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Tag Wise Current Affairs
Tag: Climate Change
Two-thirds of Hindu Kush Himalayan glaciers will melt by 2100: Study
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 05 February 2019
Climate change may make species infertile: Study
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change
Published on: 05 February 2019
Publication depicting steps taken by India to combat climate change released
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 13 February 2019
Crop residue burning is major contributor to air pollution in Delhi: Study
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change
Published on: 02 March 2019
World losing fish to eat due to ocean warming: Study
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change
Published on: 02 March 2019
NDMA conducts national workshop on heat wave risk reduction
Tags: Climate Change, Disaster & Disaster Management
Published on: 27 February 2019
Environment damage behind premature deaths, diseases: UN report
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change
Published on: 14 March 2019
Climate vulnerability assessment extended to all states
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change
Published on: 16 March 2019
India’s carbon dioxide emissions up by 4.8%: IEA report
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 27 March 2019
Earth Hour 2019 observed across the world
Tags: Climate Change, Conventions
Published on: 01 April 2019
London becomes first city to implement 24×7 pollution charge zone
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 10 April 2019
India’s first foreign interactive bird park launched in Mumbai
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 16 April 2019
Melting Arctic permafrost will accelerate global warming
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 29 April 2019
UK Parliament first to pass Environment and Climate Emergency
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 03 May 2019
Northeast India experiencing decline in Monsoon rainfall: Study
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 06 May 2019
Bengal Tiger may not survive climate change: UN Report
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change
Published on: 10 May 2019
Ireland becomes 2nd country to declare Climate Emergency
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 13 May 2019
UNEP-FI releases report on risk to companies from climate change
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 20 May 2019
China still using banned ozone depleting CFC-11
Tags: Climate Change, Conventions
Published on: 24 May 2019
Climate change affecting global food production: Study
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 04 June 2019
Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone to be largest in history
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change
Published on: 18 June 2019
Himalayan glaciers are melting twice as fast since 2000: study
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 21 June 2019
Declining biodiversity threatens food supply: UN FAO Report
Tags: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Organizations
Published on: 23 February 2019
4th UN Environment Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya
Tags: Climate Change, Organizations
Published on: 18 March 2019
Russian lands of permafrost and mammoths is now thawing
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 08 August 2019
UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 08 August 2019
Iceland Commemorates 1st glacier lost to climate change
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 19 August 2019
Union Home Minister Takes Part in Concluding Ceremony of ‘Mission Million Trees’ Campaign
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 30 August 2019
Greta Thunberg and United Nations youth Climate Action Summit
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 24 September 2019
India to work with China and Pakistan to study climate change
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 09 October 2019
Economic slowdown can reduce India’s carbon burden
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 06 November 2019
India’s efforts towards mitigating climate change
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 10 November 2019
Rise in sea Levels near Indian coast in last 50 years
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 20 November 2019
Reports indicate losing battle against climate change
Tags: Climate Change
Published on: 28 November 2019
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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Scientists in new study titled <strong>Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment</strong> have warned that two-thirds of Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) glaciers could melt by 2100 if global emissions are not reduced. It was released by Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). </span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>HKH Assessment</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It provides insights into changes affecting one of greatest mountain systems in the world.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It calls for greater recognition of protection mountain areas and HKH region in global efforts to fight climate change.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has been styled after Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports and over 350 researchers, practitioners, experts, and policy-makers were involved in drafting it.</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) range </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">HKH covers 3500 kms across eight countries – <em>Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan</em>.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is referred to as planet’s “third pole” as it harbours more ice than anywhere outside Arctic and Antarctica.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is source of ten major river basins including Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus in India that flow to India, Pakistan, China, Nepal and others, and thus of critical importance. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These glaciers are critical water source for some 250 million people in mountains as well as to 1.65 billion others in the river valleys below across Asia.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Key Findings of HKH Assessment</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Even if efforts are made to limit global warming to 1.5 degree C by end of 2100 (ambitious goal set by the Paris Agreement to limit global warming), HKH will warm by around 1.8 degree C.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">HKH will warm more than global mean and more rapidly at higher elevations. The warming will at least be 0.7 degree C higher in northwest Himalaya and Karakoram region</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It will lead to melting of one-third of region’s glaciers, potentially “destabilizing” Asia’s rivers. Tibetan Plateau, Central Himalayan Range and Karakoram will warm more than HKH average.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Global warming will also transform frigid, glacier-covered mountain peaks of HKH cutting across eight countries to bare rocks in a little less than a century.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The warming rate in HKH over last 50 years has been 0.2 degree C per decade. Extreme indices in region have also changed over this period: occurrences of extreme cold days and nights have declined.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Occurrences of extreme warm days and nights have also increased. Warm nights have increased throughout region, and extreme absolute temperature indices have changed significantly.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Extremes in precipitation are increasing in HKH region and number of intense precipitation days and intensity of extreme precipitation have increased overall in the last five decades. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">If these trends persist frequency and magnitude of water-induced hazards in region will increase in t future. </span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Pre-monsoon flows are expected to decline, with implications for irrigation, ecosystem services and hydropower.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">HKH is also sensitive to air pollutants originating within and near it as they will amplify effects of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and accelerate melting of cryosphere through deposition of black carbon and dust, and changing monsoon circulation and rainfall distribution over Asia. </span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Climate change may make species infertile: Study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to recent Study, rising temperatures due to climate change could drive some species to become sterile (infertile). It will be serious issue for many organisms and certain groups are thought to be most vulnerable to climate-induced fertility loss are cold-blooded animals and aquatic species. Based on this, researchers are trying to predict places where species will be lost, so that suitable reserves could be built for their relocation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This study was carried out in collaboration with scientists from University of Leeds (UK), University of Melbourne (Australia) and Stockholm University and was funded by UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Key Findings of Study</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Organisms will lose fertility at lower temperatures than their <em>critical thermal limit (CTL)</em>, temperature at which they collapse, stop moving or die. This may make these species succumb to effects of climate change earlier than thought.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also proposes another measure of how organisms function at extreme temperatures that focuses on fertility and has termed it <em>thermal fertility limit or 'TFL'</em>.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It calls for correlated study of TFLs as well as CTLs to identify <em>effects of fertility losses due to climate change</em>, <em>which organisms are particularly vulnerable to these thermal fertility losses</em> and <em>design conservation programmers that for these species to survive in changing climate</em>.</span></span></li>
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(int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 98,
'title' => '2018 was 4th hottest year on record: WMO',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">UN agency World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has officially announced that 2018 was the fourth warmest year on record. In fact, 2015, 2016 and 2017 already have been confirmed as warmest years on record since global temperature records began. It concludes that it is clear sign of continuing long-term climate change associated with record atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and stresses for urgent need for action to rein in runaway global warming</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>WMO Findings</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The degree of warming during past four years has been exceptional, both on land and in the ocean.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Global average surface temperature in 2018 was approximately 1°C above pre-industrial baseline (1850-1900).</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The year 2016, which was influenced by strong El Nino, remains warmest year on record with 1.2°C above pre-industrial baseline.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">20-warmest years in history all occurred within last 22 years. In coming years, temperatures are likely to approach levels that that most governments view as dangerous for the Earth.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Heightened temperatures in recent years have contributed to number of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, powerful storms, droughts, mudslides, extinctions and rising sea levels.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>World Meteorological Organization (WMO) </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is intergovernmental organization whose mandate covers weather, climate and water resources. Its supreme body is World Meteorological Congress.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Established in 1950 by ratification of WMO Convention. It originated from International Meteorological Organization (IMO), the roots of which were planted at1873 Vienna International Meteorological Congress.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and is headed by the Secretary-General. It has185 Member States and 6 Member Territories.</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is specialized agency of United Nations (UN) for meteorology, operational hydrology and related geophysical science,</span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is dedicated to international cooperation and coordination on state and behavior of Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with land and oceans, weather and climate and distribution of water resources.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 144,
'title' => 'Publication depicting steps taken by India to combat climate change released',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change released publication on climate actions in India titled “India – Spearheading Climate Solutions”. It mentions key actions taken by India under various sectors towards combating and adapting to climate change. It also highlights India’s achievements towards climate action and also its preparedness for future.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Some of major initiatives in publication are</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC):</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It covers eight major missions on Sustainable Habitat, Water, Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem, Solar, Enhanced Energy Efficiency, Green India, Sustainable Agriculture and Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">International Solar Alliances (ISA): </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is alliance of more than 121 countries initiated by India, most of them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Now it has been extended to all UN member countries.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC): </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been prepared by every state to create coherent national framework for combating and adapting to climate change. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is line with national climate policy NAPCC and obliges states to incorporate climate change concerns in the decision-making process. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">States have primarily responsibility to address climate change due to India’s federal structure. Their climate strategies are aligned with eight National Missions under the NAPCC. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">FAME Scheme:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It aims to boost e-mobility. It stands for faster Adoption and Manufacture of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atal Mission for Rejuvenation & Urban Transformation (AMRUT):</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is for Smart Cities.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It was launched to provide access to clean cooking fuel and empower women. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UJALA scheme:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is for embracing energy efficient LED bulbs. UJALA stands for stands for Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Swachh Bharat Mission:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It was launched in October 2014 to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on sanitation. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to achieve Swachh Bharat or make India clean by 2019, as a fitting tribute to 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It world’s largest sanitation program aimed at bringing behavioural change of people with respect to toilet access and usage. </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Other Government Initiatives </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In the recent past, Central Government of India has taken number of initiatives to combat the challenge of climate change. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Some of key initiatives of Union Government include National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC), Climate Change Action Programme (CCAP) etc.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Government also has set ambitious goal of generating 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022. Now this, capacity stands at more than 74 GW of which about 25 GW is from solar. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Government also has launched smart cities, energy efficiency initiatives, electric vehicles leapfrogged from Bharat Stage -IV to Bharat Stage-VI emission norms by April 2020 etc. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s forest and tree cover has increased by 1 percent as compared to assessment of 2015. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India recently submitted its Second Biennial Update Report (BUR) to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2018 as per reporting obligations under convention. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The report mentions that emission intensity of India’s GDP came down by 21% between 2005 and 2014 and India’s achievement of climate goal for pre-2020 period is on track.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Crop residue burning is major contributor to air pollution in Delhi: Study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recent study, biomass burning is major source of air pollution in national capital Delhi especially in winters as it results in emission of larger concentration of black carbon (BC) aerosols due to incomplete combustion. The study was conducted by scientists at Stockholm University, Sweden and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (regional centre, New Delhi).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings of Study</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sources of the high biomass emissions were regional rather than local and urban. BC entering Delhi from neighbouring states is around 42% in winter and 36% in autumn. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Burning of crop residue or wood and vehicular emissions, both contribute around 40% each to pollution in Delhi.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There is seasonal trend of variation of organic carbon and BC in particulate matter. It suggests that to efficiently combat severe air pollution, it is necessary to not only mitigate urban emissions, but also regional-scale biomass emissions, including agricultural crop residue burning.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Responsible neighboring states:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Phenomenon of crop residue burning in Delhi’s neighboring states such as Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh contributes to national capital’s winter pollution.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In these crop residue burning occurs after harvest which typically occurs in October/November for wheat and in April/May for rice.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Summer months in Delhi see pollution majorly owing to local sources, winter and autumn particulate matter (PM) has large footprint of biomass burning.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Weather conditions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Wind direction in winter (northwesterly), as opposed to southwesterly in summer and monsoon, brings biomass burning load to Delhi during winder. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Besides, weather conditions ensure that atmospheric boundary layer height in winters is lower, which means that atmospheric transport occurs closer to the surface in winter and autumn.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Impact: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric pollution due black carbon is pronounced problem not only in Delhi but in other cities that fall in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). It not only affects health adversely but also contributes significantly to global warming.</span></span></span></li>
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(int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 314,
'title' => 'World losing fish to eat due to ocean warming: Study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recent study, fish populations are declining as oceans warm, putting key source of food and income at risk for millions of people around the world. It has found that amount of seafood that humans could sustainably harvest from wide range of species shrank by 4.1% from 1930 to 2010 mainly due to human-caused (induced) climate change.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings of Study</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The 4% decline in range of fish species equals to 1.4 million metric tons of fish from 1930 to 2010. Global warming will put pressure on world’s food supplies in coming decades. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It separate effects of ocean warming due to climate change from other factors, like overfishing. It suggests that climate change is already having a serious impact on seafood.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Marine life has been subjected to some of most drastic effects of climate change. The oceans have absorbed 93% of heat that is trapped by greenhouse gases (GHGs) that humans pump into the atmosphere.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Protecting fish form overfishing and improving overall management of fisheries can help in short term. But ultimate solution lies in slowing or halting climate change.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Fish make up 17% of global population’s intake of animal protein, and as much as 70% for people living in some coastal and island countries. Fish provide vital source of protein for over half of global population, and some 56 million people worldwide are supported in some way by marine fisheries</span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'NDMA conducts national workshop on heat wave risk reduction ',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) conducted two-day national workshop on heat wave risk reduction in Nagpur, Maharashtra. This workshop was aimed at sensitising states about need of preparing and implementing specific Heat Action Plans. It was organised in collaboration with Maharashtra Government.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National workshop on heat wave</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provided opportunity for community capacity building and awareness generation among vulnerable populations. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also discussed integration of long-term heat risk reduction measures into developmental plans as well as Climate Change Adaptation.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was attended by experts on heat wave as well as other stakeholders such as early warning and forecasting agencies, State governments and research institutions etc.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Heat wave has emerged as one of major severe weather events around globe in recent years. Climate change is driving temperatures higher as well as increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves. India too is experiencing increased instances of heat waves every year. NDMA has been closely working with vulnerable States to reduce adverse impacts of heat wave. Sustained efforts - timely release and effective implementation of national Guidelines on heat wave, preparation of Heat Action Plans by 13 vulnerable States, etc. have significantly brought down number of heat-related deaths in the past few years. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is apex statutory body mandated to lay down policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 2009 through Disaster Management Act, 2005. It functions under aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). It is headquartered in New Delhi.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is governed by nine-member board chaired by Prime Minister of India (who is ex-officio chairperson).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Functions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) It co-ordinates response to natural or man-made disasters and capacity-building in case of disaster resiliency and crisis response.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">(ii) It frame policies, lay down guidelines and best-practices and coordinating with State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure holistic and distributed approach to disaster management.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'id' => (int) 463,
'title' => 'Environment damage behind premature deaths, diseases: UN report',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recently released UN Environment’s Global Environment Outlook (GEO) 2019, quarter of all premature deaths and diseases worldwide are due to manmade pollution and environmental damage. It calls for immediate changes in the way the world eats, generates energy and handles its waste. It is overall sixth GEO in the series.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Findings of report</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Deadly emissions, chemicals polluting drinking water and accelerating destruction of ecosystems crucial to livelihoods of billions of people are driving worldwide epidemics and diseases that hampers the global economy.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There is growing chasm between rich and poor countries as rampant overconsumption, pollution and food waste in developed world leads to hunger, poverty and disease elsewhere.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) continue to rise amid preponderance of droughts, floods and superstorms made worse by climbing sea levels. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There is growing political consensus that climate change poses future risk to billions. But there is no consensus on meeting set targets of 2015 Paris accord.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Health impacts of pollution, deforestation and mechanised food-chain are less well understood.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Poor environmental conditions cause around 25% of global disease and mortality (around 9 million deaths in 2015 alone).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Due to lack of access to clean drinking supplies, 1.4 million people die each year from preventable diseases such as diarrhoea and parasites linked to pathogen-contaminated water and poor sanitation.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chemicals pumped into seas are potentially causing multi-generational adverse health effects.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Land degradation through deforestation and mega-farming occurs in areas of earth home to 3.2 billion people.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Air pollution causes 6 to 7 million early deaths annually. There is rapid drawdown in GHGs and pesticide use to improve air and water quality.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It calls root-and-branch detoxification of human behaviour while insisting that the situation is not unassailable.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global Environment Outlook (GEO)</span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is series of reports on environment periodically published by UN Environmental Programme (UNEP).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also referred to as UN Environment’s flagship environmental assessment. It was released for first time in 1997. It is prepared by consultative and participatory process.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is independent assessment of state of environment, effectiveness of policy response to tackle environmental challenges and possible pathways to achieve various internationally agreed environmental goals. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">So far, five GEO reports have been published to date UNEP vz. GEO-1 (1997), GEO-2000 (1999), GEO-3 (2002), GEO-4 (2007), GEO-5 (2012) and GEO-6 (2019).</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 472,
'title' => 'Climate vulnerability assessment extended to all states',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Department of Science and Technology (DST) has decided to carry out climate vulnerability assessment of all states and union territories (UTs) to assess the climate risks faced by States in India. It comes after first-ever successful vulnerability assessment undertaken by DST of 12 Himalayan states to climate risks.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Need for assessment</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India is among most vulnerable to climate change. Such assessment will help government to assess which states or districts need more resource allocation for adaptation and mitigation of climate change, depending on how vulnerable they are,</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pan India Climate vulnerability assessment</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be based on global methodological framework of 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It defines vulnerability by how ‘sensitive’ a specific eco-system is to climate change risks and what is the current adaptive capacity to mitigate the risks.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be first-such climate vulnerability index for all states, as there is no such national rating at present to determine which states are more vulnerable to climate risks. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be based on common set of indicators — socio-economic, demographic, health, sensitivity of agricultural production, forest-dependent livelihood and access to information.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">12 Himalayan States Climate vulnerability assessment</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was conducted in 2018 by Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) at Mandi and Guwahati, and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It covered 12 Himalayan states viz. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, hill districts of West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its aim was to evolve common methodology, and determine how districts there are equipped to deal with the vagaries of climate change.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Based on climate vulnerability index of each of these States was prepared based on district-level data. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The index was measure of inherent risks district faces, primarily by virtue of its geography and socio-economic situation. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It ranked states on scale of 0 (least vulnerable) to 1 (most vulnerable). It was measused based on eight key parameters.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These 8 parameters included (i) percentage of area in districts under forests, (ii) population density, (iii) yield variability of food grain, (iv) infant mortality rate, (v) percentage of population below poverty line (BPL), (vi) female literacy rate, (vii) average man-days under MGNREGA and (viii) area under slope > 30%.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Top venerable states were Assam (index score of 0.72), Mizoram (0.71). Sikkim, was relatively less vulnerable with an index score of 0.42. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scores of other states: J&K (0.62), Manipur (0.59), Meghalaya (0.58), West Bengal (0.58), Nagaland (0.57), Himachal Pradesh (0.51), Tripura (0.51 both), Arunachal Pradesh (0.47) and Uttarakhand (0.45).</span></span></span></li>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Special Stamp Cover on Ice Stupas released',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Department of Post (DoP) under Ministry of Communication & Technology has released Special Stamp on Ice Stupa (Artificial Glacier) in Leh, Jammu and Kashmir. This special stamp is aimed at creating awareness about depleting glaciers and its effect on the ecology around the Himalayas.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ice Stupa</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It concenpt has been conceptualized Ramon Magsaysay winner Sonam Wangchuk in Ladakh. It is form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is used for storing winter water which otherwise would go unused in the form of conical shaped ice heaps or stupa which is not melted easily.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In summer, this stupa melts slowly and provide water drinking and irrigation. In each ice stupa atleast 30-50 lakh ltrs of water is saved.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to reduce impact of climate change on Leh and Ladakh regions which are facing water shortage problem due to shrinking glaciers.</span></span></span></li>
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(int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 559,
'title' => 'India’s carbon dioxide emissions up by 4.8%: IEA report',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recent report published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), India emitted 2,299 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) in 2018, a 4.8% rise from the previous year. This was primarily due to a rise in coal consumption. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Highlights of report</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India related Facts: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s CO2 emissions growth was higher than that of United States (US) and China, the two biggest emitters in the world. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s per capita emissions were about 40% of global average and contributed 7% to global carbon dioxide burden in 2018. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s energy intensity improvement declined 3% from 2017 levels, even as its renewable energy installations increased 10.6%.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global energy Scenario:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> The energy consumption in 2018 increased at nearly twice average rate of growth since 2010. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was driven by robust global economy and higher heating and cooling needs in some parts of the world. Energy efficiency also saw lacklustre improvement in 2018. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Higher electricity demand is responsible for over half of growth in energy needs. Demand for all fuels also has increased and is led by natural gas. Even solar and wind posted double digit growth. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">China, US and India together accounted for nearly 70% of the rise in energy demand.US had largest increase in oil and gas demand worldwide. Gas consumption in 2018 jumped by 10% from 2017, making it fastest increase since the beginning of IEA records in 1971.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global CO2 emissions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> As a result of higher energy consumption, CO2 emissions rose 1.7% in 2018 and hit new record. Global energy-related CO2 emissions totaled 33.1 billion tons in 2018.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">US is largest emitter, was responsible for 14%, followed by China. China, India and US accounted for 85</span>%<span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> of the net increase in emissions.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">CO2 emissions declined in countries such as Germany, Japan and France. There is expanding use of solar, wind and other renewable energy sources.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s commitments to Paris Agreement</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As per its commitments to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), India has promised to reduce temissions intensity of its economy by 2030, compared to the 2005 levels. It has also committed to having 40% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030. As part of this, install 100 GW of solar power by 2022. For India to implement its climate pledge it will cost at least $2.5trillion</span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">, around 71% of combined required spending for all developing country pledges.</span></span></span></p>
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(int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 569,
'title' => 'EU Parliament approves ban on single-use plastics',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">European parliament has voted to ban single-use plastic products such as cutlery, cotton buds, straws and stirrers to counter plastic pollution. This proposal already has been approved by EU member states and EU officials. It will now be made into law and the ban on single-use plastics will come into force by 2021 in all EU member states.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key facts</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This ban targets top 10 disposable plastic products including plates, balloon sticks, food and beverage containers made of expanded polystyrene and all products made of oxo-degradable plastic.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This law allows member EU countries to choose their own methods of reducing use of other single-use plastics such as takeout containers and cups for beverages. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">However, it will be mandatory on them to collect and recycle at least 90% of beverage bottles by 2029.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also mandates tobacco companies to cover costs for public collection of cigarette stubs, which are the second most littered single-use plastic item.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Single use Plastics</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They are disposable plastics are used only once and then thrown in the trash. These items mainly include plastic bags, straws, coffee stirrers, soda and water bottles and most food packaging.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These products especially petroleum based are difficult to recycle as they are not biodegradable and usually dumped into landfill where it is buried or it gets into water and finds its way into ocean.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These plastic products do not biodegrade i.e. decompose into natural substance like organic waste and degrades break downs into tiny particles after many years.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In the process of breaking down, they release toxic chemicals which harms environment by pollution it and make their way into food and water supply.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These toxic chemicals can cause cancer, infertility, birth defects, impaired immunity and many other ailments in humans.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 577,
'title' => 'Ocean heat hit record high in 2018: WMO Report',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in its latest State of the Climate overview has noted that ocean heat has hit record high in 2018. This raises urgent new concerns about threat global warming is posing to marine life.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">WMO’s State of the Climate overview</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has reaffirmed that last four years had been hottest on record. They year 2018 saw new records for ocean heat content in upper 700 metres.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">About 93% of excess heat, trapped around Earth by greenhouse gases that come from burning of fossil fuels, accumulates in world’s oceans. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Oceans are also not warming evenly across the planet. The highest rates of ocean warming are occurring in southern ocean, where warming has also reached the deepest layers. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This could result in sea levels being substantially different in different places. Thermal expansion-water swelling as it warms- is expected to raise sea levels 12 inches (30 centimetres), above any sea level rise from melting glaciers and ice sheets.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Temperature of top 2,000 metres of world’s oceans will rise nearly 0.8 degrees Celsius by the end of the century if nothing is done to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is intergovernmental organization whose mandate covers weather, climate and water resources. Its supreme body is World Meteorological Congress.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 1950 by ratification of WMO Convention. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is specialized agency of United Nations (UN) for meteorology, operational hydrology and related geophysical science,</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is dedicated to international cooperation and coordination on state and behavior of Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with land and oceans, weather and climate and distribution of water resources.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 649,
'title' => 'Earth Hour 2019 observed across the world',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The Earth Hour 2019 was observed on March 30, 2019 (Saturday) at 8:30 pm local time to take a global call on climate change. It was thirteenth edition of Earth Hour and to mark this day, cities worldwide turned their lights off for one hour from 8:30 pm to 9:30 pm local time. The campaign of Earth Hour 2019 was ‘#Connect2Earth’. It was aimed at building mass awareness on importance of nature and create unstoppable movement for nature similar to when the world came together to tackle climate change.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Earth Hour</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is global environmental event started in Sydney Australia by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in 2007 and went global with time.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims at encouraging people, government offices, workplaces, and other urban centres to turn off their non-essential light and equipments to save energy in a symbolic call for environmental protection sustainable energy. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its goal is to raise awareness for sustainable energy use and create more environmentally sustainable lifestyle. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is organized every year in the month of March which is time of the autumn and spring equinoxes in both the hemispheres. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is because the sunset time in Northern and Southern Hemisphere coincides ensuring greatest visual impact for this global light out event.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Since its launch in 2007, it has grown into popular annual event with citizens of 187 countries across the globe observing hour of refraining from use of non-essential lighting.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its organisers claims that it is world’s largest grassroots movement for climate change and only event of the year when maximum number of people around the world participate in single movement to turn off non-essential lights for an hour</span></span></li>
