Code Context </style>
<?php if(sizeof($quizpole)>0){?>
<h3>Quiz for <?php echo $title; ?></h3>
$viewFile = '/var/www/currentaffairs.studyiq.com/plugins/Studyiq/src/Template/Pages/tagdetails.ctp'
$dataForView = [
'headertags' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'breadcrumb' => [
(int) 0 => [
'name' => 'Home',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/'
],
(int) 1 => [
'name' => 'Constitution',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/constitution'
]
],
'previous' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'next' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'currentaffairs' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'customer_id' => '',
'metadescription' => 'Constitution, ndian constitution is a quasi-federal form of constitution where powers are unequally distributed between centre and state. The constitution of India itself',
'metakeyword' => 'Federal and unitary features of constitution',
'title' => 'Constitution, Federal and unitary features of constitution',
'tagname' => 'Constitution',
'sbanners' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'params' => [
(int) 0 => 'constitution',
(int) 1 => 'federal-and-unitary-features-of-constitution'
]
]
$headertags = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 3,
'name' => 'Art & Culture',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'art-culture',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Current Affairs Arts and Cultures Articles | Current Affairs',
'metakeyword' => 'Current Affairs Arts, Cultures Articles, Cultures Current Affairs Articles, Cultures Current Affairs, Current Affairs, Current Affair GK, General Knowledage',
'metadescription' => 'Current Affairs Arts and Cultures Articles complete current affairs details of Arts and cultures with complete depth analysis or full details of all current affair Articles',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 4,
'name' => 'Polity & Governance',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'polity-governance',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Polity Current Affairs | Governance Current Affair | Polity GK',
'metakeyword' => 'Polity Current Affairs, Governance Current Affair, Polity GK, Current Affairs of Polity, Current Affairs of Governance, Current affair Polity',
'metadescription' => 'Polity Current Affairs, Governance Current Affair, and current affairs of Polity and Governance and more get with Study IQ Education Articles and full details',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 5,
'name' => 'International Affairs',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'international-affairs',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'International Affairs | International Current Affairs, GK, News',
'metakeyword' => 'International Affairs, International Current Affairs, International GK, International News, International burning Issues, International Today Affairs, International Current Affair, International current affairs 2019',
'metadescription' => 'International Affairs, International Current Affairs, GK, News, burning issues and all relative information of Internation you can get here for depth knowledge',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 6,
'name' => 'Economy',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'economy',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Economy Current Affairs | Economy Current Affair 2019 | Study IQ',
'metakeyword' => 'Economy Current Affairs, Economy Current Affair, Economy Current Affair 2019, Economy GK news, Economy Affairs, Current Affairs Economy, Current Affair Economy',
'metadescription' => 'Economy Current Affairs, Economy Current Affair 2019 and all the Economy Current Affair, GK, Burning Issues, News, get on study IQ education for exams preparation',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 7,
'name' => 'Banking Awareness',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'banking-awareness',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Banking Awareness Current Affairs, GK, News, Burning Issues',
'metakeyword' => 'Banking Awareness, Current Affairs, Current Affair, bANKING CURRENT AFFAIRS, Current affair of Banking, Current affair of Bank, Current affairs of Bank, BAnk current affairs',
'metadescription' => 'Banking Awareness Current Affairs, GK, News, Burning Issues, and all the latest current affairs of Banking Awareness or Banking for Govt exams preparation',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 8,
'name' => 'Defence & Security',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'defence-security',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Defence Current Affairs | Defence & Security Current Affairs',
'metakeyword' => 'Defence Current Affairs, Current Affairs, Current Affair, Current Affairs of Defence, Security Current Affairs, Security Current Affairs 2019, Security Current Affairs daily, Defence Current Affairs Daily',
'metadescription' => 'Defence Current Affairs, Defence & Security Current Affairs and complete details of Defence & Security current affairs, burning issues of Defence, Defence Today News ',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 9,
'name' => 'Environment',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'environment',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Environment Current Affairs, Current Affairs 2019- Study IQ',
'metakeyword' => 'Environment Current Affairs, Current Affairs Articles, Current Affairs of Environment, Current Affairs Environment',
'metadescription' => 'Environment Current Affairs, Current Affairs 2019, Study IQ provide complete information of Environment Current Affairs, GK, Bunrning Issues, latest news and more',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 10,
'name' => 'Science & Technology',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'science-technology',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Science & Technology Current Affairs | Science Current Affairs',
'metakeyword' => 'Science & Technology Current Affairs, Science & Technology Current Affair, Science Current Affairs, Science Current Affair, Technology Current Affair, Technology Current Affairs',
'metadescription' => 'Science & Technology Current Affairs, Science Current Affairs, Technology today affairs and more relative Science & Technology information get here free',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 11,
'name' => 'Miscellaneous',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Miscellaneous Current Affairs Articles 2019, GK News | Study IQ',
