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Ghumot to be declared as heritage musical instrument of Goa

Tags: Dance and Music

Published on: 14 February 2019

Dhrupad art

Tags: Dance and Music

Published on: 09 November 2019

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		'title' => 'Ghumot to be declared as heritage musical instrument of Goa',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Goa Government will soon notify Ghumot, an indigenous earthen drum as &quot;heritage musical instrument&rdquo; of the state. This decision aims to take forward efforts of state government to conserve this heritage musical instrument. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Ghumot </span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is traditional percussion instrument played during Ganesh Chaturthi aarties (prayers). &nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It forms integral part of Goan folk, religious and temple music, both Hindu and Christian.&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is basically&nbsp;<em>designed clay pot</em>, </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">with both sides open, bigger opening has <em>skin of monitor lizard</em> (locally known as gaar) stretched taut across pot&#39;s mouth, forming drumhead. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is also used in Goan temples during spring season in orchestra called as Suvari Vadan.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">In recent years monitor lizard skin is replaced with skin of she-goat (female goat) to protect this endangered monitor lizard</span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Ban</span></strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">This traditional instrument was once banned by state forest department due to use of monitor lizard skin in its making. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Monitor lizards are classified as endangered wildlife species and is listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">This ban has been lifted in recent times makers of this traditional instruments have started replacing monitor lizard skin with skin of she-goat.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Gift</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Ghumot was presented as gift from state to Portuguese Prime Minister Anotnio Costa, who is of Goan origin, during his official state visit to India in in 2017. Goa is former Portuguese colony and was under its control for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.</span></span></span></p>
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		'description' => '<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drupad maestro and Padma Shri awardee Ramakant Gundecha passed away. He was the younger one among the Gundecha brothers.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The brothers performed Drupad, one of the oldest classical Hindustani musical forms in the world.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dhrupad</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dhrupad is the most ancient style of Hindustani classical music that has survived until today in its original form. The Dhrupad tradition is a major tradition of Indian culture.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nature of Dhrupad music is spiritual. Seeking not to entertain, but to induce feelings of peace and contemplation in the listener.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The word Dhrupad is derived from DHRUVA the steadfast evening star that moves through our galaxy and PADA meaning poetry.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a form of devotional music that traces its origin to the ancient text of <strong>Sam Veda</strong>. The roots of Dhrupad are ancient, and it is discussed in the Hindu Sanskrit text&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyashastra" title="Natyashastra"><strong>Natyashastra</strong></a>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Dhrupad has at least four stanzas, called <strong>Sthayi</strong> (or Asthayi), <strong>Antara, Sancari</strong> and <strong>Abhoga</strong>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Sthayi</strong> part is a melody that uses the middle octave&#39;s first&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachord#Indian-specific_tetrachord_system" title="Tetrachord">tetrachord</a>&nbsp;and the lower octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Antara</strong> part uses the middle octave&#39;s second tetrachord and the higher octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Samcari</strong> part is the development phase, which holistically builds using parts of Sthayi and Antara already played, and it uses melodic material built with all the three octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Abhoga</strong> is the concluding section, that brings the listener back to the familiar starting point of Sthayi, albeit with rhythmic variations, with diminished notes like a gentle goodbye.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sometimes a fifth stanza called <strong>Bhoga</strong> is included. Though usually related to philosophical or&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>&nbsp;(emotional devotion to a god or goddess) themes, some Dhrupads were composed to praise kings.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other forms of Hindustani music</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Khayal</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Khayal&nbsp;means imagination. This is the most prominent style in hindustani depicting romantic style of singing. It largely depends on the imagination and improvisation of the performer. It is also composed of particular raga and tala.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;It ranges from praise of kings description of seasons and pranks of Lord Sri Krishna.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thumri</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thumri originated in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. It is influenced by hori, kajri, Dadra. Tumhri is supposed to be romantic and erotic style of singing and is also called &ldquo;lyric of Indian classical music&rdquo;. The song composition is mainly on love and devotion. &nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tappa</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tappa developed around the&nbsp;18th century. It means jump in Persian, it is developed on folk songs of camel riders.</span></span></p>
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	'description' => '<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drupad maestro and Padma Shri awardee Ramakant Gundecha passed away. He was the younger one among the Gundecha brothers.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The brothers performed Drupad, one of the oldest classical Hindustani musical forms in the world.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dhrupad</strong></span></span></p>

