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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Constitution
Cabinet approves notifications for 2019 Lok Sabha Elections
Tags: Constitution, Ministries & Departments
Published on: 14 March 2019
EC issues advisory on telecasting exit polls
Tags: Constitution, Bills & Laws
Published on: 25 March 2019
Tamil Nadu reiterates demand for IGST dues from Centre
Tags: Constitution, Bills & Laws
Published on: 14 May 2019
President appoints 4 new judges of Supreme Court
Tags: Constitution, Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 23 May 2019
Narendra Modi sworn in as Prime Minister of India
Tags: Constitution, Commissions & Committees
Published on: 31 May 2019
Maneka Gandhi likely to be pro-tem Speaker of 17th Lok Sabha
Tags: Constitution
Published on: 03 June 2019
Cabinet extends President’s Rule in J&K by six months
Tags: Constitution
Published on: 14 June 2019
ECI organises National Conference of SVEEP Nodal Officers
Tags: Constitution, Commissions & Committees
Published on: 14 June 2019
National People’s Party granted national party status
Tags: Constitution, Commissions & Committees
Published on: 08 June 2019
Justice Pinaki Ghose sworn in as first Lokpal of India
Tags: Constitution, Bills & Laws, Judiciary & Judgments
Published on: 23 March 2019
Appointment of new Governors of Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh
Tags: Constitution
Published on: 16 July 2019
EC issues showcause notice to TMC, CPI, NCP over national party status
Tags: Constitution, Commissions & Committees
Published on: 20 July 2019
Govt Decides to Repeal Articles 370 and 35A, J&K and Ladakh to be Separate Union Territories
Tags: Constitution
Published on: 05 August 2019
After J&K bifurcation, hill parties want Darjeeling to be Union territory
Tags: Constitution
Published on: 06 August 2019
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'title' => '17th Lok Sabha elections to be held in 7 phases',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Election Commission of India (ECI) has announced that 17th Lok Sabha elections will begin from 11th April 2019 and will be held till 19th May 2019. Voting will be conducted in 7 phases and counting will be held on 23 May 2019, ten days before term of current 16th Lok Sabha ends. <strong>It will be world’s biggest democratic exercise</strong>. With announcement of election dates, Model Code of Conduct (MCC) come into force in the entire country. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Highlights of 17th Lok Sabha elections</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Total 90 crore electorates (81.45 crore in 2014) of 29 states and 7 Union territories will elect 543 Lok Sabha members in these seven phases. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">VVPATs (voter verified paper audit trails) will be used along with Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) will be used in all polling stations across the country.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">22 states/UTs will have single phase elections, while 4 states will go to polls in two phases. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Elections Assam and Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand will be conducted in three phases.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In Maharashtra and Odisha polls will be conducted in four phases. Jammu and Kashmir will have five phases. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh will have seven phases. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Simultaneous assembly elections along with Lok Sabha elections will be held in four states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Phases of 17th Lok Sabha elections</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">1st phase (April 11): It will cover 91 Parliamentary constituencies in 20 states.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">2nd phase (April 18): It will cover 97 Parliamentary constituencies in 13 states. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">3rd phase (April 23): It will cover 115 constituencies in 14 states.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">4th phase (April 29): It will cover 71 constituencies in 9 states.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">5th phase (May 6): It will cover 51 constituencies in seven states.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">6th phase (May 12): It will cover 59 seats in 7 states.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">7th phase (May 9): It will cover 59 constituencies in 8 states </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">J&K Assembly elections</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There will be no simultaneous assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir along with Lok Sabha elections for security reasons. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Election Commission has appointed three special observers (committee) for effective monitoring of Lok Sabha polls in Jammu and Kashmir. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Based on report submitted by these special observers timing of J&K assembly elections will be announced. </span></span></span></li>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved issuance of statutory notifications for General Elections to Lok Sabha 2019. These notifications were notified under sub-section (2) of Section 14 of Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951. The issuing of notifications will begin election process for constituting the Seventeenth House of the People. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sub-Section (2) of Section 14 of RPA, 1951</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides statutory and legal backing for calling upon parliamentary constituencies to elect Members to Lok Sabha (House of the People), on dates to be recommended by Election Commission of India (ECI) in its proceedings.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was enacted by provincial parliament in exercise of powers enshrined to it under Article 324 to 329 of Part XV of the Constitution.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides for actual conduct of elections in India. It also deals with details like qualification and disqualification of members of both houses of Parliament (ie Loksabha and Rajyasabha) and state legislatures (ie. State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council). </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Election Commission make rules for conducting of various elections under this Act.</span></span></span></li>
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'metatitle' => 'Cabinet approves notifications for 2019 Lok Sabha Elections',
'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, Cabinet Decisions, Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, issuance, statutory notifications, General Elections, Lok Sabha 2019.',
'metadescription' => ' Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved issuance of statutory notifications for General Elections to Lok Sabha 2019.',
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'tag' => 'Constitution',
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'title' => 'EC issues advisory on telecasting exit polls',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued advisory to media and other platforms (websites, social media) on various issue related to elections including publication of exit polls, publication of results etc. It includes prohibition display of any opinion poll and of standard debates, analysis, visuals and sound-bytes</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Section 126A of Representation of People Act, 1951</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The advisory has been issued in pursuance of Section 126A of Representation of People Act, 1951 which prohibits conduct of exit poll and dissemination of its results hour fixed </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This legal provision prohibits displaying any election matter by means of television or similar apparatus, during period of 48 hours before hour fixed for conclusion of poll from commencement of polling in first phase and half hour after time fixed for end of polling for the last phase in all the states.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this case, election matter is defined as any matter intended or calculated to influence or affect the result of an election. It also includes conducting exit polls and releasing its reults.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">EC Advisory</span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Exit polls</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: can only be telecast after final phase of polling for Lok Sabha elections ending on May 19, 2019. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also applicable for Assembly elections in Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim which are held along with Lok Sabha elections.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prejudicing Content</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: TV, cable networks, radio channels, websites and social media platforms must ensure that contents of programmes published and telecasted during 48-hour period before end of polling in each phase does not contain any material, including views or appeals by participants that may be promoting or prejudicing prospect of any particular party or candidate as per Section 126 of RPA, 1951. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Violations</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: Any violation by broadcasters will be reported by EC to News Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) and will be dealt with by NBSA under its regulations. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> News broadcasters should not to air any final or definite results until they are formally announced by ECI. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, such results should carry disclaimer that they are unofficial or incomplete or partial results or projections and should not be taken as final results. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Incitement of Violence and hatred:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Political parties should not criticise other countries or make any verbal attack on any religion or community, use defamatory or obscene remarks or incite violence during broadcast time allocated in public broadcasting agencies.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'EC issues advisory on telecasting exit polls',
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'title' => 'Tamil Nadu reiterates demand for IGST dues from Centre',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Tamil Nadu Government has reiterated its demand to Union Finance Ministry for apportionment of its share of Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) from 2017-18 fiscal. 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of the </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rs.1,76,688.44 crore received as IGST during 2017-18 is to be apportioned to SGST component,</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> with Tamil Nadu entitled to get Rs.</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">5,453.82 crore.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Integrated Goods and Service Tax</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is one of three categories under Goods and Service Tax (CGST, IGST and SGST) rolled out July 2017 with concept of one tax one nation. It is charged on movement of goods and services from one state to another. For example, if goods are moved from Maharashtra to Gujarat, IGST is levied on such goods. Its legal provision and statutory backing is under Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST) Act, 2016. The revenue collected out of IGST is shared by X central government and state government as per the rates fixed by the authorities.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 269A of the Constitution: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It says that GST on supplies in course of interstate trade will be levied and collected by Central Government and such tax will be apportioned between Centre and States according to provisions of law on recommendations of GST Council. On basis of this constitutional provision IGST Act, 2016 was enacted.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IGST scheme for collection and devolution (As recommended by GST Council)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of IGST collections will go to Centre (as Central Goods and Services Tax component) and remaining 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> will be allocated to States and Union Territories (as State Goods and Services Tax component). And, 42</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%of CGST component will be devolved to States/UTs. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Issue of Devolution:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Thus, States/UTs are supposed to get 71</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of IGST (including 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of SGST and 21</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">, which is 42</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of the 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> CGST). But due to wrong calculation, States received only 42</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of the IGST during 2017-18.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CAG report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Comptroller and Auditor General’s (CAG) report, ‘Accounts of the Union Government - Financial Audit’, released in February 2019 had pointed out that Centre had devolved </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rs. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">67,998 crore under IGST to States/UTs from States’ share. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Only 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of IGST revenues are of Centre, and devolution is possible only from the Central share.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Thus, the devolution, as done, is not consistent with scheme of GST/IGST. CAG has advised Centre to take into consideration needs to account for its share correctly and devolution should take place from Central share only. The remaining 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> should be apportioned to the States as per the law.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Constitution',
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'title' => 'President appoints 4 new judges of Supreme Court',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President of India Ram Nath Kovind in exercise of powers under Article 124 (2) has appointed four judges to Supreme Court. They are <em>Justice Aniruddha Bose, Justice A S Bopanna, Justice B R Gavai and Justice Surya Kant</em>. With appointment of these four judges, SC will now function with its full sanctioned strength of 31 judges, including Chief Justice of India. At present, the apex court has strength of 27 judges. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Appointment Procedure:</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 124(3) of the constitution:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It mentions following criteria for people eligible to become a Supreme Court (SC) Judge (i) High Court (HC) judge who has held that post for 5 years or more. (ii) Advocate who has practiced in HC/SC for 10 years or more. (iii) Distinguished Jurist (no judge appointed on this basis till date).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 124(2):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It says that judges of Supreme Court can be appointed by President of India after <strong>consultation</strong> with such number of Judges of the SC/HCs as he deems necessary. For appointment of any Judge of SC other than Chief Justice of India (CJI), CJI must be consulted.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Collegium system: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was formalized by three Judges cases of 1981, 1993 & 1998 for the purpose of consultation mentioned in Article 124 (2). The collegium for appointing SC judge consists of CJI and four senior-most judges of SC.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Memorandum of Procedure (MoP)</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It was evolved after Third Judge Case of 1998 to provide the process for Collegium to recommend names for appointments to the Executive. As per it, President of India can either accept recommendation or send it back for reconsideration. The reconsidered advice is binding on President and he must accept it.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'tag' => 'Constitution',
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'id' => (int) 1296,
'title' => 'Narendra Modi sworn in as Prime Minister of India',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">National Democratic Alliance leader Narendra Modi was sworn in as 15th Prime Minister for a second five-year term. He was administered oath of Office and Secrecy President Ram Nath Kovind at ceremony held at courtyard of Rashtrapati Bhavan. Besides PM, president also administer oath of office and secrecy to 57 council of ministers comprising of 24 Cabinet ministers (including Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh, Nirmala Sitharaman, Nitin Gadkari, Smriti Irani, and Piyush Goyal), 9 Minister of State (MoS) with Independent charge (MoS I/C) and another 24 as Minister of State (MoS). The oath taking function was attended by leaders from Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) countries, President of Kyrgyzstan and Mauritius.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The 2019 Indian general election was held in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha. About 90 crore people were eligible to vote and it saw turnout was over 67</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">– the highest ever as well as the highest participation by women voters. The election was held for total 543 seats (however, elections of Vellore constituency in Tamil Nadu was cancelled by President of India based on recommendation of Election Commission over misuse of money power, thus total elections for 542 seats was held).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Results:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led by Prime Minister had emerged victories by winning 303 seats, and BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won 353 seats. Indian National Congress party won 52 seats and Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won 91 seats. Other parties and their alliances won 98 seats.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Legislative assembly elections in states of Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim were held simultaneously with 2019 Lok Sabha elections.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Council of Ministers</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 74:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It provides provisions for Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President in exercise of his functions. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Appointment:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Prime Minister is appointed by President <strong>as per Article 75 (1) of constitution of India,</strong> who also appoints other ministers on the advice of Prime Minister. Usually by convention, Council of Ministers comprises Ministers who are members of Cabinet, Ministers of State (independent charge), Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 75 (2): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It says that Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. It means that as long as it maintains majority in Lok Sabha as it is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 78:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is the duty of Prime Minister to communicate to President all decisions of Council of Ministers relating to administration of affairs of Union of India and proposals for legislation and information relating to them.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Maneka Gandhi likely to be pro-tem Speaker of 17th Lok Sabha',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Senior most and eight-time MP Maneka Gandhi (62) is likely to be the pro-tem speaker in the 17th Lok Sabha elections. She is veteran BJP leader and recently had won from Sultanpur constituency in Uttar Pradesh. She is outgoing Union Minister for Women and Child Development.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Speaker Protem</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He/she is appointed by President of India to perform duties of Speaker from commencement of first sitting of newly constituted Lok Sabha till the election of a new Speaker.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">By tradition the most senior most Member of Lok Sabha (i.e. having the most experience) is appointed as protem speaker. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Literal meaning:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Protem is abbreviated form of Pro tempore. It is Latin phrase which means “for the time being” in English.