'metakeyword' => 'Current Affairs Articles 2019, Miscellaneous Current Affairs, GK News, Current Affairs Articles',
'metadescription' => 'Current Affairs Articles, Current Affairs GK News analysis, and all topic relative information get here free and online so no need go anywhere that makes time saving ',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 12,
'name' => 'Government Schemes',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'government-schemes',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Government Schemes Current Affairs | Govt Current Affairs StudyIQ',
'metakeyword' => 'Government Schemes Current Affairs, Government Current Affairs, Current Affairs of government, ',
'metadescription' => 'Government Schemes Current Affairs, Government Current Affairs ad all government relative latest information, news, burning issues and more get here',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 13,
'name' => 'Persons in News',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'persons-in-news',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Persons in News | Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News',
'metakeyword' => 'Persons in News, Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News',
'metadescription' => 'Persons in News, Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News, and all the daily current affairs news you will get here with complete information',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 14,
'name' => 'Constitution',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Constitution | Indian Constitution | World Constitution ',
'metakeyword' => 'constitution, Indian Constitution, World Constitution, Country Constitution ',
'metadescription' => 'Get the all the country constitution like Indian constitution, world constitution and more here you can get all the latest information relative to constitution',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 15,
'name' => 'Biodiversity',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'biodiversity',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Biodiversity | ??? ??????? | Biodiversity Current affairs',
'metakeyword' => 'Biodiversity, ??? ???????, Biodiversity Current affairs',
'metadescription' => 'Biodiversity, ??? ???????, Biodiversity Current affairs, Get the latest Biodiversity information with us where you get all the latest information about Biodiversity',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 16,
'name' => 'Ecology',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'ecology',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Ecology Topic Wise Current afairs | Ecology Current Affairs ',
'metakeyword' => 'Ecology Current Affairs, Ecology Current Affairs 2021, Best Ecology Current Affairs, ecology topic wise current affairs, ecology',
'metadescription' => 'Best Ecology Current affairs - Get the ecology topic current affairs for all the govt exams preparation with best studyiq faculties and also get free ecology topic pdf on daily basis ',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
}
]
$breadcrumb = [
(int) 0 => [
'name' => 'Home',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/'
],
(int) 1 => [
'name' => 'Constitution',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/constitution'
]
]
$previous = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tags' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'title' => 'Appointment of Supreme Court judges',
'posturl' => 'appointment-supreme-court-judges',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
}
]
$next = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tags' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'title' => '17th Lok Sabha elections to be held in 7 phases',
'posturl' => '17th-lok-sabha-elections-held-7-phases',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
}
]
$currentaffairs = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 3316,
'title' => 'Federal and unitary features of constitution',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian constitution is a quasi-federal form of constitution where powers are unequally distributed between centre and state. The constitution of India itself is quasi-federal in characteristics.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Federal features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Distribution of Powers</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An essential feature of a federal Constitution is the distribution of powers between the central government and the governments of the several units (provincial governments) forming the federation. Federation means the distribution of the power of the State among a number of co-ordinate bodies, each originating from and controlled by the Constitution.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supremacy of the Constitution</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This means that the Constitution should be binding on the federal and state governments. Neither of the two governments should be in a position to override the provisions of the Constitution relating to the powers and status which each is to enjoy. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Written Constitution</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Constitution must necessarily be a written document. It will be practically impossible to maintain the supremacy of the Constitution, unless the terms of the Constitution have been reduced into writing.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rigidity</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It means that the power of amending the provisions of the Constitution which regulates the status and powers of the federal and state government should not be confined exclusively either to the federal or state governments, but must be a joint act of both.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Unitary features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Union of States</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 1 of the Constitution describes India as a “Union of States”, which implies two things: firstly, it is not the result of an agreement among the States, as it is there in federations and secondly, the States have no freedom to secede or separate from the Union. The Indian federation is a union because it is indestructible and helps to maintain the unity of the country.