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'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context: </strong>In an announcement with massive repercussions for Jammu and Kashmir<strong>, Home ministry has announced in Rajya Sabha that the government has decided to repeal Article 370 of the Constitution which grants special status to J&K.</strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government has also <strong>decided to bifurcate the state into two Union territories </strong> Jammu & Kashmir And Ladakh</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>J&K </strong>will have <strong>a legislature, and Ladakh, will be without a legislature.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>These changes brought about by Presidential order.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another crucial part of <strong>this presidential order </strong>is that it <strong>amended the term 'Constituent Assembly' to mean 'Legislative Assembly' of the state.</strong></span></span></li>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This amendment was essential <strong>since Article 370, in its sub-clause (3), </strong>has itself laid down that <strong>Article 370 can cease to operate by way of a presidential order but a recommendation of the 'Constituent Assembly</strong>' shall have to be placed before him.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore, the<strong> order first gave authority of the Legislative Assembly to the Governor</strong>, and then <strong>changed the ‘Constituent Assembly’ to mean ‘Legislative Assembly’, </strong>which in turn <strong>means</strong> that <strong>the president could have issued the order upon a recommendation by the Governor.</strong></span></span></li>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About Article 370:</strong></span></span></p>
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<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 370 <strong>gives Jammu & Kashmir its own constitution </strong>and <strong>decision-making rights for all matters barring defence, communications and foreign affairs.</strong></span></span></li>
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<li style="list-style-type:none">
<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The removal </strong>of this part of the constitution <strong>ends special status for Kashmir, which was key to its accession to India in 1947.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Article 370 made it necessary for the centre to get the state legislature's approval for introducing any policies or constitutional powers to the state</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">. This <strong>in turn means that the Governor, who is being treated as the 'State' govt at the moment, was able to move the resolution to the President.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About Article 35A:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 35A was <strong>introduced in 1954 by the then President Rajendra Prasad </strong>on the <strong>advice of the Nehru government (not by the Parliament).</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 35A <strong>gives the J&K government the right to decide who qualifies as a ‘permanent resident’</strong>. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The permanent resident is subject to some special rights.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Only permanent residents can acquire land, settle, and get government jobs, scholarships in the state.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Article also says <strong>none of the above laws can be held as void on the ground that it takes away the rights conferred on other citizens of the country.</strong></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Govt Decides to Repeal Articles 370 and 35A, J&K and Ladakh to be Separate Union Territories',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context: </strong>In an announcement with massive repercussions for Jammu and Kashmir<strong>, Home ministry has announced in Rajya Sabha that the government has decided to repeal Article 370 of the Constitution which grants special status to J&K.</strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government has also <strong>decided to bifurcate the state into two Union territories </strong> Jammu & Kashmir And Ladakh</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>J&K </strong>will have <strong>a legislature, and Ladakh, will be without a legislature.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>These changes brought about by Presidential order.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another crucial part of <strong>this presidential order </strong>is that it <strong>amended the term 'Constituent Assembly' to mean 'Legislative Assembly' of the state.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type:square; margin-left:40px">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This amendment was essential <strong>since Article 370, in its sub-clause (3), </strong>has itself laid down that <strong>Article 370 can cease to operate by way of a presidential order but a recommendation of the 'Constituent Assembly</strong>' shall have to be placed before him.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore, the<strong> order first gave authority of the Legislative Assembly to the Governor</strong>, and then <strong>changed the ‘Constituent Assembly’ to mean ‘Legislative Assembly’, </strong>which in turn <strong>means</strong> that <strong>the president could have issued the order upon a recommendation by the Governor.</strong></span></span></li>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About Article 370:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 370 <strong>gives Jammu & Kashmir its own constitution </strong>and <strong>decision-making rights for all matters barring defence, communications and foreign affairs.</strong></span></span></li>
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<ul>
<li style="list-style-type:none">
<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The removal </strong>of this part of the constitution <strong>ends special status for Kashmir, which was key to its accession to India in 1947.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Article 370 made it necessary for the centre to get the state legislature's approval for introducing any policies or constitutional powers to the state</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">. This <strong>in turn means that the Governor, who is being treated as the 'State' govt at the moment, was able to move the resolution to the President.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About Article 35A:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 35A was <strong>introduced in 1954 by the then President Rajendra Prasad </strong>on the <strong>advice of the Nehru government (not by the Parliament).</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 35A <strong>gives the J&K government the right to decide who qualifies as a ‘permanent resident’</strong>. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The permanent resident is subject to some special rights.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Only permanent residents can acquire land, settle, and get government jobs, scholarships in the state.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Article also says <strong>none of the above laws can be held as void on the ground that it takes away the rights conferred on other citizens of the country.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
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