Code Context </style>
<?php if(sizeof($quizpole)>0){?>
<h3>Quiz for <?php echo $title; ?></h3>
$viewFile = '/var/www/currentaffairs.studyiq.com/plugins/Studyiq/src/Template/Pages/tagdetails.ctp'
$dataForView = [
'headertags' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'breadcrumb' => [
(int) 0 => [
'name' => 'Home',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/'
],
(int) 1 => [
'name' => 'Climate Change',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/climate-change'
]
],
'previous' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'next' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'currentaffairs' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'customer_id' => '',
'metadescription' => 'Climate Change, The principal reason that led to the recent 20,000-tonne oil leak at an Arctic region power plant in Russia that is now being recognised is the sinking of ground surface',
'metakeyword' => 'Permafrost and thawing',
'title' => 'Climate Change, Permafrost and thawing',
'tagname' => 'Climate Change',
'sbanners' => [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {},
(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {}
],
'params' => [
(int) 0 => 'climate-change',
(int) 1 => 'permafrost-and-thawing'
]
]
$headertags = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 3,
'name' => 'Art & Culture',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'art-culture',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Current Affairs Arts and Cultures Articles | Current Affairs',
'metakeyword' => 'Current Affairs Arts, Cultures Articles, Cultures Current Affairs Articles, Cultures Current Affairs, Current Affairs, Current Affair GK, General Knowledage',
'metadescription' => 'Current Affairs Arts and Cultures Articles complete current affairs details of Arts and cultures with complete depth analysis or full details of all current affair Articles',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 4,
'name' => 'Polity & Governance',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'polity-governance',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Polity Current Affairs | Governance Current Affair | Polity GK',
'metakeyword' => 'Polity Current Affairs, Governance Current Affair, Polity GK, Current Affairs of Polity, Current Affairs of Governance, Current affair Polity',
'metadescription' => 'Polity Current Affairs, Governance Current Affair, and current affairs of Polity and Governance and more get with Study IQ Education Articles and full details',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 5,
'name' => 'International Affairs',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'international-affairs',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'International Affairs | International Current Affairs, GK, News',
'metakeyword' => 'International Affairs, International Current Affairs, International GK, International News, International burning Issues, International Today Affairs, International Current Affair, International current affairs 2019',
'metadescription' => 'International Affairs, International Current Affairs, GK, News, burning issues and all relative information of Internation you can get here for depth knowledge',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 6,
'name' => 'Economy',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'economy',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Economy Current Affairs | Economy Current Affair 2019 | Study IQ',
'metakeyword' => 'Economy Current Affairs, Economy Current Affair, Economy Current Affair 2019, Economy GK news, Economy Affairs, Current Affairs Economy, Current Affair Economy',
'metadescription' => 'Economy Current Affairs, Economy Current Affair 2019 and all the Economy Current Affair, GK, Burning Issues, News, get on study IQ education for exams preparation',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 7,
'name' => 'Banking Awareness',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'banking-awareness',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Banking Awareness Current Affairs, GK, News, Burning Issues',
'metakeyword' => 'Banking Awareness, Current Affairs, Current Affair, bANKING CURRENT AFFAIRS, Current affair of Banking, Current affair of Bank, Current affairs of Bank, BAnk current affairs',
'metadescription' => 'Banking Awareness Current Affairs, GK, News, Burning Issues, and all the latest current affairs of Banking Awareness or Banking for Govt exams preparation',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 8,
'name' => 'Defence & Security',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'defence-security',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Defence Current Affairs | Defence & Security Current Affairs',
'metakeyword' => 'Defence Current Affairs, Current Affairs, Current Affair, Current Affairs of Defence, Security Current Affairs, Security Current Affairs 2019, Security Current Affairs daily, Defence Current Affairs Daily',
'metadescription' => 'Defence Current Affairs, Defence & Security Current Affairs and complete details of Defence & Security current affairs, burning issues of Defence, Defence Today News ',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 9,
'name' => 'Environment',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'environment',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Environment Current Affairs, Current Affairs 2019- Study IQ',
'metakeyword' => 'Environment Current Affairs, Current Affairs Articles, Current Affairs of Environment, Current Affairs Environment',
'metadescription' => 'Environment Current Affairs, Current Affairs 2019, Study IQ provide complete information of Environment Current Affairs, GK, Bunrning Issues, latest news and more',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 10,