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Power to form new States and to change existing boundaries</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the USA, it is not possible for the federal government to unilaterally change the territorial extent of a State but in India, the Parliament can do so even without the consent of the State concerned. Under Art 3, Centre can change the boundaries of existing States and can carve out new States.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Unequal Representation in the Legislature</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The equality of units in a federation is best guaranteed by their equal representation in the Upper House of the federal legislature (Parliament).In a true federation such as that of United States of America every State irrespective of their size in terms of area or population, sends two representatives to the Upper House i.e. Senate.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Single Constitution</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is a single Constitution for both Union and the States. There is no provision for separate Constitutions for the States. In the USA and Australia, the States have their own Constitutions which are equally powerful as the federal Constitution. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Single citizenship</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India follows the principle of uniform and single citizenship, but in the USA and Australia, double citizenship is followed. This means that people are citizens of both the federal State and their own State which has its own Constitution.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Power to make laws on the subjects in State list</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Parliament has the exclusive authority to make laws on the 100 subjects of the Union list, but the States do not have such exclusive rights over the State list. Under certain circumstances, the Parliament can legislate on subjects of State list.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Emergency provisions</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The President of India an declare three different types of emergency rules under Articles 352, 356 and 360 for an act of foreign aggression or internal armed rebellion, failure of constitutional machinery in a State and financial emergency respectively.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Unified Judiciary</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The federal principle envisages a dual system of Courts. But, in India there is a single integrated judicial system for whole of the country. We have unified Judiciary with the Supreme Court at the apex. The High Courts work under its supervision.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>All India Services</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under Article 312, the All India Services officials IAS, IPS and IFS (Forest) are appointed by the Centre, but are paid and controlled by the State. However, in case of any irregularities or misconduct committed by the officer, the States cannot initiate any disciplinary action except suspending him/her.</span></span></p>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
'posturl' => 'federal-and-unitary-features-of-constitution',
'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/526d/srf1yoii7kbkm3n6g.jpg',
'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/526d/srf1yoii7kbkm3n6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Federal and unitary features of constitution',
'metakeyword' => 'Federal and unitary features of constitution',
'metadescription' => 'ndian constitution is a quasi-federal form of constitution where powers are unequally distributed between centre and state. The constitution of India itself',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/954hzivaxx0rbqz/Federal_and_unitary_features_of_constitution.pdf/file',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
}
]
$customer_id = ''
$metadescription = 'Constitution, ndian constitution is a quasi-federal form of constitution where powers are unequally distributed between centre and state. The constitution of India itself'
$metakeyword = 'Federal and unitary features of constitution'
$title = 'Federal and unitary features of constitution'
$tagname = 'Constitution'
$sbanners = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 61,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5f54/lodkrbkhwk5lg1q6g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://www.studyiq.com/course-detail/ssc-bank-combo',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
},
(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 62,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0552/k9b1o467l8edtbc6g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://studyiq.com/courses/state-exams',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
},
(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 63,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/154a/6y1qvv7v118759h6g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://www.studyiq.com/course-detail/upsc-ias-pre-mains',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
},
(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 64,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/563c/o65x6jso51flz886g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://studyiq.com/courses/upsc/optional-subjects',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
}
]
$params = [
(int) 0 => 'constitution',
(int) 1 => 'federal-and-unitary-features-of-constitution'
]
$b = [
'name' => 'Constitution',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/constitution'
]
$currentaffair = object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 3316,