</ul>
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(int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'London becomes first city to implement 24×7 pollution charge zone',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">London became first city in the world to implement pollution charge zone called Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) for 24×7 hours a week. Inside this zone, vehicles will have to meet tough emissions standards. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to reduce toxic air pollution and protect public health, Motorists driving into this zone in vehicle not meet having new emission standard, then they will have to pay a daily charge.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under new rules, polluting vehicles will be discouraged from entering the ULEZ. They will have to daily charge of £12.50 for some cars, vans and motorbikes and £100 for trucks, buses and coaches. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This zone will cover same area as existing Congestion Charge which is collected from drivers in the city center until 2021.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be expanded to cover the area between the major orbital roads of London known as the North and South Circular.</span></span></span></span></li>
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',
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'India’s first foreign interactive bird park launched in Mumbai',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s first rain forest-themed foreign interactive bird park was launched in Gorai, Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is home to over 500 exotic birds from more than 60 species. It was launched by EsselWorld Leisure Pvt. Ltd, the entertainment arm of $6-billion Essel Group.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bird park</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is rain forest-themed park spread across 1.4 acres is home to over 500 exotic birds. It is meant for entertainment and also to spread awareness of different types of birds. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It shelters terrestrial, free-flying and aquatic birds. These birds have been brought from different corners of the world. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is carefully designed to ensure appropriate living conditions for the birds. It is equipped with small ponds for aquatic birds, dense cover of trees for birds to incubate their eggs and water stream that offers drinking water to birds. </span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Some of key attractions of this park are</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Flying birds:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Blue Gold Macaw, African Grey Parrot, Cockatiel, Toucan, Rainbow Lorikeet. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Terrestrial birds</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: California Quail, Golden Pheasant and Ostrich. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Aquatic birds</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: Black Swan, American Wood Duck, and Mandarin Duck.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'India’s first foreign interactive bird park launched in Mumbai',
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'metadescription' => 'India’s first rain forest-themed foreign interactive bird park was launched in Gorai, Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is home to over 500 exotic birds from more than 60 species',
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Extinction Rebellion (XR) Climate Movement',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Nearly 300 people were arrested in London during ongoing climate change protests organised by campaign group Extinction Rebellion that brought parts of the British capital to a standstill.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Extinction Rebellion (XR)</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is a civil society campaign group claims to be socio-political-conservation-environmental movement which intends to rally support worldwide around common sense of urgency to tackle climate breakdown.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its aims to use non-violent civil disobedience to achieve radical change in order to minimise the risk of human extinction and ecological collapse by averting climate breakdown and halt biodiversity loss<strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 2018 in United Kingdom by academics. Since then it has become one of world's fastest-growing environmental movements. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It cities its inspiration from grassroots movements such as Occupy Wall street, Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement, suffragette and Martin Luther King and others in civil rights movement.</span></span></span></li>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Melting Arctic permafrost will accelerate global warming',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to new study, Arctic’s thawing permafrost will release methane and carbon dioxide and hugely accelerate global warming. The economic consequences of melting Arctic will add up to $70 trillion to the worlds climate bill</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Study Findings</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">This study is first to calculate economic impact of permafrost melt and reduced albedo (a measure of how much light that hits surface is reflected without being absorbed).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its results were based on the most advanced computer models predicting most likely scenario to happen in the Arctic as temperatures rise.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to it, if countries fail to improve on their commitments to 2018 Paris agreement, this feedback mechanism, combined with loss of heat-deflecting white ice, will cause near 5</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">amplification of global warming and its associated costs,</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will destabilise natural systems and further worsen problem caused by man-made emissions, making it more difficult and expensive to solve.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">3 Celsius of warming by end of the century and resulting melting of permafrost will discharge up to 280 gigatonnes of CO2 and 3 gigatonnes of methane. This will increase global climate-driven impacts by $70 trillion by 2300 from now.</span></span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Permafrost </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is any ground that remains completely frozen—32°F (0°C) or colder—for at least two years straight. It is made of combination of soil, rocks and sand that are held together by ice. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The soil and ice in permafrost stay frozen all year long. The surface of permafrost soils also contain large quantities of leftover organic carbon—a material leftover from dead plants that couldn’t decompose due to the cold. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lower permafrost layers contain soils made mostly of minerals. Whereas, top layer soil of permafrost does not stay frozen all year. It is active layer which thaws during warm summer months and freezes again in winter. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These permanently frozen grounds i.e. permafrost are most common in regions with high mountains and Earth’s higher latitudes—near North and South Poles. They cover large regions of Earth i.e. almost quarter of land area in Northern Hemisphere is underneath permafrost.</span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'UK Parliament first to pass Environment and Climate Emergency',
'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Kingdom Parliament becomes the first national legislative body in the world to pass national declaration (or motion) of an Environment and Climate Emergency. In this regard, Member of Parliaments have adopted motion moved by opposition Labour Party for this environmental emergency. This move marks serious emergency in dealing with climate change. However, this motion was approved without vote and registers views of House of Commons without compelling government to act on any particular policy proposal,</span></span></span></span></h2>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Motion on Environment and Climate emergency</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It calls on government to adopt net zero emission target for before 2050, introduce new short term targets for clean tech deployment and come forward with new plan within six months to deliver circular and zero waste economy. It caters to national reductions and investment in reduction of carbon emissions and saving the planet. It also calls on Government to come forward with new policies to close current emissions gap for UK's medium term carbon budgets, accelerate country's rate of decarbonisation, and step up investment in negative emissions technologies.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The adoption of this motion was preceded by visit by teenage environment activist Greta Thunberg (to UK Parliament), featuring of David Attenborough’s documentary movie titled ‘Climate Change: The Facts’ in Parliament and 11-days of constant protest by environmental group ‘Extinction Rebellion‘in the capital city London</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'id' => (int) 1025,
'title' => 'Northeast India experiencing decline in Monsoon rainfall: Study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">A recent study has found that Northeast India, one of the wettest places on the Earth has been experiencing rapid drying, especially in the last 30 years. The decreasing monsoon rainfall in Northeast India is associated with natural changes in the subtropical Pacific Ocean.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Study</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The study was conducted by researchers from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, and Assam University. It was published in JGR-Atmospheres. Researchers observed rainfall and sea surface temperature data for period 1901-2014. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Findings of Study</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Northeast India has been experiencing rapid drying, especially in the last 30 years. Some places in this region which used to get as high as 3,000 mm of rain during monsoon season are now seeing drop of about 25-30</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> in monsoon rainfall.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Reasons for decline in rainfall:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The reduction in rainfall during major part of last 114 years may be associated with global man-made factors. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The decline in trend during the last 36 years is associated with natural phenomena or natural changes in Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its impact on the sea surface temperatures and its interaction with the atmosphere affects the northeast Indian summer monsoon.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is spatial avaerage of monthly global sea surface temperature (SST) anamoly of Pacific Ocean north of 20 degrees. It is long-lived El Niño-like pattern of Pacific climate variability. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is highly correlated with temperature in California current, thus affecting coastal sea and continental surface air temperatures from Alaska to California coast.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During warmor positive PDO phase, west Pacific becomes cooler and part of eastern ocean warms. During "cool" or "negative" phase, opposite pattern occurs.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""><img alt="" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8282/5mjap5zvw9ssfsu6g.jpg" /></span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Bengal Tiger may not survive climate change: UN Report',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to recent United Nations (UN) report, Climate change and rising sea levels eventually may wipe out Sundarbans, one of world’s last and largest habitat of Bengal tiger. Bengal tigers are among 500,000 land species whose survival is in question because of threats to their natural habitats. The report was based on climate scenarios developed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for its simulation models and adds to existing studies that offered similarly grim predictions for wildlife in the Sundarbans.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key findings of UN report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sunderbans, 10,000 square kilometres of marshy land in India and Bangladesh, hosts the world’s largest mangrove forest and rich ecosystem.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It supports several hundred animal species, including Bengal tiger. But 70</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of Sunderbans is just few feet above sea level, and faces threat of grave climate changes.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Changes brought by global warming will decimate the few hundred or so Bengal tigers remaining there. By 2070, there will be no suitable tiger habitats remaining in Bangladesh Sundarbans. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In 2010, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) had projected that sea level rise of 11 inches will reduce number of tigers in Sundarbans by 96%within a few decades.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since early 1900s, hunting, habitat loss and illegal trade of tiger parts have decimated its global population from around 100,000 to fewer than 4,000.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Ireland becomes 2nd country to declare Climate Emergency',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ireland has become the second country in the world after Britain to declare climate and biodiversity emergency. The climate emergency declaration in this regard was passed in Ireland’s Parliament (Oireachtas) with unanimous support of both ruling and opposition parties. It was passed when both the government and opposition parties agreed to amendment to a climate action report- The Oireachtas Climate Action report (Parliamentary report on climate action).</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Facts </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The amendment to parliamentary report declares climate emergency and calls on parliament to examine how Irish government can improve its response was accepted without a vote. Under this emergency, non binding measures will be undertaken by Government to make Ireland carbon-neutral by 2030, introduce electric car hubs or build sustainable homes to achieve that goal.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">UK’s emergency</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Kingdom's parliament was first in the world to declare a climate emergency. It had passed symbolic motion in this regard on May 1, 2019. Under it, British government has set 2050 target date to reach net zero emissions, which will be achieved without causing substantial economic damage and at a relatively low cost. The emergency motion was passed after 11 days of street protests in London by Extinction Rebellion environmental campaign group. The activists hope to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions to zero by 2025 and end biodiversity loss.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'UNEP-FI releases report on risk to companies from climate change',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Recently, institutional investors from 11 countries convened by United Nations Environment Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI) released report (or investor guide) that helps investors understand how to calculate the risk companies face from climate change.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Climate change is already impacting economies around the world and it is continuing. Several reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned about various risks to economies. However so far there was no specific assessment of how companies can account for such risks. In this background, this investor guide was made in line with recommendations by Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), a 32-member board formed as a result of agreement at a G20 summit in London, 2009. This board consisted of representatives from large banks, asset managers, insurance companies, pension funds, large non-financial companies and credit rating agencies. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key findings of report</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In the scenario of increase in 1.5°C global temperature, companies are exposed to significant level of transition risk, affecting as much as 13.16</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of overall portfolio value. It represents value loss of $10.7 trillion.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Agriculture, utilities, transportation as well as mining and petroleum refining sectors are at high levels of policy risk. On bright side, $2.1 trillion potential green profits can be made. However, green revenues generated from sale of low carbon technologies, which support transition. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Green profits will help companies to offset costs from complying with greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction policies. If governments delay action to enact climate policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), then 30,000 companies across the globe will face further cost of $1.2 trillion. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Nations Environment Programme – Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI)</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is partnership between UN Environment and global financial sector. It was established in wake of the 1992 Earth Summit with mission to promote sustainable finance. More than 240 financial institutions including banks, insurers and investors work with UN Environment under it. It hosts its Global Roundtable every other year since 1994. In 2017, UNEP FI had established regional roundtables to celebrate its 25th Anniversary.</span></span></span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'China still using banned ozone depleting CFC-11',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to a recent research conducted by international team of researchers has found that China continues to use banned ozone depleting CFC-11 in violation of Montreal Protocol.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Findings </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The rogue emissions of CFC-11 (accounting for 40 and 60</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of total global emissions) are coming from eastern China, primarily from two heavily industrialised provinces viz. Shandong and Hebei. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">This ban gas is still used widely in these industrial areas in China to manufacture foam insulation.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Between 2014 and 2017, these provinces in eastern China emitted an average of about 13,400 metric tonnes of CFC-11 per year.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Reason:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> China has world’s largest polyurethane foam market, accounting for about 40</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of the world’s consumption. Chinese foam manufacturers have been illegally using CFC-11 to save on higher cost of alternatives.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Impact:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> These findings will add to international pressure on Chinese government to curtail the illegal use of CFC-11 and follow its commitments under Montreal Protocol.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About CFC-11 </span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its name is Trichlorofluoromethane. It is also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11. Ot is a colourless, faint ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature. It belongs to class of compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that destroy atmospheric ozone. CFCs are also potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contribute to atmospheric warming. These CFCs had caused hole in atmospheric ozone layer.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ban:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> CFCs along with CFC-11 were outlawed for almost all uses by legally binding 1987 Montreal Protocol, an international pact aimed at preserving protective ozone layer that blocks ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Excessive amounts of some types of UV radiation can cause skin cancer and eye damage in people and are harmful to crops and other vegetation.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Impact of Ban:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Since the enforcement of Montreal Protocol, ozone hole is on the path to recovery. Besides, ban in CFC-11 has reduced its atmospheric concentration and made second-largest contribution to the decline in ozone hole since the 1990s.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Climate change affecting global food production: Study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to recently released research in ournal PLOS ONE, climate change is adversely affecting the production of key crops such as wheat and rice. The research was based on study conducted by scientists from University of Oxford in UK and the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. They had used weather and reported crop data to evaluate the potential impact of observed climate change.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Findings of the study</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The world's top 10 crops - barley, maize, cassava, oil palm, rice, sorghum, rapeseed, soybean, sugarcane and wheat -supply a combined 83</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">% of all calories produced on cropland. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Climate change has caused significant yield variation in world's top 10 crops, ranging from a decrease of 13.4</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">% for oil palm to increase of 3.5</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> for soybean, and resulting in an average reduction of about 1 of consumable food calories from these top 10 crops. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The impacts of climate change on global food production are mostly negative in Europe, Southern Africa, and Australia, positive in Latin America, and mixed in Asia and Northern and Central America. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About half of all food-insecure countries are experiencing decreases in crop production and also some affluent industrialised countries in Western Europe. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In contrast, recent climate change has increased the yields of certain crops in some areas of the upper Midwest United States.</span></span></span></span></li>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone to be largest in history',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists have claimed that this year’s oceanic ‘dead zone’ in the Gulf of Mexico will be one of the largest ever to be recorded in history. This oxygen-starved and virtually lifeless zone is expected to grow to over 8,000 sq. miles. Scientists predict it will severely harm to marine habitat, impacting fish harvests.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Dead zone</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is also called as Hypoxic zones. It is basically area in the ocean having low oxygen concentration, resulting in suffocation and death of marine animal life.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this area, oxygen concentration usually falls to such low levels that most marine life cannot survive. Hypoxic zone is reversible i.e. it can be eliminated if their causes are reduced or stopped.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Occurrence:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It can occur naturally. However, manmade activities causing nutrient pollution from sources such as agriculture and sewage also can lead to creation of dead zone.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rising sea temperatures</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It also exacerbates regional oxygen depletion (as for each degree of ocean warming, oxygen concentration goes down by 2</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%)</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">. It causes layers of ocean water to stratify so more oxygen-rich surface waters are less able to mix with oxygen-poor waters from the deeper ocean.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Gulf of Mexico dead Zone</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the world's second largest dead zone (world's largest dead zone is in the Baltic Sea.).. It forms in the Gulf of Mexico every spring. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Reasons:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Each spring as farmers fertilize their lands preparing for crop season, rain washes fertilizer off land and into streams and rivers. </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The mighty Mississippi River which drains into Gulf of Mexico is responsible for collecting and depositing tons of nutrients from agricultural and urban runoff from cities through its course in Gulf of Mexico.</span></span></span></span></li>
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(int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => 'Himalayan glaciers are melting twice as fast since 2000: study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists have found that Himalayan glaciers are melting occurring twice as fast since 2000 as average temperatures rose. It was based study ice loss in 650 glaciers based on data obtained by comparing Cold War-era spy satellites with images from modern stereo satellites. It was found that these glaciers have lost more than quarter of their ice mass since 1975.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In the 1970s, at the height of Cold War, US had deployed spy satellites that orbited globe and took thousands of photographs, using telescopic camera system for reconnaissance purposes. Scientists now are using those same images to show devastating impact of global warming on Himalayan glaciers. The overlapping images, each covering 30,000 square kilometres with ground resolution of six to nine metres, have been pieced together to form digital elevation models of Himalayas of that era. Using these images, scientists have analysed four decades of ice loss for 650 of largest glaciers across a 2,000 km transect across the Himalayas.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Findings</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The annual mass losses of these glaciers suggest that of total ice mass present in 1975, about 87</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">remained in 2000 and 72</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">remained in 2016.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Similar mass loss rates across subregions and doubling of the average rate of loss during 2000–2016 relative to 1975–2000 intervals.</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It asserts that rising temperatures are responsible for accelerating loss and is consistent with available multidecade weather station records scattered throughout HMA [High Mountain Asia, which includes all mountain ranges surrounding Tibetan Plateau].</span></span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">However, this rules out other causes for glacier changes, such as the deposition of soot on snow and ice and changing precipitation patterns.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Himalayan glaciers are melting twice as fast since 2000: Study',
'metakeyword' => 'Scientists have found that Himalayan glaciers are melting occurring twice as fast since 2000 as average temperatures rose',
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(int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 239,
'title' => 'Declining biodiversity threatens food supply: UN FAO Report',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in its first-of-its-kind report has warned that declining biodiversity may threaten future of the world’s food production and food supply. It has analysed data from 91 countries and found that loss of biodiversity for food and agriculture is seriously undermining ability to feed and nourish an ever-growing global population.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Highlights of report</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World's biodiversity is under severe threat due to pollution, badly managed land and water use, poor policies, over-harvesting and climate change.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Future of food supplies is under severe threat because of number of animal and plant species fast disappearing.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">People are depending on fewer species for food, leaving production systems susceptible to shocks such as pests or disease, droughts and other extreme weather events due to climate change.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Although about 6,000 plant species can be used for food, less than 200 varieties are widely eaten, and only 9 make up most of the world's total crop production.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Nearly 4,000 wild food species including insects, seagrass, crustaceans and fungi are in decline, with hardest hit regions being Asia, Africa and Latin America.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Climate change will become steadily bigger threat to biodiversity by 2050, adding to damage from pollution and forest clearance to make way for crops.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global food production must become more diverse and include species that are not widely eaten but could be better equipped to withstand hostile climates and disease.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Diversification can help fight malnutrition globally by bringing little-known but highly nutritious foods into mainstream (like fonio, a small grain that is well-suited to hot climates with unpredictable weather patterns).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Countries must double farm productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers by 2030 to eliminate hunger and ensure all people have access to food.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) </span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is specialised agency of United Nations (UN) that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in October 1945. It is headquartered in Rome, Italy. Its motto is “Let there be bread”.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UN Economic and Social Council (UNESC) is its parent organisation. It has 197 member states, including European Union (member organization).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It serves both developed and developing countries, thus, acts as neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate arguments and debate policy. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It helps developing countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'title' => '4th UN Environment Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The fourth session of United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) was recently in Nairobi, Kenya. The theme of UNEA-4 was “Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production’. President of UNEA-4 was Estonia.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UNEA-4 aimed at addressing</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Environmental challenges related to poverty and natural resources management, including food security, sustainable food systems and halting biodiversity loss.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Life-cycle approaches to energy, resource efficiency, chemicals and waste management.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Innovative sustainable business development at time of rapid technological change.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this assembly India had piloted two resolutions (i) Significantly reduce single-use plastic products by 2030 and (ii) Sustainable Nitrogen Management.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UN Environment Assembly</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the world’s highest-level decision-making body on environment. It addresses critical environmental challenges facing the world today.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is governing body of the UN Environment Programme (UN Environment) and successor of its Governing Council, which was composed of 58 member States. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in June 2012, when world leaders called for strengthen and upgrade UNEP during UN Conference on Sustainable Development (RIO+20).</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has universal membership with 193 member states. It meets biennially to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => '4th UN Environment Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya',
'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, 4th United Nations, Environment Assembly, UNEA-4, Nairobi, Kenya, theme, UNEA-4, Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production',
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(int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 1851,
'title' => 'Russian lands of permafrost and mammoths is now thawing',
'description' => '<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Context</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">: As the Arctic, including much of Siberia, <strong>warms at least twice as fast as rest of the world, the permafrost (permanently frozen ground) is thawing.</strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Oddities like the wolf’s head have been more frequently</strong> in al <strong>land already known for spitting out frozen woolly mammoths whole.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The thawing <strong>of the permafrost is reshaping this incredibly remote region</strong> sometimes called as the <strong>“Kingdom of Winter.”</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is one <strong>of the coldest inhabited places on earth.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Impact:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The loss of permafrost <strong>deforms the landscape itself, knocking down houses and barns.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The migration pattern of the animals,</strong> hunted for centuries, <strong>are shifting, and severe floods wreak havoc almost every spring.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indigenous people are more threatened than ever</strong>; residents joust constantly with nature in unpredictable way, leaving them feeling baffled, unsettled, helpless, depressed and irritated.</span></span></li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
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'id' => (int) 1853,
'title' => 'UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context: </strong>An agreement was signed on 7/08/2019 between the <strong>National Institute of Solar Energy </strong>(NISE) and the <strong>United Nations Industrial Development Organization </strong>(UNIDO) to <strong>initiate a skill development programme </strong>for different levels of beneficiaries <strong>in the solar thermal energy sector.</strong></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NISE and UNIDO will <strong>engage national and international experts </strong>to bring the best practices by developing specialized training material.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The agreement is part of the ongoing MNRE-GEF-UNIDO project </strong>implemented jointly by UNIDO and <strong>to support capacity building and skill development of technical manpower </strong>in the <strong>Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy Technologies (CST) </strong>which are being used to replace conventional fossil fuels e.g. coal, diesel, furnace oil etc. and <strong>save costs and emissions in the industrial process heat applications.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy',
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(int) 31 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 1856,
'title' => 'Climate change threat to food supply, says UN',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context: </strong>World’s <strong>land and water resources are being exploited at “unprecedented rates, </strong>which <strong>combined with climate change is putting dire pressure on the ability of humanity to feed it” </strong>warns the new IPCC report.</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the report: </strong>The report <strong>prepared by more than 100 experts from 52 </strong>countries and released in summary form in Geneva on Thursday (8/09/2019).</span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Findings: </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A <strong>half-billion people already live in places turning into desert</strong>, <strong>and soil is being lost between 10 and 100 times faster than it is forming.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Climate change will make those threats even worse</strong>, as floods, drought, storms and other types of <strong>extreme weather threaten to disrupt, and over time shrink, the global food supply. </strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Already, more than 10% of the world’s population remains undernourished</strong>, and some authors of the report warned in interviews that <strong>food shortages could lead to an increase in cross-border migration as food shortage would affect the poorer regions more.</strong></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the IPCC: </strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) <strong>is an intergovernmental body that was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological of the United Nations.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is dedicated to providing the world with an <strong>objective, scientific view of climate change, its natural, political and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.</strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IPCC is <strong>writing a series of climate reports</strong>, including <strong>one last year on the disastrous consequences if the planet’s temperature rises just 1.5 degrees Celsius above its pre-industrial levels, </strong>as well as an upcoming report on the state of the world’s oceans.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
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'id' => (int) 1937,
'title' => 'Iceland Commemorates 1st glacier lost to climate change',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Iceland has erected a bronze plate to officially mark the death of glacier <strong><em>Okjokull</em></strong>, the 1<sup>st</sup> glacier lost to climate change.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#404040">The glacier located in Iceland was officially declared dead in 2014 when it was no longer thick enough to move. What once was glacier has been reduced to a small patch of ice atop a volcano.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#404040">This has been gaining major attention due to current phenomenon of global warming. It is assumed that many more glaciers are on the way to extinction if drastic steps are not taken.</span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="color:#404040">Glaciers and climate change</span></span></span></strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#444444">Glaciers</span></span></strong> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#444444">around the world can range from ice that is several hundred to several thousand years old and provide a scientific record of how climate has changed over time. Studying them we gain valuable information about the extent to which the planet is rapidly warming. They provide scientists a record of how climate has changed over time.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#444444">Rapid <strong>glacial</strong> melt in Antarctica and Greenland also influences ocean currents, as massive amounts of very cold glacial-melt water entering warmer ocean waters is slowing ocean currents. And as ice on land melts, sea levels will continue to rise.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#444444">Many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting. Human activities are at the root of this phenomenon. Since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions have raised temperatures, even higher in the poles, and as a result, glaciers are rapidly melting, and retreating on land.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#444444">If emissions continue to rise, the current rate of melting on the Greenland ice sheet is expected to double by the end of the century. If all the ice on Greenland melted, it would raise global sea levels by 20 feet.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Iceland</span></span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Iceland</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">is a Nordic</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">island country</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">in the North Atlantic, with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km<sup>2</sup>, making it the most sparsely populated country</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">in Europe</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">and has a temperate climate, despite locating entirely outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly.</span></span> </span></span></li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Capital: Reykjavik</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Currency: Icelandic Krona</span></span></span></p>
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'title' => 'Union Home Minister Takes Part in Concluding Ceremony of ‘Mission Million Trees’ Campaign',
