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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The largest ever number of nine judges took oath as Supreme Court judge. The list also involves three women judges.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the first time that court will have four women judges serving at a same time. Till now only eleven women judges have served in Supreme Court.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Appointment of judges to Supreme Court and High Courts are governed by Articles 124(2) and 217 of the Constitution respectively.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The President appoints the judges after consultations with the judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts as necessary.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the independence, the appointment of judges was done by executive. The Chief Justice was appointed based on seniority as a convention.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The situation changed in 80’s when a series of cases changed the nature of appointment. The judiciary gave itself the powers to appoint the judges.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The cases</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1973, three senior judges were superseded to appoint Justice A N Ray as the CJI. This started a tussle between judiciary and executive.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The three “Judges case” were the basis of change in nature. The first judge case of 1981, second judge case of 1993 and third judge case of 1998 were recorded.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The group of judges helmed by the CJI would recommend the names to the President, who would approve it after due considerations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>First judge case</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The concurrence of the CJI is not needed for the President in appointment of judges. It was highlighted in S P Gupta v Union of India (1981). The ruling was overruled in second judge case.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Second judge case</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Supreme Court bench ruled that it was required to maintain the independence of the judiciary from the executive and protect its integrity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The case was Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v Union of India (1993). The bench also formulated the ‘collegium system’ for appointment and transfer of judges in the higher judiciary.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Third judge case</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third judge case was based on a reference made by President KR Narayanan regarding the meaning of the term “consultation” while appointing judges.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The doubt was regarding whether the term ‘consultation’ meant the sole opinion of the CJI or the collegium.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ruling said that a quorum and majority vote in the collegium was required to make recommendations to the President.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Process of collegiums</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The collegium system is multi-step process that has limited accountability even regarding the timeline of appointing new judges.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The process is started by the HC collegium and the file then moves to the state government, the central government and then to the SC collegium after intelligence reports are available on the candidates recommended</span></span></p>
</li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The largest ever number of nine judges took oath as Supreme Court judge. The list also involves three women judges.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the first time that court will have four women judges serving at a same time. Till now only eleven women judges have served in Supreme Court.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Appointment of judges to Supreme Court and High Courts are governed by Articles 124(2) and 217 of the Constitution respectively.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The President appoints the judges after consultations with the judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts as necessary.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since the independence, the appointment of judges was done by executive. The Chief Justice was appointed based on seniority as a convention.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The situation changed in 80’s when a series of cases changed the nature of appointment. The judiciary gave itself the powers to appoint the judges.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The cases</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 1973, three senior judges were superseded to appoint Justice A N Ray as the CJI. This started a tussle between judiciary and executive.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The three “Judges case” were the basis of change in nature. The first judge case of 1981, second judge case of 1993 and third judge case of 1998 were recorded.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The group of judges helmed by the CJI would recommend the names to the President, who would approve it after due considerations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>First judge case</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The concurrence of the CJI is not needed for the President in appointment of judges. It was highlighted in S P Gupta v Union of India (1981). The ruling was overruled in second judge case.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Second judge case</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Supreme Court bench ruled that it was required to maintain the independence of the judiciary from the executive and protect its integrity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The case was Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v Union of India (1993). The bench also formulated the ‘collegium system’ for appointment and transfer of judges in the higher judiciary.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Third judge case</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third judge case was based on a reference made by President KR Narayanan regarding the meaning of the term “consultation” while appointing judges.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The doubt was regarding whether the term ‘consultation’ meant the sole opinion of the CJI or the collegium.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ruling said that a quorum and majority vote in the collegium was required to make recommendations to the President.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Process of collegiums</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The collegium system is multi-step process that has limited accountability even regarding the timeline of appointing new judges.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The process is started by the HC collegium and the file then moves to the state government, the central government and then to the SC collegium after intelligence reports are available on the candidates recommended</span></span></p>
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