'title' => 'Federal and unitary features of constitution',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indian constitution is a quasi-federal form of constitution where powers are unequally distributed between centre and state. The constitution of India itself is quasi-federal in characteristics.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Federal features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Distribution of Powers</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An essential feature of a federal Constitution is the distribution of powers between the central government and the governments of the several units (provincial governments) forming the federation. Federation means the distribution of the power of the State among a number of co-ordinate bodies, each originating from and controlled by the Constitution.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Supremacy of the Constitution</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This means that the Constitution should be binding on the federal and state governments. Neither of the two governments should be in a position to override the provisions of the Constitution relating to the powers and status which each is to enjoy. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Written Constitution</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Constitution must necessarily be a written document. It will be practically impossible to maintain the supremacy of the Constitution, unless the terms of the Constitution have been reduced into writing.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rigidity</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It means that the power of amending the provisions of the Constitution which regulates the status and powers of the federal and state government should not be confined exclusively either to the federal or state governments, but must be a joint act of both.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Unitary features</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Union of States</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 1 of the Constitution describes India as a “Union of States”, which implies two things: firstly, it is not the result of an agreement among the States, as it is there in federations and secondly, the States have no freedom to secede or separate from the Union. The Indian federation is a union because it is indestructible and helps to maintain the unity of the country.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Power to form new States and to change existing boundaries</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the USA, it is not possible for the federal government to unilaterally change the territorial extent of a State but in India, the Parliament can do so even without the consent of the State concerned. Under Art 3, Centre can change the boundaries of existing States and can carve out new States.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Unequal Representation in the Legislature</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The equality of units in a federation is best guaranteed by their equal representation in the Upper House of the federal legislature (Parliament).In a true federation such as that of United States of America every State irrespective of their size in terms of area or population, sends two representatives to the Upper House i.e. Senate.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Single Constitution</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There is a single Constitution for both Union and the States. There is no provision for separate Constitutions for the States. In the USA and Australia, the States have their own Constitutions which are equally powerful as the federal Constitution. </span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Single citizenship</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India follows the principle of uniform and single citizenship, but in the USA and Australia, double citizenship is followed. This means that people are citizens of both the federal State and their own State which has its own Constitution.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Power to make laws on the subjects in State list</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Parliament has the exclusive authority to make laws on the 100 subjects of the Union list, but the States do not have such exclusive rights over the State list. Under certain circumstances, the Parliament can legislate on subjects of State list.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Emergency provisions</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The President of India an declare three different types of emergency rules under Articles 352, 356 and 360 for an act of foreign aggression or internal armed rebellion, failure of constitutional machinery in a State and financial emergency respectively.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Unified Judiciary</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The federal principle envisages a dual system of Courts. But, in India there is a single integrated judicial system for whole of the country. We have unified Judiciary with the Supreme Court at the apex. The High Courts work under its supervision.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>All India Services</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under Article 312, the All India Services officials IAS, IPS and IFS (Forest) are appointed by the Centre, but are paid and controlled by the State. However, in case of any irregularities or misconduct committed by the officer, the States cannot initiate any disciplinary action except suspending him/her.</span></span></p>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
'posturl' => 'federal-and-unitary-features-of-constitution',
'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/526d/srf1yoii7kbkm3n6g.jpg',
'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/526d/srf1yoii7kbkm3n6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Federal and unitary features of constitution',
'metakeyword' => 'Federal and unitary features of constitution',
'metadescription' => 'ndian constitution is a quasi-federal form of constitution where powers are unequally distributed between centre and state. The constitution of India itself',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/954hzivaxx0rbqz/Federal_and_unitary_features_of_constitution.pdf/file',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
'*' => true
],
'[dirty]' => [],
'[original]' => [],
'[virtual]' => [],
'[errors]' => [],
'[invalid]' => [],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
}
$downloadpdf = 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/954hzivaxx0rbqz/Federal_and_unitary_features_of_constitution.pdf/file'
$tags = '<a href="https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/constitution">Constitution</a>'
include - ROOT/plugins/Studyiq/src/Template/Pages/tagdetails.ctp, line 161
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
App\Controller\PagesController::tags() - APP/Controller/PagesController.php, line 995
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 440
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 119
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 108
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 104
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 98
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65