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Constitutional Provisions:</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 94(2) of constitution</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It states that office of Speaker becomes vacant immediately before the first meeting of the new Lok Sabha.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 95(1): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It states that while office of Speaker and deputy speaker is vacant, the duties of the office will be performed by such member of Lok Sabha (House of the People) appointed by President</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Similar constitutional provisions exist for State Legislative Assembly under Article 183 (2) and Article 184 (1) of the Constitution.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Appointment and oath:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> President appoints and administers the oath to protem speaker. In the case of state legislative assembly, Governor of State performs this task.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions and Powers of Pro-tem speaker:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> (i) Administer oath of newly elected members. (ii) Presid over the election of new Lok Sabha speaker. (iii) Pro-tem speaker has all the powers of the speaker.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Duration of term:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> This office is temporary office, existing for a few days till new speaker is elected by the house. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved extension of President's Rule in Jammu and Kashmir for further period of six months with effect from 3 July, 2019, under article 356(4) of the Constitution of India. The extension comes based on recommendation of Governor based on the prevailing situation in the state as stated in the report. The present term of President's Rule is expiring on 2nd July, 2019. Now resolution seeking approval of parliament for the same will be moved in both the houses of parliament during the forthcoming session.</span></span></span></span></h2>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Governor’s Rule in Jammu & Kashmir</span></span> </span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In case of failure of constitutional machinery in any other state of India, President’s Rule under Article 356 of the Constitution is directly imposed (bringing state under Centre’s rule). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">However, in case of failure of constitutional machinery J&K, Governor’s Rule (it is different from President’s Rule) is imposed for period of six months in the state as per <strong>Section 92 of J&K Constitution</strong> (only after the consent of the President of India).</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During the Governors rule, State Legislative Assembly is either suspended or dissolved and the state completely comes under direct Central rule through Governor.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">If the Constitutional machinery in state is not restored before expiry of this six month period of Governor’s Rule, then provisions of Article 356 of Constitution of India (dealing with President’s) are extended to J&K and President’s rule is imposed in the State.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 356 (President’s Rule)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It empowers President of India to issue a proclamation of Present’s Rule (or State Emergency), if he is satisfied that situation has arisen in which government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with provisions of Constitution. It is also called Constitutional Emergency as it deals with failure of constitutional machinery in State. The President can act in accordance with or without the report of Governor of state. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Duration of President’s Rule in a state: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Once proclaimed, it can continue for period of 6 months at a time and after that it has to be extended for another six month term with approval of both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha), but this can be for maximum period of 3 years.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Election Commission of India (ECI) had organized two-day National Conference of SVEEP Nodal Officers at TERI Retreat in Gurugram, Haryana to deliberate upon the blueprint for the next five years. It had seen participation of SVEEP Nodal Officers from across the country and shared their state experiences, challenges faced, good practices as well as case studies</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) program</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the flagship program of Election Commission of India for voter education, spreading voter awareness and promoting voter literacy in India. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was launched in 2009 as IEC (Information, Education, and Communication) interventions in the Jharkhand elections of end-2009 and was later revamped in 2010 and given its present name.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since then, it is working towards preparing India’s electors and equipping them with basic knowledge related to the electoral process.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Promote voter education, spread voter awareness and promote voter literacy in India.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Primary goal</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: Build truly participative democracy in India by encouraging all eligible citizens to vote and make an informed decision during the elections.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is based on multiple general as well as targeted interventions which are designed according to socio-economic, cultural and demographic profile of the state as well as the history of electoral participation in previous rounds of elections and learning thereof.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Constitution',
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'title' => 'National People’s Party granted national party status',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Election Commission of India (ECI) has declared National People’s Party led by Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad K. Sangma as National Party. With this, NPP became 8th national party in India. Before NPP’s elevation, India had seven national parties (Trinamool Congress led by West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee was seventh party to get this status in September 2016). This also made NPP first political party from the north-eastern region to get national party status</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other seven national Parties are: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), All India Trinamool Congress (TMC), Bhaujan Samaj Party (BSP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Nationalist Congress Party (NCP).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NPP was given the national party status by ECI after fulfilling conditions under 6B (iii) of Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968. It is stipulates that political party can be recognised as a national party if its candidates secure at least6</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">votes polled in four or more states in Lok Sabha or assembly elections, and, in addition, it has at least four members in the Lok Sabha or being recognised as State party in at least four States. NPP has meet criteria of being recognised as State party in four state viz. Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Election Commission of India (ECI) is only the entrusted authority in India that grants National Party or State Party status to any political party in the country.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Justice Pinaki Ghose sworn in as first Lokpal of India',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Justice Pinaki Ghose was sworn in as first Lokpal of India, national anti-corruption ombudsman of the country. He was oath to office by President Ram Nath Kovind. His appointment was approved by President based on recommendation of Lokpal selection panel chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and comprised of Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi, Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan, eminent jurist Mukul Rohatgi. Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Mallikarjun Kharge was not present in meeting of selection panel. President also has appointed four judicial and four non-judicial members of the Lokpal. They are</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Judicial Members: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dilip B. Bhosale (Former Chief Justice), Pradip Kumar Mohanty (Former Chief Justice), Abhilasha Kumari (Former Chief Justice), Ajay Kumar Tripathi (sitting Chief Justice of Chhattisgarh).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Non-Judicial Members:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Archana Ramasundaram (First woman Chief of Sashastra Seema Bal), Dinesh Kumar Jain (Former Chief Secretary, Maharashtra), Mahender Singh (Former IRS officer), Indrajeet Prasad Gautam (Former IAS officer).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is national anti-corruption authority or body of ombudsmen with jurisdiction over central government to inquire into allegations of corruption against its public functionaries and for matters connected to corruption.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Historical Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The institution of ombudsman originated in Scandinavian (referred to Norway, Denmark and Sweden) countries. It first came into being in Sweden in 1713 as “chancellor of justice” appointed by King to assist as invigilator by looking into functioning of a wartime government. Word Lokpal is derived from Sanskrit word “Loka” meaning people and “pala” meaning protector or caretaker. Together it means “protector of people”. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Statutory Backing</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provides for establishment of Lokpal for Centre and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It extends to whole of India, including Jammu & Kashmir. It is applicable to “public servants” within and outside India. It mandates for creation of Lokpal for Union and Lokayukta for states.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Structure of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is statutory body without any constitutional backing. It is multimember body, made up of one chairperson and maximum of 8 members. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Person to be appointed as chairperson of Lokpal should be either the former Chief Justice of India or former Judge of Supreme Court or eminent person.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this case, eminent person must have impeccable integrity and outstanding ability, special knowledge and expertise of minimum 25 years in matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, finance including insurance and banking, law and management.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Out of maximum eight members, four are judicial members and four are non judicial. Minimum 50% of members must be from SC/ST/OBC/minorities and women. Judicial members should be either a former Judge of Supreme Court or former Chief Justice of High Court.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Jurisdiction of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It includes Prime Minister under its ambit. But except in cases on allegations of corruption related to international relations, security, public order, atomic energy and space. Moreover, bench of Lokpal and at least two-thirds of members approve an inquiry. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has jurisdiction over ministers and MPs (but not in matter of anything said in Parliament or a vote given there).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also cover all categories of public servants viz, Group A, B, C or D officers defined as such under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Any corruption complaint against Group A and B officers, after inquiry, will directly come to Lokpal. However, in case of Group C and D officers, Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) will investigate and report to Lokpal. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Powers of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Superintendence over CBI and give direction to CBI. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Investigating officer of case transferred to CBI by Lokpal cannot be transferred without its approval.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can authorize CBI for search and seizure operations connected to such case.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its Inquiry Wing is vested with the powers of a civil court.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can confiscate assets, proceeds, receipts and benefits arisen or procured by means of corruption in special circumstances</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can recommend transfer or suspension of public servant connected with allegation of corruption.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can give directions to prevent destruction of records during preliminary inquiry.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'title' => 'Appointment of new Governors of Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President Ram Nath Kovind has confirmed appointment of Kalraj Mishra and Acharya Dev Vrat as Governors of Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat respectively. Kalraj Mishra (78) had served as Union Cabinet Minister for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) during first tenure of the Modi government. He succeeds Acharya Devvrat as Governor of Himachal Pradesh who has been transferred to Gujarat after incumbent Governor of Gujarat, O.P. Kohli retired. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Kalraj Mishra:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> He had served as Union Cabinet Minister for MEME during the first tenure of the Modi government. He was elected as Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Deoria constituency in Uttar Pradesh. He has also served as a Member of Rajya Sabha three times. He had not contested Lok Sabha polls 2019.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Acharya Dev Vrat:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> He hails from a non-political background. He was first appointed Governor of Himachal Pradesh in August 2015. He has been credited for taking concrete steps against a number of social evils, including drug abuse in the state. He had served as principal of a Gurukul in Kurukshetra (Haryana). He is Arya Samaj pracharak and had taken up social issues such as those of farmers, village upliftment, drug-free society, Ayurveda and naturopathy and organic farming.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Governors in India</span></span></strong> </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The articles relating to Governors of states can be found in provision Articles 152-162 of the Constitution of India. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 153:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It mandates Governor for each state. The same person as governor for two or more states (it was facilitated by 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 155:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Governor is appointed by President of India by warrant under his hand and seal. By convention, it is done on the recommendation of Prime Minister of India.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Eligibility:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> He/she should be at least 35 years of age (Article 157) and not hold any other office of profit (Article 158). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Tenure of a Governor</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: There is no fixed tenure of the governor and he/she holds office at pleasure of the President.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Constitution',
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'title' => 'Cabinet extends term of 15th Finance Commission',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved extension of term of Fifteenth Finance Commission by a month up to 30th November, 2019. It also approved amendment Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Commission to address concerns regarding funds for defence and internal security.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Cabinet Approvals</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Extension of term:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will enable Commission to examine various comparable estimates for financial projections in view of reforms and the new realities to finalise its recommendations for the period 2020-2025.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Amendment to ToR:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will enable Commission to address serious concerns regarding the allocation of adequate, secure and non-lapsable funds for defence and internal security of India.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is proposed to ensure an assured allocation of resources towards defence and internal security imperatives.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Commission will also examine whether separate mechanism for funding of defence and internal security ought to be set up and if so how such a mechanism could be operationalized.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Finance Commission</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is constitutional quasi-judicial body constituted by the President of India every fifth year under Article 280 of the Constitution of India. It consists of Chairman and four other members, appointed by President of India. It makes non-binding advisory recommendations to Government on following matters-</span></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between Centre and States and allocation of respective shares of such proceeds between states.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Principles governing centre in granting aid to states</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Measures to be taken to augment consolidated fund of states to supplement resources of local governments in states</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Any other method referred by President of India in interests of sound finance</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">15th Finance Commission (XV-FC)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was constituted by President in November 2017 in ' pursuance of clause (1) of article 280 of the Constitution and Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was to submit its Report on basis of its Terms of Reference (ToR) by 30th October, 2019 and to give recommendations for devolution of taxes and other fiscal matters for five fiscal years, commencing 1 April 2020 till March 31, 2025.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Composition:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> N. K. Singh is Chairman. Its full-time members are Ajay Narayan Jha, Ashok Lahiri and Anoop Singh. Ramesh Chand is its part-time member.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> <strong>ToR of the Commission</strong>: It takes in to account above fiscal/budgetary reforms introduced by the Union Government in the past four years. </span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Constitution',
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'title' => 'EC issues showcause notice to TMC, CPI, NCP over national party status',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Election Commission (EC) has issued showcause notice to three political parties Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), Trinamool Congress (TMC) and Communist Party of India (CPI) over revoking their national party status following their dismal performance in Lok Sabha elections as per the rules. EC has asked them to explain why their national party status should not be revoked and asked to respond to the notice by August 5, 2019.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), which has won 10 Lok Sabha in 2019 Lok Sabha Elections and some assembly seats, does not face the possibility of losing its national party status now.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Criteria for National Party Status</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, EC can recognise political party as national party if its candidates secure at least 6</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of votes polled in four or more states in Lok Sabha or assembly elections, and, in addition, it has at least four members in the Lok Sabha OR it also should have at least 2</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of total Lok Sabha seats and its candidates come from not less than three states OR it is recognisated as state party in four states. As of now, TMC, BJP, BSP, CPI, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Indian National Congress (INC), NCP and National People’s Party of Meghalaya have national party status.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Change in Reviewing Status:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> In 2016, EC amended its rules stating that national and state party status of political parties are to be reviewed every 10 years instead of five. This change in rule had given reprieve to CPI, BSP and NCP which were facing prospects of losing their national party status after their dismal performance in 2014 Lok Sabha elections as well.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Under the Symbols Order 1968, a party, on losing national status, does not have right to fight elections using common symbol across country and it can use it only in states where it is recognised as state party. Thus, loss of national party status is equivalent to losing national character of the party.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'metatitle' => 'Showcause notice to TMC, CPI, NCP',