'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context:</strong> U<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#333333">nion Home Minister on 29/08/2019 participated in the concluding ceremony of “Mission Million trees” programme. </span></span></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the mission:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type:none"> </li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333">The Mission <strong>started on world environment day i.e. 5</strong></span><strong><sup><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="color:#333333">th</span></span></sup><span style="color:#333333"> June, 2019.</span></strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333">The mission was <span style="background-color:white">organized <strong>by Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation.</strong></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#333333">Home Minister also <strong>flagged off 8 AC electric buses </strong>in the city and <strong>also inaugurated a battery charging station.</strong> </span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights of the address of the minister:</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type:none"> </li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333">Speaking on the occasion the Union Home Minister <strong>gave a clarion call to the women to keep away from using plastics bags</strong> while purchasing groceries and vegetables. </span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333">Reminding the citizens of <strong>Paris climate</strong> <strong>accord </strong>the minister outlined the <strong>danger of ozone layer depletion because of CO</strong></span><strong><sub><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="color:#333333">2</span></span></sub><span style="color:#333333"> and CO emission world over.</span></strong></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#333333">Lauding the efforts of Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation the minister <strong>appreciated that Ahmadabad has taken a lead on electric Mobility with country made buses.</strong> </span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#333333">He also appealed to the civic authorities <strong>to keep prepared for technological needs such as establishment of efficient battery exchanging stations</strong> which should be time saving and energy efficient.</span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2110,
'title' => 'Air pollution and heart risk',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Household air pollution has emerged as one of the key causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and 12% of all CVDs in low-income countries are attributable to it, a new report in The Lancet has said.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The combined effects of ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution cause about 7 million premature deaths every year, largely as a result of increased mortality from stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At least 65% of homes in India use biomass fuel for cooking and heating. In urban areas, the use of mosquito coils, dhoop sticks and agarbattis contribute to high household air pollution.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Household air pollution is a greater risk factor for CVD in India than diabetes, tobacco use, low physical activity and poor diet.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An earlier report from a PURE study (Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2014) showed that Indians had the lowest lung function among the 21 countries studied.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The major focus has been ambient air pollution that is pollution rising from motor vehicles and industries.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Conclusion</span></strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is now time to wake up and realise that the pollution we generate in our house is also responsible for significant adverse effects.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If the household air pollution can be controlled, we can see significant decrease in mortality including due to cardiovascular disease in India.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2155,
'title' => 'Reverse desertification',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PM Modi has announced that India would raise its ambitious goal of the total area that would be restored from its land degradation status, from 21 million hectares to 26 million hectares between now and 2030.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) 2015 in Paris, India had joined the voluntary Bonn Challenge and pledged to bring into restoration 13 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by 2020, and an additional 8 million hectares by 2030. India’s pledge was one of the largest in Asia.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India faces a severe problem of land degradation, or soil becoming unfit for cultivation. About 29% or about 96.4 million hectares are considered degraded.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The decline in productive capacity of land is due to climatic factors and human intervention.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The intended target would be achieved with an emphasis on degraded agricultural, forest and other wastelands by adopting a landscape restoration approach.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This would also address water scarcity, enhance water recharge in forests, slow down water run-off and retain soil moisture.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Land Degradation</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.</span></span></p>
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(int) 36 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2177,
'title' => 'Differential global carbon tax',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Owing to high emisions by northern countries,a just approach would be global sharing of the responsibility among countries according to their respective shares in global emissions.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Climate change is a global problem, and a global problem needs a global solution. The most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report suggests that humankind might have just over a decade left to limit global warming.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change says total global emissions will need to fall by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> If these targets are not met, densely populated tropical regions of the world mainly concentrated in the global South, are likely to be most negatively affected because of their low altitudes and pre-existing high temperatures.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The global South, which has historically contributed less to the problem happens to be at the receiving end of the lifestyle choices made by the global North.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The burden of adjustment cannot be equal when the underlyin relationship between the two worlds has been historically unequal.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The most accepted model of mitigating strategy has been the carbon trading process. However, it has its own limitations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">How to reduce global emissions?</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Changing the energy infrastructure, which requires massive investments for the green energy programme across the world. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The countries on the top of the emission charts, apart from funding their own energy transition, should partially support the transition for the countries at the bottom by sharing of the burden of development.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For successful energy transition to greener renewable sources, countries have to spend around 1.5% of their GDP.The global energy transition should be financed through a system of the global carbon tax.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Differential Tax system</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a method of taxation where there is increase the tax burden for countries with high emissions while providing tax benefits for those with low emissions<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:#545454">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Due to continued global warming, the banana yield gains could slow down or even reverse in some countries leading to a drop in yield significantly by 2050.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Global warming in the last 60 years had helped increase banana yield at annual rate of 0.024 tonnes per hectare translating to an average increase of 1.37 tonnes per hectare in 27 countries since the 1960s.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But changing climatic conditions can have adversely impacted the growth of banana yield and reducing profits of countries such as India.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India, which is the world’s largest producer and consumer of banana, along with nine other countries such as Brazil will see a reduction in the yield.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the same time, certain other countries like Ecuador and Honduras, and many in Africa, will witness an overall increase in crop yield.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Decline in production due to climate change in the case of India can be mitigated by strong, technology-driven measures to increase the yield.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Study fails to consider agro-economic considerations such as cultivation infrastructure, access to market etc. Similarly, the extent of irrigation in use has not been accounted for in the analysis.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>India and Banana Production</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is the world’s number one producer of banana. Over 29% of the world’s banana production is in India. The average yield of banana in India is around 60 tonnes per hectare.</span></span></p>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2274,
'title' => 'Amazon company to be carbon neutral by 2040',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon.com Inc Chief Executive Officer Jeff Bezos committed the company to being carbon neutral by 2040 and said that part of the pledge is an order for 1,00,000 electric delivery vans.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cutting emissions is a challenging goal for Amazon, which delivers 10 billion items a year and has a massive transportation footprint. Amazon plans to meet the goals of the Paris climate accord 10 years ahead of schedule.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon will invest $100 million to restore forests and wetlands and said that company will take a “careful look” at political campaign contributions it makes that could be going to politicians that deny climate science.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon also announced a new program called Shipment Zero, with a plan to make 50% of all Amazon shipments net zero carbon by 2030.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Carbon Neutral</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon neutrality, or having a net zero carbon footprint, refers to achieving net zero carbon dioxide emissions by balancing carbon emissions with carbon removal or simply eliminating carbon emissions altogether.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As of March 2019, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, and 186 have become party to it.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to limit the increase to 1.5 °C.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 39 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2316,
'title' => 'Greta Thunberg and United Nations youth Climate Action Summit',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Climate change activist Greta Thunberg innaugrated the United Nations Climate Action Summit in the United Nations (UN) headquarter on September 23, 2019.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Millions of young people around the world had taken to the streets to demand emergency action on climate change in what could possibly be the largest climate protest in history, the Global Climate Strike.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Greta Thunberg is a Swedish environmental activist focused on the risks posed by climate change.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">when she was 15, Thunberg took time off school to demonstrate outside the Swedish parliament, holding up a sign calling for stronger climate action.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>United Nations Youth Climate Action Summit</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UN Youth Climate Summit is a platform for young leaders who are driving climate action to showcase their solutions at the United Nations, and to meaningfully engage with decision-makers on the defining issue of our time.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Youth Climate Summit will feature programms that brings together young activists, innovators, entrepreneurs, and change-makers who are committed to combating climate change at the pace and scale needed to meet the challenge.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Current status</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The climate impacts such as extreme weather, thawing permafrost and sea-level rise are unfolding much faster than expected.Scientists say the urgency of the crisis has intensified since the Paris accord was agreed.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The agreement will enter a crucial implementation phase next year after another round of negotiations in Chile in December.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pledges made so far under the agreement are nowhere near enough to avert catastrophic warming, after last year’s carbon emissions hit a record high.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2318,
'title' => 'PM Modi at UN General assembly meet',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PM Modi is in New York to participate in the 74th Session of the UN General Assembly where he has addressed the assembly.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 74th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 74) will open on 17 September 2019. Many world leaders including PM Modi are expected to address the assembly and highlight their plans for tackling climate change.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights of speech</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that the world was not doing enough to tackle the climate crisis, calling for "global behavioural<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">”</span> change.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The PM also said that India is launching a coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure and all world leaders are invited for this coalition.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He spoke about the importance of using renewable sources of energy instead of non-renewable resources.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PM Modi highhlighted Indian government’s agenda of clean energy cooking fuel for all and also piped drinking water for all under <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">‘</span>Jal Jeevan Mission<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">’</span>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mr. Modi also said India plans to increase the proportion of the biofuel blend in petrol and diesel.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He also said India had plans to make the transport sector green through the use of electrical vehicles.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The PM also mentioned about his plans of banning single use plastic completely in the future.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He stressed the need for comprehensive approach which covers everything from education to values, and from lifestyle to developmental philosophy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>UNGA</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making, and representative organ of the UN.</span></span></p>
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(int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2327,
'title' => 'Russia joins Paris climate agreement',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Russia has said it would implement the 2015 Paris Agreement to fight climate change after Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev approved a government resolution that signifies Moscow’s final acceptance of the deal.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Russia is the world’s fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases and the biggest emitter not to have ratified the landmark global climate deal. Russia said it did not need to ratify the agreement because it had already undertaken to honour its commitments when it signed the deal in April 2016.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The resolution said that Russia would not technically ratify the accord due to a legal nuance and said Moscow would adapt the accord to existing legal norms and it was unclear if there were any legal implications of failing to technically ratify the pact.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Russian government is currently reviewing a law to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, along with two national plans for low-carbon development and adaptation.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The country’s announcement means that there are now eleven countries yet to formally ratify the Agreement. These are Angola, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, South Sudan, Suriname, and Yemen.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Highlights</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The agreement requires all countries to submit updated plans that would increase the stringency of regulating emissions by 2020.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deal requires countries to monitor, verify and report their greenhouse gas emissions using the same global system.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Calls on nations to establish a new collective quantified goal of at least $100 billion a year in climate-related financing by 2020<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Georgia","serif""><span style="color:#333333">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2339,
'title' => 'IPCC report',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The<strong> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change </strong>(IPCC) , the apex referee for scientific evidence on the impact of global warming made public a special report that underlined the dire changes taking place in oceans, glaciers and ice-deposits on land and sea.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details of report</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the 21st century, the ocean is projected to transition to unprecedented conditions with increased temperatures, further ocean acidification, marine heatwaves and more frequent extreme El Niño and La Niña events.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report updates scientific literature available since 2015, when the IPCC released its comprehensive 5th Assessment Report which summarises the disastrous impacts of warming based on current projections of global greenhouse gas emissions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The global ocean has warmed unabated since 1970 and has taken up more than 90% of the excess heat in the climate system (high confidence). Since 1993, the rate of ocean warming has more than doubled. Marine heatwaves have very likely doubled in frequency since 1982 and are increasing in intensity.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Southern Ocean accounted for 35%–43% of the total heat gain in the upper 2,000 m global ocean between 1970 and 2017, and its share increased to 45%–62% between 2005 and 2011.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1.5°C report was a key input used in negotiations at Katowice, Poland last year for countries to commit themselves to capping global temperature rise to 1.5°C by the end of the century.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A major impact is on the Hindu Kush Himalayan Regions, where floods will become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, because of an increase in extreme precipitation events.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The severity of flood events is expected to more than double towards the end of the century and create destruction.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>IPCC</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations, dedicated to providing the world with an objective, scientific view of climate change, its natural, political and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.</span></span></p>
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(int) 43 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2412,
'title' => 'Humans pollute more than volcanoes',
'description' => '<p><strong>Issue</strong></p>
<p>Human activity gives out up to 100 times more planet-warming carbon each year as all the volcanoes on Earth, a study has found out.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<p>The Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO), an international team of scientists, released a series of papers outlining how carbon is stored, emitted and reabsorbed by natural and manmade processes.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Details</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>It was found that manmade carbon dioxide emissions exceed the contribution of volcanoes, which gives out gas and are often considered as a major climate change contributor to current warming rates.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It was also observed that modern manmade emissions were the “same magnitude” as past carbon shocks that precipitated mass extinction.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Manmade emissions in 2018 alone topped 37 gigatonnes, whereas the CO2 released annually by volcanoes hovers around 0.3 and 0.4 gigatonnes which his roughly 100 times less than manmade emissions.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Sources of greenhouse gases</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Transportation</strong>: The transportation sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Electricity production</strong> : Electricity production generates the second largest share of greenhouse gas emissions.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Industry</strong> : Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Agriculture</strong>: Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture come from livestock such as cows, agricultural soils, and rice production.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Commercial and Residential</strong>: Greenhouse gas emissions from businesses and homes arise primarily from fossil fuels.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2414,
'title' => 'Ice berg breaks off near Antarctica',
'description' => '<p><strong>Issue</strong></p>
<p>The iceberg, named D28, broke away from the Amery ice shelf, according to observations from European and American satellites.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Background</strong></p>
<p>Iceberg production and destruction is part of the cycle of ice shelves, which are an extension of the ice cap. Scientists have said that the event is part of a normal cycle and is not related to climate change.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Details</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Antarctica is the world’s fifth largest continent, and it is, on average, the highest and coldest continent.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Iceberg production in Antarctica is part of the normal cycle of ice shelves, which are an extension of the ice cap.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Importance of ice shelves</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Glaciers store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Glaciers are important indicators of global warming and climate change.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>They keep the temperature of the earth under control through cooling action.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Implications of ice melting</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>If all land ice melted, sea level would rise approximately 70 meters (230 feet) worldwide.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The glaciers are great reflector of solar radiation. They ensure that most of the sun rays are reflected back. Their reduction will result in more solar radiation and subsequent warming.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The polar ice contain large amount of carbon trapped underneath them. Their melting will emit the carbon back to the atmosphere.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The ancient polar ice has trapped some of the ancient microbes which are different from current pathogens. Their melting will release these pathogens back into the atmosphere and it can result in epidemics.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2473,
'title' => 'India to work with China and Pakistan to study climate change',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To gauge the impact of climate change<strong> </strong>on the Hindu Kush mountains and spruce up data-gathering, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) will collaborate with meteorological agencies in China and Pakistan, to provide climate forecast services to countries in the region.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change last month highlighted the threat to the HKH region from global warming.<strong> </strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Floods would become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, because of an increase in extreme precipitation events.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region is considered the Third Pole and has significant implications for climate. However, data-gathering here is sparse.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Alongside forecasting weather over long periods, the regional centres would provide data services, training and capacity-building, research and development.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The HKH region spans Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It traverses about 5 million square kilometres and hosts a large and culturally diverse population.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Third pole</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The region that encompasses the Himalaya-Hindu Kush mountain range and the Tibetan Plateau is widely known as the Third Pole because its ice fields contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the Polar Regions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> This region is the source of the 10 major river systems that provide irrigation, power and drinking water for over 1.3 billion people in Asia – nearly 20% of the world’s population.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Third Pole contains vast cryospheric zones, is also the world’s largest store of snow and ice outside the polar region.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hindu Kush Mountains</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu Kush is an 800-kilometre-long mountain range that stretches through Afghanistan, from its centre to northern Pakistan and into Tajikistan and China.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu Kush range has also been the passageway during the invasions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and continues to be important during modern-era warfare in Afghanistan.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2604,
'title' => 'Bio bricks',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, and KIIT School of Architecture, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), have developed bio-bricks from agricultural waste.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About 22% of India’s total annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions is by the construction sector. Clay bricks, not only use up fertile top soil, but their manufacturing process also emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process of making bio-bricks starts with careful selection of the dry agro-waste like paddy straws, wheat straws, sugarcane bagasse and cotton plant. It ends with a compressed end product that is hard enough to be used as a construction material.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bio-bricks are not only sustainable when compared to clay bricks, but are carbon sinks as they fix more carbon dioxide than they produce during their life cycle.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Re-purposing of agricultural waste is particularly important in India. More than 500 million tonnes of agricultural waste is produced in the country every year, which is not utilized appropriately.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While some of this is reused as fodder,most are burnt, which results in severe air pollution.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bricks provide good insulation to heat and sound and help in maintaining humidity of the buildings, making these houses suitable for hot-humid climate like India.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These bio-bricks are not as strong as burnt clay bricks and cannot be used directly to build load-bearing structures.</span></span></p>
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(int) 47 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2607,
'title' => 'Green crackers',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With less than a week left for Diwali, there is no clarity on the types of firecrackers that individuals and families conscious of reducing their pollution footprint should buy.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In October 2018, the Supreme Court had ruled that only “green firecrackers” having low emission and permissible sound limits were to be sold and used.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> It had also fixed a timeslot for fireworks, between 8 pm and 10 pm on Diwali, and between 11.45 pm and 12.30 am on Christmas Eve and New Year.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Union Ministry of Science and Technology had launched environment-friendly firecrackers developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) laboratories.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CSIR-NEERI developed new formulations for reduced emission light and sound emitting crackers (SWAS, SAFAL, STAR) with 30% reduction in particulate matter using Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) as oxidant.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The green firecrackers are supposed to have a changed composition of chemicals, and emit 30% less particulate matter when burned as compared to traditional firecrackers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Particulate matter</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Particulate matter is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> These include PM10, which are particles with a diameter equal to or less than 10 micrometres, and PM2.5 that are of diameter equal to or less than 2.5 micrometres.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Numerous studies have linked particulate pollution exposure to many health problems, including premature death in people with heart or lung diseases.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They can also settle on ground or water and, depending upon their chemical composition, may have an adverse impact on them.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Green crackers</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These crackers have been named as safe water releaser (SWAS), safe minimal aluminium (SAFAL) and safe thermite cracker (STAR).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has unique property of releasing water vapour and /or air as dust suppressant and diluent for gaseous emissions and matching performance in sound with conventional crackers.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>SWAS</strong> crackers eliminates usage of (KNO3) Potassium nitrate and Sulphurwith consequent reduction in particulate matter (30-35%) SO2 and Nox.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>STAR</strong> eliminates usage of KNO3 and S with consequent reduction in particulate matter (35-40%), SO2 and NOx.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>SAFAL</strong> has minimal usage of aluminium (only in flash powder for initiation)with consequent significant reduction in particulate matter(35-40 %) compared to commercial crackers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 48 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2633,
'title' => 'El Niño',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a new study, researchers have found that because of climate change, extreme El Niño events are likely to become more frequent.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The El Niño is a widely discussed phenomenon, particularly in India where it can impact the southwest monsoon. In fact, El Niño events cause serious shifts in weather patterns across the globe.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>El Niño</strong></span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">El Niño is a climate phenomenon that takes place over the equatorial Pacific. It is one phase of an alternating cycle known as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When there is a warming of the sea surface temperature in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Ocean, it is known as El Niño. When the opposite cooling phase takes place, it is known as La Niña.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ENSO can cause extreme weather events in many regions of the world, and therefore has very important implications for seasonal climate predictions, including the monsoon in India. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While El Niño causes warmer temperatures over the equatorial Pacific, these are known to <strong>suppress monsoon rainfall.</strong></span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>La Niña</strong></span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">La Niña episodes represent periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific. Global climate La Niña impacts tend to be opposite those of El Niño impacts. </span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the tropics, ocean temperature variations in La Niña also tend to be opposite those of El Niño.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During a La Niña year, winter temperatures are warmer than normal in the Southeast and cooler than normal in the Northwest.</span></span></p>
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<p style="margin-right:0in"><strong>Diagram</strong><br />
<span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="el nino.jpg" 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style="float:left; height:264px; width:593px" /></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
',
'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {},
'posturl' => 'el-nino',
'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ca63/1621ik48nwc2nyq6g.jpg',
'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ca63/1621ik48nwc2nyq6g.jpg',
'metatitle' => 'El Niño | southwest monsoon | El Niño Southern Oscillation',
'metakeyword' => 'El Niño, southwest monsoon, El Niño Southern Oscillation',
'metadescription' => 'In a new study, researchers have found that because of climate change, extreme El Niño events are likely to become more frequent.',
'author' => null,
'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/iaj92kdkxio2fed/El_Ni_o.pdf/file',
'[new]' => false,
'[accessible]' => [
[maximum depth reached]
],
'[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]],
'[repository]' => 'currentaffairs'
},
(int) 49 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2698,
'title' => 'Economic slowdown can reduce India’s carbon burden',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study has found out that Carbon dioxide emissions are poised to grow at their slowest since 2001 due to a slower growth in coal-based power generation.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and the emissions of other GHGs, are often associated with the burning of fossil fuels, like natural gas, crude oil and coal.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A report by the International Energy Emissions Agency had said that India’s per capita emissions were about 40% of the global average and contributed 7% to the global carbon dioxide burden.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has promised to reduce the emission intensity of its economy by 2030, compared to 2005 levels under UNFC climate change agreement.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also committed to having 40% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rise in C0<sub>2</sub> emissions from India sees wild swings from 7.7% in 2014 to 3.5% the next year and then back to 7.8% in 2018.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the first time that emissions are expected to grow below 3% from the previous year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The analysis was restricted to August but the remaining months were unlikely to change the year’s trend as coal generation trends are unlikely to change given the lack of demand and the contribution of renewables.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The combined total of coal sales from state-owned mines to consumers outside the power sector and imports of coking coal and coke fell 14% in 2017 and rose 15% in 2018. But it increased by just 3% in the first eight months of 2019.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Wind generation rose by 17% in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period a year earlier, with solar up 30% and hydro increasing by 22%.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Carbon footprint</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.</span></span></p>
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(int) 50 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2734,
'title' => 'India’s efforts towards mitigating climate change',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2015 several nations across the globe met in Paris, and 197 signatory countries have promised to own up and to limit the increase to no more than 1.5 degrees over the pre- industrial levels by 2030. India is one of them.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Globe has warmed by about 2 degrees because of the carbon-rich fossil fuel-burning which started during the Industrial Revolution of the 1750s till today.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Challenges faced by India</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has promised to cut its emission intensity by 33-35% by the year 2030, as compared to 2015 levels.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">First challenge: Most of India's emissions come from energy (largely coal-based) production (68%), industry (20%), agriculture, food and land use (10%).</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It becomes vital that we use other means of energy, produced by, for instance, hydroelectric power, windmills, solar power, nuclear power and others. India hopes to produce 40% of its energy from such non-coal sources.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, agriculture, land use and water resources, these too contribute to climate change through minimum support price, subsidies, free 24-hour electric power supply, and water-intensive crops.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">We need to restrict these and take to proven methods, and work on innovative ones. Some of these are drip irrigation (as Israel has done), aerobic cultivation (developing plant varieties whose roots penetrate deep into the soil), better and more nutritious grains.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The practice of Stubble burning must stop. Measures needs to be taken to find alternate methods to replace stubble burning.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third is to bring down atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels through natural means. Forestation and planting of local varieties of trees must increase.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Local trees absorb water and send it down to earth. India has plans to create additional ‘carbon sinks’ through forestation and tree plantation, so as to bring down 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects of climate change</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Warmer climate, caused due to global warming can give rise to water-borne diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, as well as malaria, dengue and chikungunya in geographical spread across hilly, cold as well as warm deserts and sea coasts.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Rising sea surface temperatures increase tropical cyclones and storm surges, leading to polluted water, insanitary conditions, population displacement, toxic exposures, hunger and malnutrition across the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea coast.</span></span></p>
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(int) 51 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2778,
'title' => 'Climate change damaging health of children',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to a report in <em>Lancet</em>, climate change is already damaging the health of the world’s children and is set to shape the well-being of an entire generation, unless the world meets the target to limit warming to well below 2?C.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lancet Countdown on Health<strong> </strong>and Climate Change’ is a comprehensive yearly analysis tracking progress across 41 key indicators, demonstrating what action to meet Paris Agreement targets means for human health.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report notes that as temperatures rise, infants will bear the greatest burden of malnutrition and rising food prices.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Average yield potential of maize and rice has declined almost 2% in India since the 1960s, with malnutrition already responsible for two-thirds of under-5 deaths.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">children will suffer most from the rise in infectious diseases , with climatic suitability for the Vibrio bacteria that cause cholera rising 3% a year in India since the early 1980s.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Government of India has launched many initiatives and programmes to address a variety of diseases and risk factors. But this report shows that the public health gains achieved over the past 50 years could soon be reversed by the changing climate.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the world to meet its UN climate goals and protect the health of the next generation, the energy landscape will have to change drastically, says the study.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report says that if the world follows the current trend, with high carbon emissions and <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/994-993/climate-change/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank">climate change<strong> </strong></a>continuing at the current rate, a child born today will face a world on average over 4?C warmer by their 71st birthday, threatening their health at every stage of their lives.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Children are particularly vulnerable to the health risks of a changing climate. Their bodies and immune systems are still developing, leaving them more susceptible to disease and environmental pollutants.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The damage done in early childhood is persistent and pervasive, with health consequences lasting for a lifetime.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is joining the global shift towards renewable energy, but it still overwhelmingly relies on coal for electricity, with an 11% increase in its energy from burning coal in 2016-2018, compared to less than a 1.5% rise in China.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To dramatically reduce emissions by 2050, and to meet multiple Sustainable Development Goals, India must transition away from coal and towards renewable energy. It will also need to enhance public transport, increase use of cleaner fuels.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 52 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2789,
