1-naphthol to form the final product.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects of gas exposure</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The initial effects of exposure were coughing, severe eye irritation and a feeling of suffocation, burning in the respiratory tract, blepharospasm, breathlessness, and stomach pains and vomiting.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Mortality</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Primary causes of deaths were choking, reflexogenic circulatory collapse and pulmonary oedema. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Findings during autopsies revealed changes not only in the lungs but also cerebral oedema, tubular necrosis of the kidneys, fatty degeneration of the liver and necrotising enteritis.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The stillbirth rate increased by up to 300% and neonatal mortality rate by around 200%. </span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Long term effects</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eyes: Chronic conjunctivitis, scars on cornea, corneal opacities, early cataracts.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Respiratory tracts: Obstructive and/or restrictive disease, pulmonary fibrosis, aggravation of TB and chronic bronchitis.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Neurological system: Impairment of memory, finer motor skills, numbness etc.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Psychological problems: Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Children's health: Peri- and neonatal death rates increased. Failure to grow, intellectual impairment, etc.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bhopal-gas-tragedy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/08cd/5rj2a5iyo0s1zgj6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/08cd/5rj2a5iyo0s1zgj6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bhopal gas tragedy', 'metakeyword' => 'Bhopal gas tragedy', 'metadescription' => 'The problem has been caused by the Centre’s attempts to tap a fund first, as in 2010, it had estimated 48,000 claimants,', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/wkegituwi149lq3/Bhopal_gas_tragedy.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Disaster & Disaster Management', 'keyword' => 'disaster-disaster-management', 'id' => (int) 2518, 'title' => 'Mega typhoon in Japan', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Japan is facing one of the worst typhoons in 6 decades, called as Hagibis. It is predicted that this storm will be destructive enough to cause large scale damage in Japan.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The storm has brought heavy rainfall in wide areas of Japan ahead of its landfall, including the capital Tokyo. This incident is bound to cause power outages and damage homes and infrastructure.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Typhoons</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This region is referred to as the North western Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for almost one-third of the world's annual tropical cyclones.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tropical cyclones across the globe</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bay of Bengal and Indian ocean: Cyclone</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Caribbean and US: Hurricane</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pacific Ocean and South China Sea: Typhoon</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Australia: Willy Willy</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for tropical cyclones</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C spanning through a depth of at least 50m is considered the minimum to maintain the special mesocyclone that is the tropical cyclone. These warm waters are needed to maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis. Whether it is a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough, a broad surface front is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even with perfect upper level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s between the ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development. Typically with Pacific typhoons, there are two outflow jets: one to the north ahead of an upper trough in the Westerlies, and a second towards the equator that can make cyclone formation possible.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'mega-typhoon-in-japan', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bd33/x7nalznj72lbcwj6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bd33/x7nalznj72lbcwj6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Mega typhoon in Japan', 'metakeyword' => 'Mega typhoon in Japan', 'metadescription' => 'Japan is facing one of the worst typhoons in 6 decades, called as Hagibis. 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It is predicted that this storm will be destructive enough to cause large scale damage in Japan.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The storm has brought heavy rainfall in wide areas of Japan ahead of its landfall, including the capital Tokyo. This incident is bound to cause power outages and damage homes and infrastructure.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Typhoons</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This region is referred to as the North western Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for almost one-third of the world's annual tropical cyclones.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tropical cyclones across the globe</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bay of Bengal and Indian ocean: Cyclone</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Caribbean and US: Hurricane</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pacific Ocean and South China Sea: Typhoon</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Australia: Willy Willy</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for tropical cyclones</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough Coriolis force to develop a low pressure center, a pre-existing low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C spanning through a depth of at least 50m is considered the minimum to maintain the special mesocyclone that is the tropical cyclone. These warm waters are needed to maintain the warm core that fuels tropical systems. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A minimum distance of 500 km (300 mi) from the equator is normally needed for tropical cyclogenesis. Whether it is a depression in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or monsoon trough, a broad surface front is required to begin tropical cyclogenesis.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Even with perfect upper level conditions and the required atmospheric instability, the lack of a surface focus will prevent the development of organized convection and a surface low.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Vertical wind shear of less than 10 m/s between the ocean surface and the tropopause is required for tropical cyclone development. 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