'metakeyword' => 'Election Commission (EC) has issued showcause notice to three political parties Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), Trinamool Congress (TMC) and Communist Party of India (CPI) over revoking their national party status',
'metadescription' => 'Election Commission (EC) has issued showcause notice to three political parties Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), Trinamool Congress (TMC) and Communist Party of India (CPI) over revoking their national party status',
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(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 1757,
'title' => 'President appoints four new Governors',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President Ram Nath Kovind has appointed Governors of four states including West Bengal, Tripura, Bihar and Nagaland by exercising his authority under Article 155 and transferred two Governors. The appointments will be effective from dates incumbents take charge of their respective offices.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President made following appointments/ changes - </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Jagdeep Dhankhar:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> was appointed as Governor of West Bengal</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ramesh Bais:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> was appointed as Governor of Tripura</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Phagu Chauhan:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> was appointed as Governor of Bihar</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">N. Ravi:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> was appointed as Governor of Nagaland </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Anandiben Patel</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">, Governor of Madhya Pradesh was transferred and appointed as Governor of Uttar Pradesh.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lal Ji Tandon</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">, Governor of Bihar was transferred and appointed as Governor of Madhya Pradesh</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Governors</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He/She is the head of the executive of the state (Article 154). Appointed by President of India (under Article 155 of Constitution of India). 7th Constitution Amendment Act of 1956 (amending Article 153), facilitated appointment of same person as governor of 2 or more states.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Qualifications for appointment (Article 157 and 158)</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: (i) Should be a citizen of India. (ii) Should have completed 35 years of age. (iii) Should not hold any office of profit under Union Govt. or State Govt. or any local Authority or any other public authority. (iv) Should not be member of either house of parliament or a house of the state legislature.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Tenure (Article 156):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Governor holds office for a term of 5 years from the date on which he assumes office. This term of 5 years is subject to the pleasure of president. He/she can resign anytime by addressing a resignation letter to the president.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Oath (Article 159):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The oath of office to the governor is administered by the chief justice of concerned HC and in his absence by the senior-most judge of the HC available.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 1838,
'title' => 'Govt Decides to Repeal Articles 370 and 35A, J&K and Ladakh to be Separate Union Territories',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context: </strong>In an announcement with massive repercussions for Jammu and Kashmir<strong>, Home ministry has announced in Rajya Sabha that the government has decided to repeal Article 370 of the Constitution which grants special status to J&K.</strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government has also <strong>decided to bifurcate the state into two Union territories </strong> Jammu & Kashmir And Ladakh</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>J&K </strong>will have <strong>a legislature, and Ladakh, will be without a legislature.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>These changes brought about by Presidential order.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another crucial part of <strong>this presidential order </strong>is that it <strong>amended the term 'Constituent Assembly' to mean 'Legislative Assembly' of the state.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type:square; margin-left:40px">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This amendment was essential <strong>since Article 370, in its sub-clause (3), </strong>has itself laid down that <strong>Article 370 can cease to operate by way of a presidential order but a recommendation of the 'Constituent Assembly</strong>' shall have to be placed before him.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore, the<strong> order first gave authority of the Legislative Assembly to the Governor</strong>, and then <strong>changed the ‘Constituent Assembly’ to mean ‘Legislative Assembly’, </strong>which in turn <strong>means</strong> that <strong>the president could have issued the order upon a recommendation by the Governor.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About Article 370:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 370 <strong>gives Jammu & Kashmir its own constitution </strong>and <strong>decision-making rights for all matters barring defence, communications and foreign affairs.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type:none">
<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The removal </strong>of this part of the constitution <strong>ends special status for Kashmir, which was key to its accession to India in 1947.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Article 370 made it necessary for the centre to get the state legislature's approval for introducing any policies or constitutional powers to the state</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">. This <strong>in turn means that the Governor, who is being treated as the 'State' govt at the moment, was able to move the resolution to the President.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About Article 35A:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 35A was <strong>introduced in 1954 by the then President Rajendra Prasad </strong>on the <strong>advice of the Nehru government (not by the Parliament).</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 35A <strong>gives the J&K government the right to decide who qualifies as a ‘permanent resident’</strong>. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The permanent resident is subject to some special rights.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Only permanent residents can acquire land, settle, and get government jobs, scholarships in the state.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Article also says <strong>none of the above laws can be held as void on the ground that it takes away the rights conferred on other citizens of the country.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metadescription' => 'In an announcement with massive repercussions for Jammu and Kashmir, Home ministry has announced in Rajya Sabha that the government',
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(int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 1843,
'title' => 'After J&K bifurcation, hill parties want Darjeeling to be Union territory',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context:</strong> The Centre's decision to <strong>revoke provisions of Article 370 </strong>and bifurcate Jammu and Kashmir has <strong>rekindled hope among the major hill parties</strong>, which want <strong>that Darjeeling should also be a separate Union territory with a legislature. </strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>GJM's (Gorkha Janamukti Morcha) call </strong>for Darjeeling to be a Union territory was <strong>backed by the Gorkha National Liberation Fron</strong>t (GNLF), which felt it would be the most suitable solution for the problem. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The views of the GJM and the GNLF <strong>also found support from several smaller outfits in the hills. </strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Darjeeling is a <strong>picturesque hill town and the area is ethnically dominated by the Gorkhas</strong>. The place, known for its world-renowned tea, is also <strong>inhabited by the Lepchas, Sherpas, Bhutias among others. </strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The demand </strong>for a separate state was <strong>first made in the 1980s, </strong>with the <strong>Subhas Ghisingh-led GNLF launching a violent agitation in 1986, </strong>which went on for 43 days and led to the death of 1,200 people in the hills. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The movement <strong>culminated in the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 1988, </strong>following the intervention of then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi and West Bengal chief minister Jyoti Basu. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several political parties have over the years promised the people of the hills a <strong>separate state and implementation of the sixth schedule, which grants more autonomy to a region. </strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The separate statehood <strong>demand gained momentum yet again in 2007 after the formation of the GJM, </strong>under the leadership of Bimal Gurung, who was once a trusted aide of Ghisingh. </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the TMC took over the reins of the state <strong>in 2011</strong> by ending the 34-year Left rule, <strong>the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) was formed with Gurung as its chief. </strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But, <strong>peace was short-lived</strong> in the area as Gurung led an agitation in support of the statehood demand, first in 2013, and then <strong>engineered a 104-day-long strike in 2017, accusing the TMC government of trying to "wipe out" Gorkha identity. </strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 1849,
'title' => 'Lok Sabha endorses Centre’s decisions on Kashmir',
'description' => '<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Context: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Centre’s decisions of <strong>reorganising </strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">J&K</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> as Union Territories, ending its special status under Article 370 and 35 (A) </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">and <strong>extending to it all the provisions of the Constitution</strong> were<strong> endorsed by the Lok Sabha on Tuesday</strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> (6/08/2019).</span></span></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir: </strong>The Bill reorganises the state of Jammu and Kashmir into:</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-type:square; margin-left:40px">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Union Territory of Ladakh</strong> <strong>(comprising Kargil and Leh districts)</strong>, without a legislature</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir</strong> (It will comprise <strong>the remaining territories of the existing state of Jammu and Kashmir</strong>) with a legislature</span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lieutenant Governor: </strong>Both the UTs<strong> </strong>will be <strong>administered by the President, through an administrator </strong>appointed by him/her known as <strong>the Lieutenant Governor. </strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir: </strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="margin-left:40px">
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bill provides for a <strong>Legislative Assembly for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. </strong></span></span></li>
<li><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The total number of seats in the Assembly </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">will be <strong>107 of these, 24 seats will remain vacant on account of certain areas of Jammu and Kashmir being under the occupation of Pakistan</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 2349,
'title' => 'President impeachment',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">US House of Representatives Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that the House would launch an impeachment inquiry against President Donald Trump.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body levels charges against a government official. Impeachment does not in itself remove the official from office but it is the equivalent to an indictment in criminal law, and thus is only the statement of charges against the official.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Impeachment of President in India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The president may also be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment for <strong>violating the Constitution of India</strong> by the Parliament of India..</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process may start <strong>in either of the two houses of the parliament</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the president. The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by at least <strong>one-quarter</strong> of the total members of that house.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The notice is sent up to the president and 14 days later, it is taken up for consideration.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A resolution to impeach the president has to be passed by a <strong>two-thirds majority of the total number of members of the originating house</strong>. It is then sent to the other house.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other house investigates the charges that have been made. During this process, the president has the right to defend oneself through an authorised counsel.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If the second house also approves the charges made by <strong>special majority( two third majority of members present and voting which is more than half of the strength of the house)</strong> again, the president stands impeached and is deemed to have vacated their office from the date when such a resolution stands passed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No president has faced impeachment proceedings so the above provisions have never been used.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 2434,
'title' => 'President’s power on pardoning',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The President has commuted death sentences to life imprisonment in at least 20 cases over the past nine years, based on the recommendations received from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These commutations were based on the President’s exercise of powers under <strong>Article 72</strong> of the Constitution after the convicts filed mercy petitions.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 72</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 72 says that the President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence:<br />
(a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a <strong>court Martial</strong>.<br />
(b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an <strong>offence against any law</strong> relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(c) in all cases where the sentence is a <strong>sentence of death</strong>.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The question is that whether this power to grant pardon is absolute or this power of pardon shall be exercised by the President on the advice of Council of Ministers. The <strong>pardoning power of President is NOT absolute.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Types of pardon</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pardon</strong>: means completely absolving the person of the crime and letting him go free. The pardoned criminal will be like a normal citizen.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Commutation</strong>: means changing the type of punishment given to the guilty into a less harsh one.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ex: Death penalty commuted to a life sentence.</span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reprieve</strong>: means a delay allowed in the execution of a sentence, usually a death sentence, for a guilty person to allow him some time to apply for Presidential Pardon or some other legal remedy to prove his innocence or successful rehabilitation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Respite</strong>: means reducing the quantum or degree of the punishment to a criminal in view of some special circumstances, like pregnancy, mental condition etc.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Remission</strong>: means changing the quantum of the punishment without changing its nature.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Ex: Reducing twenty year rigorous imprisonment to ten years.</span></span></p>
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(int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 2435,
'title' => 'Lokpal ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The anti-corruption ombudsman, Lokpal has disposed of 1,000 of the 1,065 complaints received till September 30 since its appointment in March 2019.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The President had appointed the Lokpal chairperson and eight members on March 19 after recommendation by the Selection Committee, under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act . Justice (retired) Pinaki Chandra Ghose took charge as the first Lokpal chairman.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lokpal</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lokpal is constituted under The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, passed in 2013 with amendments in parliament.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lokpal is responsible for enquiring into corruption charges at the national level while the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayukta" title="Lokayukta">Lokayukta</a> performs the same function at the state level.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ambit</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lokpal has jurisdiction to inquire into corruption allegations against anyone who is, or has been, Prime Minister, or a Minister in the Central government, or an MP and Central government officials.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chairpersons, members, functionaries and directors of any organisation set up under a law passed by Parliament, or wholly/partly funded by the Central or State government, are also covered. The registered bodies that receive foreign contribution above ?10 lakh also come under Lokpal.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Composition</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Out of the maximum eight members, half will be judicial members.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Minimum fifty per cent of the Members will be from SC / ST / OBC / Minorities and women.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The judicial member of the Lokpal should be either a former Judge of the Supreme Court or a former Chief Justice of a High Court.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The non-judicial member should be an eminent person with impeccable integrity and outstanding ability, having special knowledge and expertise of minimum 25 years in the matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, finance including insurance and banking, law and management.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Terms</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The term of office for Lokpal Chairman and Members is 5 years or till attaining age of 70 years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The salary, allowances and other conditions of service of chairperson are equivalent to Chief Justice of India and members is equivalent to Judge of Supreme Court and charged upon Consolidated Fund of India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If the chairperson dies in office or has resigned from the post, President can authorise the senior-most Member to act as the Chairperson until new chairperson is appointed.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Powers of Lokpal</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lokpal will have the power of superintendence and direction over any investigation agency including CBI for cases referred to them by the ombudsman.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per the Act, the Lokpal can summon or question any public servant if there exists a prima facie case against the person, even before an investigation agency (such as vigilance or CBI) has begun the probe.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An investigation must be completed within six months. However, the Lokpal or Lokayukta may allow extensions of six months at a time<span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Open Sans","serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 2506,