'title' => 'EU bank to stop funding fossil fuel projects',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The European Union's investment arm, EIB has said it will stop funding fossil fuel projects from 2022 as part of a new strategy aimed at fighting climate change.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>European Investment Bank</strong>, the world's largest multilateral lender, had been criticised by climate groups for funding gas projects that potentially threatened the EU's commitment to the Paris climate goals.</span></span><br />
</p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ban on funding comes into effect a year later than originally proposed after lobbying by European Union member states.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The EIB's decision was expected, coming after EU finance ministers last week unanimously backed the phasing out of funding of gas, oil and coal projects to help combat climate change.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The EIB said the new energy plan would also "unlock" one trillion Euros (USD 1.1 trillion) of climate action and environmentally sustainable investment over the next decade.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But three countries, Poland, Romania and Hungary voted against, wanting more flexibility for gas funding, as did Estonia, Lithuania, Cyprus and Malta, which abstained.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Austria and Luxembourg also abstained, objecting to nuclear power being eligible for funding under the new policy.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>European Investment Bank</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The European Investment Bank is the European Union's non-profit long-term lending institution established in <strong>1958</strong> under the <strong>Treaty of Rome</strong>.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The EIB is a publicly owned international financial institution and its shareholders are the EU member states. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The member states set the bank's broad policy goals and oversee the two independent decision-making bodies, the board of governors and the board of directors. It is the world's largest international public lending institution.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 53 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2831,
'title' => 'Arctic ocean will be partly ice free by 2044',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Human-caused climate change will be making the Arctic Ocean functionally ice-free for part of each year starting sometime between 2044 and 2067, according to a study.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers had noted that as long as humans have been on Earth, the planet has had a large cap of sea ice at the Arctic Circle that expands each winter and contracts each summer. They assume this will be changing soon.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Satellite observations show that since 1979, the amount of sea ice in the Arctic in September, the month when there is the least sea ice, before water starts freezing again has declined by 13% per decade.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have been attempting to predict the future of Arctic sea ice for several decades, relying on an array of global climate models that simulate how the climate system will react to all of the carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But the prediction models have failed to create a global consensus on the onset of sea ice melting.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the current generation of models, some show ice-free Septembers as early as 2026, while others suggest the phenomenon will begin as late as 2132.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One reason predictions about sea ice loss diverge so much is that they differ in how they consider a process called sea ice albedo feedback.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process occurs when a patch of sea ice completely melts, uncovering a seawater surface that is darker and absorbs more sunlight than ice would have.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">That change in the surface’s reflectivity of sunlight, or albedo, causes greater local warming, which in turn leads to further ice melt, the researchers said.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cycle increases the rate of warming , one of the reason the Arctic is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the Arctic ice is lost, more waters are used for commercial shipping and oil and gas exploration, which presents economic opportunity for some nations.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Benefits of sea ice</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arctic sea ice is a key component of the earth system because of its highly reflective nature, which keeps the global climate relatively cool.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea ice is critical to the Arctic ecosystem, and to the fishing industry and indigenous peoples who depend on that ecosystem.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Arctic ocean will be partly ice free by 2044 19 Nov Daily Current affairs" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b310/ipjfq2pra9lrzj76g.jpg" style="height:235px; width:325px" /></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
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'title' => 'Rise in sea Levels near Indian coast in last 50 years',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea level along the Indian coast has risen by 8.5 cm in the last five decades, Union Minister Babul Supriyo said in the Rajya Sabha.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recently, a report of the UN’s Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had warned that global sea levels are set to rise by at least 1m by 2100 if carbon emissions go unchecked, submerging hundreds of cities, including Mumbai and Kolkata, and in some cases entire countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Satellite altimetry and model simulations showed that the North Indian Ocean (NIO) also exhibits decadal variability in terms of sea level rise.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the last decade (2003-2013) it experienced sea level rise at a rate of 6.1 mm/year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rising sea levels can enhance the coastal inundation along the low lying areas during extreme events such as tsunami, storm surge, coastal flooding and coastal erosion.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The coastal areas that might get inundated due to the rising sea level have to be evaluated based on their elevation above mean sea level.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since no long term data on land subsidence or emergence are available for these locations, the rate of increase of sea level due to climate change cannot be attributed with certainty.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for sea level rising</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two major causes of global sea level rise are thermal expansion caused by warming of the ocean (since water expands as it warms) and increased melting of land-based ice, such as glaciers and ice sheets.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average due to local factors such as land subsidence from natural processes and withdrawal of groundwater and fossil fuels, changes in regional ocean currents, and whether the land is still rebounding from the compressive weight of Ice Age glaciers.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects of Sea level rise</strong></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Rising seas threaten infrastructure necessary for local jobs and regional industries. Roads, bridges, subways, water supplies, oil and gas wells, power plants, sewage treatment plants, landfills are at risk from sea level rise.</span></span></p>
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(int) 55 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2919,
'title' => 'Reports indicate losing battle against climate change',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recent news on the global fight against climate change has been consistently disappointing, as the leaders of the world’s nations assemble in Madrid for the 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25).</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The last few reports had suggested that world climate is not improving soon which may lead to problems sooner than expected. The details of various reports give idea about the extent of damage.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Emmissions Gap Report</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) flagship Emissions Gap Report, said in its executive summary that the summary findings are bleak. Countries collectively failed to stop the growth in global GHG emissions, meaning that deeper and faster cuts are now required.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite scientific warnings and political commitments, GHG emissions continue to rise, including by China and the United States. GHG emissions have risen at a rate of 1.5 per cent per year in the last decade, stabilizing only briefly between 2014 and 2016.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although the number of countries announcing net zero GHG emission targets for 2050 is increasing, only a few countries have so far formally submitted long-term strategies to the UNFCCC.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dramatic strengthening of the NDCs is needed in 2020. Countries must increase their NDC ambitions threefold to achieve the well below 2°C goal and more than fivefold to achieve the 1.5°C goal.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The World Meteorological Organisation Report</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WMO, a specialized agency of the United Nations mandated to cover weather, climate, and water resources, reported that the emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, all major greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere since the middle of the 18th century.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Production Gap Report</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Production Gap said that governments are planning to produce about 50% more fossil fuels by 2030 than would be consistent with limiting warming to 2°C and 120% more than would be consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The production gap is the largest for coal, and by 2030, countries plan to produce 150% (5.2 billion tonnes) more coal than would be consistent with a 2°C pathway, and 280% (6.4 billion tonnes) more than would be consistent with a 1.5°C pathway.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oil and gas are also on track to exceed carbon budgets as countries continue to invest in fossil fuel infrastructure that “locks in” oil and gas use.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 56 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 2976,
'title' => 'Hottest decade in history',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The past decade is almost certain to be the hottest on record, weather experts warned, based on a report launched at climate summit in Spain.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An annual assessment of the Earth’s climate by the Geneva-based World Meteorological Organization (WMO) underscored the stakes at the talks aimed at fulfilling the 2015 Paris Agreement to avert catastrophic global warming.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Heatwaves and floods which used to be ‘once-in-a-century’ events are becoming more regular occurrences.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Countries ranging from the Bahamas to Japan to Mozambique suffered the effect of devastating tropical cyclones. Wildfires swept through the Arctic and Australia.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights</strong></span></span></p>
<ul style="margin-left:40px">
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Average temperatures for the five-year (2015-2019) and 10-year (2010-2019) periods are almost certain to be the highest on record.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2019 is on course to be the second or third-warmest year on record.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea water is 26% more acidic than at the start of the industrial era, degrading marine ecosystems.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arctic sea-ice neared record lows in September and October, and Antarctica also saw record low ice several times this year.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Climate change<strong> </strong>is a key driver of a recent rise in global hunger after a decade of steady declines, with more than 820 million people suffering from hunger in 2018.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Weather disasters displaced millions of people this year and affected rainfall patterns from India to northern Russia and the central United States, and many other regions.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report also noted that surges in sea temperatures known as “marine heatwaves” which devastate underwater life had become more common.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report said the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere hit a record level of 407.8 parts per million in 2018 and continued to rise in 2019.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reports from climate science in the past year has fuelled environmental activism, prompted some companies to commit to slashing emissions and raised concerns among investors about the stability of asset prices.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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(int) 57 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 3007,
'title' => 'Carbon market',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Disagreements over setting up a new carbon market has been observed during Climate Conference that is being held in Madrid.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon markets, which allow for buying and selling of carbon emissions with the objective of reducing global emissions, is an unfinished agenda from last year’s meeting in Katowice, Poland.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under the Paris Agreement, every country has to take action to fight climate change. These actions need not necessarily be in the form of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which can constrain economic growth.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has said it would reduce its emissions per unit of GDP. Only the developed countries have included absolute emission cuts in their action plans.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since India does not need to make absolute reductions, there is no incentive to make upgradation in technology that can reduce carbon emission.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is to deal with situations like these that the carbon market mechanism is conceived. Markets can potentially deliver emissions reductions over and above what countries are doing on their own.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For Example, if a developed country is unable to meet its reduction target, it can provide money or technology to a brick kiln in India, and then claim the reduction of emission as its own. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Alternatively, the kiln can make the investment, and then offer on sale the emission reduction, called <strong>carbon credits</strong>. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another party, struggling to meet its own targets, can buy these credits and show these as their own.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon markets also existed under the Kyoto Protocol, which is being replaced by the Paris Agreement next year. The market mechanisms being proposed under the Paris Agreement are conceptually not very different, but are supposed to have more effective checks and balances, and monitoring and verification processes.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main tussle is over two or three broad issues, what happens to carbon credits earned in the Kyoto regime but not yet sold, what constitutes double-counting, and transparency mechanisms to be put in place.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Developing countries have several million unsold CERs (certified emission reductions), each referring to one tonne of carbon dioxide-equivalent emission reduced, from the Kyoto regime. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under the Kyoto Protocol, only developed countries had the obligation to reduce emissions. In the initial phase, some of these were interested in buying CERs from projects in India or China, which were not obliged to make reductions.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the demand for CERs crashed, countries like India were left with projects generating CERs with no one to buy them.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The second issue is that of double counting, or corresponding adjustment. It is important to ensure that in this process, credits are not counted at more than one place; whoever sells carbon credits should not simultaneously count these as emissions it has reduced.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The developing countries argue that the country that reduced emissions should be able to show it even after selling the credits, and that adjustments should be made only for subsequent transfers, if any.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of carbon markets</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon markets are not essential to the implementation of Paris Agreement. But with the world doing far less than what is required to prevent catastrophic impacts of climate change, the markets can be an important tool to close the action gap.</span></span></p>
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(int) 58 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) {
'tag' => 'Climate Change',
'keyword' => 'climate-change',
'id' => (int) 3044,
'title' => 'Rising sea levels threatening Mumbai',
'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The journal Nature had published an important paper identifying the dangers climate change poses specifically to Mumbai and other coastal cities.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research indicates that anthropogenic climate change will inundate significant sections of Mumbai by 2050. Unless the city takes significant action in the next three decades, the sea will reclaim much of the landfill that the city has been built on.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Together with Guangzhou, Jakarta, Miami, and Manila, Mumbai now regularly appears on a list of cities endangered by climate change. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the cyclones battering coastlines near Mumbai and unseasonal, heavy rains indicate, climate change is not some event in the distant future.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recent studies, published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that its effects are more intensive than earlier models predicted.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea levels are rising significantly faster than were previously estimated. The Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate indicates that sea levels are significantly higher than were originally anticipated, and as such will have significant impacts on cities like Mumbai.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IPCC report warns Mumbai’s planners and administrators and states that in the absence of adaptation, more intense and frequent extreme sea level events, together with trends in coastal development will increase expected annual flood damages.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rate of sea level rise has more than doubled in India in just over a decade in line with global rates. Research has shown that sea level rise has increased to 3.2 mm/year in the period 1993-2012.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way ahead</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mumbai is in the midst of a climate emergency. This emergency requires city administrators to rethink how Mumbai may be remade in and with rising waters.</span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These unprecedented times demand new imaginaries, designs, plans, and infrastructures and not old techniques which have failed big time.</span></span></p>
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'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The journal Nature had published an important paper identifying the dangers climate change poses specifically to Mumbai and other coastal cities.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research indicates that anthropogenic climate change will inundate significant sections of Mumbai by 2050. Unless the city takes significant action in the next three decades, the sea will reclaim much of the landfill that the city has been built on.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"> </p>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Together with Guangzhou, Jakarta, Miami, and Manila, Mumbai now regularly appears on a list of cities endangered by climate change. </span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the cyclones battering coastlines near Mumbai and unseasonal, heavy rains indicate, climate change is not some event in the distant future.</span></span></p>
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<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recent studies, published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that its effects are more intensive than earlier models predicted.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea levels are rising significantly faster than were previously estimated. The Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate indicates that sea levels are significantly higher than were originally anticipated, and as such will have significant impacts on cities like Mumbai.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IPCC report warns Mumbai’s planners and administrators and states that in the absence of adaptation, more intense and frequent extreme sea level events, together with trends in coastal development will increase expected annual flood damages.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rate of sea level rise has more than doubled in India in just over a decade in line with global rates. Research has shown that sea level rise has increased to 3.2 mm/year in the period 1993-2012.</span></span></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way ahead</strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mumbai is in the midst of a climate emergency. This emergency requires city administrators to rethink how Mumbai may be remade in and with rising waters.</span></span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These unprecedented times demand new imaginaries, designs, plans, and infrastructures and not old techniques which have failed big time.</span></span></p>
</li>
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glaciers will melt by 2100: Study', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Scientists in new study titled <strong>Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment</strong> have warned that two-thirds of Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) glaciers could melt by 2100 if global emissions are not reduced. It was released by Kathmandu-based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). </span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>HKH Assessment</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It provides insights into changes affecting one of greatest mountain systems in the world.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It calls for greater recognition of protection mountain areas and HKH region in global efforts to fight climate change.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It has been styled after Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports and over 350 researchers, practitioners, experts, and policy-makers were involved in drafting it.</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) range </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">HKH covers 3500 kms across eight countries – <em>Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan</em>.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is referred to as planet’s “third pole” as it harbours more ice than anywhere outside Arctic and Antarctica.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It is source of ten major river basins including Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus in India that flow to India, Pakistan, China, Nepal and others, and thus of critical importance. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These glaciers are critical water source for some 250 million people in mountains as well as to 1.65 billion others in the river valleys below across Asia.</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0cm; margin-right:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><strong>Key Findings of HKH Assessment</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Even if efforts are made to limit global warming to 1.5 degree C by end of 2100 (ambitious goal set by the Paris Agreement to limit global warming), HKH will warm by around 1.8 degree C.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">HKH will warm more than global mean and more rapidly at higher elevations. The warming will at least be 0.7 degree C higher in northwest Himalaya and Karakoram region</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">It will lead to melting of one-third of region’s glaciers, potentially “destabilizing” Asia’s rivers. Tibetan Plateau, Central Himalayan Range and Karakoram will warm more than HKH average.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Global warming will also transform frigid, glacier-covered mountain peaks of HKH cutting across eight countries to bare rocks in a little less than a century.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">The warming rate in HKH over last 50 years has been 0.2 degree C per decade. Extreme indices in region have also changed over this period: occurrences of extreme cold days and nights have declined.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Occurrences of extreme warm days and nights have also increased. Warm nights have increased throughout region, and extreme absolute temperature indices have changed significantly.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Extremes in precipitation are increasing in HKH region and number of intense precipitation days and intensity of extreme precipitation have increased overall in the last five decades. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">If these trends persist frequency and magnitude of water-induced hazards in region will increase in t future. </span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Pre-monsoon flows are expected to decline, with implications for irrigation, ecosystem services and hydropower.</span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">HKH is also sensitive to air pollutants originating within and near it as they will amplify effects of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and accelerate melting of cryosphere through deposition of black carbon and dust, and changing monsoon circulation and rainfall distribution over Asia. </span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'two-thirds-of-hindu-kush-himalayan-glaciers', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6469/pmbayqjnaznedmf6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/6469/pmbayqjnaznedmf6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Two-thirds of Hindu Kush Himalayan glaciers will melt by 2100', 'metakeyword' => '', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists in new study titled Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment have warned that two-thirds of Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) glaciers could melt by 2100', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/1a1yz7wl7u05ny0/3.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 1 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 66, 'title' => 'Climate change may make species infertile: Study', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to recent Study, rising temperatures due to climate change could drive some species to become sterile (infertile). It will be serious issue for many organisms and certain groups are thought to be most vulnerable to climate-induced fertility loss are cold-blooded animals and aquatic species. Based on this, researchers are trying to predict places where species will be lost, so that suitable reserves could be built for their relocation.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This study was carried out in collaboration with scientists from University of Leeds (UK), University of Melbourne (Australia) and Stockholm University and was funded by UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Key Findings of Study</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Organisms will lose fertility at lower temperatures than their <em>critical thermal limit (CTL)</em>, temperature at which they collapse, stop moving or die. This may make these species succumb to effects of climate change earlier than thought.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It also proposes another measure of how organisms function at extreme temperatures that focuses on fertility and has termed it <em>thermal fertility limit or 'TFL'</em>.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It calls for correlated study of TFLs as well as CTLs to identify <em>effects of fertility losses due to climate change</em>, <em>which organisms are particularly vulnerable to these thermal fertility losses</em> and <em>design conservation programmers that for these species to survive in changing climate</em>.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'climate-change-may-make-species-infertile', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/129e/5c9ulb31cxcg8l46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/129e/5c9ulb31cxcg8l46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Study IQ- Climate change may make species infertile', 'metakeyword' => 'Climate change may make species infertile, Climate change, species infertile, species', 'metadescription' => 'According to recent Study, rising temperatures due to climate change could drive some species to become sterile (infertile)', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/8c3dnjcxau0547g/7.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 2 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 98, 'title' => '2018 was 4th hottest year on record: WMO', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">UN agency World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has officially announced that 2018 was the fourth warmest year on record. In fact, 2015, 2016 and 2017 already have been confirmed as warmest years on record since global temperature records began. It concludes that it is clear sign of continuing long-term climate change associated with record atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and stresses for urgent need for action to rein in runaway global warming</span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>WMO Findings</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The degree of warming during past four years has been exceptional, both on land and in the ocean.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Global average surface temperature in 2018 was approximately 1°C above pre-industrial baseline (1850-1900).</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The year 2016, which was influenced by strong El Nino, remains warmest year on record with 1.2°C above pre-industrial baseline.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">20-warmest years in history all occurred within last 22 years. In coming years, temperatures are likely to approach levels that that most governments view as dangerous for the Earth.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Heightened temperatures in recent years have contributed to number of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, powerful storms, droughts, mudslides, extinctions and rising sea levels.</span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>World Meteorological Organization (WMO) </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is intergovernmental organization whose mandate covers weather, climate and water resources. Its supreme body is World Meteorological Congress.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Established in 1950 by ratification of WMO Convention. It originated from International Meteorological Organization (IMO), the roots of which were planted at1873 Vienna International Meteorological Congress.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and is headed by the Secretary-General. It has185 Member States and 6 Member Territories.</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is specialized agency of United Nations (UN) for meteorology, operational hydrology and related geophysical science,</span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is dedicated to international cooperation and coordination on state and behavior of Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with land and oceans, weather and climate and distribution of water resources.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => '2018-was-4th-hottest-year', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1fc9/oyuhdjp3qzxdddu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1fc9/oyuhdjp3qzxdddu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => '2018 was 4th hottest year on record: WMO | Study IQ', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, 2018, 4th hottest year, WMO, World Meteorological Organization, Climate Change, Global Warming, ', 'metadescription' => 'UN agency World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has officially announced that 2018 was the fourth warmest year on record.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/99qheagwgw1d09d/8_FEB2018_was_4th_hottest.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 3 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 144, 'title' => 'Publication depicting steps taken by India to combat climate change released', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change released publication on climate actions in India titled “India – Spearheading Climate Solutions”. It mentions key actions taken by India under various sectors towards combating and adapting to climate change. It also highlights India’s achievements towards climate action and also its preparedness for future.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Some of major initiatives in publication are</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC):</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It covers eight major missions on Sustainable Habitat, Water, Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem, Solar, Enhanced Energy Efficiency, Green India, Sustainable Agriculture and Strategic Knowledge on Climate Change</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">International Solar Alliances (ISA): </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is alliance of more than 121 countries initiated by India, most of them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely or partly between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Now it has been extended to all UN member countries.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC): </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has been prepared by every state to create coherent national framework for combating and adapting to climate change. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is line with national climate policy NAPCC and obliges states to incorporate climate change concerns in the decision-making process. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">States have primarily responsibility to address climate change due to India’s federal structure. Their climate strategies are aligned with eight National Missions under the NAPCC. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">FAME Scheme:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It aims to boost e-mobility. It stands for faster Adoption and Manufacture of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atal Mission for Rejuvenation & Urban Transformation (AMRUT):</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is for Smart Cities.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It was launched to provide access to clean cooking fuel and empower women. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UJALA scheme:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It is for embracing energy efficient LED bulbs. UJALA stands for stands for Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Swachh Bharat Mission:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> It was launched in October 2014 to achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put focus on sanitation. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to achieve Swachh Bharat or make India clean by 2019, as a fitting tribute to 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It world’s largest sanitation program aimed at bringing behavioural change of people with respect to toilet access and usage. </span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Other Government Initiatives </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In the recent past, Central Government of India has taken number of initiatives to combat the challenge of climate change. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Some of key initiatives of Union Government include National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC), Climate Change Action Programme (CCAP) etc.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Government also has set ambitious goal of generating 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022. Now this, capacity stands at more than 74 GW of which about 25 GW is from solar. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Government also has launched smart cities, energy efficiency initiatives, electric vehicles leapfrogged from Bharat Stage -IV to Bharat Stage-VI emission norms by April 2020 etc. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s forest and tree cover has increased by 1 percent as compared to assessment of 2015. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India recently submitted its Second Biennial Update Report (BUR) to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2018 as per reporting obligations under convention. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The report mentions that emission intensity of India’s GDP came down by 21% between 2005 and 2014 and India’s achievement of climate goal for pre-2020 period is on track.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <ul> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-spearheading-climate-solutions', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/96f2/xe0mh852s5a2wcm6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/96f2/xe0mh852s5a2wcm6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India–Spearheading Climate Solutions | Study IQ', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Government releases publication depicting steps taken by India to combat climate change', 'metadescription' => 'Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change released publication on climate actions in India titled “India – Spearheading Climate Solutionsâ€. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/d1thencdyc5521y/13feb_Publication_depicting_steps.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 4 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 311, 'title' => 'Crop residue burning is major contributor to air pollution in Delhi: Study', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recent study, biomass burning is major source of air pollution in national capital Delhi especially in winters as it results in emission of larger concentration of black carbon (BC) aerosols due to incomplete combustion. The study was conducted by scientists at Stockholm University, Sweden and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (regional centre, New Delhi).</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings of Study</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sources of the high biomass emissions were regional rather than local and urban. BC entering Delhi from neighbouring states is around 42% in winter and 36% in autumn. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Burning of crop residue or wood and vehicular emissions, both contribute around 40% each to pollution in Delhi.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There is seasonal trend of variation of organic carbon and BC in particulate matter. It suggests that to efficiently combat severe air pollution, it is necessary to not only mitigate urban emissions, but also regional-scale biomass emissions, including agricultural crop residue burning.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Responsible neighboring states:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Phenomenon of crop residue burning in Delhi’s neighboring states such as Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh contributes to national capital’s winter pollution.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In these crop residue burning occurs after harvest which typically occurs in October/November for wheat and in April/May for rice.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Summer months in Delhi see pollution majorly owing to local sources, winter and autumn particulate matter (PM) has large footprint of biomass burning.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Weather conditions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Wind direction in winter (northwesterly), as opposed to southwesterly in summer and monsoon, brings biomass burning load to Delhi during winder. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Besides, weather conditions ensure that atmospheric boundary layer height in winters is lower, which means that atmospheric transport occurs closer to the surface in winter and autumn.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Impact: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric pollution due black carbon is pronounced problem not only in Delhi but in other cities that fall in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). It not only affects health adversely but also contributes significantly to global warming.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'crop-residue-burning-major-contributor-air-pollution-delhi', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b507/uwahu185xceulhu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b507/uwahu185xceulhu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Crop residue burning is major contributor to air pollution Delhi', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Crop residue burning is major contributor to air pollution in Delhi: Study', 'metadescription' => 'According to recent study, biomass burning is major source of air pollution in national capital Delhi especially in winters as it results in emission of larger concentration of black carbon (BC)', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/u0wzs6rrr7s2vd9/2mar_Crop_residue_burning_is_major.