'name' => 'Science & Technology',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'science-technology',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Science & Technology Current Affairs | Science Current Affairs',
'metakeyword' => 'Science & Technology Current Affairs, Science & Technology Current Affair, Science Current Affairs, Science Current Affair, Technology Current Affair, Technology Current Affairs',
'metadescription' => 'Science & Technology Current Affairs, Science Current Affairs, Technology today affairs and more relative Science & Technology information get here free',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 11,
'name' => 'Miscellaneous',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'miscellaneous',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Miscellaneous Current Affairs Articles 2019, GK News | Study IQ',
'metakeyword' => 'Current Affairs Articles 2019, Miscellaneous Current Affairs, GK News, Current Affairs Articles',
'metadescription' => 'Current Affairs Articles, Current Affairs GK News analysis, and all topic relative information get here free and online so no need go anywhere that makes time saving ',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 12,
'name' => 'Government Schemes',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'government-schemes',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Government Schemes Current Affairs | Govt Current Affairs StudyIQ',
'metakeyword' => 'Government Schemes Current Affairs, Government Current Affairs, Current Affairs of government, ',
'metadescription' => 'Government Schemes Current Affairs, Government Current Affairs ad all government relative latest information, news, burning issues and more get here',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 13,
'name' => 'Persons in News',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'persons-in-news',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Persons in News | Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News',
'metakeyword' => 'Persons in News, Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News',
'metadescription' => 'Persons in News, Current Affairs, Awards, Books, Obituaries News, and all the daily current affairs news you will get here with complete information',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 14,
'name' => 'Constitution',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'constitution',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Constitution | Indian Constitution | World Constitution ',
'metakeyword' => 'constitution, Indian Constitution, World Constitution, Country Constitution ',
'metadescription' => 'Get the all the country constitution like Indian constitution, world constitution and more here you can get all the latest information relative to constitution',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
},
(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 15,
'name' => 'Biodiversity',
'parent_id' => (int) 2,
'description' => '',
'keyword' => 'biodiversity',
'sortorder' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'metatitle' => 'Biodiversity | ??? ??????? | Biodiversity Current affairs',
'metakeyword' => 'Biodiversity, ??? ???????, Biodiversity Current affairs',
'metadescription' => 'Biodiversity, ??? ???????, Biodiversity Current affairs, Get the latest Biodiversity information with us where you get all the latest information about Biodiversity',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'cacategories'
}
]
$breadcrumb = [
(int) 0 => [
'name' => 'Home',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/'
],
(int) 1 => [
'name' => 'Climate Change',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/climate-change'
]
]
$previous = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tags' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'title' => 'Climate extremes harming unborn babies in Amazon',
'posturl' => 'climate-extremes-harming-unborn-babies-in-amazon',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
}
]
$next = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tags' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'title' => 'Two-thirds of Hindu Kush Himalayan glaciers will melt by 2100: Study',
'posturl' => 'two-thirds-of-hindu-kush-himalayan-glaciers',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
}
]
$currentaffairs = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 4806,
'title' => 'Permafrost and thawing',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The principal reason that led to the recent 20,000-tonne oil leak at an Arctic region power plant in Russia that is now being recognised is the sinking of ground surface due to permafrost thaw.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The thermoelectric plant at Norilsk is built entirely on permafrost, whose weakening over the years due to climate change caused the pillars supporting a fuel tank at the plant to sink, leading to loss of containment on May 29.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Permafrost is ground that remains completely frozen at 0 degrees Celsius or below for at least two years. It is defined solely based on temperature and duration. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The permanently frozen ground, consisting of soil, sand, and rock held together by ice, is believed to have formed during glacial periods dating several millennia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These grounds are known to be below 22 per cent of the land surface on Earth, mostly in polar zones and regions with high mountains. