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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that by 2100 the average global temperatures would breach the two degrees Celsius.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A study of global temperature rise that occurred 56 million years ago was conducted by a research team.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The study showed that the climate stabilized after 20,000 to 50,000 years after a rise of five to eight degrees Celsius. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A natural period of global warming known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was witnessed by Earth many years ago.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Huge amounts of carbon dioxide were released into the atmosphere triggered by a volcanic eruption event.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ocean surfaces in higher latitudes saw their temperature increase by 8 degree Celsius. This acidification caused mass extinctions in the deep ocean.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The study</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The team analyzed rocks, single-celled marine organisms, clay minerals, and lithium isotopes to identify changes that took place.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The global warming event resulted in erosion of rocks. These eroded rocks released lithium in water bodies. By studying the lithium isotopes, erosion levels can be understood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Lithium is not used by plants or biology. The amount of lithium that is released can only come from erosion process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They also studied single-celled organisms with calcareous shells known as planktonic foraminifera, which lived millions of years ago.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Consequences</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The PETM had high rise in temperatures but was slow. The current rise is restricted to only 3-4 degree Celsius but is very quick.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The recovery period will probably be broadly similar in timing. The findings will only hold if there is significant reduction in CO2 emissions.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Solutions</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Scientists are looking at a way known as ‘enhanced weathering’ which involves grinding up rock into powder and ploughing it into fields, where it can remove CO2 and act as a fertilizer. </span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Climate recovery',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that by 2100 the average global temperatures would breach the two degrees Celsius.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A study of global temperature rise that occurred 56 million years ago was conducted by a research team.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The study showed that the climate stabilized after 20,000 to 50,000 years after a rise of five to eight degrees Celsius. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">A natural period of global warming known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was witnessed by Earth many years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Huge amounts of carbon dioxide were released into the atmosphere triggered by a volcanic eruption event.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Ocean surfaces in higher latitudes saw their temperature increase by 8 degree Celsius. This acidification caused mass extinctions in the deep ocean.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>The study</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The team analyzed rocks, single-celled marine organisms, clay minerals, and lithium isotopes to identify changes that took place.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The global warming event resulted in erosion of rocks. These eroded rocks released lithium in water bodies. By studying the lithium isotopes, erosion levels can be understood.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">Lithium is not used by plants or biology. The amount of lithium that is released can only come from erosion process.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">They also studied single-celled organisms with calcareous shells known as planktonic foraminifera, which lived millions of years ago.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Consequences</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The PETM had high rise in temperatures but was slow. The current rise is restricted to only 3-4 degree Celsius but is very quick.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif"">The recovery period will probably be broadly similar in timing. The findings will only hold if there is significant reduction in CO2 emissions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,"sans-serif""><strong>Solutions</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Scientists are looking at a way known as ‘enhanced weathering’ which involves grinding up rock into powder and ploughing it into fields, where it can remove CO2 and act as a fertilizer. </span></span></p>
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