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	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dhrupad is the most ancient style of Hindustani classical music that has survived until today in its original form. The Dhrupad tradition is a major tradition of Indian culture.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nature of Dhrupad music is spiritual. Seeking not to entertain, but to induce feelings of peace and contemplation in the listener.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The word Dhrupad is derived from DHRUVA the steadfast evening star that moves through our galaxy and PADA meaning poetry.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a form of devotional music that traces its origin to the ancient text of <strong>Sam Veda</strong>. The roots of Dhrupad are ancient, and it is discussed in the Hindu Sanskrit text&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyashastra" title="Natyashastra"><strong>Natyashastra</strong></a>.</span></span></p>
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	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Dhrupad has at least four stanzas, called <strong>Sthayi</strong> (or Asthayi), <strong>Antara, Sancari</strong> and <strong>Abhoga</strong>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Sthayi</strong> part is a melody that uses the middle octave&#39;s first&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachord#Indian-specific_tetrachord_system" title="Tetrachord">tetrachord</a>&nbsp;and the lower octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Antara</strong> part uses the middle octave&#39;s second tetrachord and the higher octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Samcari</strong> part is the development phase, which holistically builds using parts of Sthayi and Antara already played, and it uses melodic material built with all the three octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Abhoga</strong> is the concluding section, that brings the listener back to the familiar starting point of Sthayi, albeit with rhythmic variations, with diminished notes like a gentle goodbye.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sometimes a fifth stanza called <strong>Bhoga</strong> is included. Though usually related to philosophical or&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>&nbsp;(emotional devotion to a god or goddess) themes, some Dhrupads were composed to praise kings.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other forms of Hindustani music</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Khayal</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Khayal&nbsp;means imagination. This is the most prominent style in hindustani depicting romantic style of singing. It largely depends on the imagination and improvisation of the performer. It is also composed of particular raga and tala.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;It ranges from praise of kings description of seasons and pranks of Lord Sri Krishna.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thumri</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thumri originated in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. It is influenced by hori, kajri, Dadra. Tumhri is supposed to be romantic and erotic style of singing and is also called &ldquo;lyric of Indian classical music&rdquo;. The song composition is mainly on love and devotion. &nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tappa</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tappa developed around the&nbsp;18th century. It means jump in Persian, it is developed on folk songs of camel riders.</span></span></p>
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		'tag' => 'Dance and Music',
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		'title' => 'Ghumot to be declared as heritage musical instrument of Goa',
		'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Goa Government will soon notify Ghumot, an indigenous earthen drum as &quot;heritage musical instrument&rdquo; of the state. This decision aims to take forward efforts of state government to conserve this heritage musical instrument. </span></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Ghumot </span></strong></span></span></p>

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	<li><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is traditional percussion instrument played during Ganesh Chaturthi aarties (prayers). &nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It forms integral part of Goan folk, religious and temple music, both Hindu and Christian.&nbsp;</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is basically&nbsp;<em>designed clay pot</em>, </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">with both sides open, bigger opening has <em>skin of monitor lizard</em> (locally known as gaar) stretched taut across pot&#39;s mouth, forming drumhead. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">It is also used in Goan temples during spring season in orchestra called as Suvari Vadan.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">In recent years monitor lizard skin is replaced with skin of she-goat (female goat) to protect this endangered monitor lizard</span></span></li>
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<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Ban</span></strong></span></span></p>

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	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">This traditional instrument was once banned by state forest department due to use of monitor lizard skin in its making. </span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Monitor lizards are classified as endangered wildlife species and is listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</span></span></span></li>
	<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">This ban has been lifted in recent times makers of this traditional instruments have started replacing monitor lizard skin with skin of she-goat.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Gift</span></strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:&quot;Quicksand&quot;,serif">Ghumot was presented as gift from state to Portuguese Prime Minister Anotnio Costa, who is of Goan origin, during his official state visit to India in in 2017. Goa is former Portuguese colony and was under its control for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.</span></span></span></p>
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		'description' => '<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drupad maestro and Padma Shri awardee Ramakant Gundecha passed away. He was the younger one among the Gundecha brothers.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The brothers performed Drupad, one of the oldest classical Hindustani musical forms in the world.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dhrupad</strong></span></span></p>