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They are spread across 55 per cent of the landmass in Russia and Canada, 85 per cent in the US state of Alaska, and possibly the entirety of Antarctica.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While permafrost itself is always frozen, the surface layer that covers it need not be. In Canada and Russia, for example, colourful tundra vegetation carpet over permafrost for thousands of kilometres.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its thickness reduces progressively towards the south, and is affected by a number of other factors, including the Earth’s interior heat, snow and vegetation cover, presence of water bodies, and topography.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study has shown that every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature can degrade up to 39 lakh square kilometre due to thawing. This degradation is expected to further aggravate as the climate gets warmer, putting at risk 40 per cent of the world’s permafrost towards the end of the century, causing disastrous effects.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As temperatures rise, the binding ice in permafrost melts, making the ground unstable and leading to massive potholes, landslides, and floods. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sinking effect causes damage to key infrastructure such as roads, railway lines, buildings, power lines and pipelines that serve more than 3.5 crore people that live in permafrost regions. These changes also threaten the survival of indigenous people, as well as Arctic animals.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Beneath its surface, permafrost contains large quantities of organic leftover from thousands of years prior — dead remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms that got frozen before they could rot. It also holds a massive trove of pathogens.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When permafrost thaws, microbes start decomposing this carbon matter, releasing greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have estimated that for every 1 degree Celsius rise in average temperature, permafrost grounds could release greenhouse gases to the tune of 4-6 years’ of emissions from coal, oil, and natural gas — becoming a major factor of climate change in themselves.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Along with greenhouse houses, these grounds could also release ancient bacteria and viruses into the atmosphere as they unfreeze.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
'posturl' => 'permafrost-and-thawing',
'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/79c3/g02txyo2n7ai22u6g.jpg',
'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/79c3/g02txyo2n7ai22u6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Permafrost and thawing',
'metakeyword' => 'Permafrost and thawing',
'metadescription' => 'The principal reason that led to the recent 20,000-tonne oil leak at an Arctic region power plant in Russia that is now being recognised is the sinking of ground surface',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/u7l0p2l8acx4n8q/4.Permafrost_and_thawing%2528Enviro%2529.pdf/file',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
}
]
$customer_id = ''
$metadescription = 'Climate Change, The principal reason that led to the recent 20,000-tonne oil leak at an Arctic region power plant in Russia that is now being recognised is the sinking of ground surface'
$metakeyword = 'Permafrost and thawing'
$title = 'Permafrost and thawing'
$tagname = 'Climate Change'
$sbanners = [
(int) 0 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 61,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5f54/lodkrbkhwk5lg1q6g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://studyiq.com/course-details/ssc-bank-combo',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
},
(int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 62,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0552/k9b1o467l8edtbc6g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://studyiq.com/courses/state-exams',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
},
(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 63,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/154a/6y1qvv7v118759h6g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://studyiq.com/course-details/upsc-ias-pre-mains',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
},
(int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 64,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/563c/o65x6jso51flz886g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://studyiq.com/courses/upsc/optional-subjects',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
},
(int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'id' => (int) 70,
'bannername' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/convkey/23f5/ymfxsytttaix1ls6g.jpg',
'bannerlink' => 'https://www.studyiq.com/mock-test-series-ssc-bank-upsc-clat-kvs-rbi-dsssb-aao/upsc-ias-prelims-test-series-2021',
'isright' => (int) 0,
'status' => (int) 1,
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'sitebanners'
}
]
$params = [
(int) 0 => 'climate-change',
(int) 1 => 'permafrost-and-thawing'
]
$b = [
'name' => 'Climate Change',
'link' => 'https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/climate-change'
]
$currentaffair = object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 4806,