'title' => 'Chief Justice of India',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Supreme Court ruling has stated that a judge who retired as an Acting Chief Justice of a High Court cannot claim the pension of a regular Chief Justice.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court was handling the case of Justice Rao, who had retired from the Gauhati High Court after serving 14 months as its Acting Chief Justice. The court also ruled that the judge be given pension for the time he served as the Chief justice and not more.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Acting Chief Justice</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 126</strong> states that when the office of CJI is vacant or when the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or otherwise unable to perform duties of office, the President in such case can appoint Judge of the court to discharge the duties of office.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Retired Judges</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Art 128</strong> states that the CJI at any time with the previous consent of the President and the person to be so appointed can appoint any person who had previously held office of a Judge of SC.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ad-Hoc Judges</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Art 127</strong> states that if at any time there is lack of quorum of Judges of Supreme Court, the CJI may with previous consent of the President and Chief Justice of High Court concerned request in writing the attendance of Judge of High Court duly qualified to be appointed as Judge of SC.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Powers of Chief justice</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Constitutes the rooster and allocates cases to the benches of judges.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the head of collegium, he/she appoints judges of Supreme Court and High court.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Judicial representative of appointment committee to select heads of constitutional and statutory body.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Constitution',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'id' => (int) 2535,
'title' => 'Lok Sabha seat freeze and delimitation',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Former Union Minister and Congress leader Jitin Prasada had said that number of Lok Sabha seats should be rationalised on the basis of population and demanded that limits on the seat numbers must be lifted.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is argued that northern states are under- represented in Lok Sabha as their seats are not in proportion to their population. There has been a demand from those in these states to start a delimitation exercise.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 81 of the Constitution defines the composition of the House of the People or Lok Sabha. It states that the House shall not consist of more than 550 elected members of whom not more than 20 will represent Union Territories.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 81 also mandates that <strong>the number of Lok Sabha seats allotted to a state would be such that the ratio between that number and the population of the state is, as far as possible, the same for all states</strong>. This is to ensure that<strong> every state is equally represented</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the <strong>purpose of allocation of seats, population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published must be considered</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although unintended, this implied that states that took little interest in population control could end up with a greater number of seats in Parliament. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The southern states that promoted family planning faced the possibility of having their seats reduced. To protect their interests, the number of seats as well as delimitation exercise was freezed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The lower House’s composition has also changed with each Census up to 1971. A temporary freeze was imposed in 1976 on Delimitation until 2001.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Delimitation commission</strong> or <strong>Boundary commission of India</strong> is a commission established by the Government of India under the provisions of the Delimitation Commission Act. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main task of the commission is redrawing the boundaries of the various assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies based on a recent census.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Commission is a powerful and independent body whose orders cannot be challenged in any court of law. The orders are laid before the Lok Sabha and the respective State Legislative Assemblies. However, modifications are not permitted</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jammu and Kashmir government issued formal orders for abolition of legislative council in the state after it was made a union territory.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In early August, the central government revoked the special status granted to J&K and bifurcated the state into two Union territories of J&K and Ladakh. This resulted in re-organisation of J&K’s political structure.</span></span><br />
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad ) is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> in those <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" title="States and territories of India">states</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> being the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">State Legislative Assembly</a>.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the Constitution of India.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The membership of the Legislative Council is for <strong>6 years</strong> and <strong>1/3rd</strong> members retire every 2 years.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At present , seven states have Legislative Councils. These are <strong>Jammu and Kashmir(abolished), Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Membership of Legislative Council</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About <strong>1/3rd</strong> of members are elected by <strong>members of the Assembly</strong>.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/3rd</strong> by electorates consisting of <strong>members of municipalities, district boards and other local authorities</strong> in the state.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/12th</strong> by an electorate consisting of <strong>teachers</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/12th</strong> by registered <strong>graduates</strong>.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The remaining members (<strong>1/6th</strong>) <strong>are nominated by the Governor</strong> from among those who have distinguished themselves in <strong>literature, science, art, the cooperative movement, and social service</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It acts as a check on hasty actions by the popularly elected House.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To ensure that individuals who might not be able to fight direct elections too are able to contribute to the legislative process.</span></span></p>
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</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Criticism</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They are used to park leaders who have not been able to win an election.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They can be used to delay progressive legislation.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They would strain state finances<span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"AdobeCaslonRegular","serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jammu and Kashmir government issued formal orders for abolition of legislative council in the state after it was made a union territory.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In early August, the central government revoked the special status granted to J&K and bifurcated the state into two Union territories of J&K and Ladakh. This resulted in re-organisation of J&K’s political structure.</span></span><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad ) is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> in those <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" title="States and territories of India">states</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> being the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">State Legislative Assembly</a>.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the Constitution of India.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The membership of the Legislative Council is for <strong>6 years</strong> and <strong>1/3rd</strong> members retire every 2 years.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At present , seven states have Legislative Councils. These are <strong>Jammu and Kashmir(abolished), Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.</strong></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Membership of Legislative Council</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About <strong>1/3rd</strong> of members are elected by <strong>members of the Assembly</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/3rd</strong> by electorates consisting of <strong>members of municipalities, district boards and other local authorities</strong> in the state.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/12th</strong> by an electorate consisting of <strong>teachers</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/12th</strong> by registered <strong>graduates</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The remaining members (<strong>1/6th</strong>) <strong>are nominated by the Governor</strong> from among those who have distinguished themselves in <strong>literature, science, art, the cooperative movement, and social service</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It acts as a check on hasty actions by the popularly elected House.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To ensure that individuals who might not be able to fight direct elections too are able to contribute to the legislative process.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Criticism</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They are used to park leaders who have not been able to win an election.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They can be used to delay progressive legislation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They would strain state finances<span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"AdobeCaslonRegular","serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
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=> [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'cacategories' } ] $breadcrumb = [ (int) 0 => [ 'name' => 'Home', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/' ], (int) 1 => [ 'name' => 'Constitution', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/constitution' ] ] $currentaffairs = [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 419, 'title' => '17th Lok Sabha elections to be held in 7 phases', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Election Commission of India (ECI) has announced that 17th Lok Sabha elections will begin from 11th April 2019 and will be held till 19th May 2019. Voting will be conducted in 7 phases and counting will be held on 23 May 2019, ten days before term of current 16th Lok Sabha ends. <strong>It will be world’s biggest democratic exercise</strong>. With announcement of election dates, Model Code of Conduct (MCC) come into force in the entire country. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Highlights of 17th Lok Sabha elections</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Total 90 crore electorates (81.45 crore in 2014) of 29 states and 7 Union territories will elect 543 Lok Sabha members in these seven phases. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">VVPATs (voter verified paper audit trails) will be used along with Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) will be used in all polling stations across the country.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">22 states/UTs will have single phase elections, while 4 states will go to polls in two phases. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Elections Assam and Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand will be conducted in three phases.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In Maharashtra and Odisha polls will be conducted in four phases. Jammu and Kashmir will have five phases. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">West Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh will have seven phases. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Simultaneous assembly elections along with Lok Sabha elections will be held in four states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Phases of 17th Lok Sabha elections</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">1st phase (April 11): It will cover 91 Parliamentary constituencies in 20 states.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">2nd phase (April 18): It will cover 97 Parliamentary constituencies in 13 states. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">3rd phase (April 23): It will cover 115 constituencies in 14 states.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">4th phase (April 29): It will cover 71 constituencies in 9 states.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">5th phase (May 6): It will cover 51 constituencies in seven states.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">6th phase (May 12): It will cover 59 seats in 7 states.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">7th phase (May 9): It will cover 59 constituencies in 8 states </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">J&K Assembly elections</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There will be no simultaneous assembly elections in Jammu and Kashmir along with Lok Sabha elections for security reasons. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Election Commission has appointed three special observers (committee) for effective monitoring of Lok Sabha polls in Jammu and Kashmir. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Based on report submitted by these special observers timing of J&K assembly elections will be announced. </span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => '17th-lok-sabha-elections-held-7-phases', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/005c/j22uitpm7hq7a3z6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/005c/j22uitpm7hq7a3z6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => '17th Lok Sabha elections to be held in 7 phases | Govt GK Affairs', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, 17th Lok Sabha elections to be held in 7 phases', 'metadescription' => '17th Lok Sabha elections to be held in 7 phases, Election Commission of India (ECI) has announced that 17th Lok Sabha elections will begin from 11th April 2019 and will be held till 19th May 2019.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/5i5ey3epmegd7gt/11Mar_17th_Lok_Sabha_elections.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 464, 'title' => 'Cabinet approves notifications for 2019 Lok Sabha Elections', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved issuance of statutory notifications for General Elections to Lok Sabha 2019. These notifications were notified under sub-section (2) of Section 14 of Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951. The issuing of notifications will begin election process for constituting the Seventeenth House of the People. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sub-Section (2) of Section 14 of RPA, 1951</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides statutory and legal backing for calling upon parliamentary constituencies to elect Members to Lok Sabha (House of the People), on dates to be recommended by Election Commission of India (ECI) in its proceedings.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was enacted by provincial parliament in exercise of powers enshrined to it under Article 324 to 329 of Part XV of the Constitution.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provides for actual conduct of elections in India. It also deals with details like qualification and disqualification of members of both houses of Parliament (ie Loksabha and Rajyasabha) and state legislatures (ie. State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council). </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Election Commission make rules for conducting of various elections under this Act.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'cabinet-approves-2019-lok-sabha-elections', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/122d/27g3oc2o0ajvsa36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/122d/27g3oc2o0ajvsa36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Cabinet approves notifications for 2019 Lok Sabha Elections', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, Cabinet Decisions, Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, issuance, statutory notifications, General Elections, Lok Sabha 2019.', 'metadescription' => ' Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved issuance of statutory notifications for General Elections to Lok Sabha 2019.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5e5a43hfv7ta1l3/14Mar_Cabinet_approves_notifications_for_2019.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 543, 'title' => 'EC issues advisory on telecasting exit polls', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued advisory to media and other platforms (websites, social media) on various issue related to elections including publication of exit polls, publication of results etc. It includes prohibition display of any opinion poll and of standard debates, analysis, visuals and sound-bytes</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Section 126A of Representation of People Act, 1951</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The advisory has been issued in pursuance of Section 126A of Representation of People Act, 1951 which prohibits conduct of exit poll and dissemination of its results hour fixed </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This legal provision prohibits displaying any election matter by means of television or similar apparatus, during period of 48 hours before hour fixed for conclusion of poll from commencement of polling in first phase and half hour after time fixed for end of polling for the last phase in all the states.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this case, election matter is defined as any matter intended or calculated to influence or affect the result of an election. It also includes conducting exit polls and releasing its reults.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">EC Advisory</span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Exit polls</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: can only be telecast after final phase of polling for Lok Sabha elections ending on May 19, 2019. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also applicable for Assembly elections in Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim which are held along with Lok Sabha elections.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Prejudicing Content</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: TV, cable networks, radio channels, websites and social media platforms must ensure that contents of programmes published and telecasted during 48-hour period before end of polling in each phase does not contain any material, including views or appeals by participants that may be promoting or prejudicing prospect of any particular party or candidate as per Section 126 of RPA, 1951. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Violations</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: Any violation by broadcasters will be reported by EC to News Broadcasting Standards Authority (NBSA) and will be dealt with by NBSA under its regulations. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Results:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> News broadcasters should not to air any final or definite results until they are formally announced by ECI. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Moreover, such results should carry disclaimer that they are unofficial or incomplete or partial results or projections and should not be taken as final results. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Incitement of Violence and hatred:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Political parties should not criticise other countries or make any verbal attack on any religion or community, use defamatory or obscene remarks or incite violence during broadcast time allocated in public broadcasting agencies.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ec-issues-advisory-telecasting-exit-polls', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/08d9/1a5aeobbdludwb26g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/08d9/1a5aeobbdludwb26g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'EC issues advisory on telecasting exit polls', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, Election Commission,advisory, media, websites, social media, publication of exit polls, publication of results etc.', 'metadescription' => 'Election Commission of India (ECI) has issued advisory to media and other platforms on various issue related to elections including publication of exit polls, publication of results etc.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/bwlgujpablldbt2/EC_issues_advisory_on_telecasting.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1088, 'title' => 'Tamil Nadu reiterates demand for IGST dues from Centre', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Tamil Nadu Government has reiterated its demand to Union Finance Ministry for apportionment of its share of Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) from 2017-18 fiscal. 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of the </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rs.1,76,688.44 crore received as IGST during 2017-18 is to be apportioned to SGST component,</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> with Tamil Nadu entitled to get Rs.</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">5,453.82 crore.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Integrated Goods and Service Tax</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is one of three categories under Goods and Service Tax (CGST, IGST and SGST) rolled out July 2017 with concept of one tax one nation. It is charged on movement of goods and services from one state to another. For example, if goods are moved from Maharashtra to Gujarat, IGST is levied on such goods. Its legal provision and statutory backing is under Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST) Act, 2016. The revenue collected out of IGST is shared by X central government and state government as per the rates fixed by the authorities.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 269A of the Constitution: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It says that GST on supplies in course of interstate trade will be levied and collected by Central Government and such tax will be apportioned between Centre and States according to provisions of law on recommendations of GST Council. On basis of this constitutional provision IGST Act, 2016 was enacted.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">IGST scheme for collection and devolution (As recommended by GST Council)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of IGST collections will go to Centre (as Central Goods and Services Tax component) and remaining 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> will be allocated to States and Union Territories (as State Goods and Services Tax component). And, 42</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%of CGST component will be devolved to States/UTs. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Issue of Devolution:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Thus, States/UTs are supposed to get 71</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of IGST (including 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of SGST and 21</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">, which is 42</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of the 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> CGST). But due to wrong calculation, States received only 42</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of the IGST during 2017-18.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">CAG report</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Comptroller and Auditor General’s (CAG) report, ‘Accounts of the Union Government - Financial Audit’, released in February 2019 had pointed out that Centre had devolved </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rs. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">67,998 crore under IGST to States/UTs from States’ share. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Only 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of IGST revenues are of Centre, and devolution is possible only from the Central share.</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Thus, the devolution, as done, is not consistent with scheme of GST/IGST. CAG has advised Centre to take into consideration needs to account for its share correctly and devolution should take place from Central share only. The remaining 50</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> should be apportioned to the States as per the law.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'tn-reiterates-igst-dues-centre', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2d1c/ry27rfdzr34qomk6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2d1c/ry27rfdzr34qomk6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'TN reiterates demand for IGST dues from Centre', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, Tamil Nadu Government, demand , Union Finance Ministry, apportionment,its share, Integrated Goods and Services Tax, IGST, ', 'metadescription' => 'Tamil Nadu Government has reiterated its demand to Union Finance Ministry for apportionment of its share of Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) from 2017-18 fiscal', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3bc41aimc40rx3u/Tamil_Nadu.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1186, 'title' => 'President appoints 4 new judges of Supreme Court', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President of India Ram Nath Kovind in exercise of powers under Article 124 (2) has appointed four judges to Supreme Court. They are <em>Justice Aniruddha Bose, Justice A S Bopanna, Justice B R Gavai and Justice Surya Kant</em>. With appointment of these four judges, SC will now function with its full sanctioned strength of 31 judges, including Chief Justice of India. At present, the apex court has strength of 27 judges. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Appointment Procedure:</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 124(3) of the constitution:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It mentions following criteria for people eligible to become a Supreme Court (SC) Judge (i) High Court (HC) judge who has held that post for 5 years or more. (ii) Advocate who has practiced in HC/SC for 10 years or more. (iii) Distinguished Jurist (no judge appointed on this basis till date).</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 124(2):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It says that judges of Supreme Court can be appointed by President of India after <strong>consultation</strong> with such number of Judges of the SC/HCs as he deems necessary. For appointment of any Judge of SC other than Chief Justice of India (CJI), CJI must be consulted.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Collegium system: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was formalized by three Judges cases of 1981, 1993 & 1998 for the purpose of consultation mentioned in Article 124 (2). The collegium for appointing SC judge consists of CJI and four senior-most judges of SC.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Memorandum of Procedure (MoP)</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It was evolved after Third Judge Case of 1998 to provide the process for Collegium to recommend names for appointments to the Executive. As per it, President of India can either accept recommendation or send it back for reconsideration. The reconsidered advice is binding on President and he must accept it.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'president-4-new-judges-supreme-court', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/12a5/x3z979r808le7916g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/12a5/x3z979r808le7916g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'President appoints 4 new judges of Supreme Court', 'metakeyword' => 'President of India Ram Nath Kovind in exercise of powers under Article 124 (2) has appointed four judges to Supreme Court', 'metadescription' => 'President of India Ram Nath Kovind in exercise of powers under Article 124 (2) has appointed four judges to Supreme Court', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/edgd1otzlpa12i6/President_appoints.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1296, 'title' => 'Narendra Modi sworn in as Prime Minister of India', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">National Democratic Alliance leader Narendra Modi was sworn in as 15th Prime Minister for a second five-year term. He was administered oath of Office and Secrecy President Ram Nath Kovind at ceremony held at courtyard of Rashtrapati Bhavan. Besides PM, president also administer oath of office and secrecy to 57 council of ministers comprising of 24 Cabinet ministers (including Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh, Nirmala Sitharaman, Nitin Gadkari, Smriti Irani, and Piyush Goyal), 9 Minister of State (MoS) with Independent charge (MoS I/C) and another 24 as Minister of State (MoS). The oath taking function was attended by leaders from Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) countries, President of Kyrgyzstan and Mauritius.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The 2019 Indian general election was held in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha. About 90 crore people were eligible to vote and it saw turnout was over 67</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">– the highest ever as well as the highest participation by women voters. The election was held for total 543 seats (however, elections of Vellore constituency in Tamil Nadu was cancelled by President of India based on recommendation of Election Commission over misuse of money power, thus total elections for 542 seats was held).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Results:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) led by Prime Minister had emerged victories by winning 303 seats, and BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won 353 seats. Indian National Congress party won 52 seats and Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won 91 seats. Other parties and their alliances won 98 seats.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Legislative assembly elections in states of Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim were held simultaneously with 2019 Lok Sabha elections.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Council of Ministers</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 74:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It provides provisions for Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister to aid and advise the President in exercise of his functions. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Appointment:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Prime Minister is appointed by President <strong>as per Article 75 (1) of constitution of India,</strong> who also appoints other ministers on the advice of Prime Minister. Usually by convention, Council of Ministers comprises Ministers who are members of Cabinet, Ministers of State (independent charge), Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 75 (2): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It says that Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the President. It means that as long as it maintains majority in Lok Sabha as it is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 78:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is the duty of Prime Minister to communicate to President all decisions of Council of Ministers relating to administration of affairs of Union of India and proposals for legislation and information relating to them.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'narendra-modi-sworn-in-pm-of-india', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0f2c/0jjtpvnz6a6jdbh6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0f2c/0jjtpvnz6a6jdbh6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Narendra Modi sworn in as PM of India', 'metakeyword' => 'Narendra Modi sworn in as Prime Minister of India', 'metadescription' => 'Narendra Modi sworn in as Prime Minister of India, National Democratic Alliance leader Narendra Modi was sworn in as 15th Prime Minister for a second five-year term.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0w1p38q118055jj/Narendra_Modi_sworn_in_as_Prime_Minister_of_India.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1323, 'title' => 'Maneka Gandhi likely to be pro-tem Speaker of 17th Lok Sabha', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Senior most and eight-time MP Maneka Gandhi (62) is likely to be the pro-tem speaker in the 17th Lok Sabha elections. She is veteran BJP leader and recently had won from Sultanpur constituency in Uttar Pradesh. She is outgoing Union Minister for Women and Child Development.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Speaker Protem</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He/she is appointed by President of India to perform duties of Speaker from commencement of first sitting of newly constituted Lok Sabha till the election of a new Speaker.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">By tradition the most senior most Member of Lok Sabha (i.e. having the most experience) is appointed as protem speaker. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Literal meaning:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Protem is abbreviated form of Pro tempore. It is Latin phrase which means “for the time being” in English.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Constitutional Provisions:</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 94(2) of constitution</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It states that office of Speaker becomes vacant immediately before the first meeting of the new Lok Sabha.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 95(1): </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It states that while office of Speaker and deputy speaker is vacant, the duties of the office will be performed by such member of Lok Sabha (House of the People) appointed by President</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Similar constitutional provisions exist for State Legislative Assembly under Article 183 (2) and Article 184 (1) of the Constitution.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Appointment and oath:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> President appoints and administers the oath to protem speaker. In the case of state legislative assembly, Governor of State performs this task.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Functions and Powers of Pro-tem speaker:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> (i) Administer oath of newly elected members. (ii) Presid over the election of new Lok Sabha speaker. (iii) Pro-tem speaker has all the powers of the speaker.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Duration of term:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> This office is temporary office, existing for a few days till new speaker is elected by the house. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'maneka-gandhi-pro-tem-speaker-17th-lok-sabha', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d67f/be1bukar345btub6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d67f/be1bukar345btub6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Maneka Gandhi likely to be pro-tem Speaker of 17th Lok Sabha', 'metakeyword' => 'In Persons in News Current Affairs, Senior most, eight-time, MP, Maneka Gandhi, pro-tem speaker, 17th Lok Sabha elections', 'metadescription' => 'Senior most and eight-time MP Maneka Gandhi (62) is likely to be the pro-tem speaker in the 17th Lok Sabha elections', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/nges303uy3704nc/Maneka_Gandhi_likely_to_be_pro-tem_Speaker_of_17th_Lok_Sabha.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1450, 'title' => 'Cabinet extends President’s Rule in J&K by six months', 'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved extension of President's Rule in Jammu and Kashmir for further period of six months with effect from 3 July, 2019, under article 356(4) of the Constitution of India. The extension comes based on recommendation of Governor based on the prevailing situation in the state as stated in the report. The present term of President's Rule is expiring on 2nd July, 2019. Now resolution seeking approval of parliament for the same will be moved in both the houses of parliament during the forthcoming session.</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Governor’s Rule in Jammu & Kashmir</span></span> </span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In case of failure of constitutional machinery in any other state of India, President’s Rule under Article 356 of the Constitution is directly imposed (bringing state under Centre’s rule). </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">However, in case of failure of constitutional machinery J&K, Governor’s Rule (it is different from President’s Rule) is imposed for period of six months in the state as per <strong>Section 92 of J&K Constitution</strong> (only after the consent of the President of India).</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During the Governors rule, State Legislative Assembly is either suspended or dissolved and the state completely comes under direct Central rule through Governor.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">If the Constitutional machinery in state is not restored before expiry of this six month period of Governor’s Rule, then provisions of Article 356 of Constitution of India (dealing with President’s) are extended to J&K and President’s rule is imposed in the State.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 356 (President’s Rule)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It empowers President of India to issue a proclamation of Present’s Rule (or State Emergency), if he is satisfied that situation has arisen in which government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with provisions of Constitution. It is also called Constitutional Emergency as it deals with failure of constitutional machinery in State. The President can act in accordance with or without the report of Governor of state. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Duration of President’s Rule in a state: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Once proclaimed, it can continue for period of 6 months at a time and after that it has to be extended for another six month term with approval of both houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha), but this can be for maximum period of 3 years.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'cabinet-extends-presidents-rule-jk-six-months', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a345/edv24ajuvuxldae6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a345/edv24ajuvuxldae6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Cabinet extends President’s Rule in J&K by six months', 'metakeyword' => 'Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved extension of President's Rule in Jammu and Kashmir for further period of six months with effect from 3 July, 2019, under article 356(4) of the Constitution of India', 'metadescription' => 'Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved extension of President's Rule in Jammu and Kashmir for further period of six months with effect from 3 July, 2019, under article 356(4) of the Constitution of India', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/km7xn61258decmx/Cabinet_extends.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1451, 'title' => 'ECI organises National Conference of SVEEP Nodal Officers', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Election Commission of India (ECI) had organized two-day National Conference of SVEEP Nodal Officers at TERI Retreat in Gurugram, Haryana to deliberate upon the blueprint for the next five years. It had seen participation of SVEEP Nodal Officers from across the country and shared their state experiences, challenges faced, good practices as well as case studies</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Systematic Voters’ Education and Electoral Participation (SVEEP) program</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the flagship program of Election Commission of India for voter education, spreading voter awareness and promoting voter literacy in India. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was launched in 2009 as IEC (Information, Education, and Communication) interventions in the Jharkhand elections of end-2009 and was later revamped in 2010 and given its present name.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since then, it is working towards preparing India’s electors and equipping them with basic knowledge related to the electoral process.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Objective:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Promote voter education, spread voter awareness and promote voter literacy in India.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Primary goal</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: Build truly participative democracy in India by encouraging all eligible citizens to vote and make an informed decision during the elections.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Features:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It is based on multiple general as well as targeted interventions which are designed according to socio-economic, cultural and demographic profile of the state as well as the history of electoral participation in previous rounds of elections and learning thereof.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'national-conference-sveep-nodal-officers', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9477/svdpzuls5pldo5w6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9477/svdpzuls5pldo5w6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'ECI organises National Conference of SVEEP Nodal Officers', 'metakeyword' => 'Election Commission of India (ECI) had organized two-day National Conference of SVEEP Nodal Officers at TERI Retreat in Gurugram, Haryana ', 'metadescription' => 'Election Commission of India (ECI) had organized two-day National Conference of SVEEP Nodal Officers at TERI Retreat in Gurugram, Haryana ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ubf7vc2udr5em3h/ECI_organises.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1424, 'title' => 'National People’s Party granted national party status', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Election Commission of India (ECI) has declared National People’s Party led by Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad K. Sangma as National Party. With this, NPP became 8th national party in India. Before NPP’s elevation, India had seven national parties (Trinamool Congress led by West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee was seventh party to get this status in September 2016). This also made NPP first political party from the north-eastern region to get national party status</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Other seven national Parties are: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), All India Trinamool Congress (TMC), Bhaujan Samaj Party (BSP), Communist Party of India (CPI), Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Nationalist Congress Party (NCP).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">NPP was given the national party status by ECI after fulfilling conditions under 6B (iii) of Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968. It is stipulates that political party can be recognised as a national party if its candidates secure at least6</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">votes polled in four or more states in Lok Sabha or assembly elections, and, in addition, it has at least four members in the Lok Sabha or being recognised as State party in at least four States. NPP has meet criteria of being recognised as State party in four state viz. Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Election Commission of India (ECI) is only the entrusted authority in India that grants National Party or State Party status to any political party in the country.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'npp-granted-national-party-status', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d52e/idyi1h2ttvxz69y6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d52e/idyi1h2ttvxz69y6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'National People’s Party granted national party status', 'metakeyword' => 'Election Commission of India, ECI, National People’s Party, Meghalaya Chief Minister, Conrad K. Sangma,National Party. ', 'metadescription' => 'Election Commission of India (ECI) has declared National People’s Party led by Meghalaya Chief Minister Conrad K. Sangma as National Party. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/wqdwps66fjsa6kb/National_People%C6s.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 535, 'title' => 'Justice Pinaki Ghose sworn in as first Lokpal of India', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Justice Pinaki Ghose was sworn in as first Lokpal of India, national anti-corruption ombudsman of the country. He was oath to office by President Ram Nath Kovind. His appointment was approved by President based on recommendation of Lokpal selection panel chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and comprised of Chief Justice of India Ranjan Gogoi, Lok Sabha Speaker Sumitra Mahajan, eminent jurist Mukul Rohatgi. Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha Mallikarjun Kharge was not present in meeting of selection panel. President also has appointed four judicial and four non-judicial members of the Lokpal. They are</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Judicial Members: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Dilip B. Bhosale (Former Chief Justice), Pradip Kumar Mohanty (Former Chief Justice), Abhilasha Kumari (Former Chief Justice), Ajay Kumar Tripathi (sitting Chief Justice of Chhattisgarh).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Non-Judicial Members:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Archana Ramasundaram (First woman Chief of Sashastra Seema Bal), Dinesh Kumar Jain (Former Chief Secretary, Maharashtra), Mahender Singh (Former IRS officer), Indrajeet Prasad Gautam (Former IAS officer).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is national anti-corruption authority or body of ombudsmen with jurisdiction over central government to inquire into allegations of corruption against its public functionaries and for matters connected to corruption.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Historical Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The institution of ombudsman originated in Scandinavian (referred to Norway, Denmark and Sweden) countries. It first came into being in Sweden in 1713 as “chancellor of justice” appointed by King to assist as invigilator by looking into functioning of a wartime government. Word Lokpal is derived from Sanskrit word “Loka” meaning people and “pala” meaning protector or caretaker. Together it means “protector of people”. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Statutory Backing</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Lokpal and Lokayukta Act, 2013 provides for establishment of Lokpal for Centre and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for related matters.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It extends to whole of India, including Jammu & Kashmir. It is applicable to “public servants” within and outside India. It mandates for creation of Lokpal for Union and Lokayukta for states.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Structure of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is statutory body without any constitutional backing. It is multimember body, made up of one chairperson and maximum of 8 members. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Person to be appointed as chairperson of Lokpal should be either the former Chief Justice of India or former Judge of Supreme Court or eminent person.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this case, eminent person must have impeccable integrity and outstanding ability, special knowledge and expertise of minimum 25 years in matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, finance including insurance and banking, law and management.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Out of maximum eight members, four are judicial members and four are non judicial. Minimum 50% of members must be from SC/ST/OBC/minorities and women. Judicial members should be either a former Judge of Supreme Court or former Chief Justice of High Court.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Jurisdiction of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It includes Prime Minister under its ambit. But except in cases on allegations of corruption related to international relations, security, public order, atomic energy and space. Moreover, bench of Lokpal and at least two-thirds of members approve an inquiry. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also has jurisdiction over ministers and MPs (but not in matter of anything said in Parliament or a vote given there).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also cover all categories of public servants viz, Group A, B, C or D officers defined as such under Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Any corruption complaint against Group A and B officers, after inquiry, will directly come to Lokpal. However, in case of Group C and D officers, Chief Vigilance Commissioner (CVC) will investigate and report to Lokpal. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Powers of Lokpal</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Superintendence over CBI and give direction to CBI. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Investigating officer of case transferred to CBI by Lokpal cannot be transferred without its approval.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can authorize CBI for search and seizure operations connected to such case.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its Inquiry Wing is vested with the powers of a civil court.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can confiscate assets, proceeds, receipts and benefits arisen or procured by means of corruption in special circumstances</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can recommend transfer or suspension of public servant connected with allegation of corruption.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It can give directions to prevent destruction of records during preliminary inquiry.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'justice-pinaki-ghose-sworn-in-first-lokpal-india', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9b61/qk0ccozu34ptf2c6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9b61/qk0ccozu34ptf2c6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Justice Pinaki Ghose sworn in as first Lokpal of India', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs,Justice Pinaki Ghose, sworn in, first, Lokpal of India, national anti-corruption ombudsman, President Ram Nath Kovind.', 'metadescription' => 'Justice Pinaki Ghose was sworn in as first Lokpal of India, national anti-corruption ombudsman of the country. He was oath to office by President Ram Nath Kovind.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ptqt378pnpc3xqc/Justice_Pinaki_Ghose.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1717, 'title' => 'Appointment of new Governors of Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President Ram Nath Kovind has confirmed appointment of Kalraj Mishra and Acharya Dev Vrat as Governors of Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat respectively. Kalraj Mishra (78) had served as Union Cabinet Minister for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) during first tenure of the Modi government. He succeeds Acharya Devvrat as Governor of Himachal Pradesh who has been transferred to Gujarat after incumbent Governor of Gujarat, O.P. Kohli retired. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Kalraj Mishra:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> He had served as Union Cabinet Minister for MEME during the first tenure of the Modi government. He was elected as Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) from Deoria constituency in Uttar Pradesh. He has also served as a Member of Rajya Sabha three times. He had not contested Lok Sabha polls 2019.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Acharya Dev Vrat:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> He hails from a non-political background. He was first appointed Governor of Himachal Pradesh in August 2015. He has been credited for taking concrete steps against a number of social evils, including drug abuse in the state. He had served as principal of a Gurukul in Kurukshetra (Haryana). He is Arya Samaj pracharak and had taken up social issues such as those of farmers, village upliftment, drug-free society, Ayurveda and naturopathy and organic farming.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Governors in India</span></span></strong> </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The articles relating to Governors of states can be found in provision Articles 152-162 of the Constitution of India. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 153:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It mandates Governor for each state. The same person as governor for two or more states (it was facilitated by 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956). </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Article 155:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Governor is appointed by President of India by warrant under his hand and seal. By convention, it is done on the recommendation of Prime Minister of India.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Eligibility:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> He/she should be at least 35 years of age (Article 157) and not hold any other office of profit (Article 158). </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Tenure of a Governor</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: There is no fixed tenure of the governor and he/she holds office at pleasure of the President.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'appointment-of-new-governors', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/cec5/4eklpuo613vd1fi6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/cec5/4eklpuo613vd1fi6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Appointment of new Governors of Gujarat and HP', 'metakeyword' => 'Appointment of new Governors , new Governors of Gujarat, Governors of Gujarat, Governors of HP, News Governors of HP, Governors of Himachal Pradesh', 'metadescription' => 'President Ram Nath Kovind has confirmed appointment of Kalraj Mishra and Acharya Dev Vrat as Governors of Himachal Pradesh and Gujarat respectively.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/2ekvuqpll8uuv7i/Appointment_of_new_Governors.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1734, 'title' => 'Cabinet extends term of 15th Finance Commission', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved extension of term of Fifteenth Finance Commission by a month up to 30th November, 2019. It also approved amendment Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Commission to address concerns regarding funds for defence and internal security.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Cabinet Approvals</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Extension of term:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will enable Commission to examine various comparable estimates for financial projections in view of reforms and the new realities to finalise its recommendations for the period 2020-2025.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Amendment to ToR:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It will enable Commission to address serious concerns regarding the allocation of adequate, secure and non-lapsable funds for defence and internal security of India.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is proposed to ensure an assured allocation of resources towards defence and internal security imperatives.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The Commission will also examine whether separate mechanism for funding of defence and internal security ought to be set up and if so how such a mechanism could be operationalized.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Finance Commission</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is constitutional quasi-judicial body constituted by the President of India every fifth year under Article 280 of the Constitution of India. It consists of Chairman and four other members, appointed by President of India. It makes non-binding advisory recommendations to Government on following matters-</span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Distribution of net proceeds of taxes between Centre and States and allocation of respective shares of such proceeds between states.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Principles governing centre in granting aid to states</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Measures to be taken to augment consolidated fund of states to supplement resources of local governments in states</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Any other method referred by President of India in interests of sound finance</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">15th Finance Commission (XV-FC)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was constituted by President in November 2017 in ' pursuance of clause (1) of article 280 of the Constitution and Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It was to submit its Report on basis of its Terms of Reference (ToR) by 30th October, 2019 and to give recommendations for devolution of taxes and other fiscal matters for five fiscal years, commencing 1 April 2020 till March 31, 2025.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Composition:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> N. K. Singh is Chairman. Its full-time members are Ajay Narayan Jha, Ashok Lahiri and Anoop Singh. Ramesh Chand is its part-time member.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> <strong>ToR of the Commission</strong>: It takes in to account above fiscal/budgetary reforms introduced by the Union Government in the past four years. </span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'term-15th-finance-commission', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d7bd/8ppfuo53b5y167l6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d7bd/8ppfuo53b5y167l6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Cabinet extends term of 15th Finance Commission', 'metakeyword' => 'Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved extension of term of Fifteenth Finance Commission by a month up to 30th November, 2019', 'metadescription' => 'Union Cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved extension of term of Fifteenth Finance Commission by a month up to 30th November, 2019', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zfib5pk4gfkwcx2/Cabinet_extends_term_of_15th_Finance_Commission.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1752, 'title' => 'EC issues showcause notice to TMC, CPI, NCP over national party status', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Election Commission (EC) has issued showcause notice to three political parties Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), Trinamool Congress (TMC) and Communist Party of India (CPI) over revoking their national party status following their dismal performance in Lok Sabha elections as per the rules. EC has asked them to explain why their national party status should not be revoked and asked to respond to the notice by August 5, 2019.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), which has won 10 Lok Sabha in 2019 Lok Sabha Elections and some assembly seats, does not face the possibility of losing its national party status now.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Criteria for National Party Status</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968, EC can recognise political party as national party if its candidates secure at least 6</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of votes polled in four or more states in Lok Sabha or assembly elections, and, in addition, it has at least four members in the Lok Sabha OR it also should have at least 2</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">of total Lok Sabha seats and its candidates come from not less than three states OR it is recognisated as state party in four states. As of now, TMC, BJP, BSP, CPI, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Indian National Congress (INC), NCP and National People’s Party of Meghalaya have national party status.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Change in Reviewing Status:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> In 2016, EC amended its rules stating that national and state party status of political parties are to be reviewed every 10 years instead of five. This change in rule had given reprieve to CPI, BSP and NCP which were facing prospects of losing their national party status after their dismal performance in 2014 Lok Sabha elections as well.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Note:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Under the Symbols Order 1968, a party, on losing national status, does not have right to fight elections using common symbol across country and it can use it only in states where it is recognised as state party. Thus, loss of national party status is equivalent to losing national character of the party.