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 5 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 314, 'title' => 'World losing fish to eat due to ocean warming: Study', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recent study, fish populations are declining as oceans warm, putting key source of food and income at risk for millions of people around the world. It has found that amount of seafood that humans could sustainably harvest from wide range of species shrank by 4.1% from 1930 to 2010 mainly due to human-caused (induced) climate change.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings of Study</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The 4% decline in range of fish species equals to 1.4 million metric tons of fish from 1930 to 2010. Global warming will put pressure on world’s food supplies in coming decades. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It separate effects of ocean warming due to climate change from other factors, like overfishing. It suggests that climate change is already having a serious impact on seafood.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Marine life has been subjected to some of most drastic effects of climate change. The oceans have absorbed 93% of heat that is trapped by greenhouse gases (GHGs) that humans pump into the atmosphere.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Protecting fish form overfishing and improving overall management of fisheries can help in short term. But ultimate solution lies in slowing or halting climate change.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Fish make up 17% of global population’s intake of animal protein, and as much as 70% for people living in some coastal and island countries. Fish provide vital source of protein for over half of global population, and some 56 million people worldwide are supported in some way by marine fisheries</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'world-losing-fish-eat-due-ocean-warming', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/abd8/ownzitx2sd3tbbp6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/abd8/ownzitx2sd3tbbp6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'World losing fish to eat due to ocean warming: Study', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Fish Population, declining, ocean warming, key source of food, income, risk for millions of people around the world', 'metadescription' => 'According to recent study, fish populations are declining as oceans warm, putting key source of food and income at risk for millions of people around the world', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/xies7nkfue7din3/2mar_World_losing_fish_to_eat.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 6 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 276, 'title' => 'NDMA conducts national workshop on heat wave risk reduction ', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) conducted two-day national workshop on heat wave risk reduction in Nagpur, Maharashtra. This workshop was aimed at sensitising states about need of preparing and implementing specific Heat Action Plans. It was organised in collaboration with Maharashtra Government.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National workshop on heat wave</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It provided opportunity for community capacity building and awareness generation among vulnerable populations. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also discussed integration of long-term heat risk reduction measures into developmental plans as well as Climate Change Adaptation.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was attended by experts on heat wave as well as other stakeholders such as early warning and forecasting agencies, State governments and research institutions etc.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Heat wave has emerged as one of major severe weather events around globe in recent years. Climate change is driving temperatures higher as well as increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves. India too is experiencing increased instances of heat waves every year. NDMA has been closely working with vulnerable States to reduce adverse impacts of heat wave. Sustained efforts - timely release and effective implementation of national Guidelines on heat wave, preparation of Heat Action Plans by 13 vulnerable States, etc. have significantly brought down number of heat-related deaths in the past few years. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is apex statutory body mandated to lay down policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 2009 through Disaster Management Act, 2005. It functions under aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). It is headquartered in New Delhi.<strong> </strong></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is governed by nine-member board chaired by Prime Minister of India (who is ex-officio chairperson).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Functions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> (i) It co-ordinates response to natural or man-made disasters and capacity-building in case of disaster resiliency and crisis response.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">(ii) It frame policies, lay down guidelines and best-practices and coordinating with State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure holistic and distributed approach to disaster management.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ndma-conducts-national-workshop-heat-wave-risk-reduction ', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/85fa/rc2ge49rbnqmzb36g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/85fa/rc2ge49rbnqmzb36g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'NDMA conducts national workshop on heat wave risk reduction ', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, NDMA,two-day, national workshop, heat wave, risk reduction, Nagpur, Maharashtra', 'metadescription' => 'NDMA conducted two-day national workshop on heat wave risk reduction in Nagpur, Maharashtra.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zw464m9wrz59qu3/27feb_NDMA_conducts_national_workshop.pdf', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 7 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 463, 'title' => 'Environment damage behind premature deaths, diseases: UN report', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recently released UN Environment’s Global Environment Outlook (GEO) 2019, quarter of all premature deaths and diseases worldwide are due to manmade pollution and environmental damage. It calls for immediate changes in the way the world eats, generates energy and handles its waste. It is overall sixth GEO in the series.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Findings of report</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Deadly emissions, chemicals polluting drinking water and accelerating destruction of ecosystems crucial to livelihoods of billions of people are driving worldwide epidemics and diseases that hampers the global economy.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There is growing chasm between rich and poor countries as rampant overconsumption, pollution and food waste in developed world leads to hunger, poverty and disease elsewhere.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) continue to rise amid preponderance of droughts, floods and superstorms made worse by climbing sea levels. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There is growing political consensus that climate change poses future risk to billions. But there is no consensus on meeting set targets of 2015 Paris accord.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Health impacts of pollution, deforestation and mechanised food-chain are less well understood.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Poor environmental conditions cause around 25% of global disease and mortality (around 9 million deaths in 2015 alone).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Due to lack of access to clean drinking supplies, 1.4 million people die each year from preventable diseases such as diarrhoea and parasites linked to pathogen-contaminated water and poor sanitation.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Chemicals pumped into seas are potentially causing multi-generational adverse health effects.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Land degradation through deforestation and mega-farming occurs in areas of earth home to 3.2 billion people.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Air pollution causes 6 to 7 million early deaths annually. There is rapid drawdown in GHGs and pesticide use to improve air and water quality.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It calls root-and-branch detoxification of human behaviour while insisting that the situation is not unassailable.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><strong><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global Environment Outlook (GEO)</span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is series of reports on environment periodically published by UN Environmental Programme (UNEP).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is also referred to as UN Environment’s flagship environmental assessment. It was released for first time in 1997. It is prepared by consultative and participatory process.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is independent assessment of state of environment, effectiveness of policy response to tackle environmental challenges and possible pathways to achieve various internationally agreed environmental goals. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">So far, five GEO reports have been published to date UNEP vz. GEO-1 (1997), GEO-2000 (1999), GEO-3 (2002), GEO-4 (2007), GEO-5 (2012) and GEO-6 (2019).</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'environment-damage-behind-premature-deaths-diseases-un-report', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f883/y8lbicotb1r66k96g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f883/y8lbicotb1r66k96g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Environment damage behind premature deaths, diseases: UN report', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, UN Environment Programme, Global Environment Outlook (GEO) 2019, premature deaths, diseases, worldwide, due, manmade pollution, environmental damage', 'metadescription' => 'According to recently released UN Environment’s Global Environment Outlook (GEO) 2019, quarter of all premature deaths and diseases worldwide are due to manmade pollution and environmental damage', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/8h7i9livsck8v3r/14Mar_Environment_damage_behind_premature_deaths%2C_diseases.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 8 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 472, 'title' => 'Climate vulnerability assessment extended to all states', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Department of Science and Technology (DST) has decided to carry out climate vulnerability assessment of all states and union territories (UTs) to assess the climate risks faced by States in India. It comes after first-ever successful vulnerability assessment undertaken by DST of 12 Himalayan states to climate risks.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Need for assessment</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India is among most vulnerable to climate change. Such assessment will help government to assess which states or districts need more resource allocation for adaptation and mitigation of climate change, depending on how vulnerable they are,</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Pan India Climate vulnerability assessment</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be based on global methodological framework of 2014 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It defines vulnerability by how ‘sensitive’ a specific eco-system is to climate change risks and what is the current adaptive capacity to mitigate the risks.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be first-such climate vulnerability index for all states, as there is no such national rating at present to determine which states are more vulnerable to climate risks. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be based on common set of indicators — socio-economic, demographic, health, sensitivity of agricultural production, forest-dependent livelihood and access to information.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">12 Himalayan States Climate vulnerability assessment</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was conducted in 2018 by Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) at Mandi and Guwahati, and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It covered 12 Himalayan states viz. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, hill districts of West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its aim was to evolve common methodology, and determine how districts there are equipped to deal with the vagaries of climate change.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Based on climate vulnerability index of each of these States was prepared based on district-level data. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The index was measure of inherent risks district faces, primarily by virtue of its geography and socio-economic situation. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It ranked states on scale of 0 (least vulnerable) to 1 (most vulnerable). It was measused based on eight key parameters.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These 8 parameters included (i) percentage of area in districts under forests, (ii) population density, (iii) yield variability of food grain, (iv) infant mortality rate, (v) percentage of population below poverty line (BPL), (vi) female literacy rate, (vii) average man-days under MGNREGA and (viii) area under slope > 30%.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Top venerable states were Assam (index score of 0.72), Mizoram (0.71). Sikkim, was relatively less vulnerable with an index score of 0.42. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Scores of other states: J&K (0.62), Manipur (0.59), Meghalaya (0.58), West Bengal (0.58), Nagaland (0.57), Himachal Pradesh (0.51), Tripura (0.51 both), Arunachal Pradesh (0.47) and Uttarakhand (0.45).</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'climate-vulnerability-assessment-extended-to-all-states', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d1cd/mx6g1kecxlg6qgc6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d1cd/mx6g1kecxlg6qgc6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Climate vulnerability assessment extended to all states', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Department of Science and Technology, DST, carry out, climate vulnerability assessment, all states and union territories (UTs), assess climate risks, faced by States in India', 'metadescription' => 'Department of Science and Technology (DST) has decided to carry out climate vulnerability assessment of all states and union territories (UTs) to assess the climate risks faced by States in India. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/833eb4vpn01bp9p/16_Mar_Climate_vulnerability_assessment_extended_to_all_states.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 9 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 503, 'title' => 'Special Stamp Cover on Ice Stupas released', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Department of Post (DoP) under Ministry of Communication & Technology has released Special Stamp on Ice Stupa (Artificial Glacier) in Leh, Jammu and Kashmir. This special stamp is aimed at creating awareness about depleting glaciers and its effect on the ecology around the Himalayas.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ice Stupa</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It concenpt has been conceptualized Ramon Magsaysay winner Sonam Wangchuk in Ladakh. It is form of glacier grafting technique that creates artificial glaciers.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is used for storing winter water which otherwise would go unused in the form of conical shaped ice heaps or stupa which is not melted easily.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In summer, this stupa melts slowly and provide water drinking and irrigation. In each ice stupa atleast 30-50 lakh ltrs of water is saved.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will help to reduce impact of climate change on Leh and Ladakh regions which are facing water shortage problem due to shrinking glaciers.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'special-stamp-cover-on-ice-stupas-released', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f193/izp4dgtc2dpy1t56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f193/izp4dgtc2dpy1t56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Special Stamp Cover on Ice Stupas released | Today Current News', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Department of Post, Ministry of Communication & Technology, Special Stamp, Ice Stupa, Artificial Glacier, Leh, Jammu and Kashmir', 'metadescription' => 'Department of Post (DoP) under Ministry of Communication & Technology has released Special Stamp on Ice Stupa (Artificial Glacier) in Leh, Jammu and Kashmir', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/43yyj2yod3e46du/19_Mar_Special_Stamp_Cover_on_Ice.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 10 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 559, 'title' => 'India’s carbon dioxide emissions up by 4.8%: IEA report', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recent report published by the International Energy Agency (IEA), India emitted 2,299 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) in 2018, a 4.8% rise from the previous year. This was primarily due to a rise in coal consumption. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Highlights of report</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India related Facts: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s CO2 emissions growth was higher than that of United States (US) and China, the two biggest emitters in the world. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s per capita emissions were about 40% of global average and contributed 7% to global carbon dioxide burden in 2018. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s energy intensity improvement declined 3% from 2017 levels, even as its renewable energy installations increased 10.6%.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global energy Scenario:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> The energy consumption in 2018 increased at nearly twice average rate of growth since 2010. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was driven by robust global economy and higher heating and cooling needs in some parts of the world. Energy efficiency also saw lacklustre improvement in 2018. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Higher electricity demand is responsible for over half of growth in energy needs. Demand for all fuels also has increased and is led by natural gas. Even solar and wind posted double digit growth. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">China, US and India together accounted for nearly 70% of the rise in energy demand.US had largest increase in oil and gas demand worldwide. Gas consumption in 2018 jumped by 10% from 2017, making it fastest increase since the beginning of IEA records in 1971.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global CO2 emissions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> As a result of higher energy consumption, CO2 emissions rose 1.7% in 2018 and hit new record. Global energy-related CO2 emissions totaled 33.1 billion tons in 2018.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">US is largest emitter, was responsible for 14%, followed by China. China, India and US accounted for 85</span>%<span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> of the net increase in emissions.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">CO2 emissions declined in countries such as Germany, Japan and France. There is expanding use of solar, wind and other renewable energy sources.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s commitments to Paris Agreement</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">As per its commitments to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), India has promised to reduce temissions intensity of its economy by 2030, compared to the 2005 levels. It has also committed to having 40% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030. As part of this, install 100 GW of solar power by 2022. For India to implement its climate pledge it will cost at least $2.5trillion</span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">, around 71% of combined required spending for all developing country pledges.</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indias-carbon-dioxide-emissions-up-iea-report', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ec9b/9knjo4rszpxhgar6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ec9b/9knjo4rszpxhgar6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India’s carbon dioxide emissions up by 4.8%: IEA report', 'metakeyword' => 'India, emitted, 2,299 million tonnes, carbon dioxide, 2018, 4.8 rise from the previous year, rise, coal consumption.', 'metadescription' => 'India, emitted, 2,299 million tonnes, carbon dioxide (CO2), 2018, 4.8 rise from the previous year', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/vo563205w7211o3/India_s_carbon_dioxide.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 11 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 569, 'title' => 'EU Parliament approves ban on single-use plastics', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">European parliament has voted to ban single-use plastic products such as cutlery, cotton buds, straws and stirrers to counter plastic pollution. This proposal already has been approved by EU member states and EU officials. It will now be made into law and the ban on single-use plastics will come into force by 2021 in all EU member states.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key facts</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This ban targets top 10 disposable plastic products including plates, balloon sticks, food and beverage containers made of expanded polystyrene and all products made of oxo-degradable plastic.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This law allows member EU countries to choose their own methods of reducing use of other single-use plastics such as takeout containers and cups for beverages. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">However, it will be mandatory on them to collect and recycle at least 90% of beverage bottles by 2029.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It also mandates tobacco companies to cover costs for public collection of cigarette stubs, which are the second most littered single-use plastic item.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Single use Plastics</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">They are disposable plastics are used only once and then thrown in the trash. These items mainly include plastic bags, straws, coffee stirrers, soda and water bottles and most food packaging.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These products especially petroleum based are difficult to recycle as they are not biodegradable and usually dumped into landfill where it is buried or it gets into water and finds its way into ocean.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These plastic products do not biodegrade i.e. decompose into natural substance like organic waste and degrades break downs into tiny particles after many years.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In the process of breaking down, they release toxic chemicals which harms environment by pollution it and make their way into food and water supply.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">These toxic chemicals can cause cancer, infertility, birth defects, impaired immunity and many other ailments in humans.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'eu-parliament-approves-ban-single-use-plastics', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d891/edtnixip2ud4sme6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/d891/edtnixip2ud4sme6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'EU Parliament approves ban on single-use plastics', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, European parliament, bans, single-use plastic products, cutlery, cotton buds, straws and stirrers,counter plastic pollution', 'metadescription' => 'European parliament has voted to ban single-use plastic products such as cutlery, cotton buds, straws and stirrers to counter plastic pollution.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/yrf5q67m39otmfy/EU_Parliament_approves_ban_on.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 12 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 577, 'title' => 'Ocean heat hit record high in 2018: WMO Report', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in its latest State of the Climate overview has noted that ocean heat has hit record high in 2018. This raises urgent new concerns about threat global warming is posing to marine life.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">WMO’s State of the Climate overview</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has reaffirmed that last four years had been hottest on record. They year 2018 saw new records for ocean heat content in upper 700 metres.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">About 93% of excess heat, trapped around Earth by greenhouse gases that come from burning of fossil fuels, accumulates in world’s oceans. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Oceans are also not warming evenly across the planet. The highest rates of ocean warming are occurring in southern ocean, where warming has also reached the deepest layers. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This could result in sea levels being substantially different in different places. Thermal expansion-water swelling as it warms- is expected to raise sea levels 12 inches (30 centimetres), above any sea level rise from melting glaciers and ice sheets.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Temperature of top 2,000 metres of world’s oceans will rise nearly 0.8 degrees Celsius by the end of the century if nothing is done to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World Meteorological Organization (WMO)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is intergovernmental organization whose mandate covers weather, climate and water resources. Its supreme body is World Meteorological Congress.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 1950 by ratification of WMO Convention. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is specialized agency of United Nations (UN) for meteorology, operational hydrology and related geophysical science,</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is dedicated to international cooperation and coordination on state and behavior of Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with land and oceans, weather and climate and distribution of water resources.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ocean-heat-hit-record-high-2018-wmo-report', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0a01/lhg6v4znkloabbw6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0a01/lhg6v4znkloabbw6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ocean heat hit record high in 2018: WMO Report', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, World Meteorological Organization, WMO, State of the Climate overvie, ocean heat, hit record high, 2018', 'metadescription' => 'World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in its latest State of the Climate overview has noted that ocean heat has hit record high in 2018. ', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/idy9tv522kixnxw/Ocean_heat_hit_record_high_in_2018.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 13 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 649, 'title' => 'Earth Hour 2019 observed across the world', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The Earth Hour 2019 was observed on March 30, 2019 (Saturday) at 8:30 pm local time to take a global call on climate change. It was thirteenth edition of Earth Hour and to mark this day, cities worldwide turned their lights off for one hour from 8:30 pm to 9:30 pm local time. The campaign of Earth Hour 2019 was ‘#Connect2Earth’. It was aimed at building mass awareness on importance of nature and create unstoppable movement for nature similar to when the world came together to tackle climate change.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Earth Hour</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is global environmental event started in Sydney Australia by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in 2007 and went global with time.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims at encouraging people, government offices, workplaces, and other urban centres to turn off their non-essential light and equipments to save energy in a symbolic call for environmental protection sustainable energy. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its goal is to raise awareness for sustainable energy use and create more environmentally sustainable lifestyle. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is organized every year in the month of March which is time of the autumn and spring equinoxes in both the hemispheres. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is because the sunset time in Northern and Southern Hemisphere coincides ensuring greatest visual impact for this global light out event.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Since its launch in 2007, it has grown into popular annual event with citizens of 187 countries across the globe observing hour of refraining from use of non-essential lighting.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its organisers claims that it is world’s largest grassroots movement for climate change and only event of the year when maximum number of people around the world participate in single movement to turn off non-essential lights for an hour</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'earth-hour-2019-observed-across-the-world', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4208/bp91fvptr9d6vmp6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/4208/bp91fvptr9d6vmp6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Earth Hour 2019 observed across the world | Current affairs', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Earth Hour 2019,March 30, 2019, Saturday., 8:30 pm local time, global call on climate change', 'metadescription' => 'The Earth Hour 2019 was observed on March 30, 2019 (Saturday) at 8:30 pm local time to take a global call on climate change', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3ftvkt1x1y0f6ss/Earth_Hour_2019_observed.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 14 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 722, 'title' => 'London becomes first city to implement 24×7 pollution charge zone', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">London became first city in the world to implement pollution charge zone called Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) for 24×7 hours a week. Inside this zone, vehicles will have to meet tough emissions standards. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It aims to reduce toxic air pollution and protect public health, Motorists driving into this zone in vehicle not meet having new emission standard, then they will have to pay a daily charge.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Under new rules, polluting vehicles will be discouraged from entering the ULEZ. They will have to daily charge of £12.50 for some cars, vans and motorbikes and £100 for trucks, buses and coaches. </span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">This zone will cover same area as existing Congestion Charge which is collected from drivers in the city center until 2021.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It will be expanded to cover the area between the major orbital roads of London known as the North and South Circular.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'london-first-city-implement-pollution-charge-zone', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/48f4/4iecb6czeyike5a6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/48f4/4iecb6czeyike5a6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'London first city to implement 24×7 pollution charge zone', 'metakeyword' => 'In National Current Affairs, London first city to implement 24×7 pollution charge zone ', 'metadescription' => 'London first city to implement 24×7 pollution charge zone, London became first city in the world to implement pollution charge zone called ULEZ for 24×7 hours a week.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zrmrzz8o3yq85w2/London_becomes_first_city.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 15 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 769, 'title' => 'India’s first foreign interactive bird park launched in Mumbai', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">India’s first rain forest-themed foreign interactive bird park was launched in Gorai, Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is home to over 500 exotic birds from more than 60 species. It was launched by EsselWorld Leisure Pvt. Ltd, the entertainment arm of $6-billion Essel Group.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Bird park</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is rain forest-themed park spread across 1.4 acres is home to over 500 exotic birds. It is meant for entertainment and also to spread awareness of different types of birds. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It shelters terrestrial, free-flying and aquatic birds. These birds have been brought from different corners of the world. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is carefully designed to ensure appropriate living conditions for the birds. It is equipped with small ponds for aquatic birds, dense cover of trees for birds to incubate their eggs and water stream that offers drinking water to birds. </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Some of key attractions of this park are</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Flying birds:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Blue Gold Macaw, African Grey Parrot, Cockatiel, Toucan, Rainbow Lorikeet. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Terrestrial birds</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: California Quail, Golden Pheasant and Ostrich. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Aquatic birds</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">: Black Swan, American Wood Duck, and Mandarin Duck.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-first-foreign-interactive-bird-park-launched-mumbai', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ecc4/hjqy3oxb4her28z6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ecc4/hjqy3oxb4her28z6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India’s first foreign interactive bird park launched in Mumbai', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, India’s first, rain forest-themed, foreign interactive bird park, Gorai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 500 exotic birds, 60 species', 'metadescription' => 'India’s first rain forest-themed foreign interactive bird park was launched in Gorai, Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is home to over 500 exotic birds from more than 60 species', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/66fmb92s64rsd4w/India%FCfs_first_foreign.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 16 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 778, 'title' => 'Extinction Rebellion (XR) Climate Movement', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Nearly 300 people were arrested in London during ongoing climate change protests organised by campaign group Extinction Rebellion that brought parts of the British capital to a standstill.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Extinction Rebellion (XR)</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is a civil society campaign group claims to be socio-political-conservation-environmental movement which intends to rally support worldwide around common sense of urgency to tackle climate breakdown.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Its aims to use non-violent civil disobedience to achieve radical change in order to minimise the risk of human extinction and ecological collapse by averting climate breakdown and halt biodiversity loss<strong>.</strong></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in 2018 in United Kingdom by academics. Since then it has become one of world's fastest-growing environmental movements. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It cities its inspiration from grassroots movements such as Occupy Wall street, Mahatma Gandhi's independence movement, suffragette and Martin Luther King and others in civil rights movement.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'extinction-rebellion-climate-movement', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ab23/gq15kgztf5x41wp6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ab23/gq15kgztf5x41wp6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Extinction Rebellion (XR) Climate Movement', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Everything about Extinction Rebellion (XR), Climate Movement, London, UK', 'metadescription' => '300 people arrested in London during climate change protests organised by campaign group Extinction Rebellion', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/rpxq25ynojxcome/Extinction_Rebellion.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 17 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 939, 'title' => 'Melting Arctic permafrost will accelerate global warming', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to new study, Arctic’s thawing permafrost will release methane and carbon dioxide and hugely accelerate global warming. The economic consequences of melting Arctic will add up to $70 trillion to the worlds climate bill</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Study Findings</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">This study is first to calculate economic impact of permafrost melt and reduced albedo (a measure of how much light that hits surface is reflected without being absorbed).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its results were based on the most advanced computer models predicting most likely scenario to happen in the Arctic as temperatures rise.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to it, if countries fail to improve on their commitments to 2018 Paris agreement, this feedback mechanism, combined with loss of heat-deflecting white ice, will cause near 5</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">amplification of global warming and its associated costs,</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It will destabilise natural systems and further worsen problem caused by man-made emissions, making it more difficult and expensive to solve.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">3 Celsius of warming by end of the century and resulting melting of permafrost will discharge up to 280 gigatonnes of CO2 and 3 gigatonnes of methane. This will increase global climate-driven impacts by $70 trillion by 2300 from now.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Permafrost </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is any ground that remains completely frozen—32°F (0°C) or colder—for at least two years straight. It is made of combination of soil, rocks and sand that are held together by ice. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The soil and ice in permafrost stay frozen all year long. The surface of permafrost soils also contain large quantities of leftover organic carbon—a material leftover from dead plants that couldn’t decompose due to the cold. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Lower permafrost layers contain soils made mostly of minerals. Whereas, top layer soil of permafrost does not stay frozen all year. It is active layer which thaws during warm summer months and freezes again in winter. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">These permanently frozen grounds i.e. permafrost are most common in regions with high mountains and Earth’s higher latitudes—near North and South Poles. They cover large regions of Earth i.e. almost quarter of land area in Northern Hemisphere is underneath permafrost.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'melting-arctic-permafrost-accelerate-global-warming', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/217e/c0xim4amv095dhx6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/217e/c0xim4amv095dhx6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Melting Arctic permafrost will accelerate global warming', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Arctic’s thawing permafrost will release methane and carbon dioxide and hugely accelerate global warming', 'metadescription' => 'Arctic’s thawing permafrost will release methane and carbon dioxide and hugely accelerate global warming', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9a83lac17q81bmm/Melting_Arctic.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 18 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 995, 'title' => 'UK Parliament first to pass Environment and Climate Emergency', 'description' => '<h2 style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Kingdom Parliament becomes the first national legislative body in the world to pass national declaration (or motion) of an Environment and Climate Emergency. In this regard, Member of Parliaments have adopted motion moved by opposition Labour Party for this environmental emergency. This move marks serious emergency in dealing with climate change. However, this motion was approved without vote and registers views of House of Commons without compelling government to act on any particular policy proposal,</span></span></span></span></h2> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Motion on Environment and Climate emergency</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It calls on government to adopt net zero emission target for before 2050, introduce new short term targets for clean tech deployment and come forward with new plan within six months to deliver circular and zero waste economy. It caters to national reductions and investment in reduction of carbon emissions and saving the planet. It also calls on Government to come forward with new policies to close current emissions gap for UK's medium term carbon budgets, accelerate country's rate of decarbonisation, and step up investment in negative emissions technologies.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The adoption of this motion was preceded by visit by teenage environment activist Greta Thunberg (to UK Parliament), featuring of David Attenborough’s documentary movie titled ‘Climate Change: The Facts’ in Parliament and 11-days of constant protest by environmental group ‘Extinction Rebellion‘in the capital city London</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'uk-environment-climate-emergency', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0d2c/0sbxsas7i4gjsld6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0d2c/0sbxsas7i4gjsld6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'UK Parliament first to pass Environment and Climate Emergency', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, UK Parliament, first, national legislative body,pass national declaration (or motion),Environment and Climate Emergency', 'metadescription' => 'United Kingdom Parliament becomes the first national legislative body in the world to pass national declaration (or motion) of an Environment and Climate Emergency', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/iouhvu01gtlh4hr/UK_Parliament_first.