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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Constitution Day or Samvidhan Diwas is celebrated annually in India on 26 November. The day is also known as National Law Day. The day commemorates the adoption of the Constitution in India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On this day in 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India formally adopted the Constitution of India that came into force on 26 January 1950.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Constituent Assembly met for 166 days for two years, 11 months, and 18 days before the Constitution was finally adopted.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The members of the Constituent Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document on 24 January 1950 and two days later, it became the law of the land.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Constitution Day is celebrated as a mark of tribute to India's first Law Minister BR Ambedkar, who played a pivotal role in drafting the Indian Constitution.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Salient features of constitution</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Single Constitution for both Union and State</strong>s: India has a single Constitution for Union and all the States. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Sources of the Constitution</strong>: The Indian Constitution has borrowed provisions from various countries and modified them to the suit the requirements of the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>United Kingdom</strong>: Parliamentary government, post of Prime Minister, Single citizenship, bicameral legislature, privileges for parliamentary members, rule of law.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>USA</strong>: Fundamental Rights, separation of judiciary, judicial review, post of vice-president, removal of President, removal of Supreme Court judges, preamble.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Canada: </strong>Quasi-federal, appointment of governors, distribution of powers between centre and state, residuary powers in centre.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ireland</strong>: Concept of Directive Principles of States Policy, method of election of President, nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>USSR</strong>: Fundamental duties, Justice (Social, Economic, and Political).</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Weimar</strong> (<strong>German</strong>): Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>South Africa</strong>: Elections to Rajya Sabha, joint sitting of the Parliament.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Australia</strong>: Concurrent list.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>France</strong>: Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Japan</strong>: Procedure established by the law.</span></span></li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Rigidity and Flexibility</strong>: The Constitution of India is neither rigid nor flexible. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Secular State</strong>: The term secular state means that all the religions present in India get equal protection and support from the state. There is no state sponsored religion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Federalism</strong>: The Constitution of India provides for the division of power between the Union and the State governments.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Single Citizenship</strong>: Constitution of India provides for single citizenship to every individual in the country.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Integrated and Independent Judiciary</strong>: The Constitution of India provides for an integrated and independent judicial system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Universal Adult Franchise</strong>: In India, every citizen who is above the age of 18 years has the right to vote without any discrimination on the ground of caste, race, religion, sex, literacy etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Emergency Provisions</strong>: The President is empowered to take certain steps to tackle any extraordinary situation to maintain the sovereignty, security, unity, and integrity of the nation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Directive Principles of State Policy</strong>: Part IV (Articles 36 to 50) of the Constitution mentions the Directive Principles of State Policy. These are non-justifiable in nature and are broadly classified into Socialistic, Gandhian, and Liberal-intellectual. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Fundamental Duties</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">: These were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1976).</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The constitution Day of India was celebrated on November 26. It was on this date that Constitution of India was adopted.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The constitution of India came into effect on January 26, 1950 after being adopted on 26th November 1949.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Ministry of Social justice proposed in 2015 to celebrate this date with an aim to promote constitutional values among citizens.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>History of Indian constitution</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The duty of drafting a constitution for India was given to the Constituent Assembly. Dr BR Ambedkar was appointed as the chairman of drafting committee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The drafting committee studied constitution of more than 60 countries before formulating. Sir BN Rau was the advisor to the committee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">January 26 was chosen for adoption because it was on this day in 1930 that the Purna Swaraj resolution was adopted at the Lahore Session of the Congress.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Influence of constitution of different countries</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">UK: Rule of law, Parliamentary form of governance, single citizenship, bicameralism, cabinet system, prerogative writs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">US: Fundamental Rights, judicial review, independence of judiciary, office of vice-President, removal of President.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Canada: Appointment of governors, residuary powers in centre, federal character, advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Australia: Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse, concurrent list, joint sitting of Parliament.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ireland: Method of election of president, DPSP, nomination of Rajya Sabha members.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">South Africa: Amendment of constitution procedure, election of members to Rajya Sabha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Soviet Union: Ideals of justice (social, economic and political), Fundamental duties.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">France: Liberty, equality and fraternity, idea of republic.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Germany: Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Japan: Procedure established by law.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Criticism of Indian constitution</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is argued that Constituent Assembly was not elected by people and it was not representative of all sections.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Constituent Assembly was completely dominated by Congress party. There was no scope for varied opinions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It was said that Constituent Assembly was completely dominated by lawyers and politicians. There was no representation for people of different professions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The constitution Day of India was celebrated on November 26. It was on this date that Constitution of India was adopted.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The constitution of India came into effect on January 26, 1950 after being adopted on 26th November 1949.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Ministry of Social justice proposed in 2015 to celebrate this date with an aim to promote constitutional values among citizens.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>History of Indian constitution</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The duty of drafting a constitution for India was given to the Constituent Assembly. Dr BR Ambedkar was appointed as the chairman of drafting committee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The drafting committee studied constitution of more than 60 countries before formulating. Sir BN Rau was the advisor to the committee.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">January 26 was chosen for adoption because it was on this day in 1930 that the Purna Swaraj resolution was adopted at the Lahore Session of the Congress.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Influence of constitution of different countries</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">UK: Rule of law, Parliamentary form of governance, single citizenship, bicameralism, cabinet system, prerogative writs.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">US: Fundamental Rights, judicial review, independence of judiciary, office of vice-President, removal of President.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Canada: Appointment of governors, residuary powers in centre, federal character, advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Australia: Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse, concurrent list, joint sitting of Parliament.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ireland: Method of election of president, DPSP, nomination of Rajya Sabha members.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">South Africa: Amendment of constitution procedure, election of members to Rajya Sabha.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Soviet Union: Ideals of justice (social, economic and political), Fundamental duties.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">France: Liberty, equality and fraternity, idea of republic.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Germany: Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Japan: Procedure established by law.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Criticism of Indian constitution</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">It is argued that Constituent Assembly was not elected by people and it was not representative of all sections.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The Constituent Assembly was completely dominated by Congress party. There was no scope for varied opinions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It was said that Constituent Assembly was completely dominated by lawyers and politicians. There was no representation for people of different professions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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