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ec-issues-showcause-notice-national-party-status', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7812/pm8ygoputsta37b6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7812/pm8ygoputsta37b6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Showcause notice to TMC, CPI, NCP', 'metakeyword' => 'Election Commission (EC) has issued showcause notice to three political parties Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), Trinamool Congress (TMC) and Communist Party of India (CPI) over revoking their national party status', 'metadescription' => 'Election Commission (EC) has issued showcause notice to three political parties Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), Trinamool Congress (TMC) and Communist Party of India (CPI) over revoking their national party status', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/sa31ogs7jw6ki52/EC_issues_showcause_notice_to_TMC%2C_CPI%2C_NCP.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1757, 'title' => 'President appoints four new Governors', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President Ram Nath Kovind has appointed Governors of four states including West Bengal, Tripura, Bihar and Nagaland by exercising his authority under Article 155 and transferred two Governors. The appointments will be effective from dates incumbents take charge of their respective offices.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">President made following appointments/ changes - </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Jagdeep Dhankhar:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> was appointed as Governor of West Bengal</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ramesh Bais:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> was appointed as Governor of Tripura</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Phagu Chauhan:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> was appointed as Governor of Bihar</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">N. Ravi:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> was appointed as Governor of Nagaland </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Anandiben Patel</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">, Governor of Madhya Pradesh was transferred and appointed as Governor of Uttar Pradesh.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lal Ji Tandon</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">, Governor of Bihar was transferred and appointed as Governor of Madhya Pradesh</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Governors</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">He/She is the head of the executive of the state (Article 154). Appointed by President of India (under Article 155 of Constitution of India). 7th Constitution Amendment Act of 1956 (amending Article 153), facilitated appointment of same person as governor of 2 or more states.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Qualifications for appointment (Article 157 and 158)</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: (i) Should be a citizen of India. (ii) Should have completed 35 years of age. (iii) Should not hold any office of profit under Union Govt. or State Govt. or any local Authority or any other public authority. (iv) Should not be member of either house of parliament or a house of the state legislature.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Tenure (Article 156):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Governor holds office for a term of 5 years from the date on which he assumes office. This term of 5 years is subject to the pleasure of president. He/she can resign anytime by addressing a resignation letter to the president.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Oath (Article 159):</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The oath of office to the governor is administered by the chief justice of concerned HC and in his absence by the senior-most judge of the HC available.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'president-appoints-four-new-governors', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ff1a/vy46q57dvwsimsp6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ff1a/vy46q57dvwsimsp6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'President appoints four new Governors', 'metakeyword' => 'President Ram Nath Kovind has appointed Governors of four states including West Bengal, Tripura, Bihar and Nagaland by exercising his authority under Article 155 and transferred two Governors', 'metadescription' => 'President Ram Nath Kovind has appointed Governors of four states including West Bengal, Tripura, Bihar and Nagaland by exercising his authority under Article 155', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/qjro72nacfmfi95/President_appoints_four_new_Governors.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1838, 'title' => 'Govt Decides to Repeal Articles 370 and 35A, J&K and Ladakh to be Separate Union Territories', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context: </strong>In an announcement with massive repercussions for Jammu and Kashmir<strong>, Home ministry has announced in Rajya Sabha that the government has decided to repeal Article 370 of the Constitution which grants special status to J&K.</strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The government has also <strong>decided to bifurcate the state into two Union territories </strong> Jammu & Kashmir And Ladakh</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>J&K </strong>will have <strong>a legislature, and Ladakh, will be without a legislature.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>These changes brought about by Presidential order.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another crucial part of <strong>this presidential order </strong>is that it <strong>amended the term 'Constituent Assembly' to mean 'Legislative Assembly' of the state.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> <ul style="list-style-type:square; margin-left:40px"> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This amendment was essential <strong>since Article 370, in its sub-clause (3), </strong>has itself laid down that <strong>Article 370 can cease to operate by way of a presidential order but a recommendation of the 'Constituent Assembly</strong>' shall have to be placed before him.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Therefore, the<strong> order first gave authority of the Legislative Assembly to the Governor</strong>, and then <strong>changed the ‘Constituent Assembly’ to mean ‘Legislative Assembly’, </strong>which in turn <strong>means</strong> that <strong>the president could have issued the order upon a recommendation by the Governor.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About Article 370:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 370 <strong>gives Jammu & Kashmir its own constitution </strong>and <strong>decision-making rights for all matters barring defence, communications and foreign affairs.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li style="list-style-type:none"> <ul style="list-style-type:square"> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The removal </strong>of this part of the constitution <strong>ends special status for Kashmir, which was key to its accession to India in 1947.</strong></span></span></li> <li><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Article 370 made it necessary for the centre to get the state legislature's approval for introducing any policies or constitutional powers to the state</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">. This <strong>in turn means that the Governor, who is being treated as the 'State' govt at the moment, was able to move the resolution to the President.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About Article 35A:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 35A was <strong>introduced in 1954 by the then President Rajendra Prasad </strong>on the <strong>advice of the Nehru government (not by the Parliament).</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 35A <strong>gives the J&K government the right to decide who qualifies as a ‘permanent resident’</strong>. </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The permanent resident is subject to some special rights.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Only permanent residents can acquire land, settle, and get government jobs, scholarships in the state.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Article also says <strong>none of the above laws can be held as void on the ground that it takes away the rights conferred on other citizens of the country.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'govt-decides-to-repeal-articles-370-and-35a', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d463/yxriocf9jr014w56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d463/yxriocf9jr014w56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Govt Decides to Repeal Articles 370 and 35A', 'metakeyword' => 'Articles 370 and 35A, No more Articles 370 and 35A, article 35a and 370, article 35a news, what is article 370 ', 'metadescription' => 'In an announcement with massive repercussions for Jammu and Kashmir, Home ministry has announced in Rajya Sabha that the government', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/skz2qkpoblxwgej/Govt_Decides_to_Repeal_Articles_370_and_35A%2C_J%26K.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1843, 'title' => 'After J&K bifurcation, hill parties want Darjeeling to be Union territory', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context:</strong> The Centre's decision to <strong>revoke provisions of Article 370 </strong>and bifurcate Jammu and Kashmir has <strong>rekindled hope among the major hill parties</strong>, which want <strong>that Darjeeling should also be a separate Union territory with a legislature. </strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>GJM's (Gorkha Janamukti Morcha) call </strong>for Darjeeling to be a Union territory was <strong>backed by the Gorkha National Liberation Fron</strong>t (GNLF), which felt it would be the most suitable solution for the problem. </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The views of the GJM and the GNLF <strong>also found support from several smaller outfits in the hills. </strong></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Darjeeling is a <strong>picturesque hill town and the area is ethnically dominated by the Gorkhas</strong>. The place, known for its world-renowned tea, is also <strong>inhabited by the Lepchas, Sherpas, Bhutias among others. </strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The demand </strong>for a separate state was <strong>first made in the 1980s, </strong>with the <strong>Subhas Ghisingh-led GNLF launching a violent agitation in 1986, </strong>which went on for 43 days and led to the death of 1,200 people in the hills. </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The movement <strong>culminated in the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 1988, </strong>following the intervention of then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi and West Bengal chief minister Jyoti Basu. </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Several political parties have over the years promised the people of the hills a <strong>separate state and implementation of the sixth schedule, which grants more autonomy to a region. </strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The separate statehood <strong>demand gained momentum yet again in 2007 after the formation of the GJM, </strong>under the leadership of Bimal Gurung, who was once a trusted aide of Ghisingh. </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After the TMC took over the reins of the state <strong>in 2011</strong> by ending the 34-year Left rule, <strong>the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA) was formed with Gurung as its chief. </strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But, <strong>peace was short-lived</strong> in the area as Gurung led an agitation in support of the statehood demand, first in 2013, and then <strong>engineered a 104-day-long strike in 2017, accusing the TMC government of trying to "wipe out" Gorkha identity. </strong></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'after-jk-bifurcation-hill-parties-want-darjeeling', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/05ad/gib6jfhgq5e1lu86g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/05ad/gib6jfhgq5e1lu86g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'After J&K bifurcation, hill parties want Darjeeling', 'metakeyword' => 'hill parties want Darjeeling, Darjeeling', 'metadescription' => 'The Centre's decision to revoke provisions of Article 370 and bifurcate Jammu and Kashmir has rekindled hope among the major hill parties', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/xxwxqeltzv88jyl/After_J%26K_bifurcation%2C_hill_parties.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 1849, 'title' => 'Lok Sabha endorses Centre’s decisions on Kashmir', 'description' => '<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Context: </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The Centre’s decisions of <strong>reorganising </strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">J&K</span></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> as Union Territories, ending its special status under Article 370 and 35 (A) </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">and <strong>extending to it all the provisions of the Constitution</strong> were<strong> endorsed by the Lok Sabha on Tuesday</strong></span></span><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""> (6/08/2019).</span></span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir: </strong>The Bill reorganises the state of Jammu and Kashmir into:</span></span></li> </ul> <ul style="list-style-type:square; margin-left:40px"> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Union Territory of Ladakh</strong> <strong>(comprising Kargil and Leh districts)</strong>, without a legislature</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir</strong> (It will comprise <strong>the remaining territories of the existing state of Jammu and Kashmir</strong>) with a legislature</span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lieutenant Governor: </strong>Both the UTs<strong> </strong>will be <strong>administered by the President, through an administrator </strong>appointed by him/her known as <strong>the Lieutenant Governor. </strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir: </strong></span></span></li> </ul> <ul style="margin-left:40px"> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Bill provides for a <strong>Legislative Assembly for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. </strong></span></span></li> <li><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The total number of seats in the Assembly </span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">will be <strong>107 of these, 24 seats will remain vacant on account of certain areas of Jammu and Kashmir being under the occupation of Pakistan</strong></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'lok-sabha-endorses-centres-decisions-on-kashmir', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d98c/hib7d38vze3uy9g6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d98c/hib7d38vze3uy9g6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Lok Sabha endorses Centre’s decisions on Kashmir', 'metakeyword' => 'Kashmir, Centre’s decisions on Kashmir', 'metadescription' => 'The Centre’s decisions of reorganising J&K as Union Territories, ending its special status under Article 370 and 35 (A) and extending', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/7lzi7oxpz6xpcym/Lok_Sabha_endorses_Centre%C6s_decisions_on_Kashmir.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 2349, 'title' => 'President impeachment', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">US House of Representatives Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that the House would launch an impeachment inquiry against President Donald Trump.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body levels charges against a government official. Impeachment does not in itself remove the official from office but it is the equivalent to an indictment in criminal law, and thus is only the statement of charges against the official.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Impeachment of President in India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The president may also be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment for <strong>violating the Constitution of India</strong> by the Parliament of India..</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process may start <strong>in either of the two houses of the parliament</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the president. The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by at least <strong>one-quarter</strong> of the total members of that house.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The notice is sent up to the president and 14 days later, it is taken up for consideration.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A resolution to impeach the president has to be passed by a <strong>two-thirds majority of the total number of members of the originating house</strong>. It is then sent to the other house.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The other house investigates the charges that have been made. During this process, the president has the right to defend oneself through an authorised counsel.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If the second house also approves the charges made by <strong>special majority( two third majority of members present and voting which is more than half of the strength of the house)</strong> again, the president stands impeached and is deemed to have vacated their office from the date when such a resolution stands passed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No president has faced impeachment proceedings so the above provisions have never been used.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'president-impeachment', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5614/othm2am8bsdlecx6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5614/othm2am8bsdlecx6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'President impeachment', 'metakeyword' => 'Impeachment is the process by which a legislative', 'metadescription' => 'Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body levels charges against a government official. Impeachment does not in itself remove the official from ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/4fhmd1kypouatsu/President_impeachment.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 2434, 'title' => 'President’s power on pardoning', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The President has commuted death sentences to life imprisonment in at least 20 cases over the past nine years, based on the recommendations received from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These commutations were based on the President’s exercise of powers under <strong>Article 72</strong> of the Constitution after the convicts filed mercy petitions.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 72</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 72 says that the President shall have the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence:<br /> (a) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a <strong>court Martial</strong>.<br /> (b) in all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an <strong>offence against any law</strong> relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">(c) in all cases where the sentence is a <strong>sentence of death</strong>.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The question is that whether this power to grant pardon is absolute or this power of pardon shall be exercised by the President on the advice of Council of Ministers. The <strong>pardoning power of President is NOT absolute.</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Types of pardon</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Pardon</strong>: means completely absolving the person of the crime and letting him go free. The pardoned criminal will be like a normal citizen.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Commutation</strong>: means changing the type of punishment given to the guilty into a less harsh one.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Ex: Death penalty commuted to a life sentence.</span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reprieve</strong>: means a delay allowed in the execution of a sentence, usually a death sentence, for a guilty person to allow him some time to apply for Presidential Pardon or some other legal remedy to prove his innocence or successful rehabilitation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Respite</strong>: means reducing the quantum or degree of the punishment to a criminal in view of some special circumstances, like pregnancy, mental condition etc.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Remission</strong>: means changing the quantum of the punishment without changing its nature.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Ex: Reducing twenty year rigorous imprisonment to ten years.