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 19 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1025, 'title' => 'Northeast India experiencing decline in Monsoon rainfall: Study', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">A recent study has found that Northeast India, one of the wettest places on the Earth has been experiencing rapid drying, especially in the last 30 years. The decreasing monsoon rainfall in Northeast India is associated with natural changes in the subtropical Pacific Ocean.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Study</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The study was conducted by researchers from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, and Assam University. It was published in JGR-Atmospheres. Researchers observed rainfall and sea surface temperature data for period 1901-2014. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Findings of Study</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Northeast India has been experiencing rapid drying, especially in the last 30 years. Some places in this region which used to get as high as 3,000 mm of rain during monsoon season are now seeing drop of about 25-30</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> in monsoon rainfall.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Reasons for decline in rainfall:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> The reduction in rainfall during major part of last 114 years may be associated with global man-made factors. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The decline in trend during the last 36 years is associated with natural phenomena or natural changes in Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its impact on the sea surface temperatures and its interaction with the atmosphere affects the northeast Indian summer monsoon.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is spatial avaerage of monthly global sea surface temperature (SST) anamoly of Pacific Ocean north of 20 degrees. It is long-lived El Niño-like pattern of Pacific climate variability. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is highly correlated with temperature in California current, thus affecting coastal sea and continental surface air temperatures from Alaska to California coast.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">During warmor positive PDO phase, west Pacific becomes cooler and part of eastern ocean warms. During "cool" or "negative" phase, opposite pattern occurs.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""><img alt="" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8282/5mjap5zvw9ssfsu6g.jpg" /></span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'northeast-india-experiencing-monsoon-decline', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2b39/wg590kwa4dmvtos6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2b39/wg590kwa4dmvtos6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Northeast India experiencing decline in Monsoon rainfall: Study', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Northeast India, wettest places on the Earth, experiencing, rapid drying, Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)', 'metadescription' => 'A recent study has found that Northeast India, one of the wettest places on the Earth has been experiencing rapid drying, especially in the last 30 years.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/zjvhack862avg6t/Northeast_India_experiencing.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 20 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1068, 'title' => 'Bengal Tiger may not survive climate change: UN Report', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to recent United Nations (UN) report, Climate change and rising sea levels eventually may wipe out Sundarbans, one of world’s last and largest habitat of Bengal tiger. Bengal tigers are among 500,000 land species whose survival is in question because of threats to their natural habitats. The report was based on climate scenarios developed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for its simulation models and adds to existing studies that offered similarly grim predictions for wildlife in the Sundarbans.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key findings of UN report</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Sunderbans, 10,000 square kilometres of marshy land in India and Bangladesh, hosts the world’s largest mangrove forest and rich ecosystem.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It supports several hundred animal species, including Bengal tiger. But 70</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of Sunderbans is just few feet above sea level, and faces threat of grave climate changes.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Changes brought by global warming will decimate the few hundred or so Bengal tigers remaining there. By 2070, there will be no suitable tiger habitats remaining in Bangladesh Sundarbans. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In 2010, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) had projected that sea level rise of 11 inches will reduce number of tigers in Sundarbans by 96%within a few decades.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Since early 1900s, hunting, habitat loss and illegal trade of tiger parts have decimated its global population from around 100,000 to fewer than 4,000.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bengal-tiger-may-not-survive-climate-change', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/35ac/q2qe522b2nxbwvq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/35ac/q2qe522b2nxbwvq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bengal Tiger may not survive climate change: UN Report', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Climate change, rising sea levels, wipe out, Sundarbans, one of world’s last, largest, Bengal tiger strongholds', 'metadescription' => 'Climate change and rising sea levels eventually may wipe out Sundarbans, one of world’s last and largest Bengal tiger strongholds', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/kd4daqhkwb231yo/Bengal_Tiger.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 21 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1080, 'title' => 'Ireland becomes 2nd country to declare Climate Emergency', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ireland has become the second country in the world after Britain to declare climate and biodiversity emergency. The climate emergency declaration in this regard was passed in Ireland’s Parliament (Oireachtas) with unanimous support of both ruling and opposition parties. It was passed when both the government and opposition parties agreed to amendment to a climate action report- The Oireachtas Climate Action report (Parliamentary report on climate action).</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Facts </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The amendment to parliamentary report declares climate emergency and calls on parliament to examine how Irish government can improve its response was accepted without a vote. Under this emergency, non binding measures will be undertaken by Government to make Ireland carbon-neutral by 2030, introduce electric car hubs or build sustainable homes to achieve that goal.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">UK’s emergency</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Kingdom's parliament was first in the world to declare a climate emergency. It had passed symbolic motion in this regard on May 1, 2019. Under it, British government has set 2050 target date to reach net zero emissions, which will be achieved without causing substantial economic damage and at a relatively low cost. The emergency motion was passed after 11 days of street protests in London by Extinction Rebellion environmental campaign group. The activists hope to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions to zero by 2025 and end biodiversity loss.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iIreland-2nd-country-declare-climate-emergency', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5159/5n32e09xdc68tp56g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5159/5n32e09xdc68tp56g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ireland becomes 2nd country to declare Climate Emergency', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, Ireland, second country,after Britain,declare climate, biodiversity emergency', 'metadescription' => 'Ireland has become the second country in the world after Britain to declare climate and biodiversity emergency.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/oa2c11tqn6rdvhq/Ireland_becomes.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 22 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1131, 'title' => 'UNEP-FI releases report on risk to companies from climate change', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Recently, institutional investors from 11 countries convened by United Nations Environment Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI) released report (or investor guide) that helps investors understand how to calculate the risk companies face from climate change.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Climate change is already impacting economies around the world and it is continuing. Several reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned about various risks to economies. However so far there was no specific assessment of how companies can account for such risks. In this background, this investor guide was made in line with recommendations by Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), a 32-member board formed as a result of agreement at a G20 summit in London, 2009. This board consisted of representatives from large banks, asset managers, insurance companies, pension funds, large non-financial companies and credit rating agencies. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key findings of report</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In the scenario of increase in 1.5°C global temperature, companies are exposed to significant level of transition risk, affecting as much as 13.16</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of overall portfolio value. It represents value loss of $10.7 trillion.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Agriculture, utilities, transportation as well as mining and petroleum refining sectors are at high levels of policy risk. On bright side, $2.1 trillion potential green profits can be made. However, green revenues generated from sale of low carbon technologies, which support transition. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Green profits will help companies to offset costs from complying with greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction policies. If governments delay action to enact climate policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), then 30,000 companies across the globe will face further cost of $1.2 trillion. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">United Nations Environment Programme – Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI)</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is partnership between UN Environment and global financial sector. It was established in wake of the 1992 Earth Summit with mission to promote sustainable finance. More than 240 financial institutions including banks, insurers and investors work with UN Environment under it. It hosts its Global Roundtable every other year since 1994. In 2017, UNEP FI had established regional roundtables to celebrate its 25th Anniversary.</span></span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'unep-fi-releases-report-risk-climate-change', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ef86/xzg7paf1g7q6y7b6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ef86/xzg7paf1g7q6y7b6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'UNEP-FI releases report on risk to companies from climate change', 'metakeyword' => 'Recently, institutional investors from 11 countries convened by United Nations Environment Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI) released report', 'metadescription' => 'Recently, institutional investors from 11 countries convened by United Nations Environment Finance Initiative (UNEP-FI) released report', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/el3ixi9c4u57bu5/UNEP-FI.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 23 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1201, 'title' => 'China still using banned ozone depleting CFC-11', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to a recent research conducted by international team of researchers has found that China continues to use banned ozone depleting CFC-11 in violation of Montreal Protocol.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Findings </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The rogue emissions of CFC-11 (accounting for 40 and 60</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of total global emissions) are coming from eastern China, primarily from two heavily industrialised provinces viz. Shandong and Hebei. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">This ban gas is still used widely in these industrial areas in China to manufacture foam insulation.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Between 2014 and 2017, these provinces in eastern China emitted an average of about 13,400 metric tonnes of CFC-11 per year.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Reason:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> China has world’s largest polyurethane foam market, accounting for about 40</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> of the world’s consumption. Chinese foam manufacturers have been illegally using CFC-11 to save on higher cost of alternatives.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Impact:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> These findings will add to international pressure on Chinese government to curtail the illegal use of CFC-11 and follow its commitments under Montreal Protocol.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About CFC-11 </span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Its name is Trichlorofluoromethane. It is also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11. Ot is a colourless, faint ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature. It belongs to class of compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that destroy atmospheric ozone. CFCs are also potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contribute to atmospheric warming. These CFCs had caused hole in atmospheric ozone layer.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Ban:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> CFCs along with CFC-11 were outlawed for almost all uses by legally binding 1987 Montreal Protocol, an international pact aimed at preserving protective ozone layer that blocks ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Excessive amounts of some types of UV radiation can cause skin cancer and eye damage in people and are harmful to crops and other vegetation.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Impact of Ban:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Since the enforcement of Montreal Protocol, ozone hole is on the path to recovery. Besides, ban in CFC-11 has reduced its atmospheric concentration and made second-largest contribution to the decline in ozone hole since the 1990s.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'china-using-banned-ozone-depleting-cfc-11', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2fcc/si0dr4ihgu9y9056g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2fcc/si0dr4ihgu9y9056g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'China still using banned ozone depleting CFC-11', 'metakeyword' => ' China continues to use banned ozone depleting CFC-11 in violation of Montreal Protocol.', 'metadescription' => ' China continues to use banned ozone depleting CFC-11 in violation of Montreal Protocol.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/cduoz9kuz179uvh/China_still.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 24 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1334, 'title' => 'Climate change affecting global food production: Study', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">According to recently released research in ournal PLOS ONE, climate change is adversely affecting the production of key crops such as wheat and rice. The research was based on study conducted by scientists from University of Oxford in UK and the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. They had used weather and reported crop data to evaluate the potential impact of observed climate change.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Findings of the study</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The world's top 10 crops - barley, maize, cassava, oil palm, rice, sorghum, rapeseed, soybean, sugarcane and wheat -supply a combined 83</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">% of all calories produced on cropland. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Climate change has caused significant yield variation in world's top 10 crops, ranging from a decrease of 13.4</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">% for oil palm to increase of 3.5</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> for soybean, and resulting in an average reduction of about 1 of consumable food calories from these top 10 crops. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The impacts of climate change on global food production are mostly negative in Europe, Southern Africa, and Australia, positive in Latin America, and mixed in Asia and Northern and Central America. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About half of all food-insecure countries are experiencing decreases in crop production and also some affluent industrialised countries in Western Europe. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In contrast, recent climate change has increased the yields of certain crops in some areas of the upper Midwest United States.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'climate-change-affecting-global-food-production', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fd43/bxf666qhah28goo6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fd43/bxf666qhah28goo6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Climate change affecting global food production: Study', 'metakeyword' => 'According to recently released research in ournal PLOS ONE, climate change is adversely affecting the production of key crops such as wheat and rice', 'metadescription' => 'According to recently released research in ournal PLOS ONE, climate change is adversely affecting the production of key crops such as wheat and rice', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/1wuh6cj3jbj1jp2/Climate_change.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 25 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1473, 'title' => 'Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone to be largest in history', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists have claimed that this year’s oceanic ‘dead zone’ in the Gulf of Mexico will be one of the largest ever to be recorded in history. This oxygen-starved and virtually lifeless zone is expected to grow to over 8,000 sq. miles. Scientists predict it will severely harm to marine habitat, impacting fish harvests.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">About Dead zone</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is also called as Hypoxic zones. It is basically area in the ocean having low oxygen concentration, resulting in suffocation and death of marine animal life.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In this area, oxygen concentration usually falls to such low levels that most marine life cannot survive. Hypoxic zone is reversible i.e. it can be eliminated if their causes are reduced or stopped.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Occurrence:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> It can occur naturally. However, manmade activities causing nutrient pollution from sources such as agriculture and sewage also can lead to creation of dead zone.</span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Rising sea temperatures</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">: It also exacerbates regional oxygen depletion (as for each degree of ocean warming, oxygen concentration goes down by 2</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">%)</span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">. It causes layers of ocean water to stratify so more oxygen-rich surface waters are less able to mix with oxygen-poor waters from the deeper ocean.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Gulf of Mexico dead Zone</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It is the world's second largest dead zone (world's largest dead zone is in the Baltic Sea.).. It forms in the Gulf of Mexico every spring. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Reasons:</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif""> Each spring as farmers fertilize their lands preparing for crop season, rain washes fertilizer off land and into streams and rivers. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The mighty Mississippi River which drains into Gulf of Mexico is responsible for collecting and depositing tons of nutrients from agricultural and urban runoff from cities through its course in Gulf of Mexico.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'gulf-mexico-dead-zone', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3b7f/hglrna61g4f9i6n6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3b7f/hglrna61g4f9i6n6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone to be largest in history', 'metakeyword' => 'Scientists have claimed that this year’s oceanic ‘dead zone’ in the Gulf of Mexico will be one of the largest ever to be recorded in history.', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists have claimed that this year’s oceanic ‘dead zone’ in the Gulf of Mexico will be one of the largest ever to be recorded in history.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/1gfteggzu7222jf/Gulf_of_Mexico.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 26 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1499, 'title' => 'Himalayan glaciers are melting twice as fast since 2000: study', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Scientists have found that Himalayan glaciers are melting occurring twice as fast since 2000 as average temperatures rose. It was based study ice loss in 650 glaciers based on data obtained by comparing Cold War-era spy satellites with images from modern stereo satellites. It was found that these glaciers have lost more than quarter of their ice mass since 1975.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">In the 1970s, at the height of Cold War, US had deployed spy satellites that orbited globe and took thousands of photographs, using telescopic camera system for reconnaissance purposes. Scientists now are using those same images to show devastating impact of global warming on Himalayan glaciers. The overlapping images, each covering 30,000 square kilometres with ground resolution of six to nine metres, have been pieced together to form digital elevation models of Himalayas of that era. Using these images, scientists have analysed four decades of ice loss for 650 of largest glaciers across a 2,000 km transect across the Himalayas.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Key Findings</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">The annual mass losses of these glaciers suggest that of total ice mass present in 1975, about 87</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">remained in 2000 and 72</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">% </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">remained in 2016.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">Similar mass loss rates across subregions and doubling of the average rate of loss during 2000–2016 relative to 1975–2000 intervals.</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">It asserts that rising temperatures are responsible for accelerating loss and is consistent with available multidecade weather station records scattered throughout HMA [High Mountain Asia, which includes all mountain ranges surrounding Tibetan Plateau].</span></span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand","serif"">However, this rules out other causes for glacier changes, such as the deposition of soot on snow and ice and changing precipitation patterns.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'himalayan-glaciers-melting-twice-fast', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0cfe/8gnhaaoecosd2mi6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0cfe/8gnhaaoecosd2mi6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Himalayan glaciers are melting twice as fast since 2000: Study', 'metakeyword' => 'Scientists have found that Himalayan glaciers are melting occurring twice as fast since 2000 as average temperatures rose', 'metadescription' => 'Scientists have found that Himalayan glaciers are melting occurring twice as fast since 2000 as average temperatures rose', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/rn82gq98pc2a1a8/Himalayan_glaciers.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 27 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 239, 'title' => 'Declining biodiversity threatens food supply: UN FAO Report', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in its first-of-its-kind report has warned that declining biodiversity may threaten future of the world’s food production and food supply. It has analysed data from 91 countries and found that loss of biodiversity for food and agriculture is seriously undermining ability to feed and nourish an ever-growing global population.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Highlights of report</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">World's biodiversity is under severe threat due to pollution, badly managed land and water use, poor policies, over-harvesting and climate change.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Future of food supplies is under severe threat because of number of animal and plant species fast disappearing.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">People are depending on fewer species for food, leaving production systems susceptible to shocks such as pests or disease, droughts and other extreme weather events due to climate change.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Although about 6,000 plant species can be used for food, less than 200 varieties are widely eaten, and only 9 make up most of the world's total crop production.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Nearly 4,000 wild food species including insects, seagrass, crustaceans and fungi are in decline, with hardest hit regions being Asia, Africa and Latin America.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Climate change will become steadily bigger threat to biodiversity by 2050, adding to damage from pollution and forest clearance to make way for crops.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Global food production must become more diverse and include species that are not widely eaten but could be better equipped to withstand hostile climates and disease.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Diversification can help fight malnutrition globally by bringing little-known but highly nutritious foods into mainstream (like fonio, a small grain that is well-suited to hot climates with unpredictable weather patterns).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Countries must double farm productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers by 2030 to eliminate hunger and ensure all people have access to food.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) </span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is specialised agency of United Nations (UN) that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in October 1945. It is headquartered in Rome, Italy. Its motto is “Let there be bread”.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UN Economic and Social Council (UNESC) is its parent organisation. It has 197 member states, including European Union (member organization).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It serves both developed and developing countries, thus, acts as neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate arguments and debate policy. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It helps developing countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'declining-biodiversity-threatens-food-supply-fao', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/393d/8d0ovnlbk60oq7v6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/393d/8d0ovnlbk60oq7v6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Declining biodiversity threatens food supply: UN FAO', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs,Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), first report,warns, declining biodiversity, threatening, future of world’s food production and food supply', 'metadescription' => 'Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in its first-of-its-kind report has warned that declining biodiversity may threaten future of the world’s food production and food supply.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/ich8j3qapyw3wv2/23feb_Declining_biodiversity_threatens.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 28 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 501, 'title' => '4th UN Environment Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">The fourth session of United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) was recently in Nairobi, Kenya. The theme of UNEA-4 was “Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production’. President of UNEA-4 was Estonia.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UNEA-4 aimed at addressing</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Environmental challenges related to poverty and natural resources management, including food security, sustainable food systems and halting biodiversity loss.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Life-cycle approaches to energy, resource efficiency, chemicals and waste management.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Innovative sustainable business development at time of rapid technological change.</span></span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In this assembly India had piloted two resolutions (i) Significantly reduce single-use plastic products by 2030 and (ii) Sustainable Nitrogen Management.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">UN Environment Assembly</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is the world’s highest-level decision-making body on environment. It addresses critical environmental challenges facing the world today.</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It is governing body of the UN Environment Programme (UN Environment) and successor of its Governing Council, which was composed of 58 member States. </span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It was established in June 2012, when world leaders called for strengthen and upgrade UNEP during UN Conference on Sustainable Development (RIO+20).</span></span></span></li> <li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">It has universal membership with 193 member states. It meets biennially to set priorities for global environmental policies and develop international environmental law.</span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => '4th-un-environment-assembly-held-nairobi-kenya', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a412/rx2cbih446nvgba6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/a412/rx2cbih446nvgba6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => '4th UN Environment Assembly held in Nairobi, Kenya', 'metakeyword' => 'In Environment Current Affairs, 4th United Nations, Environment Assembly, UNEA-4, Nairobi, Kenya, theme, UNEA-4, Innovative Solutions for Environmental Challenges and Sustainable Consumption and Production', 'metadescription' => 'The fourth session of United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-4) was recently in Nairobi, Kenya.', 'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude', 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/pxje7jqd269dgxy/18_Mar_4th_UN_Environment_Assembly.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 29 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1851, 'title' => 'Russian lands of permafrost and mammoths is now thawing', 'description' => '<p><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Context</span></span></strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">: As the Arctic, including much of Siberia, <strong>warms at least twice as fast as rest of the world, the permafrost (permanently frozen ground) is thawing.</strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Oddities like the wolf’s head have been more frequently</strong> in al <strong>land already known for spitting out frozen woolly mammoths whole.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The thawing <strong>of the permafrost is reshaping this incredibly remote region</strong> sometimes called as the <strong>“Kingdom of Winter.”</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is one <strong>of the coldest inhabited places on earth.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Impact:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The loss of permafrost <strong>deforms the landscape itself, knocking down houses and barns.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The migration pattern of the animals,</strong> hunted for centuries, <strong>are shifting, and severe floods wreak havoc almost every spring.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Indigenous people are more threatened than ever</strong>; residents joust constantly with nature in unpredictable way, leaving them feeling baffled, unsettled, helpless, depressed and irritated.</span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'russian-lands-of-permafrost', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e52a/5pivcjfvwk7og4w6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e52a/5pivcjfvwk7og4w6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Russian lands of permafrost and mammoths', 'metakeyword' => 'Russian lands of permafrost and mammoths', 'metadescription' => 'As the Arctic, including much of Siberia, warms at least twice as fast as rest of the world, the permafrost (permanently frozen ground) is thawing', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/d1dqlnzy0yhz970/Russian_lands_of_permafrost.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 30 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1853, 'title' => 'UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context: </strong>An agreement was signed on 7/08/2019 between the <strong>National Institute of Solar Energy </strong>(NISE) and the <strong>United Nations Industrial Development Organization </strong>(UNIDO) to <strong>initiate a skill development programme </strong>for different levels of beneficiaries <strong>in the solar thermal energy sector.</strong></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">NISE and UNIDO will <strong>engage national and international experts </strong>to bring the best practices by developing specialized training material.</span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The agreement is part of the ongoing MNRE-GEF-UNIDO project </strong>implemented jointly by UNIDO and <strong>to support capacity building and skill development of technical manpower </strong>in the <strong>Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy Technologies (CST) </strong>which are being used to replace conventional fossil fuels e.g. coal, diesel, furnace oil etc. and <strong>save costs and emissions in the industrial process heat applications.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'unido-and-national-Institute-of-solar-energy', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e5db/ednqnyuatm8t8yz6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e5db/ednqnyuatm8t8yz6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy', 'metakeyword' => 'UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy', 'metadescription' => 'An agreement was signed on 7/08/2019 between the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fs7kar9qmtapc1z/UNIDO_and_National_Institute.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 31 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1856, 'title' => 'Climate change threat to food supply, says UN', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context: </strong>World’s <strong>land and water resources are being exploited at “unprecedented rates, </strong>which <strong>combined with climate change is putting dire pressure on the ability of humanity to feed it” </strong>warns the new IPCC report.</span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the report: </strong>The report <strong>prepared by more than 100 experts from 52 </strong>countries and released in summary form in Geneva on Thursday (8/09/2019).</span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Findings: </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A <strong>half-billion people already live in places turning into desert</strong>, <strong>and soil is being lost between 10 and 100 times faster than it is forming.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Climate change will make those threats even worse</strong>, as floods, drought, storms and other types of <strong>extreme weather threaten to disrupt, and over time shrink, the global food supply. </strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Already, more than 10% of the world’s population remains undernourished</strong>, and some authors of the report warned in interviews that <strong>food shortages could lead to an increase in cross-border migration as food shortage would affect the poorer regions more.</strong></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the IPCC: </strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) <strong>is an intergovernmental body that was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological of the United Nations.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is dedicated to providing the world with an <strong>objective, scientific view of climate change, its natural, political and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.</strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IPCC is <strong>writing a series of climate reports</strong>, including <strong>one last year on the disastrous consequences if the planet’s temperature rises just 1.5 degrees Celsius above its pre-industrial levels, </strong>as well as an upcoming report on the state of the world’s oceans.</span></span></li> </ul> <p> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'climate-change-threat-to-food-supply', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b84c/h5005pmyp82qv026g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b84c/h5005pmyp82qv026g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Climate change threat to food supply', 'metakeyword' => 'Climate change threat to food supply', 'metadescription' => 'World’s land and water resources are being exploited at “unprecedented rates, which combined with climate change is putting dire pressure', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ee71ik03gkx59f2/Climate_change_threat_to_food_supply%2C_says_UN.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 32 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 1937, 'title' => 'Iceland Commemorates 1st glacier lost to climate change', 'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Issue</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Iceland has erected a bronze plate to officially mark the death of glacier <strong><em>Okjokull</em></strong>, the 1<sup>st</sup> glacier lost to climate change.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Background</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#404040">The glacier located in Iceland was officially declared dead in 2014 when it was no longer thick enough to move. What once was glacier has been reduced to a small patch of ice atop a volcano.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="color:#404040">This has been gaining major attention due to current phenomenon of global warming. It is assumed that many more glaciers are on the way to extinction if drastic steps are not taken.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><strong><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><span style="color:#404040">Glaciers and climate change</span></span></span></strong></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#444444">Glaciers</span></span></strong> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#444444">around the world can range from ice that is several hundred to several thousand years old and provide a scientific record of how climate has changed over time. Studying them we gain valuable information about the extent to which the planet is rapidly warming. They provide scientists a record of how climate has changed over time.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#444444">Rapid <strong>glacial</strong> melt in Antarctica and Greenland also influences ocean currents, as massive amounts of very cold glacial-melt water entering warmer ocean waters is slowing ocean currents. And as ice on land melts, sea levels will continue to rise.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#444444">Many glaciers around the world have been rapidly melting. Human activities are at the root of this phenomenon. Since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions have raised temperatures, even higher in the poles, and as a result, glaciers are rapidly melting, and retreating on land.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="color:#444444">If emissions continue to rise, the current rate of melting on the Greenland ice sheet is expected to double by the end of the century. If all the ice on Greenland melted, it would raise global sea levels by 20 feet.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Iceland</span></span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Iceland</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">is a Nordic</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">island country</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">in the North Atlantic, with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km<sup>2</sup>, making it the most sparsely populated country</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">in Europe</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">.</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream</span></span> <span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">and has a temperate climate, despite locating entirely outside the Arctic Circle. Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly.</span></span> </span></span></li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Capital: Reykjavik</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Currency: Icelandic Krona</span></span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'iceland-commemorates-1st-glacier-lost', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9bf4/jkwvj6l0ai4pf676g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/9bf4/jkwvj6l0ai4pf676g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Iceland Commemorates 1st glacier lost', 'metakeyword' => 'Iceland Commemorates 1st glacier lost, Iceland', 'metadescription' => 'Iceland has erected a bronze plate to officially mark the death of glacier Okjokull, the 1st glacier lost to climate change', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/kq62xqmrrrflklk/Iceland_Commemorates_1st.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 33 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2044, 'title' => 'Union Home Minister Takes Part in Concluding Ceremony of ‘Mission Million Trees’ Campaign', 'description' => '<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Context:</strong> U<span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#333333">nion Home Minister on 29/08/2019 participated in the concluding ceremony of “Mission Million trees” programme. </span></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>About the mission:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="list-style-type:none"> </li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333">The Mission <strong>started on world environment day i.e. 5</strong></span><strong><sup><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="color:#333333">th</span></span></sup><span style="color:#333333"> June, 2019.</span></strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333">The mission was <span style="background-color:white">organized <strong>by Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation.</strong></span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#333333">Home Minister also <strong>flagged off 8 AC electric buses </strong>in the city and <strong>also inaugurated a battery charging station.</strong> </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights of the address of the minister:</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li style="list-style-type:none"> </li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333">Speaking on the occasion the Union Home Minister <strong>gave a clarion call to the women to keep away from using plastics bags</strong> while purchasing groceries and vegetables. </span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#333333">Reminding the citizens of <strong>Paris climate</strong> <strong>accord </strong>the minister outlined the <strong>danger of ozone layer depletion because of CO</strong></span><strong><sub><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="color:#333333">2</span></span></sub><span style="color:#333333"> and CO emission world over.</span></strong></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#333333">Lauding the efforts of Ahmadabad Municipal Corporation the minister <strong>appreciated that Ahmadabad has taken a lead on electric Mobility with country made buses.</strong> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="color:#333333">He also appealed to the civic authorities <strong>to keep prepared for technological needs such as establishment of efficient battery exchanging stations</strong> which should be time saving and energy efficient.</span></span></span></span></li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'mission-million-trees-campaign', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c0bf/jwuskzd66pn5fbf6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c0bf/jwuskzd66pn5fbf6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Union Home Minister Takes Part in Concluding Ceremony', 'metakeyword' => 'Mission Million Trees, Union Home Ministe', 'metadescription' => 'Union Home Minister on 29/08/2019 participated in the concluding ceremony of “Mission Million trees” programme.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hzr55clf89n9wgc/Union_Home_Minister_Takes_Part_in_Concluding.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 34 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2110, 'title' => 'Air pollution and heart risk', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Issue</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Household air pollution has emerged as one of the key causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and 12% of all CVDs in low-income countries are attributable to it, a new report in The Lancet has said.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Background</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The combined effects of ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution cause about 7 million premature deaths every year, largely as a result of increased mortality from stroke, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and acute respiratory infections.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Details</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At least 65% of homes in India use biomass fuel for cooking and heating. In urban areas, the use of mosquito coils, dhoop sticks and agarbattis contribute to high household air pollution.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Household air pollution is a greater risk factor for CVD in India than diabetes, tobacco use, low physical activity and poor diet.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An earlier report from a PURE study (Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2014) showed that Indians had the lowest lung function among the 21 countries studied.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The major focus has been ambient air pollution that is pollution rising from motor vehicles and industries.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Conclusion</span></strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is now time to wake up and realise that the pollution we generate in our house is also responsible for significant adverse effects.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If the household air pollution can be controlled, we can see significant decrease in mortality including due to cardiovascular disease in India.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'air-pollution-and-heart-risk', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0d19/m845wgng43l6t5n6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0d19/m845wgng43l6t5n6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Air pollution and heart risk', 'metakeyword' => 'Air pollution and heart risk', 'metadescription' => 'Household air pollution has emerged as one of the key causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and 12% of all CVDs in low-income countries', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/gsuqd4fjxl4tml4/Air_pollution_and_heart_risk.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 35 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2155, 'title' => 'Reverse desertification', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PM Modi has announced that India would raise its ambitious goal of the total area that would be restored from its land degradation status, from 21 million hectares to 26 million hectares between now and 2030.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the United Nations Conference of the Parties (COP) 2015 in Paris, India had joined the voluntary Bonn Challenge and pledged to bring into restoration 13 million hectares of degraded and deforested land by 2020, and an additional 8 million hectares by 2030. India’s pledge was one of the largest in Asia.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India faces a severe problem of land degradation, or soil becoming unfit for cultivation. About 29% or about 96.4 million hectares are considered degraded.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The decline in productive capacity of land is due to climatic factors and human intervention.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The intended target would be achieved with an emphasis on degraded agricultural, forest and other wastelands by adopting a landscape restoration approach.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This would also address water scarcity, enhance water recharge in forests, slow down water run-off and retain soil moisture.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Land Degradation</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'reverse-desertification', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1742/pfpjrj5ighegfcu6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1742/pfpjrj5ighegfcu6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Reverse desertification', 'metakeyword' => 'India faces a severe problem of land degradation,', 'metadescription' => 'India faces a severe problem of land degradation, or soil becoming unfit for cultivation. About 29% or about 96.4 million hectares are considered degraded.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hj8pwk9itkwzmrc/Reverse_desertification.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 36 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2177, 'title' => 'Differential global carbon tax', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Owing to high emisions by northern countries,a just approach would be global sharing of the responsibility among countries according to their respective shares in global emissions.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Climate change is a global problem, and a global problem needs a global solution. The most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report suggests that humankind might have just over a decade left to limit global warming.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change says total global emissions will need to fall by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> If these targets are not met, densely populated tropical regions of the world mainly concentrated in the global South, are likely to be most negatively affected because of their low altitudes and pre-existing high temperatures.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The global South, which has historically contributed less to the problem happens to be at the receiving end of the lifestyle choices made by the global North.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The burden of adjustment cannot be equal when the underlyin relationship between the two worlds has been historically unequal.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The most accepted model of mitigating strategy has been the carbon trading process. However, it has its own limitations.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt">How to reduce global emissions?</span></strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Changing the energy infrastructure, which requires massive investments for the green energy programme across the world. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The countries on the top of the emission charts, apart from funding their own energy transition, should partially support the transition for the countries at the bottom by sharing of the burden of development.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For successful energy transition to greener renewable sources, countries have to spend around 1.5% of their GDP.The global energy transition should be financed through a system of the global carbon tax.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Differential Tax system</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a method of taxation where there is increase the tax burden for countries with high emissions while providing tax benefits for those with low emissions<span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><span style="color:#545454">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'differential-global-carbon-tax', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/752c/roacdkfka453tym6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/752c/roacdkfka453tym6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Differential global carbon tax', 'metakeyword' => 'Owing to high emisions by northern countries,a', 'metadescription' => 'Owing to high emisions by northern countries,a just approach would be global sharing of the responsibility among countries according to their respective shares ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/9nrvx4kmgs6dmy3/Differential_global_carbon_tax.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 37 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2217, 'title' => 'Climate change and effects on Banana yield', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Due to continued global warming, the banana yield gains could slow down or even reverse in some countries leading to a drop in yield significantly by 2050.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Global warming in the last 60 years had helped increase banana yield at annual rate of 0.024 tonnes per hectare translating to an average increase of 1.37 tonnes per hectare in 27 countries since the 1960s.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But changing climatic conditions can have adversely impacted the growth of banana yield and reducing profits of countries such as India.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India, which is the world’s largest producer and consumer of banana, along with nine other countries such as Brazil will see a reduction in the yield.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At the same time, certain other countries like Ecuador and Honduras, and many in Africa, will witness an overall increase in crop yield.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Decline in production due to climate change in the case of India can be mitigated by strong, technology-driven measures to increase the yield.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Study fails to consider agro-economic considerations such as cultivation infrastructure, access to market etc. Similarly, the extent of irrigation in use has not been accounted for in the analysis.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>India and Banana Production</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is the world’s number one producer of banana. Over 29% of the world’s banana production is in India. The average yield of banana in India is around 60 tonnes per hectare.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'climate-change-and-effects-on-banana-yield', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fe20/ul125r5cny0kc0z6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fe20/ul125r5cny0kc0z6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Climate change and effects on Banana yield', 'metakeyword' => 'India is the world’s number one producer of banana.', 'metadescription' => 'India is the world’s number one producer of banana. Over 29% of the world’s banana production is in India. The average yield of banana in India is around 60 tonnes per hectare.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fe58yczks1zot7p/Climate_change_and_effects_on_Banana_yield.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 38 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2274, 'title' => 'Amazon company to be carbon neutral by 2040', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon.com Inc Chief Executive Officer Jeff Bezos committed the company to being carbon neutral by 2040 and said that part of the pledge is an order for 1,00,000 electric delivery vans.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Cutting emissions is a challenging goal for Amazon, which delivers 10 billion items a year and has a massive transportation footprint. Amazon plans to meet the goals of the Paris climate accord 10 years ahead of schedule.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon will invest $100 million to restore forests and wetlands and said that company will take a “careful look” at political campaign contributions it makes that could be going to politicians that deny climate science.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amazon also announced a new program called Shipment Zero, with a plan to make 50% of all Amazon shipments net zero carbon by 2030.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Carbon Neutral</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon neutrality, or having a net zero carbon footprint, refers to achieving net zero carbon dioxide emissions by balancing carbon emissions with carbon removal or simply eliminating carbon emissions altogether.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Paris Climate Accord</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As of March 2019, 195 UNFCCC members have signed the agreement, and 186 have become party to it.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Paris Agreement's long-term goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to limit the increase to 1.5 °C.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'amazon-company-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2040', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2bf9/sgwhcgr5qkcnzfr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/2bf9/sgwhcgr5qkcnzfr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Amazon company to be carbon neutral by 2040', 'metakeyword' => 'Amazon will invest $100 million to restore forests', 'metadescription' => 'Amazon will invest $100 million to restore forests and wetlands and said that company will take a “careful look” at political campaign contributions it makes that ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/nphomcj0tbxmesd/Amazon_company_to_be_carbon_neutral_by_2040.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 39 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2316, 'title' => 'Greta Thunberg and United Nations youth Climate Action Summit', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Climate change activist Greta Thunberg innaugrated the United Nations Climate Action Summit in the United Nations (UN) headquarter on September 23, 2019.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> Millions of young people around the world had taken to the streets to demand emergency action on climate change in what could possibly be the largest climate protest in history, the Global Climate Strike.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Greta Thunberg is a Swedish environmental activist focused on the risks posed by climate change.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">when she was 15, Thunberg took time off school to demonstrate outside the Swedish parliament, holding up a sign calling for stronger climate action.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>United Nations Youth Climate Action Summit</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The UN Youth Climate Summit is a platform for young leaders who are driving climate action to showcase their solutions at the United Nations, and to meaningfully engage with decision-makers on the defining issue of our time.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Youth Climate Summit will feature programms that brings together young activists, innovators, entrepreneurs, and change-makers who are committed to combating climate change at the pace and scale needed to meet the challenge.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Current status</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The climate impacts such as extreme weather, thawing permafrost and sea-level rise are unfolding much faster than expected.Scientists say the urgency of the crisis has intensified since the Paris accord was agreed.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The agreement will enter a crucial implementation phase next year after another round of negotiations in Chile in December.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pledges made so far under the agreement are nowhere near enough to avert catastrophic warming, after last year’s carbon emissions hit a record high.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'greta-thunberg-and-united-nations-youth-climate-action-summit', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/87a7/i5kbdwjcvxeif0m6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/87a7/i5kbdwjcvxeif0m6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Greta Thunberg and United Nations youth Climate', 'metakeyword' => 'when she was 15, Thunberg took time off school to', 'metadescription' => 'when she was 15, Thunberg took time off school to demonstrate outside the Swedish parliament, holding up a sign calling for stronger climate action.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/0meedipjg2zyyjn/Greta_Thunberg_and_United_Nations.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 40 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2318, 'title' => 'PM Modi at UN General assembly meet', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PM Modi is in New York to participate in the 74th Session of the UN General Assembly where he has addressed the assembly.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 74th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 74) will open on 17 September 2019. Many world leaders including PM Modi are expected to address the assembly and highlight their plans for tackling climate change.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights of speech</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that the world was not doing enough to tackle the climate crisis, calling for "global behavioural<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">”</span> change.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The PM also said that India is launching a coalition for disaster resilient infrastructure and all world leaders are invited for this coalition.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He spoke about the importance of using renewable sources of energy instead of non-renewable resources.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">PM Modi highhlighted Indian government’s agenda of clean energy cooking fuel for all and also piped drinking water for all under <span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">‘</span>Jal Jeevan Mission<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">’</span>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mr. Modi also said India plans to increase the proportion of the biofuel blend in petrol and diesel.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He also said India had plans to make the transport sector green through the use of electrical vehicles.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The PM also mentioned about his plans of banning single use plastic completely in the future.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">He stressed the need for comprehensive approach which covers everything from education to values, and from lifestyle to developmental philosophy.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>UNGA</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United Nations General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, the only one in which all member nations have equal representation, and the main deliberative, policy-making, and representative organ of the UN.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'pm-modi-at-un-general-assembly-meet', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fd97/7tk3zdrx9fryyrm6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/fd97/7tk3zdrx9fryyrm6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'PM Modi at UN General assembly meet', 'metakeyword' => 'assembly and highlight their plans for tackling climate change.', 'metadescription' => 'The 74th session of the UN General Assembly (UNGA 74) will open on 17 September 2019. Many world leaders including PM Modi are expected to address the ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/kipyqk7boyefnaz/PM_Modi_at_UN_General_assembly_meet.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 41 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2327, 'title' => 'Russia joins Paris climate agreement', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Russia has said it would implement the 2015 Paris Agreement to fight climate change after Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev approved a government resolution that signifies Moscow’s final acceptance of the deal.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Russia is the world’s fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases and the biggest emitter not to have ratified the landmark global climate deal. Russia said it did not need to ratify the agreement because it had already undertaken to honour its commitments when it signed the deal in April 2016.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The resolution said that Russia would not technically ratify the accord due to a legal nuance and said Moscow would adapt the accord to existing legal norms and it was unclear if there were any legal implications of failing to technically ratify the pact.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Russian government is currently reviewing a law to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, along with two national plans for low-carbon development and adaptation.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The country’s announcement means that there are now eleven countries yet to formally ratify the Agreement. These are Angola, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, South Sudan, Suriname, and Yemen.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Paris Agreement</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, dealing with greenhouse-gas-emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Highlights</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The agreement requires all countries to submit updated plans that would increase the stringency of regulating emissions by 2020.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The deal requires countries to monitor, verify and report their greenhouse gas emissions using the same global system.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Calls on nations to establish a new collective quantified goal of at least $100 billion a year in climate-related financing by 2020<span style="font-size:13.5pt"><span style="background-color:white"><span style="font-family:"Georgia","serif""><span style="color:#333333">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'russia-joins-paris-climate-agreement', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f794/r73u6jqv6j870ip6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/f794/r73u6jqv6j870ip6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Russia joins Paris climate agreement', 'metakeyword' => 'Holding the increase in the global average temperature to ', 'metadescription' => 'Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/3daa9ji3bbw762l/Russia_joins_Paris_climate_agreement.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 42 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2339, 'title' => 'IPCC report', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The<strong> Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change </strong>(IPCC) , the apex referee for scientific evidence on the impact of global warming made public a special report that underlined the dire changes taking place in oceans, glaciers and ice-deposits on land and sea.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details of report</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Over the 21st century, the ocean is projected to transition to unprecedented conditions with increased temperatures, further ocean acidification, marine heatwaves and more frequent extreme El Niño and La Niña events.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report updates scientific literature available since 2015, when the IPCC released its comprehensive 5th Assessment Report which summarises the disastrous impacts of warming based on current projections of global greenhouse gas emissions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The global ocean has warmed unabated since 1970 and has taken up more than 90% of the excess heat in the climate system (high confidence). Since 1993, the rate of ocean warming has more than doubled. Marine heatwaves have very likely doubled in frequency since 1982 and are increasing in intensity.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Southern Ocean accounted for 35%–43% of the total heat gain in the upper 2,000 m global ocean between 1970 and 2017, and its share increased to 45%–62% between 2005 and 2011.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The 1.5°C report was a key input used in negotiations at Katowice, Poland last year for countries to commit themselves to capping global temperature rise to 1.5°C by the end of the century.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A major impact is on the Hindu Kush Himalayan Regions, where floods will become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, because of an increase in extreme precipitation events.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The severity of flood events is expected to more than double towards the end of the century and create destruction.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>IPCC</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations, dedicated to providing the world with an objective, scientific view of climate change, its natural, political and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ipcc-report', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/147f/d8dbfzrdczize2l6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/147f/d8dbfzrdczize2l6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'A major impact is on the Hindu Kush Himalayan Regions,', 'metakeyword' => 'A major impact is on the Hindu Kush Himalayan Regions,', 'metadescription' => 'A major impact is on the Hindu Kush Himalayan Regions, where floods will become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/tnjfb4nz7hd3bhp/IPCC_report.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 43 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2412, 'title' => 'Humans pollute more than volcanoes', 'description' => '<p><strong>Issue</strong></p> <p>Human activity gives out up to 100 times more planet-warming carbon each year as all the volcanoes on Earth, a study has found out.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>The Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO), an international team of scientists, released a series of papers outlining how carbon is stored, emitted and reabsorbed by natural and manmade processes.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Details</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>It was found that manmade carbon dioxide emissions exceed the contribution of volcanoes, which gives out gas and are often considered as a major climate change contributor to current warming rates.</p> </li> <li> <p>It was also observed that modern manmade emissions were the “same magnitude” as past carbon shocks that precipitated mass extinction.</p> <ul> <li> <p>Manmade emissions in 2018 alone topped 37 gigatonnes, whereas the CO2 released annually by volcanoes hovers around 0.3 and 0.4 gigatonnes which his roughly 100 times less than manmade emissions.</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Sources of greenhouse gases</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Transportation</strong>: The transportation sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Electricity production</strong> : Electricity production generates the second largest share of greenhouse gas emissions.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Industry</strong> : Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Agriculture</strong>: Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture come from livestock such as cows, agricultural soils, and rice production.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Commercial and Residential</strong>: Greenhouse gas emissions from businesses and homes arise primarily from fossil fuels.</p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'humans-pollute-more-than-volcanoes', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3c3a/umfotgqmomold0y6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3c3a/umfotgqmomold0y6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Humans pollute more than volcanoes', 'metakeyword' => 'Industry : Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily', 'metadescription' => 'Industry : Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5ckdcjnic8pw20g/Humans_pollute_more_than_volcanoes.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 44 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2414, 'title' => 'Ice berg breaks off near Antarctica', 'description' => '<p><strong>Issue</strong></p> <p>The iceberg, named D28, broke away from the Amery ice shelf, according to observations from European and American satellites.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Iceberg production and destruction is part of the cycle of ice shelves, which are an extension of the ice cap. Scientists have said that the event is part of a normal cycle and is not related to climate change.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Details</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Antarctica is the world’s fifth largest continent, and it is, on average, the highest and coldest continent.</p> </li> <li> <p>Iceberg production in Antarctica is part of the normal cycle of ice shelves, which are an extension of the ice cap.</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Importance of ice shelves</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Glaciers store about 69 percent of the world's fresh water.</p> </li> <li> <p>Glaciers are important indicators of global warming and climate change.</p> </li> <li> <p>They keep the temperature of the earth under control through cooling action.</p> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>Implications of ice melting</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>If all land ice melted, sea level would rise approximately 70 meters (230 feet) worldwide.</p> </li> <li> <p>The glaciers are great reflector of solar radiation. They ensure that most of the sun rays are reflected back. Their reduction will result in more solar radiation and subsequent warming.</p> </li> <li> <p>The polar ice contain large amount of carbon trapped underneath them. Their melting will emit the carbon back to the atmosphere.</p> <ul> <li> <p>The ancient polar ice has trapped some of the ancient microbes which are different from current pathogens. Their melting will release these pathogens back into the atmosphere and it can result in epidemics.</p> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'ice-berg-breaks-off-near-antarctica', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/aec9/gtih4g5b6ohj1e06g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/aec9/gtih4g5b6ohj1e06g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Ice berg breaks off near Antarctica', 'metakeyword' => 'normal cycle and is not related to climate change.', 'metadescription' => 'Iceberg production and destruction is part of the cycle of ice shelves, which are an extension of the ice cap. Scientists have said that the event is part of a ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/fmntxk00ybfo5k4/Ice_berg_breaks_off_near_Antarctica.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 45 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2473, 'title' => 'India to work with China and Pakistan to study climate change', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To gauge the impact of climate change<strong> </strong>on the Hindu Kush mountains and spruce up data-gathering, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) will collaborate with meteorological agencies in China and Pakistan, to provide climate forecast services to countries in the region.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change last month highlighted the threat to the HKH region from global warming.<strong> </strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Floods would become more frequent and severe in the mountainous and downstream areas of the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins, because of an increase in extreme precipitation events.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu-Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region is considered the Third Pole and has significant implications for climate. However, data-gathering here is sparse.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Alongside forecasting weather over long periods, the regional centres would provide data services, training and capacity-building, research and development.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The HKH region spans Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It traverses about 5 million square kilometres and hosts a large and culturally diverse population.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Third pole</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The region that encompasses the Himalaya-Hindu Kush mountain range and the Tibetan Plateau is widely known as the Third Pole because its ice fields contain the largest reserve of fresh water outside the Polar Regions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> This region is the source of the 10 major river systems that provide irrigation, power and drinking water for over 1.3 billion people in Asia – nearly 20% of the world’s population.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Third Pole contains vast cryospheric zones, is also the world’s largest store of snow and ice outside the polar region.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Hindu Kush Mountains</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu Kush is an 800-kilometre-long mountain range that stretches through Afghanistan, from its centre to northern Pakistan and into Tajikistan and China.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Hindu Kush range has also been the passageway during the invasions of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and continues to be important during modern-era warfare in Afghanistan.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'india-to-work-with-china-and-pakistan-to-study-climate-change', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1ccf/1q707bdtti3g3856g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/1ccf/1q707bdtti3g3856g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India to work with China and Pakistan to study climate change', 'metakeyword' => 'India to work with China and Pakistan to study climate change', 'metadescription' => 'A report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change last month highlighted the threat to the HKH region from global warming. ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hahk7o0kw3aviqs/India_to_work_with_China_and_Pakistan_to_study_climate_change.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 46 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2604, 'title' => 'Bio bricks', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, and KIIT School of Architecture, Bhubaneswar (Odisha), have developed bio-bricks from agricultural waste.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">About 22% of India’s total annual CO<sub>2</sub> emissions is by the construction sector. Clay bricks, not only use up fertile top soil, but their manufacturing process also emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process of making bio-bricks starts with careful selection of the dry agro-waste like paddy straws, wheat straws, sugarcane bagasse and cotton plant. It ends with a compressed end product that is hard enough to be used as a construction material.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Bio-bricks are not only sustainable when compared to clay bricks, but are carbon sinks as they fix more carbon dioxide than they produce during their life cycle.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Re-purposing of agricultural waste is particularly important in India. More than 500 million tonnes of agricultural waste is produced in the country every year, which is not utilized appropriately.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While some of this is reused as fodder,most are burnt, which results in severe air pollution.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The bricks provide good insulation to heat and sound and help in maintaining humidity of the buildings, making these houses suitable for hot-humid climate like India.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Drawbacks</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">These bio-bricks are not as strong as burnt clay bricks and cannot be used directly to build load-bearing structures.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'bio-bricks', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5521/nihpsf5grbtwak46g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/5521/nihpsf5grbtwak46g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Bio bricks', 'metakeyword' => 'emits significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.', 'metadescription' => 'About 22% of India’s total annual CO2 emissions is by the construction sector. Clay bricks, not only use up fertile top soil, but their manufacturing process also ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/4aajpjdrrjsw21g/Bio_bricks.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 47 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2607, 'title' => 'Green crackers', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">With less than a week left for Diwali, there is no clarity on the types of firecrackers that individuals and families conscious of reducing their pollution footprint should buy.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In October 2018, the Supreme Court had ruled that only “green firecrackers” having low emission and permissible sound limits were to be sold and used.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> It had also fixed a timeslot for fireworks, between 8 pm and 10 pm on Diwali, and between 11.45 pm and 12.30 am on Christmas Eve and New Year.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Union Ministry of Science and Technology had launched environment-friendly firecrackers developed by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) laboratories.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">CSIR-NEERI developed new formulations for reduced emission light and sound emitting crackers (SWAS, SAFAL, STAR) with 30% reduction in particulate matter using Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) as oxidant.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The green firecrackers are supposed to have a changed composition of chemicals, and emit 30% less particulate matter when burned as compared to traditional firecrackers.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Particulate matter</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Particulate matter is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> These include PM10, which are particles with a diameter equal to or less than 10 micrometres, and PM2.5 that are of diameter equal to or less than 2.5 micrometres.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Numerous studies have linked particulate pollution exposure to many health problems, including premature death in people with heart or lung diseases.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They can also settle on ground or water and, depending upon their chemical composition, may have an adverse impact on them.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Green crackers</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These crackers have been named as safe water releaser (SWAS), safe minimal aluminium (SAFAL) and safe thermite cracker (STAR).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has unique property of releasing water vapour and /or air as dust suppressant and diluent for gaseous emissions and matching performance in sound with conventional crackers.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>SWAS</strong> crackers eliminates usage of (KNO3) Potassium nitrate and Sulphurwith consequent reduction in particulate matter (30-35%) SO2 and Nox.