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'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recent study, biomass burning is major source of air pollution in national capital Delhi especially in winters as it results in emission of larger concentration of black carbon (BC) aerosols due to incomplete combustion. The study was conducted by scientists at Stockholm University, Sweden and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (regional centre, New Delhi).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings of Study</span></strong></span></span></p>
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<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sources of the high biomass emissions were regional rather than local and urban. BC entering Delhi from neighbouring states is around 42% in winter and 36% in autumn. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Burning of crop residue or wood and vehicular emissions, both contribute around 40% each to pollution in Delhi.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There is seasonal trend of variation of organic carbon and BC in particulate matter. It suggests that to efficiently combat severe air pollution, it is necessary to not only mitigate urban emissions, but also regional-scale biomass emissions, including agricultural crop residue burning.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Responsible neighboring states:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Phenomenon of crop residue burning in Delhi’s neighboring states such as Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh contributes to national capital’s winter pollution.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In these crop residue burning occurs after harvest which typically occurs in October/November for wheat and in April/May for rice.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Summer months in Delhi see pollution majorly owing to local sources, winter and autumn particulate matter (PM) has large footprint of biomass burning.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Weather conditions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Wind direction in winter (northwesterly), as opposed to southwesterly in summer and monsoon, brings biomass burning load to Delhi during winder. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Besides, weather conditions ensure that atmospheric boundary layer height in winters is lower, which means that atmospheric transport occurs closer to the surface in winter and autumn.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Impact: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric pollution due black carbon is pronounced problem not only in Delhi but in other cities that fall in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). It not only affects health adversely but also contributes significantly to global warming.</span></span></span></li>
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'title' => 'Crop residue burning is major contributor to air pollution in Delhi: Study',
'description' => '<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">According to recent study, biomass burning is major source of air pollution in national capital Delhi especially in winters as it results in emission of larger concentration of black carbon (BC) aerosols due to incomplete combustion. The study was conducted by scientists at Stockholm University, Sweden and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (regional centre, New Delhi).</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:0in; margin-right:0in; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Key Findings of Study</span></strong></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Sources of the high biomass emissions were regional rather than local and urban. BC entering Delhi from neighbouring states is around 42% in winter and 36% in autumn. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Burning of crop residue or wood and vehicular emissions, both contribute around 40% each to pollution in Delhi.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">There is seasonal trend of variation of organic carbon and BC in particulate matter. It suggests that to efficiently combat severe air pollution, it is necessary to not only mitigate urban emissions, but also regional-scale biomass emissions, including agricultural crop residue burning.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Responsible neighboring states:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Phenomenon of crop residue burning in Delhi’s neighboring states such as Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh contributes to national capital’s winter pollution.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">In these crop residue burning occurs after harvest which typically occurs in October/November for wheat and in April/May for rice.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Summer months in Delhi see pollution majorly owing to local sources, winter and autumn particulate matter (PM) has large footprint of biomass burning.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Weather conditions:</span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif"> Wind direction in winter (northwesterly), as opposed to southwesterly in summer and monsoon, brings biomass burning load to Delhi during winder. </span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Besides, weather conditions ensure that atmospheric boundary layer height in winters is lower, which means that atmospheric transport occurs closer to the surface in winter and autumn.</span></span></span></li>
<li style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Impact: </span></strong><span style="font-family:"Quicksand",serif">Atmospheric pollution due black carbon is pronounced problem not only in Delhi but in other cities that fall in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). It not only affects health adversely but also contributes significantly to global warming.</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
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'metatitle' => 'Crop residue burning is major contributor to air pollution Delhi',
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'metadescription' => 'According to recent study, biomass burning is major source of air pollution in national capital Delhi especially in winters as it results in emission of larger concentration of black carbon (BC)',
'author' => 'Nikhil Paigude',
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