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'presidents-power-on-pardoning', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0b5d/ksudmzmwkq2bi5y6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0b5d/ksudmzmwkq2bi5y6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'President’s power on pardoning', 'metakeyword' => 'Reprieve: means a delay allowed in the execution', 'metadescription' => 'Reprieve: means a delay allowed in the execution of a sentence, usually a death sentence, for a guilty person to allow him some time to apply for Presidential ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/aw5lebry75oq434/President%25E2%2580%2599s_power_of_pardoning.pdf', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 2435, 'title' => 'Lokpal ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The anti-corruption ombudsman, Lokpal has disposed of 1,000 of the 1,065 complaints received till September 30 since its appointment in March 2019.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The President had appointed the Lokpal chairperson and eight members on March 19 after recommendation by the Selection Committee, under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act . Justice (retired) Pinaki Chandra Ghose took charge as the first Lokpal chairman.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Lokpal</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lokpal is constituted under The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, passed in 2013 with amendments in parliament.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lokpal is responsible for enquiring into corruption charges at the national level while the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokayukta" title="Lokayukta">Lokayukta</a> performs the same function at the state level.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ambit</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lokpal has jurisdiction to inquire into corruption allegations against anyone who is, or has been, Prime Minister, or a Minister in the Central government, or an MP and Central government officials.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Chairpersons, members, functionaries and directors of any organisation set up under a law passed by Parliament, or wholly/partly funded by the Central or State government, are also covered. The registered bodies that receive foreign contribution above ?10 lakh also come under Lokpal.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Composition</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Out of the maximum eight members, half will be judicial members.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Minimum fifty per cent of the Members will be from SC / ST / OBC / Minorities and women.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The judicial member of the Lokpal should be either a former Judge of the Supreme Court or a former Chief Justice of a High Court.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The non-judicial member should be an eminent person with impeccable integrity and outstanding ability, having special knowledge and expertise of minimum 25 years in the matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, finance including insurance and banking, law and management.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Terms</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The term of office for Lokpal Chairman and Members is 5 years or till attaining age of 70 years.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The salary, allowances and other conditions of service of chairperson are equivalent to Chief Justice of India and members is equivalent to Judge of Supreme Court and charged upon Consolidated Fund of India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If the chairperson dies in office or has resigned from the post, President can authorise the senior-most Member to act as the Chairperson until new chairperson is appointed.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Powers of Lokpal</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lokpal will have the power of superintendence and direction over any investigation agency including CBI for cases referred to them by the ombudsman.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As per the Act, the Lokpal can summon or question any public servant if there exists a prima facie case against the person, even before an investigation agency (such as vigilance or CBI) has begun the probe.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An investigation must be completed within six months. However, the Lokpal or Lokayukta may allow extensions of six months at a time<span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Open Sans","serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'lokpal ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1aac/qspr7skjahy7fft6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1aac/qspr7skjahy7fft6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Lokpal | The anti-corruption ombudsman', 'metakeyword' => 'The Lokpal is responsible for enquiring into corruption charges', 'metadescription' => 'The Lokpal is responsible for enquiring into corruption charges at the national level while the Lokayukta performs the same function at the state level.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/x5ib6fqsxdmkulv/Lokpal.pdf', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 2506, 'title' => 'Chief Justice of India', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Supreme Court ruling has stated that a judge who retired as an Acting Chief Justice of a High Court cannot claim the pension of a regular Chief Justice.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The court was handling the case of Justice Rao, who had retired from the Gauhati High Court after serving 14 months as its Acting Chief Justice. The court also ruled that the judge be given pension for the time he served as the Chief justice and not more.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Acting Chief Justice</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Article 126</strong> states that when the office of CJI is vacant or when the Chief Justice is by reason of absence or otherwise unable to perform duties of office, the President in such case can appoint Judge of the court to discharge the duties of office.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Retired Judges</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Art 128</strong> states that the CJI at any time with the previous consent of the President and the person to be so appointed can appoint any person who had previously held office of a Judge of SC.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Ad-Hoc Judges</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Art 127</strong> states that if at any time there is lack of quorum of Judges of Supreme Court, the CJI may with previous consent of the President and Chief Justice of High Court concerned request in writing the attendance of Judge of High Court duly qualified to be appointed as Judge of SC.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Powers of Chief justice</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Constitutes the rooster and allocates cases to the benches of judges.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the head of collegium, he/she appoints judges of Supreme Court and High court.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Judicial representative of appointment committee to select heads of constitutional and statutory body.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'chief-justice-of-india', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/09fa/vms0xmpvm7876qn6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/09fa/vms0xmpvm7876qn6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Chief Justice of India | Chief Justice of a High Court', 'metakeyword' => 'Chief Justice of India, Chief Justice of a High Court', 'metadescription' => 'A Supreme Court ruling has stated that a judge who retired as an Acting Chief Justice of a High Court cannot claim the pension of a regular Chief Justice.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/egpy6mrf5xw9uyv/Chief_Justice_of_India.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 2535, 'title' => 'Lok Sabha seat freeze and delimitation', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Former Union Minister and Congress leader Jitin Prasada had said that number of Lok Sabha seats should be rationalised on the basis of population and demanded that limits on the seat numbers must be lifted.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is argued that northern states are under- represented in Lok Sabha as their seats are not in proportion to their population. There has been a demand from those in these states to start a delimitation exercise.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 81 of the Constitution defines the composition of the House of the People or Lok Sabha. It states that the House shall not consist of more than 550 elected members of whom not more than 20 will represent Union Territories.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Article 81 also mandates that <strong>the number of Lok Sabha seats allotted to a state would be such that the ratio between that number and the population of the state is, as far as possible, the same for all states</strong>. This is to ensure that<strong> every state is equally represented</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the <strong>purpose of allocation of seats, population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published must be considered</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although unintended, this implied that states that took little interest in population control could end up with a greater number of seats in Parliament. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The southern states that promoted family planning faced the possibility of having their seats reduced. To protect their interests, the number of seats as well as delimitation exercise was freezed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The lower House’s composition has also changed with each Census up to 1971. A temporary freeze was imposed in 1976 on Delimitation until 2001.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Delimitation Commission</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Delimitation commission</strong> or <strong>Boundary commission of India</strong> is a commission established by the Government of India under the provisions of the Delimitation Commission Act. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main task of the commission is redrawing the boundaries of the various assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies based on a recent census.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Commission is a powerful and independent body whose orders cannot be challenged in any court of law. The orders are laid before the Lok Sabha and the respective State Legislative Assemblies. However, modifications are not permitted</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'lok-sabha-seat-freeze-and-delimitation', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c0ac/ikuota83t0s6thj6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c0ac/ikuota83t0s6thj6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Lok Sabha seat freeze and delimitation', 'metakeyword' => 'Lok Sabha seat freeze and delimitation', 'metadescription' => 'Former Union Minister and Congress leader Jitin Prasada had said that number of Lok Sabha seats should be rationalised on the basis of population', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/8mbj51rslmszddx/Lok_Sabha_seat_freeze_and_delimitation.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 2561, 'title' => 'Legislative council', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jammu and Kashmir government issued formal orders for abolition of legislative council in the state after it was made a union territory.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In early August, the central government revoked the special status granted to J&K and bifurcated the state into two Union territories of J&K and Ladakh. This resulted in re-organisation of J&K’s political structure.</span></span><br /> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad ) is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> in those <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" title="States and territories of India">states</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> being the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">State Legislative Assembly</a>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the Constitution of India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The membership of the Legislative Council is for <strong>6 years</strong> and <strong>1/3rd</strong> members retire every 2 years.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At present , seven states have Legislative Councils. These are <strong>Jammu and Kashmir(abolished), Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Membership of Legislative Council</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About <strong>1/3rd</strong> of members are elected by <strong>members of the Assembly</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/3rd</strong> by electorates consisting of <strong>members of municipalities, district boards and other local authorities</strong> in the state.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/12th</strong> by an electorate consisting of <strong>teachers</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/12th</strong> by registered <strong>graduates</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The remaining members (<strong>1/6th</strong>) <strong>are nominated by the Governor</strong> from among those who have distinguished themselves in <strong>literature, science, art, the cooperative movement, and social service</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It acts as a check on hasty actions by the popularly elected House.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To ensure that individuals who might not be able to fight direct elections too are able to contribute to the legislative process.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Criticism</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They are used to park leaders who have not been able to win an election.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They can be used to delay progressive legislation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They would strain state finances<span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"AdobeCaslonRegular","serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'legislative-council', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c1c4/bgrl83lgrskj25o6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c1c4/bgrl83lgrskj25o6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Legislative council', 'metakeyword' => 'resulted in re-organisation of J&K’s political structure', 'metadescription' => 'In early August, the central government revoked the special status granted to J&K and bifurcated the state into two Union territories of J&K and Ladakh. This .', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/on2o28mcscksl29/Legislative_council.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' } ] $tagname = 'Constitution' $metadescription = 'Current Affairs of Constitution Polity Governance, We Study IQ provide complete news depth analysis and more news with complete details and news analysis' $metakeyword = 'Constitution current affairs, current affair, Gk today' $title = 'Constitution | Current Affairs, GK, News Articles | Study IQ' $sbanners = [ (int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'id' => (int) 59, 'bannername' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d149/erhvksy0vt84am86g.jpg', 'bannerlink' => 'https://www.studyiq.com/courses/pendrive-courses/ssc-cgl-bank-po-online-coaching', 'isright' => (int) 0, 'status' => (int) 1, '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'sitebanners' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'id' => (int) 60, 'bannername' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1895/51kh7e90sbb9uol6g.jpg', 'bannerlink' => 'https://www.studyiq.com/courses/pendrive-courses/state-psc-jobs-exam-online-coaching', 'isright' => (int) 0, 'status' => (int) 1, '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'sitebanners' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'id' => (int) 61, 'bannername' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3c63/x34df37bufe61um6g.jpg', 'bannerlink' => 'https://www.studyiq.com/courses/pendrive-courses', 'isright' => (int) 0, 'status' => (int) 1, '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'sitebanners' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'id' => (int) 62, 'bannername' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b1b8/2lh8ms85kv1j8is6g.jpg', 'bannerlink' => 'https://www.studyiq.com/courses/pendrive-courses/upsc-ias-civil-services-online-coaching-courses', 'isright' => (int) 0, 'status' => (int) 1, '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'sitebanners' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'id' => (int) 63, 'bannername' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bbef/kwt0iytfdffwtk06g.jpg', 'bannerlink' => 'https://www.studyiq.com/mock-test-series-ssc-bank-upsc-clat-kvs-rbi-dsssb-aao/upsc-ias-prelims-2020', 'isright' => (int) 0, 'status' => (int) 1, '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'sitebanners' } ] $params = [ (int) 0 => 'constitution' ] $b = [ 'name' => 'Constitution', 'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/constitution' ] $currentaffair = object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Constitution', 'keyword' => 'constitution', 'id' => (int) 2561, 'title' => 'Legislative council', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Jammu and Kashmir government issued formal orders for abolition of legislative council in the state after it was made a union territory.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In early August, the central government revoked the special status granted to J&K and bifurcated the state into two Union territories of J&K and Ladakh. This resulted in re-organisation of J&K’s political structure.</span></span><br /> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad ) is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> in those <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" title="States and territories of India">states</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> that have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> being the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">State Legislative Assembly</a>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the Constitution of India.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The membership of the Legislative Council is for <strong>6 years</strong> and <strong>1/3rd</strong> members retire every 2 years.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At present , seven states have Legislative Councils. These are <strong>Jammu and Kashmir(abolished), Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Membership of Legislative Council</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About <strong>1/3rd</strong> of members are elected by <strong>members of the Assembly</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/3rd</strong> by electorates consisting of <strong>members of municipalities, district boards and other local authorities</strong> in the state.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/12th</strong> by an electorate consisting of <strong>teachers</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>1/12th</strong> by registered <strong>graduates</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The remaining members (<strong>1/6th</strong>) <strong>are nominated by the Governor</strong> from among those who have distinguished themselves in <strong>literature, science, art, the cooperative movement, and social service</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Importance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It acts as a check on hasty actions by the popularly elected House.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To ensure that individuals who might not be able to fight direct elections too are able to contribute to the legislative process.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Criticism</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They are used to park leaders who have not been able to win an election.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They can be used to delay progressive legislation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They would strain state finances<span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"AdobeCaslonRegular","serif""><span style="color:black">.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'legislative-council', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c1c4/bgrl83lgrskj25o6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c1c4/bgrl83lgrskj25o6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Legislative council', 'metakeyword' => 'resulted in re-organisation of J&K’s political structure', 'metadescription' => 'In early August, the central government revoked the special status granted to J&K and bifurcated the state into two Union territories of J&K and Ladakh. 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