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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Independent MLA and dalit activist from Gujarat, Jignesh Mevani could not officially join congress party due to the anti-defection law.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The 52nd constitutional amendment act of 1985 had inserted the tenth schedule to prevent defections from one party to another.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Changing of political parties by legislators is not allowed by anti-defection law under certain circumstances. It also applies to independent legislators.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Conditions for anti-defection law</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">There are three conditions or scenarios governing anti-defection law. It applies to both MLAs as well as MPs.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The first is when a member of legislation elected on the ticket of a certain political party “voluntarily gives up” membership of the party or votes in the House against the directions of the party. </span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The second condition is when a legislator who has won the seat as an independent candidate joins a political party after the election.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In both the circumstances, the legislator loses his/her seat on changing the political party.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In case of nominated MPs, they will be given a time of six months to join a political party after nomination. If they join a party after six months, they lose their seat.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Independent defection</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A committee chaired by YB Chavan observed that many independent legislators joined the political parties after their election.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Any effort to bring a law on independent members was opposed. Independent and nominated members were allowed to join a party once.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Disqualification</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The presiding officer of the legislature has the power to decide on the defection case under the anti-defection law. The time frame has not been mentioned for the decision.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has been observed that speakers have taken years together to decide on the defection case. The Supreme Court had directed speakers to make decisions within three months.</span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Independent MLA and dalit activist from Gujarat, Jignesh Mevani could not officially join congress party due to the anti-defection law.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The 52nd constitutional amendment act of 1985 had inserted the tenth schedule to prevent defections from one party to another.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Changing of political parties by legislators is not allowed by anti-defection law under certain circumstances. It also applies to independent legislators.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Conditions for anti-defection law</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">There are three conditions or scenarios governing anti-defection law. It applies to both MLAs as well as MPs.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The first is when a member of legislation elected on the ticket of a certain political party “voluntarily gives up” membership of the party or votes in the House against the directions of the party. </span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The second condition is when a legislator who has won the seat as an independent candidate joins a political party after the election.</span></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In both the circumstances, the legislator loses his/her seat on changing the political party.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">In case of nominated MPs, they will be given a time of six months to join a political party after nomination. If they join a party after six months, they lose their seat.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Independent defection</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">A committee chaired by YB Chavan observed that many independent legislators joined the political parties after their election.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Any effort to bring a law on independent members was opposed. Independent and nominated members were allowed to join a party once.</span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Disqualification</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The presiding officer of the legislature has the power to decide on the defection case under the anti-defection law. The time frame has not been mentioned for the decision.</span></span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has been observed that speakers have taken years together to decide on the defection case. The Supreme Court had directed speakers to make decisions within three months.</span></span></p>
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