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	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dhrupad is the most ancient style of Hindustani classical music that has survived until today in its original form. The Dhrupad tradition is a major tradition of Indian culture.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nature of Dhrupad music is spiritual. Seeking not to entertain, but to induce feelings of peace and contemplation in the listener.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The word Dhrupad is derived from DHRUVA the steadfast evening star that moves through our galaxy and PADA meaning poetry.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a form of devotional music that traces its origin to the ancient text of <strong>Sam Veda</strong>. The roots of Dhrupad are ancient, and it is discussed in the Hindu Sanskrit text&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyashastra" title="Natyashastra"><strong>Natyashastra</strong></a>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Dhrupad has at least four stanzas, called <strong>Sthayi</strong> (or Asthayi), <strong>Antara, Sancari</strong> and <strong>Abhoga</strong>.</span></span></p>
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	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Sthayi</strong> part is a melody that uses the middle octave&#39;s first&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachord#Indian-specific_tetrachord_system" title="Tetrachord">tetrachord</a>&nbsp;and the lower octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Antara</strong> part uses the middle octave&#39;s second tetrachord and the higher octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Samcari</strong> part is the development phase, which holistically builds using parts of Sthayi and Antara already played, and it uses melodic material built with all the three octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Abhoga</strong> is the concluding section, that brings the listener back to the familiar starting point of Sthayi, albeit with rhythmic variations, with diminished notes like a gentle goodbye.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sometimes a fifth stanza called <strong>Bhoga</strong> is included. Though usually related to philosophical or&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>&nbsp;(emotional devotion to a god or goddess) themes, some Dhrupads were composed to praise kings.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other forms of Hindustani music</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Khayal</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Khayal&nbsp;means imagination. This is the most prominent style in hindustani depicting romantic style of singing. It largely depends on the imagination and improvisation of the performer. It is also composed of particular raga and tala.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;It ranges from praise of kings description of seasons and pranks of Lord Sri Krishna.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thumri</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thumri originated in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. It is influenced by hori, kajri, Dadra. Tumhri is supposed to be romantic and erotic style of singing and is also called &ldquo;lyric of Indian classical music&rdquo;. The song composition is mainly on love and devotion. &nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tappa</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tappa developed around the&nbsp;18th century. It means jump in Persian, it is developed on folk songs of camel riders.</span></span></p>
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	'description' => '<p>&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Issue</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Drupad maestro and Padma Shri awardee Ramakant Gundecha passed away. He was the younger one among the Gundecha brothers.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Background</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The brothers performed Drupad, one of the oldest classical Hindustani musical forms in the world.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Details</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Dhrupad</strong></span></span></p>

<ul>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dhrupad is the most ancient style of Hindustani classical music that has survived until today in its original form. The Dhrupad tradition is a major tradition of Indian culture.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The nature of Dhrupad music is spiritual. Seeking not to entertain, but to induce feelings of peace and contemplation in the listener.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The word Dhrupad is derived from DHRUVA the steadfast evening star that moves through our galaxy and PADA meaning poetry.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is a form of devotional music that traces its origin to the ancient text of <strong>Sam Veda</strong>. The roots of Dhrupad are ancient, and it is discussed in the Hindu Sanskrit text&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natyashastra" title="Natyashastra"><strong>Natyashastra</strong></a>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A Dhrupad has at least four stanzas, called <strong>Sthayi</strong> (or Asthayi), <strong>Antara, Sancari</strong> and <strong>Abhoga</strong>.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Sthayi</strong> part is a melody that uses the middle octave&#39;s first&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrachord#Indian-specific_tetrachord_system" title="Tetrachord">tetrachord</a>&nbsp;and the lower octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Antara</strong> part uses the middle octave&#39;s second tetrachord and the higher octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Samcari</strong> part is the development phase, which holistically builds using parts of Sthayi and Antara already played, and it uses melodic material built with all the three octave notes.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The <strong>Abhoga</strong> is the concluding section, that brings the listener back to the familiar starting point of Sthayi, albeit with rhythmic variations, with diminished notes like a gentle goodbye.</span></span></p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Sometimes a fifth stanza called <strong>Bhoga</strong> is included. Though usually related to philosophical or&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>&nbsp;(emotional devotion to a god or goddess) themes, some Dhrupads were composed to praise kings.</span></span></p>
	</li>
</ul>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Other forms of Hindustani music</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Khayal</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Khayal&nbsp;means imagination. This is the most prominent style in hindustani depicting romantic style of singing. It largely depends on the imagination and improvisation of the performer. It is also composed of particular raga and tala.</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">&nbsp;It ranges from praise of kings description of seasons and pranks of Lord Sri Krishna.&nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Thumri</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thumri originated in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. It is influenced by hori, kajri, Dadra. Tumhri is supposed to be romantic and erotic style of singing and is also called &ldquo;lyric of Indian classical music&rdquo;. The song composition is mainly on love and devotion. &nbsp;</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong>Tappa</strong></span></span></p>

<p style="margin-left:40px; margin-right:0cm"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Tappa developed around the&nbsp;18th century. It means jump in Persian, it is developed on folk songs of camel riders.</span></span></p>
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