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>STAR</strong> eliminates usage of KNO3 and S with consequent reduction in particulate matter (35-40%), SO2 and NOx.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>SAFAL</strong> has minimal usage of aluminium (only in flash powder for initiation)with consequent significant reduction in particulate matter(35-40 %) compared to commercial crackers.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'green-crackers', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0b76/mr8inmcez2fcmqr6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0b76/mr8inmcez2fcmqr6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Green crackers', 'metakeyword' => 'SAFAL has minimal usage of aluminium (only in flash powder for', 'metadescription' => 'SAFAL has minimal usage of aluminium (only in flash powder for initiation)with consequent significant reduction in particulate matter(35-40 %)', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/oqxe5q12s2t46tb/Green_crackers.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 48 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2633, 'title' => 'El Niño', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In a new study, researchers have found that because of climate change, extreme El Niño events are likely to become more frequent.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The El Niño is a widely discussed phenomenon, particularly in India where it can impact the southwest monsoon. In fact, El Niño events cause serious shifts in weather patterns across the globe.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>El Niño</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">El Niño is a climate phenomenon that takes place over the equatorial Pacific. It is one phase of an alternating cycle known as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">When there is a warming of the sea surface temperature in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Ocean, it is known as El Niño. When the opposite cooling phase takes place, it is known as La Niña.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">ENSO can cause extreme weather events in many regions of the world, and therefore has very important implications for seasonal climate predictions, including the monsoon in India. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">While El Niño causes warmer temperatures over the equatorial Pacific, these are known to <strong>suppress monsoon rainfall.</strong></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>La Niña</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">La Niña episodes represent periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific. Global climate La Niña impacts tend to be opposite those of El Niño impacts. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In the tropics, ocean temperature variations in La Niña also tend to be opposite those of El Niño.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During a La Niña year, winter temperatures are warmer than normal in the Southeast and cooler than normal in the Northwest.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><strong>Diagram</strong><br /> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="el nino.jpg" 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style="float:left; height:264px; width:593px" /></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'el-nino', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ca63/1621ik48nwc2nyq6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/ca63/1621ik48nwc2nyq6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'El Niño | southwest monsoon | El Niño Southern Oscillation', 'metakeyword' => 'El Niño, southwest monsoon, El Niño Southern Oscillation', 'metadescription' => 'In a new study, researchers have found that because of climate change, extreme El Niño events are likely to become more frequent.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/iaj92kdkxio2fed/El_Ni_o.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 49 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2698, 'title' => 'Economic slowdown can reduce India’s carbon burden', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A study has found out that Carbon dioxide emissions are poised to grow at their slowest since 2001 due to a slower growth in coal-based power generation.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and the emissions of other GHGs, are often associated with the burning of fossil fuels, like natural gas, crude oil and coal.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A report by the International Energy Emissions Agency had said that India’s per capita emissions were about 40% of the global average and contributed 7% to the global carbon dioxide burden.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has promised to reduce the emission intensity of its economy by 2030, compared to 2005 levels under UNFC climate change agreement.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It has also committed to having 40% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rise in C0<sub>2</sub> emissions from India sees wild swings from 7.7% in 2014 to 3.5% the next year and then back to 7.8% in 2018.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is the first time that emissions are expected to grow below 3% from the previous year.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The analysis was restricted to August but the remaining months were unlikely to change the year’s trend as coal generation trends are unlikely to change given the lack of demand and the contribution of renewables.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The combined total of coal sales from state-owned mines to consumers outside the power sector and imports of coking coal and coke fell 14% in 2017 and rose 15% in 2018. But it increased by just 3% in the first eight months of 2019.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Wind generation rose by 17% in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period a year earlier, with solar up 30% and hydro increasing by 22%.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Carbon footprint</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A carbon footprint is historically defined as the total emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'economic-slowdown-can-reduce-indias-carbon-burden', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/696c/03t8zkzzv3bh16z6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/696c/03t8zkzzv3bh16z6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Economic slowdown can reduce India’s carbon burden', 'metakeyword' => 'Wind generation rose by 17% in the first six months ', 'metadescription' => 'Wind generation rose by 17% in the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period a year earlier, with solar up 30% and hydro increasing by 22%.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'http://www.mediafire.com/file/qp3cbrs3crw415p/Economic_slowdown_can_reduce_India%25C3%2586s_carbon_burden.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 50 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2734, 'title' => 'India’s efforts towards mitigating climate change', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In 2015 several nations across the globe met in Paris, and 197 signatory countries have promised to own up and to limit the increase to no more than 1.5 degrees over the pre- industrial levels by 2030. India is one of them.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Globe has warmed by about 2 degrees because of the carbon-rich fossil fuel-burning which started during the Industrial Revolution of the 1750s till today.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Challenges faced by India</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has promised to cut its emission intensity by 33-35% by the year 2030, as compared to 2015 levels.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">First challenge: Most of India's emissions come from energy (largely coal-based) production (68%), industry (20%), agriculture, food and land use (10%).</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It becomes vital that we use other means of energy, produced by, for instance, hydroelectric power, windmills, solar power, nuclear power and others. India hopes to produce 40% of its energy from such non-coal sources.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Secondly, agriculture, land use and water resources, these too contribute to climate change through minimum support price, subsidies, free 24-hour electric power supply, and water-intensive crops.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">We need to restrict these and take to proven methods, and work on innovative ones. Some of these are drip irrigation (as Israel has done), aerobic cultivation (developing plant varieties whose roots penetrate deep into the soil), better and more nutritious grains.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The practice of Stubble burning must stop. Measures needs to be taken to find alternate methods to replace stubble burning.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The third is to bring down atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels through natural means. Forestation and planting of local varieties of trees must increase.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Local trees absorb water and send it down to earth. India has plans to create additional ‘carbon sinks’ through forestation and tree plantation, so as to bring down 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO<sub>2</sub>.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0cm"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects of climate change</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Warmer climate, caused due to global warming can give rise to water-borne diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, as well as malaria, dengue and chikungunya in geographical spread across hilly, cold as well as warm deserts and sea coasts.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Rising sea surface temperatures increase tropical cyclones and storm surges, leading to polluted water, insanitary conditions, population displacement, toxic exposures, hunger and malnutrition across the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea coast.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'indias-efforts-towards-mitigating-climate-change', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3e50/5qcaqespmdl7qu66g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/3e50/5qcaqespmdl7qu66g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'India’s efforts towards mitigating climate change', 'metakeyword' => 'Secondly, agriculture, land use and water resources, these', 'metadescription' => 'Secondly, agriculture, land use and water resources, these too contribute to climate change through minimum support price, subsidies, free 24-hour electric ', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/ohsuek4kr1wuesh/India%C6s_efforts_towards_mitigating_climate_change.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 51 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2778, 'title' => 'Climate change damaging health of children', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">According to a report in <em>Lancet</em>, climate change is already damaging the health of the world’s children and is set to shape the well-being of an entire generation, unless the world meets the target to limit warming to well below 2?C.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Lancet Countdown on Health<strong> </strong>and Climate Change’ is a comprehensive yearly analysis tracking progress across 41 key indicators, demonstrating what action to meet Paris Agreement targets means for human health.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report notes that as temperatures rise, infants will bear the greatest burden of malnutrition and rising food prices.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Average yield potential of maize and rice has declined almost 2% in India since the 1960s, with malnutrition already responsible for two-thirds of under-5 deaths.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">children will suffer most from the rise in infectious diseases , with climatic suitability for the Vibrio bacteria that cause cholera rising 3% a year in India since the early 1980s.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Government of India has launched many initiatives and programmes to address a variety of diseases and risk factors. But this report shows that the public health gains achieved over the past 50 years could soon be reversed by the changing climate.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For the world to meet its UN climate goals and protect the health of the next generation, the energy landscape will have to change drastically, says the study.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report says that if the world follows the current trend, with high carbon emissions and <a href="https://www.thehindu.com/tag/994-993/climate-change/?utm=bodytag" target="_blank">climate change<strong> </strong></a>continuing at the current rate, a child born today will face a world on average over 4?C warmer by their 71st birthday, threatening their health at every stage of their lives.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Children are particularly vulnerable to the health risks of a changing climate. Their bodies and immune systems are still developing, leaving them more susceptible to disease and environmental pollutants.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The damage done in early childhood is persistent and pervasive, with health consequences lasting for a lifetime.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India is joining the global shift towards renewable energy, but it still overwhelmingly relies on coal for electricity, with an 11% increase in its energy from burning coal in 2016-2018, compared to less than a 1.5% rise in China.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">To dramatically reduce emissions by 2050, and to meet multiple Sustainable Development Goals, India must transition away from coal and towards renewable energy. It will also need to enhance public transport, increase use of cleaner fuels.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'climate-change-damaging-health-of-children', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7fd0/0k37ah4whbg36ar6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7fd0/0k37ah4whbg36ar6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Climate change damaging health of children', 'metakeyword' => 'Climate change damaging health of children', 'metadescription' => 'According to a report in Lancet, climate change is already damaging the health of the world’s children and is set to shape the well-being of an entire generation', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/hpdr90bns6ljad3/Climate_change_damaging_health_of_children.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 52 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2789, 'title' => 'EU bank to stop funding fossil fuel projects', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The European Union's investment arm, EIB has said it will stop funding fossil fuel projects from 2022 as part of a new strategy aimed at fighting climate change.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>European Investment Bank</strong>, the world's largest multilateral lender, had been criticised by climate groups for funding gas projects that potentially threatened the EU's commitment to the Paris climate goals.</span></span><br /> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The ban on funding comes into effect a year later than originally proposed after lobbying by European Union member states.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The EIB's decision was expected, coming after EU finance ministers last week unanimously backed the phasing out of funding of gas, oil and coal projects to help combat climate change.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The EIB said the new energy plan would also "unlock" one trillion Euros (USD 1.1 trillion) of climate action and environmentally sustainable investment over the next decade.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But three countries, Poland, Romania and Hungary voted against, wanting more flexibility for gas funding, as did Estonia, Lithuania, Cyprus and Malta, which abstained.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Austria and Luxembourg also abstained, objecting to nuclear power being eligible for funding under the new policy.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>European Investment Bank</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The European Investment Bank is the European Union's non-profit long-term lending institution established in <strong>1958</strong> under the <strong>Treaty of Rome</strong>.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The EIB is a publicly owned international financial institution and its shareholders are the EU member states. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The member states set the bank's broad policy goals and oversee the two independent decision-making bodies, the board of governors and the board of directors. It is the world's largest international public lending institution.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'eu-bank-to-stop-funding-fossil-fuel-projects', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bb1f/io5gbe2xctyhbtz6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/bb1f/io5gbe2xctyhbtz6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'EU bank to stop funding fossil fuel projects', 'metakeyword' => 'EU bank to stop funding fossil fuel projects', 'metadescription' => 'The European Union's investment arm, EIB has said it will stop funding fossil fuel projects from 2022 as part of a new strategy aimed at fighting climate change.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/91cf6gc9e9avaf6/EU_bank_to_stop_funding_fossil_fuel_projects.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 53 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2831, 'title' => 'Arctic ocean will be partly ice free by 2044', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Human-caused climate change will be making the Arctic Ocean functionally ice-free for part of each year starting sometime between 2044 and 2067, according to a study.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Researchers had noted that as long as humans have been on Earth, the planet has had a large cap of sea ice at the Arctic Circle that expands each winter and contracts each summer. They assume this will be changing soon.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Satellite observations show that since 1979, the amount of sea ice in the Arctic in September, the month when there is the least sea ice, before water starts freezing again has declined by 13% per decade.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Scientists have been attempting to predict the future of Arctic sea ice for several decades, relying on an array of global climate models that simulate how the climate system will react to all of the carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But the prediction models have failed to create a global consensus on the onset of sea ice melting.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Among the current generation of models, some show ice-free Septembers as early as 2026, while others suggest the phenomenon will begin as late as 2132.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">One reason predictions about sea ice loss diverge so much is that they differ in how they consider a process called sea ice albedo feedback.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The process occurs when a patch of sea ice completely melts, uncovering a seawater surface that is darker and absorbs more sunlight than ice would have.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">That change in the surface’s reflectivity of sunlight, or albedo, causes greater local warming, which in turn leads to further ice melt, the researchers said.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The cycle increases the rate of warming , one of the reason the Arctic is heating up twice as fast as the rest of the globe.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the Arctic ice is lost, more waters are used for commercial shipping and oil and gas exploration, which presents economic opportunity for some nations.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Benefits of sea ice</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arctic sea ice is a key component of the earth system because of its highly reflective nature, which keeps the global climate relatively cool.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea ice is critical to the Arctic ecosystem, and to the fishing industry and indigenous peoples who depend on that ecosystem.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><img alt="Arctic ocean will be partly ice free by 2044 19 Nov Daily Current affairs" src="https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/b310/ipjfq2pra9lrzj76g.jpg" style="height:235px; width:325px" /></span></span></p> <p> </p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'arctic-ocean-will-be-partly-ice-free-by-2044', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7549/an7te2buxhrt4kf6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/7549/an7te2buxhrt4kf6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Arctic ocean will be partly ice free by 2044', 'metakeyword' => 'Arctic ocean will be partly ice free by 2044', 'metadescription' => 'Human-caused climate change will be making the Arctic Ocean functionally ice-free for part of each year starting sometime between 2044 and 2067,', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/50ek7wypo43lfac/Arctic_ocean_will_be_partly_ice_free__by_2044.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 54 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2839, 'title' => 'Rise in sea Levels near Indian coast in last 50 years', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea level along the Indian coast has risen by 8.5 cm in the last five decades, Union Minister Babul Supriyo said in the Rajya Sabha.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recently, a report of the UN’s Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had warned that global sea levels are set to rise by at least 1m by 2100 if carbon emissions go unchecked, submerging hundreds of cities, including Mumbai and Kolkata, and in some cases entire countries.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Satellite altimetry and model simulations showed that the North Indian Ocean (NIO) also exhibits decadal variability in terms of sea level rise.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">During the last decade (2003-2013) it experienced sea level rise at a rate of 6.1 mm/year.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rising sea levels can enhance the coastal inundation along the low lying areas during extreme events such as tsunami, storm surge, coastal flooding and coastal erosion.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The coastal areas that might get inundated due to the rising sea level have to be evaluated based on their elevation above mean sea level.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since no long term data on land subsidence or emergence are available for these locations, the rate of increase of sea level due to climate change cannot be attributed with certainty.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Reasons for sea level rising</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The two major causes of global sea level rise are thermal expansion caused by warming of the ocean (since water expands as it warms) and increased melting of land-based ice, such as glaciers and ice sheets.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea level rise at specific locations may be more or less than the global average due to local factors such as land subsidence from natural processes and withdrawal of groundwater and fossil fuels, changes in regional ocean currents, and whether the land is still rebounding from the compressive weight of Ice Age glaciers.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Effects of Sea level rise</strong></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Rising seas threaten infrastructure necessary for local jobs and regional industries. Roads, bridges, subways, water supplies, oil and gas wells, power plants, sewage treatment plants, landfills are at risk from sea level rise.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rise-in-sea-levels-near-indian-coast-in-last-50-years', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c818/oycqigjgw0icu0v6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/c818/oycqigjgw0icu0v6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rise in sea Levels near Indian coast in last 50 years', 'metakeyword' => 'Rise in sea Levels near Indian coast in last 50 years', 'metadescription' => 'Sea level along the Indian coast has risen by 8.5 cm in the last five decades, Union Minister Babul Supriyo said in the Rajya Sabha.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/v7v2h4jfm5yl6e4/Rise_in_sea_Levels_near_Indian_coast_in_last_50_years.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 55 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2919, 'title' => 'Reports indicate losing battle against climate change', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recent news on the global fight against climate change has been consistently disappointing, as the leaders of the world’s nations assemble in Madrid for the 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25).</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The last few reports had suggested that world climate is not improving soon which may lead to problems sooner than expected. The details of various reports give idea about the extent of damage.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Emmissions Gap Report</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) flagship Emissions Gap Report, said in its executive summary that the summary findings are bleak. Countries collectively failed to stop the growth in global GHG emissions, meaning that deeper and faster cuts are now required.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Despite scientific warnings and political commitments, GHG emissions continue to rise, including by China and the United States. GHG emissions have risen at a rate of 1.5 per cent per year in the last decade, stabilizing only briefly between 2014 and 2016.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Although the number of countries announcing net zero GHG emission targets for 2050 is increasing, only a few countries have so far formally submitted long-term strategies to the UNFCCC.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dramatic strengthening of the NDCs is needed in 2020. Countries must increase their NDC ambitions threefold to achieve the well below 2°C goal and more than fivefold to achieve the 1.5°C goal.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The World Meteorological Organisation Report</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The WMO, a specialized agency of the United Nations mandated to cover weather, climate, and water resources, reported that the emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, all major greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere since the middle of the 18th century.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>The Production Gap Report</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Production Gap said that governments are planning to produce about 50% more fossil fuels by 2030 than would be consistent with limiting warming to 2°C and 120% more than would be consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The production gap is the largest for coal, and by 2030, countries plan to produce 150% (5.2 billion tonnes) more coal than would be consistent with a 2°C pathway, and 280% (6.4 billion tonnes) more than would be consistent with a 1.5°C pathway.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Oil and gas are also on track to exceed carbon budgets as countries continue to invest in fossil fuel infrastructure that “locks in” oil and gas use.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'reports-indicate-losing-battle', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e1ae/0keltlgxh759cdi6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/e1ae/0keltlgxh759cdi6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Reports indicate losing battle against climate change', 'metakeyword' => 'Reports indicate losing battle against climate change', 'metadescription' => 'Recent news on the global fight against climate change has been consistently disappointing, as the leaders of the world’s nations assemble in Madrid', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/5h3c7ksg4berxda/Reports_indicate_losing_battle_against_climate_change.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 56 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 2976, 'title' => 'Hottest decade in history', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The past decade is almost certain to be the hottest on record, weather experts warned, based on a report launched at climate summit in Spain.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">An annual assessment of the Earth’s climate by the Geneva-based World Meteorological Organization (WMO) underscored the stakes at the talks aimed at fulfilling the 2015 Paris Agreement to avert catastrophic global warming.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Heatwaves and floods which used to be ‘once-in-a-century’ events are becoming more regular occurrences.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Countries ranging from the Bahamas to Japan to Mozambique suffered the effect of devastating tropical cyclones. Wildfires swept through the Arctic and Australia.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Highlights</strong></span></span></p> <ul style="margin-left:40px"> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Average temperatures for the five-year (2015-2019) and 10-year (2010-2019) periods are almost certain to be the highest on record.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2019 is on course to be the second or third-warmest year on record.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea water is 26% more acidic than at the start of the industrial era, degrading marine ecosystems.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arctic sea-ice neared record lows in September and October, and Antarctica also saw record low ice several times this year.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Climate change<strong> </strong>is a key driver of a recent rise in global hunger after a decade of steady declines, with more than 820 million people suffering from hunger in 2018.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Weather disasters displaced millions of people this year and affected rainfall patterns from India to northern Russia and the central United States, and many other regions.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report also noted that surges in sea temperatures known as “marine heatwaves” which devastate underwater life had become more common.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The report said the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere hit a record level of 407.8 parts per million in 2018 and continued to rise in 2019.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Reports from climate science in the past year has fuelled environmental activism, prompted some companies to commit to slashing emissions and raised concerns among investors about the stability of asset prices.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'hottest-decade-in-history', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0a3f/smxs9p5iqan1qdi6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/0a3f/smxs9p5iqan1qdi6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Hottest decade in history', 'metakeyword' => 'Hottest decade in history', 'metadescription' => 'The past decade is almost certain to be the hottest on record, weather experts warned, based on a report launched at climate summit in Spain.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/j7trzezsfgcq8gn/Hottest_decade_in_history.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 57 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 3007, 'title' => 'Carbon market', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Disagreements over setting up a new carbon market has been observed during Climate Conference that is being held in Madrid.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon markets, which allow for buying and selling of carbon emissions with the objective of reducing global emissions, is an unfinished agenda from last year’s meeting in Katowice, Poland.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under the Paris Agreement, every country has to take action to fight climate change. These actions need not necessarily be in the form of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which can constrain economic growth.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India has said it would reduce its emissions per unit of GDP. Only the developed countries have included absolute emission cuts in their action plans.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Since India does not need to make absolute reductions, there is no incentive to make upgradation in technology that can reduce carbon emission.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is to deal with situations like these that the carbon market mechanism is conceived. Markets can potentially deliver emissions reductions over and above what countries are doing on their own.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For Example, if a developed country is unable to meet its reduction target, it can provide money or technology to a brick kiln in India, and then claim the reduction of emission as its own. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Alternatively, the kiln can make the investment, and then offer on sale the emission reduction, called <strong>carbon credits</strong>. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Another party, struggling to meet its own targets, can buy these credits and show these as their own.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon markets also existed under the Kyoto Protocol, which is being replaced by the Paris Agreement next year. The market mechanisms being proposed under the Paris Agreement are conceptually not very different, but are supposed to have more effective checks and balances, and monitoring and verification processes.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The main tussle is over two or three broad issues, what happens to carbon credits earned in the Kyoto regime but not yet sold, what constitutes double-counting, and transparency mechanisms to be put in place.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Developing countries have several million unsold CERs (certified emission reductions), each referring to one tonne of carbon dioxide-equivalent emission reduced, from the Kyoto regime. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Under the Kyoto Protocol, only developed countries had the obligation to reduce emissions. In the initial phase, some of these were interested in buying CERs from projects in India or China, which were not obliged to make reductions.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the demand for CERs crashed, countries like India were left with projects generating CERs with no one to buy them.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The second issue is that of double counting, or corresponding adjustment. It is important to ensure that in this process, credits are not counted at more than one place; whoever sells carbon credits should not simultaneously count these as emissions it has reduced.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The developing countries argue that the country that reduced emissions should be able to show it even after selling the credits, and that adjustments should be made only for subsequent transfers, if any.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Significance of carbon markets</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Carbon markets are not essential to the implementation of Paris Agreement. But with the world doing far less than what is required to prevent catastrophic impacts of climate change, the markets can be an important tool to close the action gap.</span></span></p> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'carbon-market', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8e36/gd2l36bu1tfpsot6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/8e36/gd2l36bu1tfpsot6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Carbon market | new carbon market', 'metakeyword' => 'Carbon market, new carbon market', 'metadescription' => 'Disagreements over setting up a new carbon market has been observed during Climate Conference that is being held in Madrid.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/file/tzjmjtb9a6y7bo7/Carbon_market.pdf/file', '[new]' => false, '[accessible]' => [ [maximum depth reached] ], '[dirty]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[original]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[virtual]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[errors]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[invalid]' => [[maximum depth reached]], '[repository]' => 'currentaffairs' }, (int) 58 => object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 3044, 'title' => 'Rising sea levels threatening Mumbai', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The journal Nature had published an important paper identifying the dangers climate change poses specifically to Mumbai and other coastal cities.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research indicates that anthropogenic climate change will inundate significant sections of Mumbai by 2050. Unless the city takes significant action in the next three decades, the sea will reclaim much of the landfill that the city has been built on.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Together with Guangzhou, Jakarta, Miami, and Manila, Mumbai now regularly appears on a list of cities endangered by climate change. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the cyclones battering coastlines near Mumbai and unseasonal, heavy rains indicate, climate change is not some event in the distant future.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recent studies, published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that its effects are more intensive than earlier models predicted.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea levels are rising significantly faster than were previously estimated. The Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate indicates that sea levels are significantly higher than were originally anticipated, and as such will have significant impacts on cities like Mumbai.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IPCC report warns Mumbai’s planners and administrators and states that in the absence of adaptation, more intense and frequent extreme sea level events, together with trends in coastal development will increase expected annual flood damages.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rate of sea level rise has more than doubled in India in just over a decade in line with global rates. Research has shown that sea level rise has increased to 3.2 mm/year in the period 1993-2012.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way ahead</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mumbai is in the midst of a climate emergency. This emergency requires city administrators to rethink how Mumbai may be remade in and with rising waters.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These unprecedented times demand new imaginaries, designs, plans, and infrastructures and not old techniques which have failed big time.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rising-sea-levels-threatening-mumbai', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/debc/7xtx07b2dann3sd6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/debc/7xtx07b2dann3sd6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rising sea levels threatening Mumbai', 'metakeyword' => 'Rising sea levels threatening Mumbai', 'metadescription' => ' The journal Nature had published an important paper identifying the dangers climate change poses specifically to Mumbai and other coastal cities.', 'author' => null, 'downlaodpdf' => 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object(Cake\ORM\Entity) { 'tag' => 'Climate Change', 'keyword' => 'climate-change', 'id' => (int) 3044, 'title' => 'Rising sea levels threatening Mumbai', 'description' => '<p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"> The journal Nature had published an important paper identifying the dangers climate change poses specifically to Mumbai and other coastal cities.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The research indicates that anthropogenic climate change will inundate significant sections of Mumbai by 2050. Unless the city takes significant action in the next three decades, the sea will reclaim much of the landfill that the city has been built on.</span></span></p> <p style="margin-right:0in"> </p> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Together with Guangzhou, Jakarta, Miami, and Manila, Mumbai now regularly appears on a list of cities endangered by climate change. </span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As the cyclones battering coastlines near Mumbai and unseasonal, heavy rains indicate, climate change is not some event in the distant future.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Recent studies, published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate that its effects are more intensive than earlier models predicted.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sea levels are rising significantly faster than were previously estimated. The Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate indicates that sea levels are significantly higher than were originally anticipated, and as such will have significant impacts on cities like Mumbai.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The IPCC report warns Mumbai’s planners and administrators and states that in the absence of adaptation, more intense and frequent extreme sea level events, together with trends in coastal development will increase expected annual flood damages.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The rate of sea level rise has more than doubled in India in just over a decade in line with global rates. Research has shown that sea level rise has increased to 3.2 mm/year in the period 1993-2012.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p style="margin-right:0in"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Way ahead</strong></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mumbai is in the midst of a climate emergency. This emergency requires city administrators to rethink how Mumbai may be remade in and with rising waters.</span></span></p> </li> <li> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">These unprecedented times demand new imaginaries, designs, plans, and infrastructures and not old techniques which have failed big time.</span></span></p> </li> </ul> ', 'created_date' => object(Cake\I18n\FrozenDate) {}, 'posturl' => 'rising-sea-levels-threatening-mumbai', 'image' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/debc/7xtx07b2dann3sd6g.jpg', 'fbimage' => 'https://www.mediafire.com/convkey/debc/7xtx07b2dann3sd6g.jpg', 'metatitle' => 'Rising sea levels threatening Mumbai', 'metakeyword' => 'Rising sea levels th