'title' => 'Permafrost and thawing',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The principal reason that led to the recent 20,000-tonne oil leak at an Arctic region power plant in Russia that is now being recognised is the sinking of ground surface due to permafrost thaw.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The thermoelectric plant at Norilsk is built entirely on permafrost, whose weakening over the years due to climate change caused the pillars supporting a fuel tank at the plant to sink, leading to loss of containment on May 29.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Permafrost is ground that remains completely frozen at 0 degrees Celsius or below for at least two years. It is defined solely based on temperature and duration. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The permanently frozen ground, consisting of soil, sand, and rock held together by ice, is believed to have formed during glacial periods dating several millennia.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These grounds are known to be below 22 per cent of the land surface on Earth, mostly in polar zones and regions with high mountains. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They are spread across 55 per cent of the landmass in Russia and Canada, 85 per cent in the US state of Alaska, and possibly the entirety of Antarctica.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While permafrost itself is always frozen, the surface layer that covers it need not be. In Canada and Russia, for example, colourful tundra vegetation carpet over permafrost for thousands of kilometres.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Its thickness reduces progressively towards the south, and is affected by a number of other factors, including the Earth’s interior heat, snow and vegetation cover, presence of water bodies, and topography.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study has shown that every 1 degree Celsius rise in temperature can degrade up to 39 lakh square kilometre due to thawing. This degradation is expected to further aggravate as the climate gets warmer, putting at risk 40 per cent of the world’s permafrost towards the end of the century, causing disastrous effects.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As temperatures rise, the binding ice in permafrost melts, making the ground unstable and leading to massive potholes, landslides, and floods. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The sinking effect causes damage to key infrastructure such as roads, railway lines, buildings, power lines and pipelines that serve more than 3.5 crore people that live in permafrost regions. These changes also threaten the survival of indigenous people, as well as Arctic animals.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Beneath its surface, permafrost contains large quantities of organic leftover from thousands of years prior — dead remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms that got frozen before they could rot. It also holds a massive trove of pathogens.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When permafrost thaws, microbes start decomposing this carbon matter, releasing greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers have estimated that for every 1 degree Celsius rise in average temperature, permafrost grounds could release greenhouse gases to the tune of 4-6 years’ of emissions from coal, oil, and natural gas — becoming a major factor of climate change in themselves.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Along with greenhouse houses, these grounds could also release ancient bacteria and viruses into the atmosphere as they unfreeze.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
'posturl' => 'permafrost-and-thawing',
'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/79c3/g02txyo2n7ai22u6g.jpg',
'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/79c3/g02txyo2n7ai22u6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'Permafrost and thawing',
'metakeyword' => 'Permafrost and thawing',
'metadescription' => 'The principal reason that led to the recent 20,000-tonne oil leak at an Arctic region power plant in Russia that is now being recognised is the sinking of ground surface',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/u7l0p2l8acx4n8q/4.Permafrost_and_thawing%2528Enviro%2529.pdf/file',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
'*' => true
],
'[dirty]' => [],
'[original]' => [],
'[virtual]' => [],
'[errors]' => [],
'[invalid]' => [],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
}
$downloadpdf = 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/u7l0p2l8acx4n8q/4.Permafrost_and_thawing%2528Enviro%2529.pdf/file'
$tags = '<a href="https://currentaffairs.studyiq.com/tags/climate-change">Climate Change</a>'
include - ROOT/plugins/Studyiq/src/Template/Pages/tagdetails.ctp, line 161
Cake\View\View::_evaluate() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1196
Cake\View\View::_render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 1157
Cake\View\View::render() - CORE/src/View/View.php, line 765
Cake\Controller\Controller::render() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 623
App\Controller\PagesController::tags() - APP/Controller/PagesController.php, line 995
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 440
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::_invoke() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 119
Cake\Http\ActionDispatcher::dispatch() - CORE/src/Http/ActionDispatcher.php, line 93
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 108
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 104
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Routing\Middleware\AssetMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/AssetMiddleware.php, line 88
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65
Cake\Error\Middleware\ErrorHandlerMiddleware::__invoke() - CORE/src/Error/Middleware/ErrorHandlerMiddleware.php, line 98
Cake\Http\Runner::__invoke() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 65